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Eclipses

Minda Kreatif

The apparatus shown above is to simulate a natural phenomenon that involvesthe Sun, the Moon and the Earth.

(i) What is the phenomenon shown above?

__________________________________________________________

(ii) How does the phenomenon occur?

____________________________________________________________

(iii) an !ou observe the phenomenon shown above at all places on Earth and at

the same time?

_____________________________________________________________

(iv) What is represented b! the torchli"ht, the pin" pon" ball and the "lobe?

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Section A - PAPER 1

Multiple Choice Questions 1 3

Choose the correct answer.

onstruct # $nowled"e in science%evel # eas!

1. Which o& the &ollowin" properties o& li"ht causes eclipses to occur?

A

'e&lection o& li"ht

B

'e&raction o& li"ht

C

ispersion o& li"ht

%i"ht travels in a strai"ht line.

onstruct # nderstandin" in science%evel # Moderate

! Which o& the &ollowin" is true about the eclipse o& the Moon.

A

an onl! be seen b! people livin" at the Earth*s e+uator.

B

partial eclipse o& the Moon occurs when the Moon is in the umbrare"ion.

C

The eclipse o& the Moon occurs at a ver! short period o& time.

The eclipse o& the Moon occurs when the Earth, the Moon and the Sunare ali"ned in a strai"ht line.

onstruct # nderstandin" in science%evel # Moderate

3 Which o& the &ollowin" shows the correct positions o& the Earth, the Sun andthe Moon durin" a lunar eclipse?

A

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B

C

Ans"er # E$planation

Section A

-. Ans"er

EplanationSince li"ht travels in a strai"ht line, a shadow is &ormedwhen the path o& the li"ht is bloc/ed b! an opa+ue ob0ect.

1. Ans"er

Eplanation2ption is wron" because the eclipse o& the Moon can beseen an!where on Earth.2ption 3 is wron" because + partial eclipse o& the Moonoccurs when the Moon is in the penumbra re"ion.

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2ption is wron" because an eclipse o& the Moon occurs

4. Ans"er% B

Eplanation lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth is between the Sunand the Moon.

Pen&urusan 'rafi(

Ru)u(an

*he Eclipse Pheno+enon

-. The Earth revolves around the Sun and at the same timethe Moon revolves around the Earth.

1. The position o& the Moon, and the Earth chan"escontinuousl! in their respective orbits. t certain times, theSun, Earth and the Moon are ali"ned in a strai"ht line. tsuch time, eclipses occur.

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4. There are two t!pes o& eclipse5(i) Eclipse o& the moon or lunar eclipse.(ii) Eclipse o& the sun or solar eclipse.

6. 2ne o& the properties o& li"ht is that it travels in a straight

line. When the ra! o& li"ht is bloc/ed b! an opa+ue ob0ect, ashadow is &ormed.

7. The Earth and the moon are opa+ue ob0ects. When sunli"htis bloc/ed b! the Earth or the Moon, the Earth*s or theMoon*s shadow is &ormed.

8. There are 1 t!pes o& the Earth*s or the Moon*s shadow thatcan be &ormed.

(i) mbra 9 a dar/ shadow re"ion

(ii) :enumbra 9 a li"ht shadow re"ion. This re"ion receivesa little bit o& sunli"ht.

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Eclipse ,f *he Moon

-. n eclipse o& the Moon occurs i&5(a) The Earth, the Moon and the Sun are in a strai"ht line.(b) The Earth is between the Sun and the Moon

1. The shadow o& the Earth &alls on the sur&ace o& the Moon.This causes the Moon not to be seen &or a while whenobserved &rom the Earth.

4. When the Moon is in the penumbra re"ion, a partial eclipseo& the Moon is observed. t this point, the moon loo/s li/e acrescent when observed &rom the Earth.

6. When the Moon is in the umbra re"ion, a total eclipse o& theMoon is observed. The Moon cannot be seen at all &rom the

Earth.

