2.4 - session 1 - mr. daniel - annex_power_wind-solar_systems_in_thailand

8/2/2019 2.4 - Session 1 - Mr. Daniel - Annex_Power_Wind-Solar_Systems_in_Thailand

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Wind and Solar Systems in Thailand - Opportunityand Market Development

February 19th 2010


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Presentation outline

Wind and Solar

Systems in Thailand -

Opportunity and

Market Development

Key components of a PV & wind farm

Technology and system overview

Solar & wind potential in Thailand

The project development process

Case studies on PV and wind project developments

1

2

4

5

3

6

Key risks/issues to beware of and the mitigation measures,

particularly in Thailand


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Global variations in irradiation

Solar Power | Wind Power|


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PV applications

The photovoltaic technology can be used in several types of applications:

Grid-ConnectedPower Plants

Grid-connected domestic systems

Consumer goods

Off-grid systems for rural electrification

Off-grid industrial applications

Solar Farms also known as PV

farms, BIPV and roof- top PV

systems or so called large-

scale centralized PV grid

connected systems produceelectricity from the sun and

sell the electricity to the utility

grid.



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The PV project development process

10 good reasons to switch to solar photovoltaic electricity

1. The fuel is free

2. It produces no noise, harmful emissions or polluting gases

3. PV systems are very safe and highly reliable

4. The energy pay-back time of a module is constantly decreasing

5. PV Modules can be recycled and therefore the materials reused in the production

6. It requires low maintenance

7. It brings electricity to remote rural areas

8. It can be aesthetically integrated in buildings (BIPV)

9. It creates thousands of jobs

10. It contributes to improving the security of Asia's energy supply

Solar power | Wind Power|


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General considerations for large scale PV projects



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The PV project development process

l Find reliable power purchaser and/or markets

l Determine the pre-feasibility and expected output

l Obtain all licenses like for example: PPA, grid connection and other local licenses

l Secure the land; buy or lease decision

1st Step:Pre-Development

2nd Step:Technical

l System installation

l Secure agreements to meet all O&M needs

l Connect the system to the grid

l Finalize all documents and approvals to start the actual electricity sales

4th Step:Implementation

l Select the most efficient technology for the chosen location

l Find a reliable turn-key contractor

l Obtain binding proposals

l Select all suppliers and contractors

l Prepare a full feasibility study and business plans

l Establish access to capital and banks

l Sign all finance related contracts

l Sign EPC contract and order all components

3rd Step:Finance



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Keep it simple and sustainable

| Environmental friendly: for each kWh of electricity produced, 0.5 kg of CO2 are avoided

| Virtually maintenance free and reliable technology providing with predictable and un-interrupted

output for more than 20 years

solar radiation

photovoltaic modules

direct current inverter alternative current public grid



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ModulesModules

Wafer technology

90 % market share

Thin-Film technology

10 % market shareOther technologies

Mono-crystalline

Efficiency = 16%

Polycrystalline

Efficiency = 14%

A-SI:H

Efficiency = 6 - 9%

Micro-Crystalline

Efficiency = 8%

CdTe

Efficiency = 10 %

CIS

Efficiency = 7 - 12%



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Centralized or decentralized system design?

Decentralized System Design Centralized System Design

| Suitable for systems in the lower MW range

| Easy to install

| Less complicated to maintain

| Especially suitable for systems with different

integrated solar generator types

| High output efficiencies

| Suitable for systems in the multi-MW range

| More cost efficient for large scale power plants

| Especially suitable for systems with

homogeneous solar generator types

| High output efficiencies



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Mounting systems

Fix system 1-axis 2-axis

Output 100% 115 % 125%

Occupied area 100% 100-120% 200%

Maintenance 1 2 3

Cost 100% 106% 120%



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Monitoring and control

| Monitoring of central inverters, tracking

system and connection boxes

| Readout of inverter and string data

| Shows system status of all componentsand initiates alarm

Internet portal Analysis software Alarm function



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Key risk factors and mitigation strategies for PV projects in Thailand

