24.2 Europe Faces 24.2 Europe Faces RevolutionsRevolutions

Liberal and nationalist uprisings Liberal and nationalist uprisings challenge the old conservative challenge the old conservative

order of Europeorder of Europe

Clash of PhilosophiesClash of Philosophies

Three Philosophies: In the early 1800s, Three Philosophies: In the early 1800s, three schools of political thought conflict in three schools of political thought conflict in EuropeEuropeConservativeConservative —landowners and nobles want —landowners and nobles want

traditional monarchiestraditional monarchiesLiberalLiberal —wealthy merchants and business —wealthy merchants and business

owners want limited democracyowners want limited democracyRadicalRadical —believe in liberty and equality. —believe in liberty and equality.

They want everyone to have a vote.They want everyone to have a vote.

Nationalism DevelopsNationalism Develops

Nationalism and Nation-StatesNationalism and Nation-StatesNationalismNationalism —loyalty to a nation of people —loyalty to a nation of people

with common culture and historywith common culture and historyNation-StateNation-State —nation with its own —nation with its own

independent governmentindependent governmentIn 1815 Europe, only France, England and In 1815 Europe, only France, England and

Spain are nation-statesSpain are nation-statesLiberals and radicals support nationalism, but Liberals and radicals support nationalism, but

conservatives do not.conservatives do not.

Nationalists Challenge Conservative PowerNationalists Challenge Conservative Power

Greeks Gain IndependenceGreeks Gain IndependenceBalkansBalkans —region of Europe controlled by the —region of Europe controlled by the

Ottomans in early 1800s.Ottomans in early 1800s.Greece gets European help to gain Greece gets European help to gain

independence from the Turks.independence from the Turks.

Nationalists Challenge Conservative PowerNationalists Challenge Conservative Power

1830s Uprisings Crushed1830s Uprisings CrushedBelgian, Italian, Polish liberals and Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals and

nationalists launch revolts.nationalists launch revolts.By the mid-1830s, conservatives are back in By the mid-1830s, conservatives are back in

controlcontrol

Nationalists Challenge Conservative PowerNationalists Challenge Conservative Power

1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite1848 Revolutions Fail to UniteEthnic uprisings in Europe, especially in the Ethnic uprisings in Europe, especially in the

Austrian empire.Austrian empire.Liberals hold power for short time, but lose to Liberals hold power for short time, but lose to

conservatives by 1849conservatives by 1849

Radicals Change FranceRadicals Change FranceConservative DefeatConservative Defeat

In 1830, France’s Charles X fails to restore In 1830, France’s Charles X fails to restore absolute monarchyabsolute monarchy

The Third RepublicThe Third RepublicIn 1848, a Paris mob overthrows the In 1848, a Paris mob overthrows the

monarchy and sets up a republicmonarchy and sets up a republicRadicals split by infighting; moderates control Radicals split by infighting; moderates control

the new governmentthe new government1848 constitution calls for elected president 1848 constitution calls for elected president

and parliamentand parliament

Radicals Change FranceRadicals Change France France Accepts a France Accepts a

Strong RulerStrong Ruler Louis-NapoleonLouis-Napoleon ——

Napoleon Bonaparte’s Napoleon Bonaparte’s nephew—is elected nephew—is elected presidentpresident

Louis-Napoleon later Louis-Napoleon later takes the title emperor.takes the title emperor.

He promotes He promotes industrialization.industrialization.

Reform in RussiaReform in Russia

Serfdom in RussiaSerfdom in RussiaCzars fail to free the serfs because they fear Czars fail to free the serfs because they fear

losing the support of landowners.losing the support of landowners.

Reform in RussiaReform in Russia Defeat Brings ChangeDefeat Brings Change

Russia’s lack of Russia’s lack of industrialization leads industrialization leads to military defeat in the to military defeat in the Crimean War.Crimean War.

Alexander IIAlexander II —czar —czar who determines to who determines to make social and make social and economic changeseconomic changes

Alexander II was also called “Alexander the Liberator.” In Finland he is known as “the Good Czar.” Why?

Photos and Portraits of Alexander IIPhotos and Portraits of Alexander II

Reform in RussiaReform in Russia Reform and ReactionReform and Reaction

In 1861, Alexander II In 1861, Alexander II frees the serfs, but frees the serfs, but debt keeps them on debt keeps them on the same land.the same land.

Reform halts when Reform halts when Alexander is Alexander is assassinated by assassinated by terrorists in 1881.terrorists in 1881.

Driven by nationalism, Driven by nationalism, Alexander III Alexander III encourages encourages industrialization.industrialization.

The Church of the Savior on Blood commemorates the place where Alexander II was assassinated.