23337646 tthe journal of abnormal psychology part 2

8/13/2019 23337646 tThe Journal of Abnormal Psychology Part 2

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The Journal of Abnormal Psychology Part 2

SIXTH ANNUAL MEETIN !" THE AME#I$AN PS%$H!PATH!L!I$ALASS!$IATI!N

Ne& %or'( N) %)( May *( +,+*

P#!#AM

A--#ESS .% -#) AL"#E- #EINAL- ALLEN( Pres/0ent( Ph/la0el1h/a( Pa)

+) The Necess/ty of Meta1hys/cs( -r) James J) Putnam( of .oston( Mass)

2) Anger as a 1r/mary Emot/on( an0 the A11l/cat/on of "reu0/an Mechan/smsto /ts Phenomena( Pres/0ent ) Stanley Hall( of 3orcester( Mass)

4) The Theory of 5Sett/ngs5 an0 the Psychoneuroses( -r) Morton Pr/nce( of.oston( Mass)

6) The Mechan/sms of Essent/al E1/le1sy( -r) L) P/erce $lar'( of Ne&%or'( N) %)

*) Mater/al Illustrat/7e of the 5Pr/nc/1le of Pr/mary I0ent/f/cat/on(5 -r) Tr/gant .urro&( of .alt/more( M0

8) Psychoneuroses Among Pr/m/t/7e Tr/bes( -r) Isa0or H) $or/at( of.oston( Mass)

9) -ata $oncern/ng -elus/ons of Personal/ty( -r) E) E) Southar0( of.oston( Mass)

:) -yslal/a ;/e&e0 as a $entre


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-r) Allen 0el/7ere0 The Pres/0ent/al A00ress)

-r) James J) Putnam( of .oston( rea0 a 1a1er ent/tle0( The Necess/ty ofMeta1hys/cs)@+

@+ Publ/she0 /n the June/ng of 1roblems) I su11ose that /f &e &ant ane>1lanat/on of the un/7erse /t must be /n terms of 1h/loso1hy ormeta1hys/cs) The only alternat/7e /s to acce1t /t as a 1henomenal un/7erse(as /t /s) %ou &/ll remember that &hen /t &as re1orte0 to $arl/sle that

Margaret "uller sa/0 she acce1te0 the un/7erse( he re1l/e0 a0C I th/n'she ha0 betterC) So &e ha7e got e/ther to e>1la/n the un/7erse /n terms of

1h/loso1hy or acce1t /t as /t /s)

I ha7e no obDect/on to /ntro0uc/ng 1h/loso1h/cal 1roblems /f &e 0o notconfuse those 1roblems &/th our 1sycholog/cal 1roblems) They are ent/rely0/st/nct) Th/s 0/st/nct/on bet&een 1h/loso1hy an0 sc/ence the 1hys/c/stsan0 chem/sts clearly recogn/Be) !ne of the/r 1roblems /s the ult/mate natureof matter( but /t /s not a 1roblem of 1ract/cal 1hys/cs an0 chem/stry) These0eal( let us say( &/th 1henomenal atoms an0 molecules( &/th the/rattract/ons an0 re1uls/ons( etc) In 0eal/ng &/th the 1roblem of theult/mate nature of matter the chem/st analyBes matter an0 f/n0s that /t can

be re0uce0 to atoms( an0 then analyBes the atoms an0 f/n0s them com1ose0 ofelectrons fly/ng about &/th/n the c/rcumscr/be0 s1ace of an atom) Then heanalyBes the electron an0 re0uces /t to negat/7e electr/c/ty( an0 &hen as'e0&hat negat/7e electr/c/ty /s he says /t /s a form of the energy of theun/7erse( an0 sto1s there an0 says1la/nem1/r/cal 1sycholog/cal 1henomena /n 1h/loso1h/cal or ult/mate terms) 3emust treat our 1sycholog/cal elements


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others /n treat/ng of the l/b/0o &hen he an0 they attem1t to e>1la/ns1ec/f/c 1henomena as em1/r/cally obser7e0) Jung un0erta'es to resol7el/b/0o /nto the energy of the un/7erse) !f course th/s /s 1oss/ble) Allforces can be ult/mately so resol7e0( /nclu0/ng the forces of m/n0 an0 bo0y)Emot/ons such as anger an0 fear are forces an0 each of these forces( &/th

great 1robab/l/ty( can be re0uce0 /n the ult/mate analys/s to a form ofenergy) .ut th/s /s not to a0m/t that &e are Dust/f/e0 /n e>1la/n/ngs1ec/f/c concrete 1sycholog/cal 1henomena( &/th &h/ch &e are 0eal/ng( /n

1h/loso1h/cal terms) 3e must e>1la/n them /n terms of the 1henomenathemsel7es) As a mon/st an0 1anam1le( I may bel/e7e thatconsc/ous 1rocesses can be re0uce0 to( or be /0ent/f/e0 &/th the ult/matenature of matter( the th/ng1la/n1hob/as an0 other 1sycholog/cal 1henomena through a 1h/loso1h/cal conce1t ofthe l/b/0o as analyBe0 /nto an elan 7/tale or the energy of the un/7erse(they not only confuse the/r 1roblems but /ntro0uce such a m/>/ng u1 of termsthat the result/ng e>1lanat/on becomes l/ttle more than nonsense) Thel/b/0o( &hate7er /t may be( must be treate0 as a 1sycho1hys/olog/cal force

Dust l/'e any of the other emot/ons) !ther&/se 1sychology ceases to be asc/ence)

No& one &or0 about confl/cts) Un0oubte0ly confl/cts 1lay a most /m1ortant1art /n such 1sycholog/cal 0/sturbances as &e ha7e to 0eal &/th /n the1sycho


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not tal'/ng no& of 1sychogenet/c 0eterm/nants( but alone of the tren0s of&h/ch -r) Putnam has s1o'en) Is he not assum/ng the contrary to -ar&/n &henhe says that funct/on 1rece0es structureF Are not the 1otent/als 0e1en0entu1on the 7ar/at/on &h/ch has 0eterm/ne0 th/s funct/onF I am s1ea'/ng no& /nthe broa0est 1oss/ble terms an0 not conf/n/ng myself to the cerebrum) -o &e

not f/n0 /t /n the ta01ole &ho /s 1re1are0 for breath/ng not because he&ants to breathe( but because he /s go/ng to ha7e a ne& '/n0 of breath/nga11aratus an0 the 0uc' &ho ta'es to the &ater because he has the mechan/smto s&/mF

T&o( /n regar0 to Hegel an0 the a11eal to the eth/cal as be/ng of a0/fferent ty1e from the mot/7e of b/olog/cal sat/sfact/on) Is not that0/ff/culty only a11arent( an0 /s /t not ans&ere0 by -r) Putnam5s o&n a11ealthat these matters shoul0 be settle0 /n0e1en0ently( an0 /s not /t the casethat the a7erage se>ual man &oul0 settle /t 7ery 0/fferently from -r) Putnamh/mself an0 most of usG an0 /s not /t true that( though the eth/cal

0eterm/nants of beha7/our are not aus1/c/ous for the a7erage se>ualsat/sfact/ons of man( yet are they not themsel7es forms of he0on/st/csat/sfact/onsF "or a man &ho &oul0 beha7e uneth/cally &oul0 be m/serable /n0o/ng so by the loss of h/s o&n selfam1le( actually 0eal &/th meta1hys/cs an0 yet they 0onot really stu0y out &hat th/s /n7ol7es) If &e &ere noth/ng but sc/ent/f/cmen &e coul0 say( 7ery &ell( let meta1hys/cs go) .ut &e are not) 3e are0eal/ng &/th /n0/7/0uals &ho are thr/ll/ng &/th 0es/res( ho1es an0 fears(the mo7ements of &h/ch cannot be e>1resse0 /n sc/ent/f/c formulae) -r)3/ll/ams s1ea's of -ar&/n) It can be asserte0 &/th Dust/ce( ho&e7er( thatthe genet/c metho0 of /n7est/gat/on &h/ch /s e>em1l/f/e0 by -ar&/n5s stu0y

of e7olut/on /s an /m1erfect metho0 for 0/sco7er/ng the a/ms of humanbe/ngs) I refer to the /nterest/ng boo' of Pr/nce ro1ot'/n /n &h/ch hestu0/es mutual a/0 as a factor /n e7olut/on( mutual a/0 be/ng someth/ng nota0euately contem1late0 by -ar&/n( &ho cons/0ers confl/ct as the essent/al/nfluence /n e7olut/on) Prof) Ju00 sho&e0 /n a 1a1er a fe& years ago thechange &h/ch has ta'en 1lace /n the att/tu0e of a goo0 many stu0ents ofeconom/cs through the /ntro0uct/on of human /ntell/gence an0 0es/res assometh/ng u/te 0/st/nct from the confl/cts of /nterests( an0 s/m/lararguments ha7e been brought for&ar0 by stu0ents of e7olut/on) Among othersProf) $o1e( the 0/st/ngu/she0 oolog/st of Ph/la0el1h/a an0 Prof) Hyatt of.oston( sho&e0 7ery clearly ho& the course of e7olut/on becomes mater/ally

change0 &hen 0es/res an0 &/ll become 1rom/nent as factors) I agree that( asa 1art/al mot/7e( structure 0oes l/m/t an0 0eterm/ne funct/on) There /s no


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uest/on about that) I merely &ant to say that log/cally funct/on 1rece0esstructure( /nasmuch as the &/sh an0 0es/re to 0o a th/ng 1rece0es the means

by &h/ch &e secure for oursel7es the 1o&er to 0o /t) .ut of course allenerg/es must &or' through structural me0/a) In regar0 to he0on/sm( one mustrecogn/Be that 1leasure counts as a 1art/al mot/7e( but &hen /t comes to

ta'/ng /t as the f/nal mot/7e /t fa/ls utterly) !ur l/7es conta/n0eterm/nants &h/ch &e cannot range un0er the category of 1leasure) 3e act /ncerta/n &ays because our structure an0 our funct/ons an0 our &/lls are &hatthey are( an0 not e>clus/7ely by our tem1orary &/shes) !ur mean/ngs( &henthoroughly stu0/e0 are foun0 to co/nc/0e &/th the mean/ng of the un/7erse asa &hole) It /s only through gett/ng hol0 of the ent/re scheme that you ha7esometh/ng that you can use as a cr/ter/a) The nearest a11roach to th/s /sobta/ne0 through the stu0y of the most broa0ly 0e7elo1e0( 1ubl/c s1/r/te0men( an0 such men 0o not &or' /n accor0ance &/th he0on/st/c 1r/nc/1les)Pres/0ent ) Stanley Hall( of 3orcester( Mass)( rea0 a 1a1er ent/tle0( TheA11l/cat/on of "reu0/an Mechan/sms to !ther Emot/ons)@

@ Publ/she0 /n the June1la/n the 1ro0uct/ons of sym1toms) No attent/on has

been 1a/0 to the general 1sychoneurot/c or 1sychot/c Anlage) 3hen th/s /s0one I am sure that /t &/ll be foun0 that there are Dust such 1r/mor0/alreact/ons as Pres/0ent Hall has been tal'/ng about ly/ng bac' of all these>ual /m1ulses) Se>ual react/ons ha7e /n the course of 0e7elo1ment come to

be the 7eh/cle for more 1r/m/t/7e ones) 3e 'no& by obser7at/on that the

/nfant 0emonstrates anger /n a much greater 0egree( an0 long before he g/7ese7/0ence of th/ngs se>ual( /n anyth/ng a11roach/ng the a0ult sense of thatterm) The tem1orary formulat/on of 1sychoanalysts &ho attem1t to e>1la/nanger or tem1er by sa0/sm are really r/0/culous) Pres/0ent Hall r/ghtly saysthat sa0/sm must be e>1la/ne0 by anger) That /s one of the 1r/m/t/7eemot/ons) Se> /s merely a 7eh/cle) The /m1ortance of th/s transference /sthat the se> emot/ons are 1ecul/arly a0a1te0 to re1ress/on an0 &hen onceunconsc/ous( cont/nue to o1erate all through the l/fe of the /n0/7/0ual)Th/s /s less l/'ely to occur /n the su00en react/on of anger( &h/ch /s muchmore a1t to be blo&n off at the t/me)

-#) SMITH EL% JELLI""E( Ne& %or'( N) %? I cannot uote the l/ne( but /nSha&5s -octor5s -/lemma( recently 1resente0 /n Ne& %or'( there /s an


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e>change of &or0s 0ur/ng &h/ch the hero/ne tells the surgeon that she /stem1te0 to 1ass from lo7/ng h/m to hat/ng h/m) He re1l/e0 that one /ssur1r/se0 after all &hat an amaB/ng l/ttle 0/fference there /s bet&een thet&o 0/fferent att/tu0es of m/n0) -r) Jell/ffe sa/0 he &as u/te /n sym1athy&/th &hat -r) Mac$ur0y ha0 been say/ng( &/th reference to the nee0 for

formulat/on? 3e all 'no& ho& these formulat/ons ha7e gro&n an0 ho& they areut/l/Be0 1ract/cally) "or /nstance( &e formulate an att/tu0e to&ar0s s1ace)3e &/sh to han0le s1ace an0 say 4 ft) or 9 ft) /n or0er to han0le s1acerelat/ons) In other &or0s( to han0le s1ace &e ut/l/Be a formulat/on &h/ch&e call a measure of s1ace) In the same manner /n or0er to han0le t/me &ema'e a hy1othet/cal un/t to be 1ragmat/c) In han0l/ng the 1henomena ofelectr/c/ty( &e formulate other un/ts) In my o&n m/n0 there has gro&n u1therefore the analogy that /n or0er to han0le 1sycholog/cal 1henomena &eha7e formulate0 the !e0/1us by hy1othes/s) Th/s hy1othes/s I &oul0 0ef/ne asthe unconsc/ous b/olog/cal 0/rect/ng of the energy of the ch/l0 to&ar0s the