| Special component certificationrequirements by the local authorities

| Grid-connection related problems

| Component supply shortages

| Select only components which fullfill all

local requirements

| Build a close relationship the local grid

owner

| Use strong suppliers and EPC partners

| Banks have limited experiences in PVdebt financing, structures and risks

| Special country related documentationis normally needed

| There is only a limited amount of equity

investors for PV projects in Asia

| Early relationship building with thebank is crucial

| Detailed, creditable and in-depthdocumentation

| Early relationship building with possible

equity partners is a crucial

| Local suppliers could be protected byhigh duties or other regulations

| High country and political risks

| Higher risk for sudden changes in thesubsidy policies

| Use of local suppliers for key-components

| Use of local banks and investors

| Use of local government funding andsupport

Technical

Financial

Government

Project Phase Key Risks Mitigation Strategies



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24MW SinAnSolar PV power plant case sample

| Location: Sinan-gun, Jeolla-do, South Korea

| Project Area: 660,000 m2

| Annual Output: 33,000 MWh/ 7,200 HH equivalent

| System Type: Single Axis Tracking System

| Module Type| Conergy 180W Crystalline 108,864 modules

| 3rdParty 200W Crystalline 21,792 modules

| Construction Period: May 2007 through September 2008

| EPC Contractor: Dong Yang Engineering

| The SinAnpower plant is the largest PV facility in South Korea

| The worlds largest solar power plant with tracking systems.



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21.2 MW El Calaveron PV power plant case sample

Location: El Calavern

Start of operation: September 2008Output: 21.2 MWp

No. of modules: 96,000

Surface covered: 100 hectares

It will produce approximately

40,000 MWh environment-friendly

power annually.



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Global wind power...

Solar Power| Wind Power |


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Wind potential of Thailand (DEDE)

Thailand Wind Map Including Calm - Annual Thailand Wind Map Excluding Calm Annual



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Wind potential of Thailand (World Bank AWS)

Wind Resource of Thailand - Mean Annual Wind Speed at 30 Meters Wind Resource of Thailand - Mean Annual Wind Speed at 65 Meters



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Small wind turbines



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Small wind on-grid systems

Load

220 VAC/ 50 Hz



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Small wind off-grid systems

Battery bank

Inverter

Load

220 VAC/ 50 Hz



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Small wind hybrid systems

Optional

Optional



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Business potential for small wind turbines and hybrid systems

| Modern small wind turbines are nowadays often maintenance free

and easy to install| These new generation turbines have much lower noise emissions

than in the past, so that they can be installed in residential areas

| Small wind systems are in certain off-grid locations more

economically feasible than photovoltaic systems depending on the

wind resources

| Small wind systems can be even viable in an on-grid situation, if thewind speeds resources are high enough at a given location

| Small wind and solar systems often complement each other andenable the design of more efficient hybrid systems

| All these points make small wind systems a viable decentralizedrenewable energy source for Thailand and surrounding countries



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World markets of large scale wind systems

GWEC 2007 Report



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Technical advances

| This steady turbine growth led to the following new developments:

| Use of new composite materials like carbon and new design

adaptations for blades

| Increase in blades sizes to increase the swept area and energy

yields of new and existing turbine types

| Use of new advanced gear boxes and geared drive solutions

| More use of direct-drive generators| However increasing sizes cause wide generator diameters of

more than 10 meters

| This led to first developments which use permanent magnets

without cooper windings, which can reduce the direct-drive

generator size by half

| Hybrid direct-drive turbines using a low-speed generator with

a single stage drive system

| New control system like disturbance accommodating control

DAC Enercon

Enercon



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Technical advances

| New Tower Designs

| Standard tubular steel towers have reached their limits, because of

transportable dimensions for inland locations and raising cost| Lettuce tower cause higher maintenance cost, dynamic problems and a

difficult access to the turbine.

