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Freudian theoryFreudian theory

TheThe conscious mindconscious mind is what you are aware of at any particularis what you are aware of at any particularmoment, your present perceptions, memories, thoughts, fantasies,moment, your present perceptions, memories, thoughts, fantasies,feelings, what have you.feelings, what have you.

preconsciouspreconscious, what we might today call "available memory:", what we might today call "available memory:"anything that can easily be made conscious, the memories youanything that can easily be made conscious, the memories youare not at the moment thinking about but can readily bring toare not at the moment thinking about but can readily bring tomind. Now no-one has a problem with these two layers of mindmind. Now no-one has a problem with these two layers of mind

The largest part by far is theThe largest part by far is the unconsciousunconscious. It includes all the. It includes all thethings that are not easily available to awareness, including manythings that are not easily available to awareness, including manythings that have their origins there, such as our drives or instincts,things that have their origins there, such as our drives or instincts,and things that are put there because we can't bear to look atand things that are put there because we can't bear to look atthem, such as the memories and emotions associated withthem, such as the memories and emotions associated with

trauma.trauma. According to Freud, the unconscious is the source of ourAccording to Freud, the unconscious is the source of our

motivations, whether they be simple desires for food or sex,motivations, whether they be simple desires for food or sex,neurotic compulsions, or the motives of an artist or scientistneurotic compulsions, or the motives of an artist or scientist

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A man redirects angerfrom his boss to hischild.

Redirecting anemotional responsefrom a dangerousobject to a safe one.

Displacement

A young womanexplains that she atean entire chocolatecake so that itwouldnt spoil in the

summer heat.

Conjuring up sociallyacceptable reasonsfor thoughts oractions based on

unacceptable moves.

Rationalization

A woman fails torecognize herattraction to herhandsome new son in law.

Forgetting orpushing fromconscious intounconsciousness-unacceptablethoughts andexperiences.

Repression

ExampleBasic natureDefense

mechanism

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A student asks aprofessor to raise hisgrade; when she

refuses, the studentthrows a tempertantrum

Responding to athreatening situationin a way appropriate

to an earlier age orlevel of development

Regression

A man who feelsstrong hostilitytowards a neighbourperceives theneighbour as being

hostile to him

Transferringunacceptable ormotives or impulsesto others

Projection

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Rogers self theoryRogers self theory

Human beings show many positive characteristics and move overHuman beings show many positive characteristics and move over

the course of their lives, towards becomingthe course of their lives, towards becoming fully functioningfully functioning

persons.persons.

Self conceptSelf concept: Our beliefs and knowledge about ourselves.: Our beliefs and knowledge about ourselves.

Anxiety is generated when our life experiences are inconsistentAnxiety is generated when our life experiences are inconsistent

with our ideas about ourselves .In short when a gap developswith our ideas about ourselves .In short when a gap developsbetween our self concept and reality or our perceptions of it.between our self concept and reality or our perceptions of it.

One adopts psychological defenses to reduce it.One adopts psychological defenses to reduce it.

Distortion in self concept are common because people may growDistortion in self concept are common because people may grow

up in an atmosphere ofup in an atmosphere ofconditional positive regardconditional positive regard..

Rogers suggested that therapists can help accomplish this goal byRogers suggested that therapists can help accomplish this goal byplacing individuals in an atmosphere ofplacing individuals in an atmosphere ofunconditional positiveunconditional positive

regard.regard.

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Carl Jungs TheoryCarl Jungs Theory

Collective unconscious: This holdsCollective unconscious: This holds

experiences shared by all human beings-experiences shared by all human beings-

experiences that are in a sense part of ourexperiences that are in a sense part of our

biological heritage.biological heritage.Jung labelled people as extroverts andJung labelled people as extroverts and

introverts.introverts.

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Banduras personalityBanduras personality

theorytheory Observational learning, or modelingObservational learning, or modeling

All these variations allowed Bandura to establish thatAll these variations allowed Bandura to establish that

there were certain steps involved in the modeling processthere were certain steps involved in the modeling process ::

1.1. AttentionAttention

2.2. RetentionRetention

3.3. ReproductionReproduction

4.4. MotivationMotivation