1arent of the o11os/te se> an0 a&ay from that of the same se>) Th/s /s the

unconsc/ous bas/s of &hat /n consc/ousness &e call lo7e an0 hate) The boy/s unconsc/ously 0/recte0 a&ay from the 1arent of the same se>) He 0e7elo1saccor0/ng to the !e0/1us hy1othes/s the 0es/re to get a&ay from the fatheror the father /mage) All other men are 1atterne0 after the father /mage an0/f th/s strong b/olog/cal 0/rect/on fa/ls to ta'e 1lace( h/s /nterest not

be/ng 0/recte0 /n an o11os/te 0/rect/on( he fa/ls to mate an0 thus fa/ls /nh/s re1ro0uct/7e funct/on) The re1ro0uct/7e funct/on cannot go on &/thoutth/s b/olog/cal thrust to&ar0s the 1ro1er obDect) .y Narc/ss/sm /s meant theformulat/on that a ne& 0e7elo1ment /s ta'/ng 1lace /n the /nfant/le !e0/1usfantasy) The ch/l0 cannot hol0 on to the mother /mage) He 1asses /t toothers nearer h/s o&n age) He 0oes /t f/rst through h/s o&n /0ent/f/cat/on&/th the female) H/s b/se>ual/ty 1erm/ts th/s) S/m/larly the /nfant/lefather 1rotest must be su11lante0 by an e7ol7e0 brotherly lo7e) Thecom1et/t/on &/th the father /mage must ta'e a ne& form) It must be a mutualcom1et/t/on &/th mutual 1ro0uct/7/ty) Any contact bet&een man an0 man that0oes not ensue to the 7alue of both /n some 0egree( therefore( reg/sters afa/lure to subl/mate the unconsc/ous gather hatre0 of the /nfant/le stage of0e7elo1ment) Subl/mate0 hatre0 of the father /mage /s brotherly lo7e)Subl/mate0 lo7e of the mother /mage /s ta'/ng one5s 1lace /n the &orl0 as afather for the cont/nuance of the race) In the unconsc/ous the formula of0/rect/on aga/nst same se> an0 to&ar0s o11os/te se>( means therefore that /n

the unconsc/ous lo7e an0 hate are the sameG one cannot g/7e them these namesho&e7er)

Thus I &oul0 enlarge the !e0/1us formula an0 say that /t /s useful not only/n un0erstan0/ng the neurot/c( but /t can be use0 to measure u1 all

1sycholog/cal s/tuat/ons)

-#) JAMES J) PUTNAM( .oston? I 0ee1ly a11rec/ate0 an0 enDoye0 &hat -r) Hallsa/0 an0 I ha7e no uest/on &hate7er that &e all &ho are so /ntereste0 /n

1sycholog/cal &or' 1rof/t by arguments of th/s sort be/ng brought before ournot/ce) I th/n' /t /s an unfortunate th/ng that A0ler( &ho &as on that l/ne

an0 0/0 such goo0 &or' /n /t( cou1le0 h/s statements &/th a sort of0enunc/at/on of "reu05s 7/e&s) It seems to me to ha7e been ent/rely


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unnecessary) !ne of the remar'able stor/es of !) Henry( &ho &as a 'eenobser7er of human nature( 0eals &/th a front/er army off/cer &ho e>1ose0cont/nually h/mself to 0anger( 0es/r/ng to &or' out /n an /n0/rect &ay th/sfeel/ng of conuer/ng one 1erson by another( only /t &as h/mself( h/s o&nco&ar0/ce( that he &/she0 e7entually to conuer) I &oul0 as' -r) Hall /f

the not/on of &h/ch #oyce has ma0e so much( namely( the soc/al conce1t( /snot one &h/ch 1erha1s &oul0 act as the common 0enom/nator /n these cases) 3ecannot assert oursel7es an0 get angry &/thout 7/rtually ha7/ng reference toother 1ersons( ne/ther can &e ha7e se> feel/ngs &/thout such reference) Itseems that the soc/al /nst/nct or /mag/nat/on &h/ch /s carr/e0 aroun0 bye7ery /n0/7/0ual an0 &h/ch 0eterm/nes h/s acts /s as natural an0 as/n7ar/ably 1resent as the e>/stence of a 0es/re to l/7e( not to s1ea' of the0es/re to conuer)

-#) M!#T!N P#IN$E( .oston? I feel e>tremely than'ful to -r) Hall for h/s7ery /nterest/ng an0 sat/sfy/ng 1resentat/on of the thes/s &h/ch he has

g/7en us) I remember an ol0 gentleman once say/ng to me( /n s1ea'/ng ofanother man &/th &hom he ha0 been con7ers/ng( He /s a 7ery /ntell/gent man)He th/n's Dust as I 0o) So I th/n' -r) Hall /s a 7ery /ntell/gent manG heth/n's Dust as I 0o) I am ent/rely /n accor0 &/th h/s 7/e&s &h/ch he has so&ell e>1resse0) 3hat he has sa/0 /s /n 1r/nc/1le the bas/s of the 1a1er&h/ch I /nten0e0 to 1resent th/s morn/ng but &h/ch( /n 7/e& of the length ofour 1rogramme( I ha7e 0ec/0e0 to &/th0ra&)

The 1r/nc/1le un0erly/ng the large number of concrete facts &h/ch he hasg/7en /s that bes/0es the se>ual /nst/nct there are a large number of other/nst/ncts


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/nst/nct so that these latter s/m1ly ma'e use of them) 3hen the1sychoual /nst/nct has no hegemony) To my m/n0 each occu1/es 1rec/sely thesame 1os/t/on an0 may 1lay the same 1art /n 1ersonal/ty)

3hen you bear /n m/n0 that 1sycholog/cally /t /s a fact( as I bel/e7e( thatsent/ments are forme0 by the organ/Bat/on of emot/onal /nst/ncts &/th /0eas(&/th the memor/es of e>1er/ences( as Shan0 has 1o/nte0 out( an0 &hen youremember that /t /s through the force of emot/onal /nst/ncts thus organ/Be0that an /0ea( / e)( a sent/ment( acu/res /ts 0r/7/ng force &h/ch ten0s tocarry the /0ea to fulf/lment( an0 &hen you bear /n m/n0 that sent/ments thusforme0 are 0er/7e0 from antece0ent e>1er/ences somet/mes 0at/ng bac' toch/l0hoo0 an0 somet/mes 1ers/st/ng through l/fe( &e can un0erstan0 ho&

confl/cts ar/se bet&een antagon/st/c sent/ments an0 the 1art &h/ch the0/fferent /nst/ncts( through the force of the/r /m1ulses( 1lay /n theseconfl/cts)

"urthermore &hen &e bear /n m/n0 that sent/ments thus or/g/nat/ng an0organ/Be0 are conser7e0 /n the subconsc/ous form/ng &hat I call thesett/ng &h/ch g/7es /0ea mean/ng( the mean/ng be/ng the most /m1ortantcom1onent of any /0ea( an0 &hen &e bear /n m/n0 that th/s subconsc/oussett/ng /s an /ntegral 1art of the total mechan/sm of thought


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Pr/nce has long a11eale0 for other metho0s than those &h/ch ha7e beena11l/e0 so e>clus/7ely to the se>ual/ty) In reference to the man/festat/onof the anger tren0( for /nstance( /t may be not only a 0ef/n/tely consc/ousman/festat/on( but /t may 1erha1s 1ro0uce a cr/s/s e7en /n 0ream


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Hall5s 1a1er) It seems to me &hat he has 0one has been to sho& the brea0thof the "reu0/an conce1t/on of se>) The &or0 se> as the "reu0/ans use /t(/nclu0es all 1ersonal relat/ons an0 e7en 1ersonal/tyG an0 /t /s a11arently/n uest/on only as to &hether one /s go/ng to 0ra& a l/ne at one 1lace an0say e7eryth/ng on th/s s/0e /s se> an0 the other s/0e 1ersonal/ty( or

&hether one /s go/ng to enlarge the conce1t of se> to /nclu0e 1ersonal/ty)That as I un0erstan0 /t( /s &hat -r) 3h/te has also sa/0) It seems to me the7alue of the se> conce1t/on l/es /n the fact that &h/le /t can be e>1an0e0(an0 /s /ll/m/table( at the same t/me /t focuses( /t 0oes come to a 1o/nt)Personal/t/es as tal'e0 of or0/nar/ly ha7e no 1o/nt( they are too 7ague) !nthe other han0( a man &ho has a m/n0 no b/gger than a 1/nhole /s tooc/rcumscr/be0 to be ca1able of un0erstan0/ng any 7ery broa0 general/Bat/on)If one can gras1 a conce1t/on that 0oes ha7e a center( e7en though noc/rcumference( he has got hol0 of a 7ery 7aluable general/Bat/on)

-#) E) E) S!UTHA#-( .oston? -r) Jell/ffe has Dust brought /nto r/0/cule

&hat he terms 1/nhole 1sych/atryG but as I remember /t( there /s atechn/cal metho0 /n 1sychology &hereby th/ngs may be more clearly 7/s/blethrough a 1/n emot/on an0 the emot/on of fear are translatable) In th/s &ay there

m/ght be constructe0 a fun0amental mon/sm of emot/on /n the same sense thatenerget/cs /s a sc/ence &h/ch un/f/es electr/c/ty( heat( magnet/sm( etc) It&oul0 not seem to me( ho&e7er( a11ro1r/ate to /0ent/fy all '/n0s of emot/on&/th the se>ual)

P#ESI-ENT HALL? It &oul0 ta'e an encylo1e0/a an0 an omn/sc/ent m/n0) an0many hours an0 0ays to e>haust such a to1/c as th/s) -r) Southar0 has sa/0some of the th/ngs I &oul0 ha7e sa/0) I su11ose0 th/s soc/ety &as 1r/mar/ly/ntereste0 /n 1ragmat/c 0/scuss/ons) At any rate( I left the Amer/canPh/loso1h/cal Soc/ety some years ago an0 entere0 th/s to get r/0 ofmeta1hys/cs an0 ar/0 abstract/ons) As to &hat -r) S&/ft says( /t seems to me

/m/tat/on 1lays a great but /s by no means the sole role) It /s of course1urely /nst/nct/7e( an0 the soc/al /nst/nct comes /n e7ery&here( so much so


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that 0/scuss/on on almost any to1/c /s l/able to ra/se the uest/on of the/n0/7/0ual 7ersus the soc/al forces /n the &orl0) As to -r) Jell/ffe5so1/n/on &hether after all hate an0 lo7e are at bottom the same( he 1erha1s

bottoms on the recent 0/scuss/ons of &hat I m/ght call the e>1an0e0 theoryof amb/7alence( as re1resente0 by 3e/ssfel0) .ut I 0o not /nter1ret th/s to

mean that there /s any sense &hate7er that has any 1ragmat/c 7alue /n thestatement that lo7e an0 hate are the same) If you assume th/s( one /s 0/BByan0 the &orl0 seems to s1/n aroun0) Hegel sho&e0 a sense /n &h/ch be/ng an0not be/ng are the same but that /s a most abstract an0 1urely metho0olog/calstatement) 3hat /n the &orl0 /s more o11os/te than lo7e an0 hate( from e7ery

1ract/cal an0 truly 1sycholog/cal 1o/nt of 7/e&F 3e must not be cre0ulousabout the unconsc/ous an0 ascr/be to /t absur0/t/es( nor must &e lose ouror/entat/on for surely u1 an0 0o&n( r/ght an0 left( l/ght an0 0ar'( 0o0/ffer) If the unconsc/ous can be use0 to cause a 0ar'ness /n &h/che7eryth/ng loses /ts /0ent/ty an0 fuses /nto a general menstrum( as Hegelsa/0 all co&s &ere blac' /n the 0ar'( /t seems to me &e can get no&here)

!ught &e not to start by a0m/tt/ng that there are certa/n /mmense0/fferences /n the emot/ons( &hether consc/ous or unconsc/ous( an0 that theten0ency to f/n0 a common bac'groun0 or /0ent/fy them /s a matter largely ofs1eculat/7e /nterestF

-#) M!#T!N P#IN$E( .oston( rea0 by t/tle a 1a1er ent/tle0 The Theory of5Sett/ngs5 an0 the Psychoneuroses)

-#) L) PIE#$E $LA#( Ne& %or'( N) %)( rea0 a 1a1er ent/tle0( 5The Mechan/smof Essent/al E1/le1sy)@

@ #eser7e0 for 1ubl/cat/on)

-IS$USSI!N

-#) E) E) S!UTHA#-( .oston? I0/o1ath/c e1/le1sy as foun0 /n Massachusettsmater/al an0 est/mate0 from the a11earances /n the gross anatomy of the

bra/n occurs /n about one of e7ery three cases) There are accor0/ngly more/0/o1ath/c e1/le1s/es than there are /0/o1ath/c or funct/onal 1sychoses(/f the 0ata of gross anatomy form a rel/able /n0e>)