| This led to the introduction of new hybrid towers based on a combination

of pre-fabricated long concrete parts for the lower part of the tower andpre-fabricated tubular steel used for the upper part of the tower

| These new hybrid towers can reach height far above 100m hub heights

| Other new concepts include telescoping or self erecting towers

| Composites are an additional material under study for wind turbine towers

| Advanced wind park condition-monitoring-systems

| Wind farms and turbines are now remotely and continuously monitored

| Technical problems will be detected earlier and parts can be exchangedbefore a total turbine failure occurs

| This reduces cost and increases the returns of a wind farm

REpower



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Remaining technical challenges

| The trend to bigger turbines causes more logistical and construction

challenges and rising cost for special cranes, trucks, etc.

| The trend to off-shore farms creates a totally new set of challenges:| All systems have to be much more reliable and adapted to the

harsh marine conditions

| Logistics and installation is much more difficult

| The wind industry has to compete with the oil industry for thesame installation resources

| The trend of increased blade sizes even on existing turbine types

may cause even higher fatigue on the shaft and gear systems andeven on the blades themselves

| The trend to higher towers creates new practical O&M challenges

REpower

Rotec



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Grid related challenges

| Wind power is more difficult to predict than conventional power supply or even other renewable

energy sources and this might lead to several challenges:

| In the past it was assumed that high wind farm penetration would lead to a high need forlarge spinning reserves to secure the frequency of the grid

| Several studies have shown that this is actually not the case wind changes normally occurvery smoothly over hours

| High percentage of wind penetration could also lead to curtailment challenges

| It can also be assumed that wind farms will normally not have a negative effect on the powerquality inside the transmission system via flicker or voltage dips, etc.

| Large amounts of wind farms in a given transmission system have to be closely interconnectedand supported by efficient forecasting and SCADA systems



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Lessons learned

10 main steps in building a successful multi-MW wind farm

1. Understand your wind resources

2. Determine the proximity to existing transmission lines, roads, national parks, etc.

3. Secure access to the desired land

4. Establish access to capital

5. Identify reliable power purchaser or markets

6. Address siting and project feasibility considerations

7. Understand wind energys economics

8. Obtain zoning and permitting expertise

9. Establish dialogue with turbine manufacturers and project developers

10. Secure agreements to meet O&M needs



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Lessons learned in Thailand

| General challenges:

| The wind resource assessment becomes even more crucial in

Thailand, because only limited solid wind data are currentlyavailable

| The limited regions in Thailand with sufficient wind resources are

often in locations like national parks, on mountain tops or off-shore,

which makes a wind farm development often impossible or just to

expensive

| A suitable grid connection is often not available in these high wind

resource areas

| First mover challenges:

| International wind turbine suppliers from Europe or the US arereluctant to deliver turbines to Thailand at this point of time

| Difficulties to secure reliable O&M contracts, because no major

wind turbine company has a local O&M set-up at this point of time

| Difficulties to receive international funding

Solar power| Wind Power |


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Small wind case samples

Locations: India and Thailand

Start of operations: 2008 and 2009

Southwest and Conergy turbines

Off-gird applications

Wind output ranging from 2.4 to 18 kWp

Solar power| Wind Power |


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Multi-MW case samples

Location: Soltau, Germany

Start of operation: 2005

16 Siemens Wind Turbines

Output: 23.6 MW

Park covers electricity needs of 10,250 households



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Multi-MW case samples

Location: Wrzburg, Germany

Start of operation: 2006

28 Vestas V90 Wind Turbines

Output: 56.0 MW

Park covers electricity needs of 35,000 households

One of the biggest wind-projects in Germany.



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YOUR RENEWABLE ENERGY PARTNER IN SOUTH EAST ASIA

For additional information please contact Mr. Daniel Gaefke at [email protected] or via telephone: +66 (0) 2 660 6800

2.4 - session 1 - mr. daniel - annex_power_wind-solar_systems_in_thailand

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