23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 jan febmar apr may jun jul augsep octnov dec mean monthly...

23.5

24.0

24.5

25.0

25.5

26.0

26.5

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May Ju

n

Jul

Aug

Sep Oct

Nov

Dec

Mea

n M

onth

ly T

empe

ratu

re (C

)

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Mon

thly

Pre

cipi

tatio

n (m

m)

Temperature Precipitation

Figure 6.1Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May Ju

n

Jul

Aug

Sep Oct

Nov

Dec

Mea

n M

onth

ly T

empe

ratu

re (C

)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Mon

thly

Pre

cipi

tatio

n (m

m)



Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May Ju

n

Jul

Aug

Sep Oct

Nov

Dec

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

Mea

n M

onth

ly T

empe

ratu

re (C

)

0.0

12.5

25.0

37.5

50.0

62.5

75.0

Mon

thly

Pre

cipi

tatio

n (m

m)



10

15

20

25

30

35

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May Ju

n

Jul

Aug

Sep Oct

Nov

Dec

Mea

n M

onth

ly T

empe

ratu

re (C

)

0

6

12

18

24

30

Mon

thly

Pre

cipi

tatio

n (m

m)



5

10

15

20

25

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May Ju

n

Jul

Aug

Sep Oct

Nov

Dec

Mea

n M

onth

ly T

empe

ratu

re (C

)

20

40

60

80

100

Mon

thly

Pre

cipi

tatio

n (m

m)



5

10

15

20

25

30

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May Ju

n

Jul

Aug

Sep Oct

Nov

Dec

Mea

n M

onth

ly T

empe

ratu

re (C

)

50

70

90

110

130

150

Mon

thly

Pre

cipi

tatio

n (m

m)



0

5

10

15

20

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May Ju

n

Jul

Aug

Sep Oct

Nov

Dec

Mea

n M

onth

ly T

empe

ratu

re (C

)

40

55

70

85

100

Mon

thly

Pre

cipi

tatio

n (m

m)



0

5

10

15

20

25

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May Ju

n

Jul

Aug

Sep Oct

Nov

Dec

Mea

n M

onth

ly T

empe

ratu

re (C

)

70

80

90

100

110

120

Mon

thly

Pre

cipi

tatio

n (m

m)



-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May Ju

n

Jul

Aug

Sep Oct

Nov

Dec

Mea

n M

onth

ly T

empe

ratu

re (C

)

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Mon

thly

Pre

cipi

tatio

n (m

m)



-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May Ju

n

Jul

Aug

Sep Oct

Nov

Dec

Mea

n M

onth

ly T

empe

ratu

re (C

)

10

20

30

40

50

60

Mon

thly

Pre

cipi

tatio

n (m

m)



-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May Ju

n

Jul

Aug

Sep Oct

Nov

Dec

Mea

n M

onth

ly T

empe

ratu

re (C

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Mon

thly

Pre

cipi

tatio

n (m

m)



Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May Ju

n

Jul

Aug

Sep Oct

Nov

Dec

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

Mea

n M

onth

ly T

empe

ratu

re (C

)

Temperature


Steep hillslope

Shallow, rocky soils

Dry, compacted soil

Urban Park

Urban Canyon Lake CornfieldForest

Forest Clearing GrasslandForest

Deep, moist, loamy soil

Dry, clay soil

Urban Canyon

RiverFloodplain

Wet, sandy soil

Plains MesoclimateMountain Mesoclimate

FallowField

Figure 6.13

Ridgetop

Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Altitude Angle

Horizontal Surface

Perpendicular To Surface

Sun

Zenith Angle, Z Incidence Angle, i

Sloped Surface

Slope Angle, s

Altitude Angle

Horizontal Surface

Per

pend

icul

ar T

o

Slo

ped

Sur

face

Sun

Zenith Angle, Z


EastWest

South

Horizontal

South-Facing Slope

East-Facing Wall

South North

South North

West East

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Slope Angle, s

Vie

w F

act

or

sky

terrain sky

s

[ cos( )] /1 2

1

Terrain

Sky

Slope Angle, s

Slope Angle, s


Perpe

ndicu

lar

To S

lope

Direct Beam = 1.00 SDiffuse: 95% Of Sky

27 South Slope 27 North Slope

IncidenceAngle, 54

45 South Slope 45 North SlopeDirect Beam = 0.95 SDiffuse: 85% Of Sky

Incidence Angle, 72



Per

pend

icul

arTo

Slo

pe

Alti

tude

Ang

le, 6

3

Slope, 27

Zenith Angle, 27

Perpendicular

To Slope

Altitude Angle, 63

Slope, 27

Zenith Angle, 27

18

Slope, 45

Altitude Angle, 63

Zenith Angle, 27

Slope, 45

Altitude Angle, 63

Perpendicular

To Slope

Zenith Angle, 27

Sky Is Blocked Sky Is Blocked

Sky Is BlockedSky Is Blocked


7:00

June 21, Direct Radiation

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00

Time Of Day

Sol

ar R

adia

tion

(W m

-2)