It &as a some&hat cur/ous th/ng that /n a ser/es of cases /n7est/gate0 by-r) Thom an0 myself( that the more freuent the attac's of e1/le1sy the lessthere seeme0 to be to sho& for them /n the auto1s/e0 bra/ns) In certa/ncases &/th 0a/ly attac's the bra/ns &ere str/ctly normal /n grossa11earances) It &as the fran'ly organ/c cases &/th large focal les/ons thatha0 the occas/onal attac's) These fran'ly organ/c cases rarely ha0 h/ghfreuency attac's)

-#) T!M A) 3ILLIAMS( 3ash/ngton( -) $)? 3/ll -r) $lar' e>1la/n the eccentr/ccon7uls/ons such as &hen there /s uraem/a( on s/m/lar groun0sF Also( /f he&/ll 1ostulate /n such cases as reco7er &/th metabol/c treatment) I ha7e

1ubl/she0 cases /n &h/ch recurrent attac's of some years 0urat/on &ereremo7e0 by means &h/ch cons/0ere0 only the meteboles/a) See Journal of


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Neurology an0 Psych/atry( March( +,+*)

-#) J!HN T) MA$$U#-%( Ne& %or'? I ha7e hel0 the o1/n/on for some years thatthe stu0y of e1/le1sy &as go/ng to be of greater 1sych/atr/c moment thanthat of any other con0/t/on) I feel that th/s 1rom/se has been 7ery largely

fulf/lle0 by the &or' -r) $lar' has been 0o/ng for the last t&o years) 3eha7e foun0( I th/n'( from that &or' that &e can really shell out &hat &e mayterm an e1/le1t/c react/on( &h/ch /s really the most 1r/m/t/7e of all

1sych/atr/c react/on) It corres1on0s to a fl/ght from real/ty) It /s areturn to the subDect/7e 1hase( &h/ch( /n the 1sychoses( /s no 7ague but a7ery real th/ng) In e1/le1sy &e get /t /n 1ure culture as a la1se ofconsc/ousness( e>1resse0 e/ther /n com1leteness as /n a gran0 mal attac' or

1art/ally &hen consc/ousness /s merely clou0e0) Slee1 1robably re1resents ananalogous con0/t/on) 3e go to slee1 to re1a/r the bo0y &h/le 1sycholog/cally&e are see'/ng that fl/ght from real/ty &h/ch &e all long for) Thecon7uls/on may be a secon0ary affa/r( an0 a 1hys/olog/cal seuel to the loss

of consc/ousness( &h/ch /s 1sycholog/cally 0eterm/ne0)

L) PIE#$E $LA#? "or the t/me be/ng I am an>/ous to l/m/t my remar's to themechan/sm of ESSENTIAL e1/le1sy( an0( not to con7uls/7e 0/sor0ers /ngeneral( ho&e7er closely all/e0 to /0/o1ath/c e1/le1sy) At some future t/meI ho1e to ta'e u1 the e1/le1to/0 con7uls/ons an0 sho& the/r relat/onsh/1 an07ar/at/on from that of the mechan/sm of essent/al e1/le1sy) I may say(ho&e7er( that I ha7e some 0ata alrea0y at han0 /n &h/ch certa/n ty1es ofe1/le1t/c 1henomena connecte0 &/th /nfant/le cerebral hem/1leg/a &oul0 sho&that the so


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/nterest /n one5s self /s certa/nly /n 1art the bas/s of homose>ual/ty( an0th/s /s /ntens/f/e0 by the reflect/on from the mother)

-#) J!HN T) MA$ $U#-%( Ne& %or'? 3hen -r) .urro& f/rst brought u1 th/ssubDect last year /t struc' me as be/ng the most or/g/nal theory /n

1sychoanalys/s that ha0 been formulate0 /n th/s country an0 one of the most/m1ortant of all the a00/t/ons to our general 1sychoanalyt/c conce1ts)Personally( I foun0 that /t /mme0/ately sol7e0 certa/n 1roblems &h/ch ha0

been /n my m/n0 for some t/me) I ha0 ne7er been able to see ho& /t cameabout that the alcohol/c ha0 a strong latent homose>ual/ty) The or0/nary/nter1retat/ons of 0r/n'/ng as a fellator/st/c subst/tute has al&ays seeme0unl/'ely( for( /f th/s &ere so any l/u/0 &oul0 ser7e the 1ur1ose( so &hyalcoholF No& /t /s man/fest that the alcohol/c /s an /n0/7/0ual &ho /sta'/ng a 0rug &h/ch 0ulls h/s sens/b/l/ty) That /s a &ay of ret/r/ng fromreal/ty( of gett/ng a&ay from obDect/7/ty( ret/r/ng from &hat -r) .urro&calls the subDect/7e 1hase) No& &e un0erstan0 &hy the 1at/ent /n an acute

alcohol/c halluc/nos/s almost /n7ar/ably hears 7o/ces ma'/ng homose>ualaccusat/ons) The unreal/ty com1le> /s translate0 /nto se>ual terms an0 he /saccuse0 of unreal lo7e) I ha7e been struc' /n 0ream analys/s by the almostconstant co/nc/0ence /n 0reams of Mutterle/b symbols /n the same 0ream thaton analys/s 1ro7e0 to be homose>ual /n 1r/nc/1le) I can uote one 0reamthat 0emonstrates 0ramat/cally e7ery 1o/nt &h/ch -r) .urro& ma'es /n h/sthes/s) Th/s 1at/ent( a man &ho &as be/ng treate0 for homose>ual ten0enc/es&h/ch &orr/e0 h/m a great 0eal( on one of the f/rst 0ays brought th/s 0ream)He &as a hos1/tal /nterne) Someone came to h/m an0 sa/0 a nurse ha0 cutherself) He ran u1 to the surg/cal am1h/theatre &here 1re1arat/ons &ere ma0eto f/> her &oun0) He su00enly 0/sco7ere0 that h/s &as the cut an0 that /t&as on the 7entral surface of the 1en/s corres1on0/ng to the 1r/m/t/7esub/nc/s/on o1erat/on) He too' u1 a nee0le( se&e0 /t u1 an0 1ut on a

ban0age) At the en0 of the 0ream he &on0ere0 &hat &as go/ng to ha11en(&hether the ban0age &oul0 come off or not) Any 1sychoanalyst can /mag/ne&hat the /nc/s/on /n0/cate0( that /t le0 0/rectly to the /0ea of a 7ag/na(also to the /0ea of castrat/on &h/ch /s comb/ne0 &/th that) The ban0age le0to s&a00l/ng clothes) Here &e ha7e the &hole s/tuat/on rehearse0) Theassoc/at/ons &ent to the mother) The mother changes /nto h/mself) At thesame t/me he re1resents h/mself &/th a 7ag/na an0 g/7es b/rth to a ch/l0(h/s o&n 1en/s &h/ch he can fon0le as h/s mother 0/0 h/m)

-#) SMITH EL% JELLI""E( Ne& %or'? It seems to me the 1hrase /0ent/f/cat/on&/th the mother /s 7ery /llum/nat/ng) I ha7e no 0oubt that -r) .urro& &oul0say that the fa/lure to 0e7elo1 a&ay from th/s 1r/mary /0ent/f/cat/on l/esat the bas/s of &hat /s calle0 Narc/ss/sm) I ha7e note0 th/s /0ent/f/cat/on&/th the mother( /) e)( &/th the female( /n many 1at/ents) They are( /nor0/nary l/fe( after ma'/ng a 7ery har0 f/ght &/th unconsc/ous homose>ualtren0s an0 are manag/ng themsel7es &/th great 0/ff/culty) Th/s sho&s

1art/cularly /n the analys/s of alcohol/cs es1ec/ally of 1er/o0/c ty1es)Self1la/ns the 7alue of the /nst/nct/7ely sought rel/ef through narcos/san0 &/th0ra&al from the confl/ct) Male hyster/as also sho& /t mar'e0ly) The


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aggress/on to&ar0s the father /s a freuent female symbol/Bat/on /n hyster/aas &ell)

-#) T#IANT .U##!3( .alt/more? It seems to me that the Pres/0ent5sreference to th/s heterose>ual /nstance nee0 not necessar/ly be heterose>ual

/n a 1sycholog/cal sense) It /s /m1ortant to recogn/Be that though theobDect of the male /n a 1art/cular case be a &oman( yet 1sycholog/cally th/snee0 not be a heterose>ual a0a1tat/on) In the case I ha7e c/te0 therelat/on of the 1at/ent to h/s &/fe /s 1sycholog/cally a homose>ual one) 3eha7e seen /n th/s case the 1resence of a 1rofoun0 neuros/s an0 coe>/stent&/th /t an a11arently normal se>ual l/fe) Th/s &e 'no& from the "reu0/anstan01o/nt /s /m1oss/ble) The heterose>ual a0a1tat/on /s but a11arent)

-#) T#IANT .U##!3( .alt/more? In regar0 to -r Putnam5s comment that mythes/s conta/ns &hat has been sa/0 alrea0y by "reu0) Un0oubte0ly to a largee>tent /t has) There /s( though( some mo0/f/cat/on here &h/ch seems to me of

/m1ortance( /f only /n the &ay of an e>tens/on of "reu05s or/g/nalconce1t/on) !ne gets a 7ery clear /0ea from .r/ll5s e>cellent 1a1er onhomose>ual/ty of "reu05s essent/al thes/s) Here the /0ea of homose>ual/ty /sthat of a re7uls/on from the mother) The ch/l0 /s assume0 to a0a1t /tselfas the mother /n or0er to get r/0 of the mother as obDect) Th/s f/rsthy1othes/s relate0 only to the male ch/l0) To e>1la/n homose>ual/ty /n thefemale( e/ther an analogous mechan/sm must be assume0( accor0/ng to &h/chthe female ch/l0 a0o1ts homose>ual/ty to esca1e the father /mage( an0analys/s 0oes not bear out th/s e>1lanat/onG or( assum/ng the same react/on/n res1ect to the mother /n the female as /n the male( the result &oul0enta/l not homose>ual/ty but a he/ghtene0 heterose>ual/ty) I th/n' theformulat/on I ha7e here a07ance0 offers us a 0/st/nct a07antage /n 1lac/ngthe causat/7e factor /n homose>ual/ty /n e/ther se> u1on an /0ent/calgenet/c bas/s)

A"TE#N!!N SESSI!N

The meet/ng &as calle0 to or0er by the Pres/0ent at 2?+* P) M)

-r) E) E) Southar0( .oston( rea0 a 1a1er ent/tle0( -ata $oncern/ng-elus/ons of Personal/ty)@

@ Publ/she0 /n th/s number of the Journal( 1) 26+)

-IS$USSI!N

-#) SMITH EL% JELLI""E( Ne& %or'? -r) Southar0 has heretofore launche0 usu1on 7ery large subDects) I can &ell recall /n one of h/s 1re7/ouscommun/cat/ons the fasc/nat/ng correlat/ons 0ra&n bet&een structural changesan0 the character of the 1sycholog/cal s/gns) In 0ement/a 1raeco>

1art/cularly( he has sho&n us ho& au0/tory sym1toms grou1 about tem1oralatro1h/es an0 o1t/cal s/gns &/th the occ/1/tal an0 so forth an0 so on) He


15/127

no& 1ro1oses to thrust us /nto a larger an0 much more /ntr/cate s1here ofact/7/ty as to the re1resentat/on /n the corte> of other changes &h/ch as hehas 0escr/be0 are /nfram/crosco1/cal or /nframacrosco1/cal) In other &or0s(there must be some ty1e of correlat/on bet&een the 1roDect/on /n thecerebral structure of the organ /tself &h/ch /s cerebrally re1resente0 an0

certa/n mental s/gns) If I see &hat -r) Southar0 has been th/n'/ng about(&e are certa/nly engage0 /n a 7ery fasc/nat/ng to1/c) It /s &ell 'no&n fromthe stan01o/nt of to1ogra1h/cal cerebral correlat/on that the bra/n /snoth/ng but a ser/es of bo0y symbols( as /t &ere) A0ler has entere0 th/sf/el0 an0 a11roaches the 1roblem by say/ng that the /nfer/or organ( l/7er('/0ney( or &hat not( /s relate0 to a s/m/lar 0efect/7e cerebralre1resentat/on of the organ( thus /ntro0uc/ng /nto the nemolog/cal mechan/smthe tas' of com1ensat/ng for the 0efect/7e structure) -r) Southar0 &/shes totry to ma1 out these 0efects /n the cerebral structures an0 thus reason

bac'&ar0s to the somat/c /nfer/or/ty) I confess he l/fts me /nto /0ealreg/ons) Such st/mul/ are enDoyable an0 1ro7ocat/7e of 0e7elo1ment)

-#) T!M A) 3ILLIAMS( 3ash/ngton( -) $? I conce/7e -r) Southar05s 1ur1osesome&hat 0/fferently from -r) Jell/ffe &hose thought seems to be some&hatl/'e that of Henry Hea0 &hen he 1ubl/she0 h/s 1a1er /n reference tohalluc/nat/ons( corres1on0/ng to 7ar/ous hea0 Bones /n corres1on0ence &/th0/fferent 7/sceral areas an0 &/th s1ec/al sense organs( eye( ear an0 so on)I ha7e conce/7e0 -r) Southar0 as be/ng a 0/rect chem/cal /n l/ne &/th"ol/us5 1athology researches) If that /s the case &e ha7e a great manycl/n/cal cases &h/ch m/ght be un0erl/ne0 &/th h/s central thought)

