2.38-2.42 respiration and respiratory system
TRANSCRIPT
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Respiration and the
Respiratory System
Form 4 Biology
Chapter 2.38-2.42
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What is Respiration?
The process of converting the chemical energy
stored in food to forms that organisms can use
glucose + oxygen water + carbon dioxide + energy
C6H12O6 + O2 H2O + CO2 + energy
Note: Respiration Breathing
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
the energy currency of the cell
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ATP ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
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Energy is used in
Movement (the contraction of muscle
cells)
Maintenance of body temperature
Active transport
Cell division
Growth (synthesis of large molecules)
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RESPIRATION
AEROBIC
ANAEROBIC
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Anaerobic Respiration
Advantage
Does not require oxygen
DisadvantagesProduces less energy (glucose is not
completely broken down)
Produces toxic products (lactic acid, ethanol)
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Anaerobic Respiration
In Muscles
glucose lactic acid + energy
C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 In Yeasts
glucose ethanol + carbon dioxide
+energy
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
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Muscle Cramps
Caused by the lactic acid build up in the muscles
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Muscle Cramps
Eventually the lactic acid is moved to
different parts of the body and oxidised
Lactic acid Pyruvate (pyruvate can beconverted to energy)
The oxygen needed to breakdown the
lactic acid is known asoxygen debt
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Oxygen Debt
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Experiments involving Respiration
Bleach is also used to surface-sterilised the peas
This experiment would show that heat is
produced during respiration
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Measuring the Rate of Respiration
This experiment proves that the organisms in flask
C releases CO2 The KOH is used to remove the CO2 in air
The HCO3- is used as an indicator to test the
presence of CO2
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Measuring the Rate of Respiration
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Human Respiratory System
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Epithelial Cells
Goblet cells produce
mucus to trap dust and
microbes
Cilia to carry trapped
dust and microbes
away from the lungs
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The pleural cavity isfilled with pleural fluid
The pleural fluidprevents the lung fromsticking into the thora
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Two pleural
membranes separatesthe thorax (chest wall)and the lungs
The space betweenthe two membranes iscalled the pleuralcavity
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Alveolusthe place where gas exchange takes place
(go to page 120 for the different properties)
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Ventilation/BreathingThe diaphragm The intercostal muscles
Composed of Internal and
External Intercostal muscles
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Inhalation
External intercostalMuscles Contracts
Muscles of theDiaphragm Contracts
Rib cage moves upand out
Diaphragm flattens
Increase Lung Volume Decrease in Pressure
Air is drawn in
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Exhalation
Internal intercostalMuscles Contracts
Muscles of theDiaphragm Relaxes
Rib cage fallsdownward and inward
Diaphragm becomesdome shaped
Decrease Lung Volume Increase in Pressure
Air is forced out
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Approximate Composition of Air
INHALED EXHALED
Oxygen 21 18
Carbon dioxide 0.04 3
Nitrogen 78 78
Water Vapour Variable Saturated
Temperature Variable 37C
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Spirogram
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Breathing and Exercises
Increase in the breathing rate
Increase in the tidal volume
more oxygen is
needed for
respiration tosupply muscles
with energy
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Smoking increases b.r.
Anxiety increase b.r.
Drugs increase/decrease br
Altitude increases b.r.
Weight increase/decrease b.r.
Environmental factors increase/decrease b.r.
Other factors affecting breathing rate
h
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Asthma
Muscles of the bronchi contract
Overproduction of mucus
Causes:
Allergens
Smoking
Emotional stress
Breathing in cold air
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Treatment:
Removal of the cause (like allergens)
bronchodilator
Asthma
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Effects of Smoking
It is hot It has a dehydrating effect
It contains harmful chemicals
TarCarbon monoxide
Sulphur dioxide
Nicotine
Arsenic
Free radicals
Irritates thelungs
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Tar causes cancer
irritant that causes coughing
Carbon monoxide
Oxygen depletion in the body
Sulphur dioxide
Irritates the respiratory tract
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Nicotine
Causes addiction
Increase blood pressure
Increase heart rate increases the demand for
O2
Arsenic
Arsenic poisoning headaches, drowsiness,
etc.
Free radicals
Damage proteins and DNA, ageing of cells
Eff t f S ki
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Effects of Smoking
Laryngitis Inflammation and infection
of the larynx
Husky voice and difficulty in
speaking
Bronchitis Inflammation and infection
of the bronchus
Caused by the destruction
of the cilia
Eff t f S ki
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Effects of Smoking
Emphysema
Destruction of the
air sacsLess surface area
for gas exchange
Eff t f S ki
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Effects of Smoking
Cancer
- uncontrolled
growth anddivision of cells
ff f k
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Effects of Smoking
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SaeJUCVEp2s