7. lunar eclipse lasts lon"er than a solar eclipse because theshadow o& the Earth is bi""er than that o& the Moon.

The photo"raph above shows the phases o& the moon asseen in the cit! o& ;eneva on -8 September, -

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The picture is ta/en b! Martial Trezzini.

*ip

>mportant notes to remember on eclipses5

How it happens Wh! it happens

The position o& the Sun the Moon and the Earthwhen it happens

Eclipses

e+aran Ker)a

Fill in the blanks with the correct words taken from the box above.

-. shadow is &ormed when the path o& li"ht is bloc/ed b! an _________ob0ect.

1. The dar/ re"ion area is /nown as the ________whereas the li"ht re"ion is/nown as the ____________.

4. The eclipse o& the moon occurs when ___________is situated between the

Moon and the Sun.

6. When the Moon is in the penumbra re"ion. >t loo/s __________in shape whenseen &rom the Earth.

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Ans"ers

-. opa+ue

1. umbra, penumbra

4. Earth

6. crescent

/riction

Minda Kreatif

-. :ush a to! truc/ on the sur&ace o& a table. What happens to the to! truc/?

______________________________________________________

1. The to! truc/ will &inall! slows down and come to a stop. Wh! does thishappen?

______________________________________________________

4. ow push the same to! truc/ on a smoother sur&ace such as a piece o& "lass.o !ou observe an! chan"es in the movement o& the to! truc/?

______________________________________________________

6. :ut some wei"hts on the to! truc/ and push it across the sur&ace o& the tableas in (-). oes the to! truc/ stop &aster or slower than the previous time?

______________________________________________________

7. What conclusion can !ou ma/e &rom this activit!?

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______________________________________________________

3>M3>;

Construct : Understanding in scienceLevel : as!

1 Which o& the &ollowin" sur&aces will produce the "reatest &rictional &orce?

A

;lass

B

Sil/ cloth

C

:l!wood

Sand paper

Construct : Understanding in scienceLevel : Moderate

! Which o& the &ollowin" statements is trueabout &rictional &orce? > @riction produces heat.

>> @riction opposes motion.>>> @riction can be reduced b! usin" ball bearin"s.>A

The distance travelled b! a movin" ob0ect is shorter when there is more&riction.

A

> and >> onl!

B

>> and >>> onl!

C

>, >> and >>> onl!

>, >>, >>> and >A

Construct : "#lication in scienceLevel : Moderate

3 Which o& the &ollowin" is the application o& &riction in ever!da! li&e?> sin" spi/es or studs on the bottom o& shoes.>> sin" tread patterns on shoes and t!res.>>> ppl!in" resin on the bow o& violins.>A

'ubbin" chal/ on the tip o& the billiard cue.

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A

> and >> onl!

B

> and >>> onl!

C

>, >> and >>> onl!

>, >>, >>> and >A

Construct : "nal!sis in scienceLevel : $ifficult

0 >n which o& the &ollowin" situations is the &rictional &orce the "reatest&riction?

A

B

C

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-.Ans"er B

E$planation>n comparison, the sand paper has the rou"hest sur&ace.Hence it will produce the "reatest &rictional &orce.

1.Ans"er

E$planationll o& the above is correct.

4.Ans"er A

E$planationll o& the options are correct.

6.Ans"er C

E$planationll wooden bloc/s are o& the same wei"ht. Hence theamount o& &orce eerted is the same. The onl! di&&erenceis the t!pe o& sur&ace. The concrete sur&ace is therou"hest and there&ore will produce the "reatest &riction.

*ips

To answer this +uestion, the pupils must anal!se all thesituations care&ull! and ma/e conclusions based on the

in&ormation "iven. :upils must identi&! the &ied variable inall &our situations (in this case, the wei"ht o& the woodenbloc/). The &ied variable will contribute the same e&&ect onall &our situations. Then identi&! the manipulated variable (inthis case, the t!pe o& sur&ace). hoose the manipulatedvariable that will produce the "reatest &riction.