P#ESI-ENT HALL? It /s almost too goo0 to be true /f -r) Southar0 has reallyma0e connect/ons bet&een 0elus/ons of 1ersonal/ty an0 the great to1/c ofcharacter) It /llustrates the ol0 H/11ocrat/c sa&( o01ress my &arm sym1athy &/th-r) Southar05s scheme) Th/s careful &or'/ng out of correlat/ons one &oul0say /s a goo0 metho0 of sc/ent/f/c research an0 must lea0 to someth/ng) Ith/n' -r) Southar0 &oul0 rather a7o/0 the suggest/on of $AUSES for theresults that he foun0( but the METH!- a11ears safe an0 1rof/table)

-#) J!HN T) MA$$U#-%( Ne& %or'? As another 1sychoanalyst /t g/7es me


16/127

1leasure to hear th/s 1a1er) As a 1sychoanalyst( an0 one &ho has 0one mostof h/s &or' &/th the 0elus/ons) of the /nsane( I must say that I ha7e feltall along that 1sychoanalys/s fa/ls utterly &hen /t tr/es to account for theman/fest content of a 0elus/on) 3e can trace the 1sycholog/cal stages fromthe man/fest content /n 7ary/ng 0elus/ons bac' to a more or less constant

unconsc/ous str/7/ng


17/127

as the /n0/7/0ual ha0 a homose>ual com1onent /n h/s ma'e 1er/o0/c/ty)

P#ESI-ENT HALL? Se> 1er/o0/c/ty /n males /s 7ery /nterest/ng) A stu0ent ofm/ne many years ago 'e1t h/s o&n recor0 for some years an0 1ubl/she0 /t

anonymously /n my Dournal( as 0/0 another some ten years ago( an0 thet&entye00elus/onsF At any rate( from the normal stan01o/nt &e are see/ng more an0more that man l/7es on a genet/c scale) Th/s m/ght be /llustrate0 by themany cases( some of them 1retty &ell analyBe0( of cat


18/127

Abrahams ha7e ma0e( follo&e0 by some of us( to 0ra& analogy bet&een themor1holog/cal changes an0 the 1sycholog/cal e>1er/ences of the race asre1ro0uct/ons /n the l/fe h/story of the /n0/7/0ual)

-#) E) E) S!UTHA#-? I shoul0 be /ncl/ne0 to feel that much of the

0/sturbance /n the construct/7e 0elus/on grou1 &oul0 be structurally foun0e0u1on normal or abnormal con0/t/ons /n the 1ar/etal lobe) At any rate cases&/th hy1er1hantas/a /n my recent -ement/a Praeco> ser/es Amer/can Journalof Insan/ty( +,+6


19/127

construct/7e an0 are( therefore( hel1ful to the 1at/ent) They re1resent1art/al curat/7e 1rocesses)

-#) J!HN T) MA$$U#-%( Ne& %or'? I &oul0 l/'e to refer br/efly( f/rst( tothe 1o/nt ma0e by -r) 3h/te to the effect that these /0eas &ere /nterest/ng

/n so far as they &ere archa/c) That /s true an0 /t /s one of the1rofoun0est truths &e ha7e to offer) At the same t/me /t /s of 1sycholog/calan0 not str/ctly s1ea'/ng of 1sych/atr/c 7alue) The 1ur1ose of my 1a1er &asessent/ally 1sych/atr/c( to 1o/nt out that there /s a 1rognost/c 7alue /nsuch 0elus/on as I ha7e tr/e0 to outl/ne) No& one can get archa/c 0elus/ons/n 1at/ents 7ery much 0eter/orate0) The 1o/nt of th/s 1a1er /s rather tosho&( as the 0/scuss/on brought out( that /t /s the construct/7e ten0encyo1erat/ng /n the /nsane as /t has h/stor/cally /n the race) The secon0 1o/ntas to the cycle /n h/s attac's( to follo& the /nference of -r) 3h/te( I

1resume he meant to /m1ly that there may ha7e been some organ/c s&/ngcorres1on0/ng to the 1sychot/c s&/ng) That of course /s u/te 1oss/ble) At

the same t/me the analys/s of th/s case sho&e0 that 1urely 1sych/c factorsha0 a great 0eal to 0o &/th /t) H/s monthly attac's seeme0 to re1resent a

brea' /n the balance) He &as al&ays /n unstable eu/l/br/um an0 the factorthat seeme0 to 0ec/0e the /ssue f/nally bet&een relat/7e san/ty an0 amar'e0ly 0eter/orate0 state( &as a 1urely 1sycholog/cal one) 3hen h/s father0/e0( &hen he &as release0 from that bon0age( the rel/ef seeme0 Dust enoughto 0ec/0e the /ssue) So the organ/c factors here seem to be the general(un0erly/ng /nab/l/ty to a0a1t h/mself) !ne of the har0est s/tuat/ons toa0a1t h/mself to &as h/s relat/ons &/th h/s father) If he coul0 not freeh/mself he &as go/ng to be 7ery /nsane) 3hen that factor &as remo7e0 he

became relat/7ely /nsane)

-#) T!M A) 3ILLIAMS( 3ash/ngton( -) $)( rea0 a 1a1er ent/tle0( The or/g/nof Su1ernatural E>1lanat/ons)@

@ Publ/she0 /n th/s number of the Journal( 1) 248)

-IS$USSI!N

-#) E) E) S!UTHA#-( .oston? Are all these somat/c e>1lanat/ons ofmeta1hys/csF

-#) 3ILLIAMS? Largely)

-#) SMITH EL% JELLI""E( Ne& %or'? I recall a note /n one of -r) Jones51a1ers /n &h/ch he says that /n the future our reason &/ll be use0 toe>1la/n th/ngs) Heretofore /t has been use0 to e>1la/n them a&ay)

-#) T!M A) 3ILLIAMS( 3ash/ngton( -) $)? I am not 1re1are0 to ma'e any1re0/ct/ons about a thousan0 years from no&( that /s /n the a/r) I ment/onnot the le7els at all( nor 0o I s1ea' of 0ecerebrate meta1hys/cs) Nor 0o Is1ea' of meta1hys/cs at all unless one &oul0 /m1ly that &hat I ha7e calle0

su1ernatural e>1lanat/ons nee0s must be meta1hys/cal) I 0o not s1ea' ofcerebral funct/ons 1er se) I &as s/m1ly s1ea'/ng of states of feel/ngs)


20/127

The source an0 or/g/n I 0/0 not go /nto) I s/m1ly ma0e an attem1t to /m1lythat such states of feel/ng &ere res1ons/ble for the 0/scomfort an0 feel/ngof /na0euacy of the 1at/ent( an0 as -r) Jell/ffe has &ell re1eate0 that the7/ct/m attem1ts to rat/onal/Be th/s /n su1ernatural fash/on an0 that th/smay be not at all 0e1en0ent u1on the not/on of the su1ernatural un/7erse he

has /mb/be0 as a ch/l0) It /s a constru/ng of natural means for gett/ng outof a 0/ff/culty)

-r) L) E) Emerson( .oston( rea0 a 1a1er ent/tle0 The Psycho1la/ne0)

-#) T!M A) 3ILLIAMS( 3ash/ngton( -) $)? I 0on5t 'no& that &e can say that

the fun0amental 0/fferent/at/on of e1/le1sy /s the unconsc/ousness) That /sa 1sycholog/cal 0/7/s/on) The 1a1er 0/0 not g/7e any 0/fferent/al &hy they&ere regar0e0 as e1/le1t/cs at all) There &as no 0escr/1t/on of thecon7uls/on( e>ce1t /n so far as th/s forme0 the hyster/c form of con7uls/on(so I 0on5t th/n' &e are /n a 1os/t/on to 0/scuss the 1a1er &/thout moreclear 0ata of these /nstances)

-#) 3ALTE# .) S3I"T( .oston? I &as /ntereste0 /n hear/ng about the case ofstammer/ng) That &/ll be e>1la/ne0 /n my o&n 1a1er an0 I ha7e also run u1aga/nst se7eral &ho ha7e 0one the same) I shoul0 l/'e to as' -r) Emerson /fhe cons/0ers stammer/ng as an e>1ress/on of an orgasm)

-#) L) E) EME#S!N( .oston? -r) Mac$ur0y &ell remar'e0 that th/s a00s


21/127

noth/ng to the un0erstan0/ng of e1/le1sy) In a certa/n sense th/s /s true)I 0o not feel that I coul0 a00 anyth/ng to a 0ee1er un0erstan0/ng ofe1/le1sy) The &hole 0e7elo1ment of 1sycho1er/ence0( /nstea0of follo&/ng my natural ten0ency to go off /nto 7ague 1h/loso1h/B/ng)

#E;IE3S

PS%$H!L!% IN -AIL% LI"E) .y $arl Em/l Seashore) +,+6( X;III 1lus 22811)(N) %)( -) A11leton $o)

Th/s /s the f/rst 7olume of the $on0uct of M/n0 ser/es( the 1ur1ose of&h/ch( as state0 by /ts e0/tor( Professor Jose1h Jastro&( /n h/s/ntro0uct/on to the ser/es( /s to 1ro7/0e rea0/ly /ntell/g/ble sur7eys ofselecte0 as1ects of the stu0y of m/n0 an0 /ts a11l/cat/ons) The 1resent&or' conta/ns se7en cha1ters( &h/ch &ere or/g/nally 1re1are0 assem/ce1t /n a fe& 1laces( the em1has/s /s 1ract/calthroughout) It /s 1erha1s not sur1r/s/ng that the most subtle an0 mo0ern

1art of the 0/scuss/on( 7/B) the cha1ter on Mental La& shoul0 be theleast 1ract/cal /n /ts bear/ng)

In the f/rst cha1ter /s 0/scusse0 the 1ract/cal /m1ortance of Play( notonly /n offer/ng the o11ortun/ty for sensory( central( an0 motor 0e7elo1ment/n the ch/l0( but for releas/ng the broa0er l/fe energ/es of the a0ult &hosem/n0 /s conf/ne0 by s1ec/al/B/ng &or') It /s sho&n that the fun0amentalmot/7es of the 1lay l/fe are to be foun0 /n rel/g/on)

The ne>t three cha1ters( on Ser7/ceable Memory( Mental Eff/c/ency( an0Mental Health( are full of soun0 1ract/cal a07/ce) The f/rst conta/ns aclear an0 attract/7e 1resentat/on of the 1r/nc/1les of remember/ng( soarrange0 as to e>em1l/fy the rules &h/ch /t /nculcates) The secon0

em1has/Bes the /m1ortance of the &a7e form of attent/on /n all mental &or'(the su1er/or/ty of efferent to afferent res1onse as an e0ucat/onal 1rocess(


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an0 the acu/rement of mastery by a transfer of control from h/gher to lo&ermental le7els) There /s also goo0 counsel &/th regar0 to the best t/me an0manner /n &h/ch to rest( although the author5s 0e0uct/ons from the

1hys/olog/cal cur7e of slee1 a11ear some&hat hasty) Mental Health /s0ef/ne0 /n terms of our mental members /n the class/cal &ay( an0 the Ten

Ma>/ms of 3/se L/7/ng( &h/ch are g/7en( are selecte0 from the h/story ofmoral 1h/loso1hy rather than from current 1sychothera1eut/c results)

The cha1ter on Mental La& /s the most /nterest/ng one for the theoret/cal1sycholog/st( an0 0/scusses /n a general but /llum/nat/ng manner( 1r/nc/1lesof 1erce1t/on an0 of 1erse7erat/on &h/ch are of /nterest to the

1sycholog/cal 1sych/atr/st) The cha1ter on La& /n Illus/on seems0/s1ro1ort/onately long( but g/7es an /nterest/ng 0escr/1t/on an0 analys/sof three 0/fferent ty1es of /llus/ons? those base0 on un/ts of 0/rect/on(the o7er


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f/rst /n h/s o&n 1u1/ls an0 later /n a &/0er 1ubl/c( &/ll mater/ally hel1th/s 1rogress( for /t has &/th/n /t /n fa/rly u1t e0/t/on( sho& the nature of

1roto1lasm /n general /n an homologous &ay( as the bas/s( through /ts

un/uely com1le> '/net/c/sm( of the on&ar0 rush of the mental 1rocess) 3/thth/s a00/t/on the essent/al nature of /rr/tab/l/ty too m/ght be set forth /nth/s alrea0y 7aluable an0 /ne>1ens/7e treat/se) E!#E ;) N) -EA#.!#N)Sargent Normal School)

PS%$H!L!%( ENE#AL AN- APPLIE-) Hugo Munsterberg Ne& %or' an0Lon0on? -)A11leton an0 $o)( +,+6G P1) >/7 X6:9 +)9*)

In th/s 7olume( 0es/gne0 to ser7e the nee0s both of the general rea0er an0of the college stu0ent( Professor Munsterberg has re1resente0 /n mostrea0able form the essent/als of the ent/re range of h/s contr/but/ons to

1sychology) The &ell


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&e are /ncl/ne0 to regar0 as /n nature of a 1rom/se( re1resent/ng thegerm/nat/on of l/nes of thought &h/ch &e are assure0 else&here@ are laterto rece/7e more elaborate formulat/on)