June 21, Global Radiation

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00

Time Of Day

Sol

ar R

adia

tion

(W m

-2)

Horizontal North Wall East Wall South Wall West Wall

December 21, Direct Radiation

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

7:00 9:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00

Time Of Day

Sol

ar R

adia

tion

(W m

-2)

December 21, Global Radiation

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

9:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00Time Of Day

Sol

ar R

adia

tion

(W m

-2)


21.5

22.0 21.0

21.0 20.5

20.5

19.5

19.0

22.5

340

340

380

380

380

420

340

460

340

Elevation from 340 m to 540 m by 40 m

380

420

420

420

460

460

500

540

20.0

20.0

Temperature from 19.0 oC to 22.5 oC by 0.5 oC

200 mNorth

scale


15oC

300 m

900 m

1200 m

30oC

27oC

24oC

21oC

18oC 18oC

21oC

24oC

27oC

30oC

600 m

dry adiabatic lapse rate1oC/100 m (5.5oF/1000 ft)



300 m

900 m

1200 m

30oC

27oC

18oC

24oC

21oC

19.5oC 21oC

24oC

27oC

30oC

33oC

600 m


moist adiabatic lapse rate0.5oC/100 m (3oF/1000 ft)


10

Elevation Of Warmest Temperature (meters)

0

5

15

20

25

30

650 700 750 800 850 900

Fre

quen

cy

Elevation (meters)

Tem

pera

ture

(o C

)0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

600 800 1000 1200 1400

0600 hours

1200 hours

1800 hours

2400 hours


Figure 6.22

100 150 200 250 300 350

Day of year

400100 150 200 250 300 350

Day of year

400

100 150 200 250 300 350

Day of year

400 100 150 200 250 300 350

Day of year

400

1500

1000

500

0

1500

1000

500

0

Cum

ulat

ive

Flu

x (M

J m

-2)

Cum

ulat

ive

Flu

x (M

J m

-2)

1500

1000

500

0

1500

1000

500

0

Rn

E H

G

Cum

ulat

ive

Flu

x (M

J m

-2)

Cum

ulat

ive

Flu

x (M

J m

-2)

UplandSmall lakeMedium lakeLarge lake


Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0

De

pth

(m

ete

rs)

Temperature (C)Ice Cover

8

14

18

23

22

20

16

4

3

16

14

12

8

6

10

10

12

10

8

6


Onshore At Surface

Warm Land Cool Water

Sensible HeatingOf Air Column

L

H

Offshore AloftH

L

Sensible HeatingOf Air Column

Warm WaterCool Land

Offshore At Surface

Onshore AloftH

L

H

L


0

2

4

6

8

10

18 19 20 21 22 23

Temperature (oC)

Hei

ght (

met

ers)


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Clearing Diameter (meters)

Tem

pera

ture

Diff

eren

ce (

oC

)

5

10

15

20

25

-25 0 25 50 75 100

Distance From Forest Edge (meters)

Tem

pera

ture

(o C

)

Day

Night


Figure 6.27

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ratio Of Clearing Diameter To Forest Height (D/H)

Net

Rad

iatio

n (W

m-2)


10-5 0-10 15 20 25 3050

20

40

60

80

100

Pe

rce

nt

Of

Win

d I

n O

pe

nDistance In Proportion To Height (Distance/Height)

60%

100%100%

90%80%

70%40% 50%

110%

110%

90%

80%

70%

wind

-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Distance In Proportion To Height (Distance/Height)

Medium Density Plan View (percent of wind in open)

60%

High density

Medium densityLow densityW

indb

reak


23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 jan febmar apr may jun jul augsep octnov dec mean monthly...

Documents

ridgetopecological climatology

sslope angle

zincidence angle

skyincidence angle

sloped surfacesunzenith

sloped surfaceslope

bonan steep hillslopeshallow

rocky soilsdry