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otes

/R2C*2,

@rictional &orce or &riction is a &orce "enerated whentwo sur&aces come into contact.

@riction alwa!s acts in the opposite direction o&motion.

@riction slows down a movin" ob0ect.

'ou"h sur&aces produces more &riction than asmooth one.

@rictional &orce is "reater when an ob0ect is heavier.

/AC*,RS *A* A//EC* /R2C*2,

4ei&ht ,f ,)ect The heavier the ob0ect the "reater isthe &riction.

Eample # bi""er bo is more di&&icult to push than asmaller bo across the same sur&ace.

*5pe of surface - rou"her sur&ace will produce more&riction than a smoother sur&ace.

Eample# The same bo will be harder to push on awooden sur&ace compared to a "lass sur&ace.

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2nteraction A+on& i6in& *hin&s

Minda Kreatif

"roup o& !ear 8 pupils carr! out an investi"ation to determine the e&&ect o& plantin" plantsclose to each other and &urther &rom each other.

:ot contains plants that are planted close to each other whereas :ot 3 contains plants thatare planted &urther &rom each other. The plants are planted in two pots o& the same siBe and&illed with the same amount and t!pe o& soil. The plants in both pots are o& the same speciesand received the same amount o& nutrients and water.

@i"ure - and @i"ure 1 show the condition o& the plants a&ter a &ew wee/s.

-. Which plants show a better "rowth?

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC

1. Wh! do the plants in pot have poor "rowth?


4. What /ind o& interaction occurs amon" the plants in both pots?


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6. What do the plants in both pots compete &or?


7. What can be done to relieve the condition in :ot ?


Analisa Soalan

Section AQuestions 1 - 3Choose the correct answer.

1 ompetition eists amon" livin" thin"s that

A

live in the same habitat.

B

need the same resources.

C

are o& the same species.

need the same and limited resources.

! nimals that live in the same habitat compete &or

> water

>> &ood

>>> mate>A

sunli"ht

A

> and >> onl!

B

>> and >>> onl!

C

>, >> and >>> onl!

>, >> and >A onl!

3 Which o& the &ollowin" is the wa! in which plants with so&t stems compete with bi""er andtaller trees &or sunli"ht?

A

3! producin" more chloroph!ll to absorb sunli"ht

3! havin" a sturdier and stron"er root s!stem.

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B

C

3! climbin" bi""er trees

3! havin" bi""er leaves

0 The dia"ram shows a &ood web in a communit!.

Which animal is the source o& competition amon" the ea"le and the sna/e?.

A

'at

B

'obin

C

:add! plant

'at and robin

7 &armer puts -7 rabbits in a small ca"e and provide s them with limited &ood. Which o& the&ollowin" will notreduce the competition amon" the rabbits?

A

>ncreasin" the &ood suppl!.

B

'emovin" a &ew rabbits &rom the ca"e.

C

:uttin" the rabbits in a bi""er ca"e.

:uttin" the rabbits in a smaller ca"e.

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SEC*2, B

%rite !our answer in the s#ace #roviden below.

A8i8ul and A+in are ha6in& a con6ersation in Pa( a+id9s and Pa( Busu9sorchard.

BiBul #Wow, the rambutans in :a/ Hamid*s orchard are bi" and abundant.

min #Des, !ou are ri"ht BiBul, but the rambutans in :a/ 3usu*s orchardare small and less abundant.

BiBul id !ou also notice that :a/ 3usu*s orchard is &ull o& weeds andunder"rowth?

min #Des. >n :a/ 3usu*s orchard there are a lot o& an"sana trees that arebi""er and taller than the rambutan trees.

(a) 3uild an in&erence based on the +uantit! o& rambutans in :a/ Hamid*s and:a/ 3usu*s orchard.


................................................................................................................

(b) What h!pothesis can !ou ma/e based on !our answer in (a) above?