@ Munsterburg( H) run0Buge 0er Psychotechn/') Le/1B/g( +,+6) ;or&ort(

S) ;III)

Th/r0ly( one of the ma/n 0/7/s/ons of the boo' /s 0e7ote0 to a11l/e01sychology( the 1resentat/on here be/ng essent/ally an abstract of theauthor5s 1re7/ous 1ubl/cat/ons /n the f/el0 of h/s ac'no&le0ge0 1reem/nence(

1sychotechn/cs)

Throughout the boo' 0/scuss/on of general 1r/nc/1les( &hether of 1h/loso1hyor b/ology( ta'es 1rece0ence o7er the 1resentat/on of concrete factsG thete>t conta/ns no e>1l/c/t references( though a br/ef b/bl/ogra1hy of &or's/n Engl/sh /s a11en0e0) The conseuent ga/n /n rea0ab/l/ty /s only one of

the many factors &h/ch /nsure th/s 7olume a 7ery &/0e rea0/ng) #) M)ELLI!TT) Har7ar0 Un/7ers/ty)

THE J!U#NAL !" A.N!#MAL PS%$H!L!%

THE SEX 3!#SHIP AN- S%M.!LISM !" P#IMITI;E #A$ES

.% SANE# .#!3N II)( M) -)

Ass/stant Phys/c/an1resse0 /n a 7ery /nterest/ng symbol/sm) It /s the 0uty of the

1sych/atr/st to see to &hat e>tent these 1r/m/t/7e mot/7es o1eratesubconsc/ously /n abnormal mental con0/t/ons( an0 also to learn &hether an/ns/ght /nto the symbol/sm of mental 0/seases may be ga/ne0( throughcom1ar/son( by a stu0y of the symbol/sm of 1r/m/t/7e races) In thefollo&/ng commun/cat/on one 1art/cular mot/7e &/th /ts accom1any/ngsymbol/sm /s 0ealt &/th) The a11l/cat/on of these f/n0/ngs must be left &/ththe 1sych/atr/st /n h/s cl/n/cal stu0/es)

A great many of the /nst/tut/ons an0 usages of our 1resent 0ay c/7/l/Bat/onor/g/nate0 at a 7ery early 1er/o0 /n the h/story of the race) Many of theseusages are carr/e0 on /n mo0/f/e0 form century after century( after they

ha7e lost the mean/ng &h/ch they or/g/nally 1ossesse0G /t must beremembere0( ho&e7er( that /n 1r/m/t/7e races they &ere of /m1ortance( an0


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they arose because they ser7e0 a useful en0) "rom the stu0y of theseremnants of former 0ays( &e are able to learn the tren0s of thought &h/chact/7ate0 an0 /ns1/re0 the m/n0s of 1r/m/t/7e 1eo1le) 3hen &e clearlyun0erstan0 these mot/7es( &e may then Du0ge the e>tent of the/r /nfluence onour 1resent 0ay thought an0 ten0enc/es)

No&( /n our 1resent commun/cat/on( &e &/sh to 0eal &/th a mot/7e &h/ch &ef/n0 e>1resse0 7ery generally /n 1r/m/t/7e rel/g/onG th/s /s the &orsh/1 ofse>) 3e not only f/n0 e7/0ences of th/s &orsh/1 /n the recor0s an0monuments of ant/u/ty( but our 'no&le0ge of the customs an0 1ract/ces ofcerta/n tr/bes( stu0/e0 /n com1arat/7ely mo0ern t/mes( /n0/cates the

1resence of th/s same 1r/m/t/7e rel/g/on) 3e feel that /n se> &orsh/1 &e are0eal/ng &/th an /m1ortant mot/7e /n rac/al 0e7elo1ment( an0 our obDect at

1resent /s to g/7e an account of /ts 7ar/ous 1hases)

.efore &e 1rocee0( /t /s 0es/rable to ma'e reference to some of our sources

of /nformat/on) There are 1lenty of boo's on the h/story of Egy1t( theant/u/t/es of In0/a or on the /nter1retat/on of !r/ental customs( &h/chma'e scarcely any reference to the 0e/f/cat/on of se>) 3e ha7e al&ays beentol0( for e>am1le( that .acchus &as the go0 of the har7est an0 that theree' Pan &as the go0 of nature) 3e ha7e not been tol0 that these same go0s&ere re1resentat/ons of the male generat/7e attr/bute( an0 that they &ere&orsh/11e0 as suchG yet( anyone &ho has access to the statuettes orengra7/ngs of these 7ar/ous 0e/t/es of ant/u/ty( &hether they be of Egy1t(of In0/a or of $h/na( cannot fa/l to see that they &ere /nten0e0 tore1resent generat/7e attr/butes) !n account of the /ncom1leteness of many

boo's &h/ch 0escr/be 1r/m/t/7e races( a number of references are g/7enthroughout these 1ages( an0 some ./bl/ogra1h/cal references are a00e0)

SIMPLE SEX 3!#SHIP

As &/ll be 1resently sho&n( &e ha7e e7/0ence from a number of sources tosho& that se> &as at one t/me fran'ly an0 o1enly &orsh/11e0 by the 1r/m/t/7eraces of man'/n0) Th/s &orsh/1 has been sho&n to be so general an0 so&/0es1rea0( that /t /s to be regar0e0 as 1art of the general e7olut/on ofthe human m/n0G /t seems to be /n0/genous &/th the race( rather than an/solate0 or e>ce1t/onal c/rcumstance)

The Amer/can $yclo1e0/a( un0er Phall/c &orsh/1( rea0s as follo&s In earlyages the se>ual emblems &ere a0ore0 as most sacre0 obDects( an0 /n these7eral 1olythe/st/c systems the act or 1r/nc/1le of &h/ch the 1hallus &asthe ty1e &as re1resente0 by a 0e/ty to &hom /t &as consecrate0? /n Egy1t byhem( /n In0/a by S/7a( /n Assyr/a by ;ul( /n 1r/m/t/7e reece by Pan( an0later by Pr/a1us( /n Italy by Mut/nus or Pr/a1us( among the Teuton/c an0Scan0/na7/an nat/ons by "r/cco( an0 /n S1a/n by Hortanes) Phall/c monumentsan0 scul1ture0 emblems are foun0 /n all 1arts of the &orl0)

#a&l/nson( /n h/s h/story of Anc/ent Egy1t( g/7es us the follo&/ng

0escr/1t/on of hem? A full Egy1t/an /0ea of hem can scarcely be1resente0 to the mo0ern rea0er( on account of the grossness of the forms


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un0er &h/ch /t &as e>h/b/te0) Some mo0ern Egy1tolog/sts en0ea7or to e>cuseor 1all/ate th/s grossnessG but /t seems scarcely 1oss/ble that /t shoul0not ha7e been accom1an/e0 by /n0el/cacy of thought or that /t shoul0 ha7efa/le0 to e>erc/se a corru1t/ng /nfluence on l/fe an0 morals) hem( no0oubt( re1resente0 to the /n/t/ate0 merely the generat/7e 1o&er /n nature(

or that strange la& by &h/ch l/7/ng organ/sms( an/mal an0 7egetable( areenable0 to re1ro0uce the/r l/'e) .ut &ho shall say /n &hat e>act l/ght he

1resente0 h/mself to the 7ulgar( &ho ha0 cont/nually before the/r eyes the/n0ecent f/gures un0er &h/ch the 1a/nters an0 scul1tors 1ortraye0 h/mF As/m1ure /0eas an0 re7olt/ng 1ract/ces clustere0 aroun0 the &orsh/1 of Pan /nreece an0 later #ome( so /t /s more than 1robable that /n the &orsh/1 ofhem /n Egy1t &ere connecte0 s/m/lar e>cesses) .es/0es h/s 1r/a1/c orIthy1hall/c form( hem5s character &as mar'e0 by the ass/gnment to h/m ofthe goat as h/s symbol( an0 by h/s or0/nary t/tle aual organs &ere &orsh/11e0un0er the form of hem by the Egy1t/ans) The &r/ter( ho&e7er( has fallen/nto a 7ery common error /n g/7/ng us to un0erstan0 that th/s &as a 0egra0e0form of &orsh/1G from numerous other sources /t /s rea0/ly sho&n that such/s not the case)

The follo&/ng l/nes( from Anc/ent Se> 3orsh/1( substant/ate the abo7eremar's( an0 at the same t/me( they sho& the /ncom1leteness of the &r/t/ngsof many ant/uar/ans) In th/s boo' &e rea0? Phall/c emblems aboun0e0 atHel/o1ol/s an0 Syr/a an0 many other 1laces( e7en /n to mo0ern t/mes) Thefollo&/ng unfol0s mar7elous 1roof to our 1o/nt) A brother 1hys/c/an( &r/t/ngto -r) Inman( says? 5I &as /n Egy1t last &/nter +:8*ual organs)Another tra7eler( a clergyman(@2 has 0escr/be0 the same &orsh/1 /n th/str/be) He has obser7e0 /0ols /n 1r/a1/c att/tu0es( ru0ely car7e0 /n &oo0(an0 others ma0e of clay) !n the lo&er $ongo the same &orsh/1 /s 0escr/be0(&here both male an0 female f/gures &/th 0/s1ro1ort/onate gen/tal organs areuse0 for 1ur1oses of &orsh/1) Phall/c symbols an0 other offer/ngs are ma0e

to these s/m1le 0e/t/es)


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@+ Kuote0 by H) M) 3estro11( Pr/m/t/7e Symbol/sm

@2 J) 3) 3oo0) The unc/7/l/Be0 #aces)

-ef/n/te e>am1les of the se>ual act ha7/ng rel/g/ous s/gn/f/cance may be

c/te0) #/char0 Payne n/ght@4 uotes a 1assage from $a1ta/n $oo'5s 7oyagesto one of the Southern Pac/f/c Islan0s) The M/ss/onar/es of the e>1e0/t/onon th/s occas/on assemble0 the members of the 1arty for rel/g/ous ceremon/es/n &h/ch the nat/7es Do/ne0) The 1r/m/t/7e nat/7es obser7e0 the ceremony&/th great res1ect an0 then &/th 0ue solemn/ty enacte0 the/r form of sacre0&orsh/1) Ku/te to the aston/shment of the &h/te 1eo1le( th/s ceremonycons/ste0 of the o1en 1erformance of the se>ual act by a young In0/an manan0 &oman) Th/s &as ent/rely a rel/g/ous ceremony( an0 &as f/tt/nglyres1ecte0 by all the nat/7es 1resent)

@4 The symbol/cal language of anc/ent art an0 mythology)

Hargra7e Jenn/ngs@6 0escr/bes the same custom /n In0/a) An In0/an &oman of0es/gnate0 caste an0 7ocat/on /s selecte0) Many /ncantat/ons an0 stranger/tes are gone through) A c/rcle( or ;acant Enchante0 Place /s ren0ere0

1ure by certa/n r/tes an0 s1r/n'le0 &/th &/ne) Then secret charms are&h/s1ere0 three t/mes /n the &oman5s ear) The se>ual act /s thenconsummate0( an0 the &hole 1roce0ure before the altar /s 0/st/nctly a formof sacr/f/ce an0 &orsh/1)

@6 The #ose/cruc/ans)

Ho00ar M) 3estro11 /n Pr/m/t/7e Symbol/sm has /n0/cate0 the countr/es /n&h/ch se> &orsh/1 has e>/ste0) He g/7es numerous /nstances /n anc/entEgy1t( Assyr/a( reece an0 #ome) In In0/a( as &ell as /n $h/na an0 Ja1an(/t forms the bas/s of early rel/g/ons) Th/s &orsh/1 /s 0escr/be0 among theearly races of reece( Italy( S1a/n( Scan0/na7/a( an0 among the Me>/cans an0Peru7/ans of Amer/ca as &ell) In .orneo( Tasman/a( an0 Austral/a 1hall/cemblems ha7e been foun0) Many other local/t/es ha7e been ment/one0 by th/s&r/ter an0 one seems fa/rly Dust/f/e0 /n conclu0/ng that se> &orsh/1 /sregularly foun0 at one t/me /n the 0e7elo1ment of 1r/m/t/7e races) 3e shall

no& 1ass to another form of th/s same &orsh/1( namely( sacre0 1rost/tut/on)

SA$#E- P#!STITUTI!N

There /s abun0ant e7/0ence to sho& that there &as a t/me /n the centur/esbefore $hr/st &hen 1rost/tut/on &as hel0 as a most sacre0 7ocat/on) 3elearn of th/s 1ract/ce from many sources) It a11ears that tem1les /n anumber of anc/ent c/t/es of the East( /n .abylon/a( N/ne7eh( $or/nth an0throughout In0/a( &ere erecte0 for the &orsh/1 of certa/n 0e/t/es) Th/s&orsh/1 cons/ste0 of the 1rost/tut/on of &omen) The &omen &ere consecrate0to the su11ort of the tem1le) They &ere chosen /n much the same &ay as the

mo0ern &oman enters a sacre0 church or0er) The returns from the/r 7ocat/on&ent to the su11ort of the 0e/ty an0 the tem1le) The ch/l0ren born of such a


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un/on &ere /n no &ay hel0 /n 0/sgrace( but on the contrary( they a11eare0 toha7e forme0 a se1arate an0 rather su1er/or class) 3e are tol0 that th/s

