2.3 LIPIDS

Lipid Examples

• a. fats• b. fatty acids• c. triglycerides• d. phospholipids –cell

membranes• e. steroids (including cholesterol)

For The Lipids Crossword Look for the Yellow Arrow Hints

LIPIDS

• NONPOLAR

• Hydrophobic-“water fearing”

• Do not dissolve in water

Lipids

• C-H atoms linked by non-polar covalent bonds

• H:O ratio is greater than 2:1

Count H:O

•CH3(CH2)4C=CCH2C=C(CH2)7COOH

•H = 28•O = 2

FATS

• Composition: Large lipid molecule made of fatty acids and glycerol

• Hydrophobic – “water avoiding”

• Purpose: energy storage

Fat = 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol = triglyceride

Triglyceride =

• Glycerol backbone• 3 fatty acids

Fat

• Fatty acid(s)

attached to

glycerol

• Triglycerides

are most

common

Fatty Acids

Fatty Acids• Different ways to write the

formulas

TYPES OF FATS

Oils

Soft Margarine

Solid butter, lard, Crisco

waxes

steroids

SUMMARY OF FATS

• Saturated• solid at room

temperature• found mostly in

animals• no double bonds

between carbons

• Unsaturated• liquid (oils) at

room temperature• found mostly in

plants• double bonds

found between carbons

Saturated Fatty Acid

• All single bonds between C’s• H H H H H H H H H OH

• | | | | | | | | | |

• H-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C=0

• | | | | | | | | |

• H H H H H H H H H

•

Monounsaturated Fat

• Note one double bond C=C• H H H H H H H H OH

• | | | | | | | | |

• C=C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C=0

• | | | | | | |

• H H H H H H H

Polyunsaturated Fat• More than one double bond• H H H H H OH • | | | | | |

• H-C-C=C-C-C-C-C=C-C-C=0

• | | | | | • H H H H H

• Saturated Fats Unsaturated Fats

“Trans” Fats have been hydrogenated

• Made when manufacturers add hydrogen to vegetable oil--a process called hydrogenation.

• Hydrogenation increases the shelf life and flavor stability of foods containing these fats.

H on other side

• Trans Fatty AcidH 

| 

 -C=C-  

|  

H

• Saturated Fatty Acid

H  H

|  |

-C - C-

|  |

H H• Unsaturated Fatty

Acid H H 

l l

-C = C-

Trans Fat

• can be found in vegetable shortenings

• some margarines• Crackers• Cookies• snack foods• foods made with or

fried in partially hydrogenated oils.

AVOID

• Trans fats should be avoided as much as possible in our diet.

• When trans fats are exposed to heat and oxygen during the frying process, the results are the worse possible combination of unhealthy fatty acids.

• (Worse than fats like butter or lard.)

Saturated Fat

• All single bonds-solid

• animalfats

Unsaturated Fat

• Has one double bond-soft margarine

• Note how it buckles with a double bond

CH3CH=CHCO2H

Saturated Fats• * Double bonds place kinks in

hydrocarbon chains and kinked hydrocarbon chains have lower melting points than not kinked hydrocarbon chains.

Polyunsaturated Fat

• Has more than one double bond

• CH3(CH2)4C=CCH2C=C(CH2)7

COOH

• Olive oil

• Mazola oil

LIPIDS

LIPIDS

• Unsaturated Fat

Phospholipid

• STRUCTURE: Also contain phosphate and have 2 fatty acids instead of 3

• PURPOSE: Cell membranes (protect and regulate cell functions)

Phospholipids

• Main components of cell

membranes

LIPID: Phospholipids• Cell membranes =

• phospho heads (out)

• and lipid tails (in)

Micelle

Has hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends

Phospholipid

• diglyceride-a phosphate takes the place of one of the fatty acids

Wax

• STRUCTURE: 1 fatty acid + alcohol

• More hydrophobic

• Good coating for fruits and insects

WAXES

LIPID: steroid

• Basic structure (4 fused rings)

• cholesterol

• testosterone

• progesterone

• estrogen

LIPIDS• PURPOSE:

Cell membranes and steroids (example: male and female hormones)

Progesterone-starts menstrual cycle

Testosterone-secondary male sex characteristics

Steroids: note the rings

Cholesterol

• Is not the “bad guy”

• needed for sex hormones, vitamin D, and cell membranes

Cholesterol

• Assume Carbon Atoms where non marked

• eggs are not the reason people have high cholesterol (exercise or lack of it is more of a factor)

LDL and HDL• LDL (low density

lipoprotein)-losers

• is the “bad guy”

• deposition of “cholesterol” on the walls of someone’s arteries.

• HDL (high density lipoprotein)-heroes

• is the “good guy,”

• carrying “cholesterol” out of the blood system

Explain this picture

Atherosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls.

-lipid deposition and thickening cell layers within arteries.

3.10 Anabolic Steroids

• Made of synthetic variants of male hormone testosterone

• Build muscle and bone mass

Anabolic Steroids

• Purpose as a prescription drug:Treat general anemia and diseases that

destroy body muscleEX: treatment of weight loss in HIV-

infected individuals. EX: treat delayed pubertyEX: Their primary use is to promote

weight gain and muscle development in farm animals.

Mike Tyson • NEGATIVES:

“ROID RAGE”-violent mood swings

• Can we say “Mike eat-an-ear Tyson?”

Mark McGuire

-Broke his HR record-But admitted to using androstenedione(“andro”)

Barry BondsMade With THG - Animation

• (TetraHydroGestrinone) is the steroid at the heart of the BALCO scandal in Major League Baseball.

• Barry Bonds, Jason Giambi, and Gary Sheffield.

Barry Bonds

• When Bonds entered the league in 1986, he was a wiry phenom listed at 6-foot-1, 185 pounds.

• In the 2001 season, he was 6-2 and pushing 230 -- a linebacker in a baseball uniform.

“ANDRO” CONS

• Depression acne

• high blood pressure women-beards

• reduced sex drive

• Infertility

• enlarged breasts-men liver cancer

• shrunken testicles

Against the Law

• The Anabolic Steroids Control Act of 1990 placed anabolic steroids into Schedule III of the Controlled Substances Act.

EXTRA CREDIT OPP

• Bring in up to 5 labels (no repeats) for 2 points each showing a lipid term:– Triglyceride– Diglyceride– Monoglyceride– Trans Fat– Wax– Stearic Acid– Cholesterol– Oil