................................................................................................................

() :redict what will happen to the rambutan trees in :a/ 3usu*s orchard i& he

cuts down some o& the an"sana trees.


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................................................................................................................


Section A

-. Ans"er % E$planation % is the best answer. ompetition occursamon" livin" thin"s that need the same and limitedresources at a particular time.

1. Ans"er % CE$planation %nimals compete &or &ood, water, space andmate. nimals do not compete &or sunli"ht because animalsdo not need sunli"ht to ma/e &ood.

4. Ans"er % CE$planation % :lants with so&t stems adapt themselves b!climbin", coilin" or livin" on tall trees.

6. Ans"er % AE$planation %@rom the &ood web shown, the rat is thesource o& &ood &or both the sna/e and the ea"le. There&orethe rat is the source o& competition amon" the ea"le and thesna/e.

7. Ans"er % E$planation %rampin" the rabbits in a smaller ca"e will notreduce the competition amon" the rabbits. The rabbits willcompete more with one another &or the limited space.

Section B

-.(a) The number o& rambutans in :a/ Hamid*s orchard is more than in :a/3usu*s orchard because the rambutan trees in :a/ Hamid*s orchardreceive more sunli"ht water nutrients less competition than the rambutantrees in :a/ 3usu*s orchard.

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(b) Eamples o& acceptable answers(i) >& the rambutan trees receive more sunli"ht, the! will produce more

&ruits.

(ii) >& the rambutan trees receive more nutrients, the! will produce more&ruits.

(iii) The lesser the competition received b! the rambutan trees, the more

&ruits the! will produce.

(c) The +uantit! o& &ruits produced b! the rambutan tree increases.

The rambutan trees becomes more &ertile.

There are 4 science process s/ills bein" tested in the +uestion.(i) 2nference

That is an eplanation "iven based on observations made.

(ii) 5pothesis

statement that shows a relationship between the manipulated and

respondin" variable s.

Eample#

>& the rambutan trees receive more sunli"ht, the! will produce more&ruits.

Manipulated variable 9 amount o& sunli"ht received

'espondin" variable 9 +uantit! o& &ruits produced

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Pen&urusan 'rafi(

Ru)u(an

%oo/ at the two animals in the picture above. Wh! are the!&i"htin" each other?-. %ivin" thin"s depend on other livin" thin"s and their

environment &or &ood, shelter and protection.

1. %ivin" thin"s also interact with nonFlivin" thin"s in the

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environment.

4. The relationship amon" livin" thin"s is /nown asinteraction.

6. There are 1 t!pes o& interaction amon" livin" thin"s5

(i) ooperation

(ii) ompetition

C,MPE*2*2,-. %ivin" thin"s need basic thin"s li/e &ood, shelter and

protection in order to survive.

1. nimals need &ood, water, shelter, space and mate orbreedin" partner.

4. :lants need nutrients, water, space and sunli"ht.

6. t times, these basic needs become limited or scarce.

There&ore livin" thin"s that live in the same habitat have tocompetea"ainst one another.

7. ompetition is a &orm o& interaction in which livin" thin"s&i"ht amon" themselves to obtain the sameand limitedresources that the! need to survive.

8. ompetition can occur in livin" thin"s o& the same ordi&&erent species.

=. The competition and cooperation amon" livin" thin"s willresult in the balance in nature.

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The hens are competin" &or the same &ood.

The deer and antelopes are competin" &or the same watersource.

The trees and shrubs are competin" &or sunli"ht.

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The b!roph!llum seedlin"s are competin" &or nutrients, waterand space.

:)ian ia&nosti(

1 The dia"ram shows a picture o& an animal.

What /ind o& ener"! does the animal possess?

A

Heat ener"!

B

$inetic ener"!

C

hemical ener"!

:otential ener"!

! The dia"ram shows an ob0ect.

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What /ind o& ener"! is stored in the ob0ect?

A

%i"ht ener"!