1ract/ce 0/0 not /nterfere &/th a &oman5s o11ortun/t/es for subseuentmarr/age) In In0/a the 1ract/ce &as 7ery general at one t/me) The &omen&ere calle0 the 3omen of the I0ol) #/char0 Payne n/ght s1ea's of a

thousan0 sacre0 1rost/tutes l/7/ng /n each of the tem1les at Ery> an0$or/nth)

A custom &h/ch sho&s e7en more clearly that 1rost/tut/on &as hel0 as asacre0 0uty to &omen &as that /n .abylon/a e7ery &oman( of h/gh ran' or lo&(must at one t/me /n her l/fe 1rost/tute herself to any stranger &ho offere0money) In Anc/ent Se> 3orsh/1 &e rea0? There &as a tem1le /n .abylon/a&here e7ery female ha0 to 1erform once /n her l/fe a to us strange act ofrel/g/on( namely( 1rost/tut/on &/th a stranger) The name of /t &as./tclus/7ely /n the sacr/f/ce ma0e by &omen to the0e/ty of se>) Men 0/0 not esca1e th/s sacr/f/ce an0 /t a11ears that some/nfl/cte0 u1on themsel7es an e7en &orse one) "raser@* tells us of th/s&orsh/1 &h/ch &as /ntro0uce0 from Assyr/a /nto #ome about t&o hun0re0 years

before $hr/st) It &as the &orsh/1 of $ybele an0 Att/s) These 0e/t/es &ereatten0e0 by emasculate0 1r/ests an0 the 1r/ests /n or/ental costume 1ara0e0#ome /n rel/g/ous ceremony)

@* A0on/s( Att/s an0 !s/r/s)

!n one occas/on( namely( the 0ay of bloo0 /n the S1r/ng( the ch/efceremony &as hel0) Th/s( among other th/ngs( cons/ste0 /n fasten/ng aneff/gy of the go0 to a 1/ne tree( &h/ch &as brought to the tem1le of theo00ess $ybele) A most s1ectacular 0ance about the eff/gy then occurre0 /n&h/ch the 1r/ests slashe0 themsel7es &/th 'n/7es( the bloo0 be/ng offere0 assacr/f/ce) As the e>c/tement /ncrease0 the se>ual nature of the ceremony

became e7/0ent) To uote from "raserG "or man after man( h/s 7e/nsthrobb/ng &/th the mus/c( h/s eyes fasc/nate0 by the s/ght of stream/ng

bloo0( flung h/s garments from h/m( lea1e0 forth &/th a shout( an0 se/B/ng

one of the s&or0s &h/ch stoo0 rea0y for the ser7/ce( castrate0 h/mself onthe s1ot) Then he ran through the c/ty hol0/ng the bloo0y 1arts /n h/s han0san0 thre& them /nto one of the houses &h/ch he 1asse0 /n h/s ma0 career)

3e see that th/s act 0/rectly corres1on0s &/th the 1art 1laye0 by thefemale) The female 1rost/tute0 herself( an0 the male 1resente0 h/sgenerat/7e 1o&ers to the 0e/ty) .oth the sacre0 1rost/tutes an0 emasculate0

1r/ests &ere hel0 /n rel/g/ous 7enerat/on)

The abo7e references are suff/c/ent to sho& that a s/m1le form of se>&orsh/1 has been u/te generally foun0) It becomes a11arent as &e 1rocee0

that the &orsh/1 of se> not only 1lays a 1art( but a 7ery 1rom/nent 1art( /nthe 0e7elo1/ng m/n0 of man) In the fran' an0 o1en form of th/s &orsh/1 /t /s


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u/te clear that &e are 0eal/ng &/th a 7ery s/m1le ty1e of m/n0) These1r/m/t/7e 1eo1le e>h/b/t many of the ual/t/es of the ch/l0) They are u/te&/thout se> consc/ousness) The/r mot/7es are at once both s/m1le an00/rect( an0 they are 0oubtless s/ncere) Much m/sun0erstan0/ng has ar/sen by

Du0g/ng such 1r/m/t/7e 1eo1le by the stan0ar0s of our 1resent 0ay

c/7/l/Bat/on) Se> &orsh/1( &h/le /t hel0 s&ay &as 1robably u/te asser/ously enterta/ne0 as many other bel/efsG /t only became 0egra0e0 0ur/nga 0eca0ent age( &hen c/7/l/Bat/on ha0 a07ance0 beyon0 such s/m1leconce1t/ons of a 0e/ty( but ha0 not e7ol7e0 a sat/sfactory subst/tute)

3e shall no& 1ass to a less fran' an0 o1en 0e/f/cat/on of se>( namely(se>ual symbol/sm)

S%M.!LISM

As c/7/l/Bat/on a07ance0( the 0e/f/cat/on of se> &as no longer fran' an0

o1en) It came to be carr/e0 on by means of symbol/sm) Th/s symbol/sm &as aneffort on the 1art of /ts or/g/nators to e>1ress the &orsh/1 of thegenerat/7e attr/butes un0er 0/sgu/se( often un0erstoo0 only by the 1r/estsor by those /n/t/ate0 /nto the rel/g/ous myster/es) The myster/es sofreuently referre0 to /n the rel/g/ons of ant/u/ty are often somee>1ress/on of se> &orsh/1)

Se>ual symbol/sm &as 7ery general at one t/me an0 rema/ns of /t are foun0 /nmost of the countr/es &here any form of se> &orsh/1 has e>/ste0) Suchrema/ns ha7e been foun0 /n Egy1t( reece( Italy( In0/a( $h/na( Ja1an( an0/n0ee0 /n most countr/es the early h/story of &h/ch /s 'no&n to man)

!ne /m1ortant '/n0 of symbol/sm ha0 to 0o &/th the "!#M of the obDect0e/f/e0) Thus( /t a11ears that certa/n obDects(


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sun &orsh/1) The sun /s e7ery&here the male 1r/nc/1le( stan0/ng for thegenerat/7e 1o&er /n nature) At one t/me the symbol/sm /s broa0( an0 refersto generat/7e nature /n general) At another t/me /t refers solely to thehuman generat/7e organs) Thus( the ree' o0 Hermes( the o0 of "ecun0/ty /nnature( /s at t/mes re1resente0 /n unm/sta'able 1r/a1/c att/tu0es)

St/ll another symbol/sm &as often use0 /n In0/a) Th/s &as the a00/t/on of anumber of members to the 0e/ty( 1oss/bly a number of arms or hea0s) Th/s&as /n or0er to e>1ress a number of ual/t/es) Thus the 0e/ty &as bothgenerator an0 0estroyer( one face sho&/ng bene7olence an0 '/n0ness( theother 7/olence an0 rage) In many of the 0e/t/es both male an0 female

1r/nc/1les &ere re1resente0 /n one( &orsh/1) The $h/nese 1ago0as are 1robably of 1hall/c or/g/n)In0ee0( there /s e7/0ence to sho& that the s1/res of our $hurches o&e the/re>/stence to the u1r/ghts or obel/s's outs/0e the Tem1les of former ages) A

large 7olume has been &r/tten by !5.r/en to sho& that the #oun0 To&ers ofIrelan0 u1r/ght to&ers of 1re/co an0 Peru(the anc/ent 1/llar stones of .r/ttany( an0 /n fact all s/m/lar u1r/ghtobDects( erecte0 for rel/g/ous 1ur1oses the &orl0 o7er( are 1lace0 /n th/ssame category) 3e shall 1resently g/7e a number of references to sho& thatthe May


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mean/ng may be set forth) These /nter1retat/ons are not generally a07ance0(an0 therefore &e ha7e a00e0 cons/0erable corroborat/7e e7/0ence &h/ch &eha7e been able to obta/n from /n0e1en0ent sources)

In an Essay on the Assyr/an ro7e an0 other Emblems( Mr) John Ne&ton sums

u1 the bas/s of th/s symbol/sm as follo&s? As c/7/l/Bat/on a07ance0( thegross symbols of creat/7e 1o&er &ere cast as/0e( an0 1r/estly /ngenu/ty &asta>e0 to the utmost /n /n7ent/ng a cro&0 of less ob7/ous emblems( &h/chshoul0 re1resent the anc/ent /0eas /n a 0ecorous manner) The ol0 bel/ef &asreta/ne0( but /n a myster/ous or subl/mate0 form) As symbols of the male( oract/7e element /n creat/on( the sun( l/ght( f/re( a torch( the 1hallus orl/ngam( an erect ser1ent( a tall stra/ght tree( es1ec/ally the 1alm or f/ror 1/ne( &ere a0a1te0) Eually useful for symbol/sm &ere a tall u1r/ghtstone menh/r( a cone( a 1yram/0( a thumb or f/nger 1o/nte0 stra/ght( amas'( a ro0( a tr/0ent( a narro& bottle or am1hora( a bo&( an arro&( alance( a horse( a bull( a l/on( an0 many other an/mals cons1/cuous for

mascul/ne 1o&er) As symbols of the female( the 1ass/7e though fru/tfulelement /n creat/on( the crescent moon( the earth( 0ar'ness( &ater( an0 /tsemblem( a tr/angle &/th the a1e> 0o&n&ar0( the yon/em1l/fy the actual male creat/7e 1o&er( 7ar/ous natural

obDects &ere se/Be0 u1on to e>1ress the the/st/c /0ea an0 at the same t/me1o/nt to those 1o/nts of the human form) Hence( a s/m/l/tu0e /s recogn/Be0/n a 1/llar( a hea1 of stones( a tree bet&een t&o roc's( a club bet&een t&o

1/ne cones( a tr/0ent( a thyrsus t/e0 aroun0 &/th t&o r/bbons &/th the en0s1en0ant( a thumb an0 t&o f/ngers) The ca0uceus aga/n the cons1/cuous 1artof the sacre0 Tr/a0 Ashur /s symbol/Be0 by a s/ngle stone 1lace0u1r/ght( &orsh/1( an0 the follo&/ng short 1aragra1h


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sho&s h/s conce1t/on of the/r /nterrelat/onsh/1( as &ell as the s/gn/f/canceof the u1r/ght of ant/u/ty) In the #os/cruc/ans he says? !bel/s's(s1/res( m/narets( tall to&ers( u1r/ght stones( menh/rs( an0 arch/tectural

1er1en0/culars of e7ery 0escr/1t/on( an0( generally s1ea'/ng( all erect/onscons1/cuous for he/ght an0 sl/mness( &ere re1resentat/ons of the S&or0e0 or

of the Pyram/0al "/re) They bes1o'e( &here7er foun0 an0 /n &hate7er age(the /0ea of the "/rst Pr/nc/1le or the male generat/7e emblem)

3e m/ght rea0/ly c/te 1assages from the &r/t/ngs of a number of otherauthors but the abo7e 1aragra1hs suff/ce to set forth the general 1r/nc/1leof th/s symbol/sm) As state0 abo7e( such /nter1retat/ons ha7e not beengenerally a07ance0 to e>1la/n such obDects as sacre0 1/llar stones(obel/s's( m/narets( etc) It /s rea0/ly seen ho& fully these 7/e&s aresubstant/ate0 by obser7at/ons from a number of /n0e1en0ent sources)

In a boo' of Tra7el@8 /n In0/a &e are able from an /n0e1en0ent source to

learn of the symbol/sm of that country) The tra7eller g/7es a 0escr/1t/on ofthe ca7es of Ele1hanta( near .ombay) These are enormous ca7es cut /n thes/0e of a mounta/n( for rel/g/ous 1ur1oses to &h/ch 1/lgr/mages are ma0e an0&here the usual fest/7/t/es are hel0) The &orsh/1 of generat/7e attr/butes/s u/te a11arent) The numerous scul1ture0 female f/gures( as remar'e0 bythe tra7eller( are all re1resente0 &/th greatly e>aggerate0 breasts( asymbol/sm &h/ch /s freuent throughout or/ental countr/es for e>1ress/ngre1ro0uct/7e attr/butes)

@8 #ousselet( In0/a an0 /ts nat/7e 1r/nces)

In an /nner chamber /s 1lace0 the symbol &h/ch /s hel0 /n 1art/cular7enerat/on) Here /s foun0 an u1r/ght con/cal stone stan0/ng &/th/n ac/rcular one) The stone /s s1r/n'le0 &/th &ater 0ur/ng the fest/7al season)The &r/ter states that th/s stone( to the &orsh/11ers( re1resents the malegenerat/7e organ( an0 the &orsh/1 of /t /s not cons/0ere0 an /m1ro1r/ety) Inth/s /nstance &e feel that the symbol/sm /s 7ery 0ef/n/te( an0 0oubtless thestone 1/llars /n the other tem1les of In0/a an0 else&here are of the sames/gn/f/cance)