B

:otential ener"!

C

Electrical ener"!

hemical ener"!

3 Which o& the &ollowin" sources o& ener"! is renewable?> Solar>> Wind

>>> oal>A rude oil

A

> and >> onl!

B

>> and >>> onl!

C

>>> and >A onl!

>, >> and >>> onl!

0 The dia"ram shows a torchli"ht that is turned on.

What ener"! chan"es occur in the torchli"ht?

A

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B

C

7 The dia"ram shows a bo! climbin" up a staircase.

What is the ener"! chan"e that occurs?

A

B

C

;

What chan"es in ener"! occurs when the device above is used?

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A

B

C

< Which o& the &ollowin" electrical appliances converts electrical ener"! toheat ener"!?>

>>

>>>

>A

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A

> and >> onl!

B

> and >>> onl!

C

>> and >A onl!

>, >>, >>> and >A

= What t!pe o& ener"! is stored in the &oods shown above?

A

:otential ener"!

B

hemical ener"!

C$inetic ener"!

Heat ener"!

> Which o& the &ollowin" is trueabout li"ht ener"!?> >t can move in a vacuum>> >t is produced b! vibrations

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>>> >t allows plants to ma/e &ood

A

> onl!.

B

> and >>> onl!.

C

>>> and >A onl!

>, >>, >>> and >A

1?

Sound ener"! is produced b!

A

the vibrations o& particles

Bthe "eneration o& electricit!

C

the re&lection o& li"ht

heatin" elements

:)ian ia&nosti(

1 piece o& bread turns mould! a&ter bein" le&t in a dar/ cupboard &or a &ewda!s. Which o& the &ollowin" conditions can cause the bread to turnmould!?

A

ar/ and cold

B

ar/ and moist

C

Hot and dr!

Hot and air!

! Which o& the &ollowin" planets is &urthest &rom the Sun?

A

ranus

B

eptune

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C

Aenus

Gupiter

3 Which o& the &ollowin" planets has the "reatest "ravitational pull?

A

Mars

B

Earth

C

Gupiter

:luto

0 Which o& the &ollowin" statements is correct?

A

The Sun is a "iant star.

B

The Earth is the &ourth planet &rom the Sun.

C

ll planets revolve around the Sun in elliptical orbits.

The asteroid belt is situated between the planet Gupiter and ranus.

onsists o& a miture o& ice and dust

Has a lon" head and tail

'evolves around the Sun in lar"e orbits

7 The above in&ormation is related to

A

comets

B

meteors

C

asteroids

meteoroids

; Which o& the &ollowin" statements istrue?> ll planets have natural sattelites.

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>> :lanets do not "ive out their own li"ht. >>> ll planets revolve around the Sun while rotatin" on their own ais.

A

> onl!

B

> and >> onl!

C

>> and >>> onl!

>, >> and >>>

< Which o& the &ollowin" is trueabout the planet Mars?> >t has 4 moons

>> >t is the &ourth planet &rom the Sun.

>>> >t is also /nown as the red planet>A >t has no atmosphere

A

> and >> onl!

B

>> and >>> onl!

C

>>> and >A onl!

>, >> and >>> onl!

= Which o& the &ollowin" is true? Planet u+er of +oons Position fro+ the

Sun

A

eptune -7

B

ranus -8

C

Aenus I 1

Saturn 14 8

> Small roc/s that enter the Earth*s atmosphere will burn and produce astrea/ o& bri"ht li"ht in the s/! &ormin" a

A

meteor

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B

comet

C

meteorite

meteoroid

1?

The dia"ram shows a member o& the Solar S!stem.

Which o& the &ollowin" istrueabout the member shown?

A

>t is made o& roc/s and metals.

B

>ts tail alwa!s moves awa! &rom the Sun.

C

>t revolves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit.

>t burns and produces a strea/ o& bri"ht li"ht as it enters the Earth*satmosphere

23470026 upsr science

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