A clergyman /n the $h/nese #e7/e& of +:98( un0er the t/tle Phall/c 3orsh/1

/n $h/na( g/7es an account of the 1hall/c/sm as he obser7e0 /t at thatt/me) He states that the male se>ual organ /s symbol/Be0 by a s/m1le moun0of earth an0 /s so &orsh/11e0) S/m/larly( the female organ /s re1resente0

by a moun0 of 0/fferent form an0 /s &orsh/11e0 as the former) The &r/terstates that at t/mes these moun0s are bu/lt /n conDunct/on) He states th/s&orsh/1 /s s/m/lar to that of .aal of $hal0ea( etc)( an0 that 1robably allha7e a common or/g/n) It a11ears to be a fun0amental 1art of the $h/neserel/g/on an0 the symbol/sm of the $h/nese 1ago0a e>1resses the same /0ea) Hesays that heen or Shang( are also &orsh/11e0/n the form of ser1ents( of &h/ch the 0ragon of the $h/nese /s amo0/f/cat/on) Th/s furn/shes a concrete /nstance /n &h/ch the moun0 of

earth /s of 1hall/c s/gn/f/cance( an0 substant/ates an /nter1retat/on ofser1ent &orsh/1 to &h/ch &e shall 1resently refer)


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Ho00ar0 M) 3estro11 has g/7en us an e>cellent account of 1hall/c &orsh/1 an0/nclu0es /n h/s 0escr/1t/on the obser7at/ons of a tra7eller /n Ja1an at aslate 1er/o0s as +:86 an0 +:8,)

A tem1le near the anc/ent ca1/tal of Ja1an &as 7/s/te0 by a tra7eller) Inth/s tem1le the ma/n obDect of &orsh/1 &as a large u1r/ght( stan0/ng alone(an0 the resemblance to the male generat/7e organ &as so str/'/ng as to lea7eno 0oubt as to &hat /t re1resente0) Th/s u1r/ght &as &orsh/11e0 es1ec/ally

by &omen( &ho left 7ot/7e offer/ngs( among them small 1hall/( elaborately&rought out of &oo0 or other mater/al) The tra7eller remar'e0 that the&orsh/1 &as most earnest an0 s/ncere)

The same tra7eller obser7e0 that /n some of the 1ubl/c roa0s of Ja1an aresmall he0ge0 recesses &here s/m/lar stone 1/llars are foun0) These large

1/llars unuest/onably re1resent the male organ) The &r/ter has obser7e0

1r/ests /n 1rocess/on carry/ng s/m/lar huge 1hall/( 1a/nte0 /n color as&ell) Th/s 1rocess/on calle0 forth no 1art/cular comment an0 so &as

1robably not unusual) It /s state0 that th/s /s a 1art of the anc/entSh/ntoo rel/g/on of Ja1an an0 $h/na) There are freuent references tocerta/n of the go0s of the Anc/ents be/ng re1resente0 /n 1r/a1/c att/tu0es(the 1hallus be/ng the 1rom/nent an0 most /m1ortant attr/bute) Thus Hermes(/n reece( &as 1lace0 at cross/st/ng else&here an0 to&h/ch has been ascr/be0 s/m/lar s/gn/f/cance)

A number of &r/ters ha7e e>1resse0 the bel/ef that the May


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o7al &/th the u1r/ght be/ng of symbol/c s/gn/f/cance) The cru> ansata /sfoun0 /n the han0 of most of the Egy1t/an 0e/t/es) It /s foun0 /n theAssyr/an tem1les an0 throughout the tem1les of In0/a as &ell) Preh/stor/cmonuments of Irelan0 ha7e the same 0es/gn) Pr/ests are 1ortraye0 /na0orat/on of the cru> ansata before 1hall/c monuments) Th/s symbol( from

&h/ch our mo0ern cross /s 0oubtless 0er/7e0( or/g/nate0 &/th the rel/g/onsof ant/u/ty) Much a00/t/onal e7/0ence coul0 rea0/ly be g/7en to /llustrateth/s 1reh/stor/c or/g/n) The 1resent $hr/st/an symbol affor0s anothere>am1le of the a0o1t/on by a ne& rel/g/on of the symbols of the ol0)

Some reflect/on &/ll sho& that the or/g/n of many church customs an0symbols( an0 /n0ee0 of a great number of obscure customs an0 usages( mayu/te 1ro1erly be trace0 to the rel/g/ons an0 1ract/ces of 1r/m/t/7e races)Lafca0/o Hearn has /ns/ste0 u1on th/s /n the /nter1retat/on of the art an0customs of the Ja1anese) He says(@, Art /n Ja1an /s so /nt/matelyassoc/ate0 &/th rel/g/on that any attem1t to stu0y /t &/thout e>tens/7e

'no&le0ge of the bel/efs &h/ch /t reflects &ere mere &aste of t/me) .y art I0o not mean 1a/nt/ng an0 scul1ture but e7ery '/n0 of 0ecorat/on( an0 most'/n0s of 1/ctor/al re1resentat/onIn the abo7e 1ages( &e ha7e g/7en an account of the 7/e&s of a number of&r/ters u1on certa/n forms an0 symbols( an0 at the same t/me &e ha7e offere0cons/0erable e7/0ence /n substant/at/on from /n0e1en0ent sources) Theseor/g/ns( foun0 assoc/ate0 es1ec/ally /n art an0 rel/g/ous usages( ha7e not

been generally un0erstoo0) %et &hen &e reflect u1on the fact that manyrel/g/ous customs are of great ant/u/tyG that &hen once a certa/n form orcustom becomes establ/she0( /t /s &ell n/gh /neffaceable( although subDectto great change or 0/sgu/se throughout the centur/esG &hen &e reflect u1onthese con0/t/ons( an0 real/Be the fact that se> &orsh/1 &/th /tsaccom1any/ng symbol/sm /s foun0 throughout 1r/m/t/7e rel/g/ons( &e may then

more rea0/ly a11rec/ate the ent/re s/gn/f/cance of the abo7e/nter1retat/ons)

It must( of course( be borne /n m/n0 that no one no& g/7es these/nter1retat/ons to s1/res( m/narets( an0 to the 7ar/ous monumental symbolsof &h/ch &e ha7e been s1ea'/ng) 3e are here 0eal/ng e>clus/7ely &/th

1re


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monuments( etc)( &h/ch ha7e been re1ro0uce0 /n 1lates an0 0ra&/ngs by $) 3)/ng( Thomas Inman( #) P) n/ght an0 others) To these &e refer the rea0er)

T! .E $!N$LU-E-

#E"E#EN$ES)@+=

@+= "or a number of a00/t/onal references consult Ne& %or' L/brary un0erPhall/c/sm)

$o>( #e7) ) 3)? The Mythology of the Aryan Nat/ons)

-e/ter/ch( A)? Mutter Er0e)

"raser( J) )? A0on/s( Att/s an0 !s/r/sG .al0er( the .eaut/fulG Psyche5sTas')

rosse? The .eg/nn/ngs of Art)

H/gg/ns( o0frey? The Anacaly1s/sG $elt/c -ru/0s)

Harr/son( M/ss Jane? Anc/ent Art an0 #/tualG Them/s)

Ho&/tt( A) 3)? The Nat/7e Tr/bes of South East Austral/a)

Inman( -r) Thomas? Anc/ent "a/ths Embo0/e0 /n Anc/ent NamesG Anc/ent Paganan0 Mo0ern $hr/st/an Symbol/sm)

Jenn/ngs( Hargra7e? The #os/cruc/ansG The In0/an #el/g/ons)

/ng( $) 3? The nost/cs an0 the/r #ema/nsG Han0


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3estro11( Ho00er( M)? Pr/m/t/7e Symbol/sm)

3oo0( #e7) J) )? The Unc/7/l/Be0 #aces)

A--ITI!NAL #E"E#EN$ES Pr/m/t/7e customs( rel/g/ous usages( etc)

.ryant? System of Mythology)

-eubernat/s( Angelo? oolog/cal Mythology)

Ju0son? Myths an0 Legen0s of the M/ss/ss/11/ ;alley an0 the reat La'es)

Lang0on( S)? TammuB an0 Ishtar)

Perrot( an0 $h/1/eB? H/story of Art /n Phryg/a( L/0/a( $ar/a an0 Lyc/aG

H/story of Art /n Pers/a)

Prescott? $onuest of Peru)

#ousselet( Lou/s? In0/a an0 Its Nat/7e Pr/nces)

Ste7ens( J)? $entral Amer/ca( $h/a1eB an0 %ucatan)

Solas( 3) J)? Anc/ent Hunters)

3oo0


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/mme0/ate 1ur1ose of my 1a1er /s to stu0y some of the 1roblems of thera1y(from the 1sychoanalyt/c 1o/nt of 7/e&( of that small class of 1at/ents onthe bor0erl/ne bet&een hyster/a an0 e1/le1sy( or 1at/ents &/th e1/le1t/formattac's)

The f/rst 1ubl/cat/on of stu0/es of th/s general nature &as ma0e by -r)James J) Putnam an0 -r) eorge A) 3aterman /n the .oston Me0/cal an0Surg/cal Journal for May( +,=*( un0er the t/tle $erta/n As1ects of the0/fferent/al -/agnos/s bet&een E1/le1sy an0 Hyster/a) In th/s 1a1er theauthors say( No one( so far as &e are a&are( has as yet stu0/e0 &/thsuff/c/ent thoroughness the subconsc/ous memor/es of e1/le1t/cs( an0 for all&e no& can say( closer resemblances may be foun0 bet&een these an0 thesubconsc/ous states of the hyster/cs than &e no& /mag/ne) 1) *+4)

In th/s 1a1er( ho&e7er( thera1y /s only h/nte0 at)

A contr/but/on to our /ns/ght as to the e1/le1t/c state of m/n0 /s ma0e byJung( un0er the t/tle( Analyse 0er AssoB/at/onen e/nes E1/le1t/'ers( /nh/s( -/agnost/sche AssoB/at/onsstu0/en) .e/trage Bur e>1er/mentellenPsycho1atholog/e) 1) +9* +,=8)

He foun0 an e>traor0/nary number of emot/onally tone0( egocentr/c relat/ons)There &ere some s/gns to suggest that the emot/onal tone /n the e1/le1t/c&as unusually last/ng)

The f/rst th/ng 1ubl/she0 on e1/le1sy a7o&e0ly from the 1sychoanalyt/c7/e&ual/tat un0 E1/le1sy) Jahrbuch .I HI( +,=,)

Mae0er goes /nto the subDect rather e>haust/7ely( after character/st/cerman fash/on( but h/s conclus/ons are com1arat/7ely s/m1le) He says( These>ual/ty of the e1/le1t/c /s character/Be0 by the 1rom/nence of auto< an0alloual

1oly7alence)5 "or some un'no&n reason the l/b/0o seems to ha7e an abnormal/ntens/ty) 1) +*6)

Th/s /s an /m1ortant contr/but/on to our 'no&le0ge of the 1sych/c state of

e1/le1t/cs but /t /s notable that not a &or0 /s sa/0 as to thera1y)

Sa0ger 1ubl/she0 the same year( E/n "all 7on Pseu0oe1/le1s/a hyster/ca1sychoanalyt/sch er'lart) 3/ener 'le/n) #un0schau( 1) 2+2( +,=,) .utne/ther 0oes he ha7e anyth/ng to say about thera1y)

-r) 3/lhelm Ste'el( ho&e7er( treats the 1roblem from the thera1eut/c 1o/ntof 7/e& /n( -/e 1sych/sche .ehan0lung 0er E1/le1s/e) entralblatt fur

1sychoanalyse 1) 22= No) *


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1roce0ures) !f three cases &h/ch he com1letely analyse0( t&o &ere cure0) H/sf/nal conclus/on /s fourfol0? + E1/le1sy( more often than &e ha7eh/therto thought( /s of 1sychogen/c or/g/n) 2 In all cases there /s astrong ten0ency to cr/m/nal/ty &h/ch /s unbearable to consc/ousness) 4The attac' /s a subst/tute for an offense( hence( e7entually a se>ual

offense) 6 Pseu0o


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somet/mes '/c'/ng her out of the house) She &oul0 un0ress her fathersomet/mes an0 1ut h/m to be0) !nce &hen ta'/ng off h/s shoes he '/c'e0 her(as she &as ben0/ng o7er h/m( /n the lo&er 1art of the ab0omen) Th/s &as Dust

before the con7uls/ons 0e7elo1e0) The fa/nt/ng s1ells occurre0 soon aftershe ha0 f/rst seen her father na'e0) The /mage of h/s na'e0ness so

0/stresse0 her by cont/nually com/ng before her m/n0 that she ma0e the most0es1erate efforts to re1ress /t( f/nally 1art/ally succee0/ng) S1ea'/ng ofher father she sa/0( E7ery t/me I th/n' of h/m I feel l/'e ta'/ng a f/t)!hC It ma'es me feel terr/ble)

Her father ha0 '/c'e0 her /n the chest( too( &h/ch 1erha1s 1art/allyaccounts for the cla&/ng)

In the l/ght of th/s 'no&le0ge the con7uls/7e mo7ements become a l/ttle morecom1rehens/ble) They are fut/le attem1ts to run a&ay) They are the 1art/almo7ements of fl/ght)

The cr/es that somet/mes /n/t/ate0 an0 accom1an/e0 the con7uls/ons at f/rst(after&ar0s became suff/c/ently art/culate to be un0erstoo0 as calls Mama(Mama( Mama)

It &as foun0 that &hen her father &oul0 chase her about the house( /n0run'en fury( she &oul0 call for her mother /n frant/c fear) Here(a11arently( /s a mean/ng of the call 1rece0/ng the con7uls/ons)

Un0er a 7ery short 1sychoanalyt/c treatment the 1at/ent sho&e0 mar'e0/m1ro7ement) Her attac's became much less 7/olent an0 much farther a1art)She became able to control them to a great e>tent) "/nally she became so&ell that one m/ght say she ha0 1ract/cally reco7ere0)

A11arently there /s no h/nt here of a re1resse0 cr/m/nal com1le>) .ut al/ttle 0ee1er analys/s suggests /t( ho&e7er) The f/rst attac'( &h/ch &as /nthe form of a fa/nt( occurre0 un0er the follo&/ng c/rcumstances) The 1at/ent&as at the funeral of the father of her best g/rl fr/en0) As she loo'e0 atthe 0ea0 bo0y of her fr/en05s father the thought flashe0 through her m/n0(He &as so goo0( an0 no& he /s 0ea0( &h/le my father &ho /s so ba0( st/lll/7es) I &/sh he &ere 0ea0) Shortly after she fa/nte0)

There &ere a number of reasons( seem/ngly a0euate( for /ncom1lete success/n th/s case) In the f/rst 1lace( the 1at/ent ha0 been /n th/s country onlya fe& years an0 s1o'e 7ery bro'en Engl/sh) She /s a #uss/an Je&) !b7/ouslyth/s &as a 7ery great barr/er to un0erstan0/ng) In the ne>t 1lace /t &asalmost /m1oss/ble to change con0/t/ons of home( although Soc/al Ser7/ce&or'e0 &on0ers /n th/s case) The father cont/nue0 to get 0run'( an0 one ofthe last of her no& /nfreuent attac's occurre0 on h/s return from Da/l) The

1at/ent &as 0rea0fully afra/0 lest her father f/n0 out that the 'no&le0ge ofh/s 0el/nuency ha0 been 0/sco7ere0 through her)

Not the least of the reasons m/l/tat/ng aga/nst com1lete success &as theshort t/me 1oss/ble for 1sychoanalyt/c treatment) The 1at/ent &as seen only


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three &ee's) As the t/me nee0e0 for a 1sychoanalys/s /s 7ar/able 0e1en0/ngon the 1art/cular 1at/ent( /t /s clear that th/s &oul0 be too short a t/meto enable a young g/rl( only recently here from #uss/a( to un0erstan0( or too7ercome res/stances) That the treatment &as as nearly successful as /t &as/s 1erha1s encourag/ng to the ho1e that su/table cases un0er fa7orable

con0/t/ons m/ght be cure0)

The ne>t case /s one &here the 0/agnos/s lay bet&een hyster/a an0 e1/le1sy)The sym1toms &ere as follo&s? The 1at/ent ha0 attac's /n &h/ch she becameunconsc/ous( gas1e0( an0 s1/ttle ran from her mouth) She also b/t hertongue) She becomes st/ff( eyes star'( an0 /s left t/re0 an0 &ea') Theseattac's &ere f/rst not/ce0 about f/7e years ago) S/nce then she has ha0about f/7e s/m/lar attac's( the last three com/ng &/th/n f/7e months) Thelast t&o &ere &/th/n a 0ay of each other an0 fr/ghtene0 her so she came tothe hos1/tal) At the age of e/ght or n/ne she sa/0 that she ha0 flashes ofs1eechlessness( an0 a thought &h/ch she cannot 0ef/ne( as of a horse or a

man) She ne7er became unconsc/ous or b/t her tongue) After her f/rstcatamen/al these flashes of s1eechlessness an0 thought came only at th/st/me) At the age of t&o the 1at/ent sa/0 that she ha0 fallen 0o&n sta/rsan0 h/t her hea0) She sa/0 she &as unconsc/ous t&entycee0/ngly res1ons/7e to heren7/ronment) She &as also stubborn an0 self


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0/sa11eare0)

Then she met the man &ho became her secon0 husban0) She ha0 refuse0 to marryher lo7er because she 0/0 not lo7e h/m) She no& 0ro11e0 h/m com1letely(an0 gett/ng a 0/7orce from her husban0 on the groun0 of 0esert/on( marr/e0)

She &as ha11y about a year an0 a half &hen her husban0 mo7e0 to a countrycrossual character of herconfl/cts no further comment /s necessary)

Here then &e ha7e the natural h/story of &hatF Hyster/aF or E1/le1syF Th/s

uest/on I shall not attem1t to ans&er) .ut &hat has been the thera1eut/cresult of 1sychoanalys/sF Th/s uest/on I can ans&er)

In the s/> months 0ur/ng &h/ch the analys/s has been /n 1rogress the 1at/enthas ha0 no attac's /n &h/ch she has ha0 con7uls/ons( frothe0 at the mouth(or b/tten her tongue) She has ha0 only three s1ells /n &h/ch consc/ousness&as lost an0 these &ere m/l0) The last one &as 0escr/be0 by the 0aughter)She sa/0 /t &as l/'e a fa/ntG that her mother &as /n /t only a short t/meGthat she ha0 none of the sym1toms she use0 to ha7eG an0 &as all r/ght soonafter&ar0s &/th no ba0 after


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husban0 an0 &/fe are 1ract/cally at one /n the/r 1ur1oses) Soc/al relat/onsha7e also /m1ro7e0 to such an e>tent that the 1at/ent has been able to

1re7ent the &rec' of the home of a fr/en0( an0 /n her church /s an act/7e&or'er on a number of comm/ttees) She /s no& 0o/ng her best to get her0aughter starte0 r/ght /n l/fe) The 1at/ent regar0s herself as ha7/ng

1ract/cally reco7ere0)

The ne>t case I &/sh to 1resent for your cons/0erat/on /s that of a youngman t&enty years ol0) He &as brought /nto the acc/0entt morn/ng he &asreferre0 to me)

Last 3e0nes0ay n/ght( he sa/0( I &as ha7/ng 0/nner &/th a customer at the

Hotel Thorn0/'e) I began to feel s/c' an0 &ent to the to/let an0 7om/te0)Then I &ent bac' an0 got my fr/en0 an0 starte0 for a 0rug store /n Par'Suare to get some u/n/ne) .ut before I got 7ery far I began to sh/7er an0sha'e an0 I 'ne& that /t too' u/n/ne t&o or three hours to &or' so Istarte0 bac' to the hotel to get a room) No rooms &ere to be ha0( so I sa/05get a ta>/ an0 ta'e me to the hos1/tal)5 I lost the use of my legs on theste1s an0 they ha0 to carry me) In th/s attac' I &as more or less consc/ousall through /t) 3hat &ere you th/n'/ng of /n the ta>/( I as'e0) I 0on5t'no&) I felt as /f I &ante0 to Dum1 at someth/ng an0 grab someth/ng) $anyou not remember &hat &as /n your m/n0( I cont/nue0) !nly &hat I57e tol0you( he ans&ere0) 3/ll you l/e 0o&n an0 close your eyes an0 /mag/neyourself bac' /n the ta>/( I as'e0) No& tell me &hat you see) After amoment he sa/0( I see flames) 3hat else 0o you seeF Noth/ng( onlyflames) I feel as /f I &ante0 to Dum1 /nto the f/re) -/0 you see flames/n the ta>/( I as'e0) %es( that &as &hat I &ante0 to Dum1 at) At th/smoment the 1at/ent ga7e a start) 3hat 0/0 you see then( I as'e0) There /ssometh/ng /n the flames( an obDect( I 0on5t 'no& &hat /t /s) It m/ght be ath/ng or a 1erson) I feel as /f I &ante0 to grab the obDect) At th/s/nstant the 1at/ent ga7e a 7/olent Dum1 /nto the a/r an0 then san' bac'rela>e0) 3hat 0/0 you see( I as'e0) Th/s obDect) It seeme0 to beattract/ng me) $an5t you tell &hat /t /s( I sa/0) No) .ut /t seems almost

l/'e a 1erson) It seems as /f I coul0 see an arm) 3hat else 0o you seeFThe arms seem bec'on/ng me) It /s a 1erson thenF Is /t a man or a &omanFI 0on5t 'no&) I can5t ma'e out) Loo') It /s a &oman) I can see no&)Is /t anybo0y you 'no&F No( I can5t see any face) 3hat 0o you seeF Justa &oman( stan0/ng /n the flames( &/th outstretche0 arms( as /f /m1lor/ng meto come) I feel a yearn/ng( as /f I must Dum1 an0 grab her) The 1at/entst/ffene0 sl/ghtly an0 ga7e a sort of s1r/ng u1 from the couch an0 then san'

bac'( breath/ng a l/ttle hea7/er) 3hat 0/0 you see( I as'e0) I thought shebec'one0 me to come) $an you see &ho /t /s no&F No The face /s blan')Loo' aga/n an0 see /f you can5t tell &ho /t /s) 3hat 0o you seeF I can5ttell) I see se7eral faces come an0 go) -o you recogn/Be themF %es) The

f/rst /s my l/ttle g/rl5sG then I see a former s&eetheart of m/neG then Isee my &/fe5s face)


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ra0ually the follo&/ng story &as el/c/te0 from the 1at/ent) H/s mother 0/e0&hen he &as se7en an0 h/s father marr/e0 aga/n /n less than a year) Theformer s&eetheart &as h/s ste1cee0/ngly lonesomees1ec/ally as he stea0/ly refuse0 go/ng &/th other tra7ell/ng men an0 ma'/nga n/ght of /t as they often 0/0) !ne of h/s routes too' h/m to ;/rg/n/a an0he sa/0 that he ha0 returne0 from Ne& %or' on the &ay there Dust for thesa'e of s1en0/ng a n/ght &/th h/s &/fe) !nce( /n Ne& %or'( he &asunfa/thful to h/s &/fe an0 on that occas/on contracte0 gonorrhea) Th/s(ho&e7er( &as the only t/me he has e7er ha0 e>traual relat/ons(he sa/0)

Just before h/s attac's began( &h/ch &as about four years ago( he &as tol0by h/s &/fe5s 0octor that /t &oul0 be /m1oss/ble for her to ha7e any morech/l0ren as she &as suffer/ng from heart 0/sease) To h/s m/n0 th/s meantg/7/ng u1 co/tus) Then( unconsc/ously( he began to 0ream of Anna( h/s f/rst

lo7e) He regrette0 more than e7er not ta'/ng a07antage of h/s formero11ortun/t/es( an0 unconsc/ously 0all/e0 &/th the thought of 0esert/ng h/s&/fe) Just at th/s t/me h/s attac's began)

As the analys/s 1rogresse0 h/s attac's 0/m/n/she0 an0 shortly 0/sa11eare0)ra0ually the /mage of h/s &/fe too' full 1ossess/on of h/s m/n0 an0 the/mage of Anna 0/sa11eare0) To&ar0s the en0 of the analys/s as he &as ly/ngon the couch &/th h/s eyes shut( he sa& Anna /n the flames an0 felt theyearn/ng but not so strongly as to lea0 to any /m1uls/7e mo7ements) 3hat 0oyou th/n' all th/s m/ght mean( I as'e0) I 0on5t 'no&( he ans&ere0( /tm/ght mean I st/ll care0 for Anna an0 that /f I let myself go /t &oul0 brea'

u1 my home) 3/th h/s full real/Bat/on of the mean/ng of th/s symbol/Bat/on(/t &as assume0 that he &as cure0)


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Se7en months later( /n com1any &/th a colleague( I 7/s/te0 my former 1at/entan0 he tol0 me that he ha0 not ha0 a moment5s /llness s/nce I last sa& h/m)He tol0 me that &h/le occas/onally the thought of Anna &oul0 come to h/sm/n0( /t ne7er 0/sturbe0 h/m( an0 ne7er 0/stracte0 h/s attent/on from other

th/ngs) He has 1ros1ere0 /n h/s bus/ness( an0 I sa& e7ery e7/0ence of aha11y home)

Th/s case mer/ts cons/0erat/on for a number of reasons) In the f/rst 1lacethe attac's &ere cure0 by 1sychoanalys/s) No one &ho sa& the assoc/at/on ofthe symbol/cal /magery an0 the con7uls/7e mo7ements coul0 fa/l to see thatthere &as a causal connect/on bet&een them) The subs/0ence /n 7/olence an0freuency of the con7uls/7e mo7ements as the consc/ous gras1 of the mean/ngof the mental symbol/cal /magery /ncrease0 &as also com1letely con7/nc/ng ofthe thera1eut/c 7alue of the analys/s) The uest/on of the 1ermanence of thereco7ery /s of course o1en( because se7en months /s far too short a t/me to

carry com1lete con7/ct/on)

The com1ar/son of th/s case &/th the one /mme0/ately 1rece0/ng ra/ses a 7ery/nterest/ng uest/on) 3hy /s th/s 1at/ent a11arently com1letely cure0 an0the other one notF Se7eral reasons may be note0) The 1at/ent /s muchyounger) He ha0 ne7er been through anyth/ng l/'e the same mental stra/ns)H/s trouble &as of short 0urat/on) .ut abo7e all as he &as successful /nh/s bus/ness he &as successful /n h/s subl/mat/on) Here /s a s/ne ua non ofa successful 1sychoanalys/s? the ca1ac/ty an0 the o11ortun/ty for successfulsubl/mat/on) If these are 1resent the 1rognos/s /s goo0)

It /s /nterest/ng also to com1are th/s case /n /ts results &/th thecontent/ons of $lar' an0 of Ste'el) It /s har0 to see any s/gns of a0ef/n/te cr/m/nal ten0ency) Inasmuch as the tem1tat/on to go bac' to h/searly lo7e /s a s/gn of a ten0ency to&ar0s regress/

23337646 tthe journal of abnormal psychology part 2

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