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ISSN 0827 3383

International Journalof

Special Education

VOLUME 25 2010 NUMBER 3

AD/HD Health Related Quality Of Life Questionnaire Completed By Children Or

Adolescents

The Influence Of Parents On The ormation Of Psycholo!ical "eeds Of Teena!ers #ith

Disa$ility Do%n &yndrome And Automatic Processin! Of amiliar And 'nfamiliar (motional

aces

)eneral (ducation Teachers "eed To Be Prepared To Co*Teach The Increasin! "um$er

Of Children #ith Autism In Inclusi+e &ettin!s

Inclusi+e (ducation Policy Implementation, Implications or Teacher #or-force

De+elopment In Trinidad And To$a!o

Inclusion Classrooms And Teachers, A &ur+ey Of Current Practices

Inside Practice Of &cience Teachers or &tudents #ith Hearin! Impairments In

Bots%ana Primary &chools

Thai Colle!e &tudents. Perceptions On Roles And unctions Of &chool Psycholo!ists

Cultural Beliefs Re!ardin! People #ith Disa$ilities In "ami$ia, Implications or The

Inclusion Of People #ith Disa$ilities

odellin! The Influence Of Teacher Characteristics On &tudent Achie+ement or

Canadian &tudents #ith And #ithout Learnin! Disa$ilities

Different &trate!ies or (m$racin! Inclusi+e (ducation, A &nap &hot Of Indi+idual

Cases rom Three Countries

A Preliminary &tudy, Do Alternati+e Certification Route Pro!rams De+elop The

"ecessary &-ills And 0no%led!e In Assisti+e Technolo!y1

&pecial (ducation Teacher Burnout And ACT

0no%led!e Of Learnin! Disa$ility Amon! Pre* And In*&er+ice Teachers In India &pecial (ducation In &audi Ara$ia, Challen!es2 Perspecti+es2 uture Possi$ilities

(+en In &%eden1 (3cludin! The Included, &ome Reflections On The Conse4uences Of

"e% Policies On (ducational Processes And Outcomes2 And (4uity In (ducation

Assessment And Treatment Of &tereotypic 5ocali6ations In A Tai%anese Adolescent

#ith Autism,A Case &tudy

Boo- Re+ie% * Disa$ility &tudies2 &pecial (ducation2 And 7&chool8 In )a$el And

Danforth.sDisability & The Politics Of Education

9OB OPPORT'"IT: * Assistant Professor &pecial (ducation at 'ni+ersity of

#isconsin*La Crosse

www.internationaljournalofspecialeducation.com


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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of SPECIAL EDUCATION Vol 25 No3 2010

International Journal of Special Education

R(5I&(D (DITORIAL POLIC: from ;

9O'R"AL LI&TI")&

nnotate# an# In#e(e# $. the ERI learin&hou%e on an#i"a!!e# an# 6ite#hil#ren or !u$li"ation in the )onthl. !rint in#e( Current Index to Journals of SpecialEducationIJE an# the 4uarterl. in#e(-Exceptional Child Education Resources EER'IJSE i% al%o in#e(e# atEducation IndexEI'

The ournal a!!ear% at the *e$%ite9 www'internationaljournalofspecialeducation.com

The e#itor "an $e rea"he# at [email protected]

ii


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!"#$E %& %'(' )#$*ER +I ) , E -

: ealth Relate# ;ualit. O Lie ;ue%tionnaire o)!lete# B.hil#ren Or #ole%"ent%


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!"#$E %& %'(' )#$*ER +

i,


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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPECIAL EDUCATION Vol 25 No 3

2010Modelling the influence 1

AD/HD H(ALTH R(LAT(D Q'ALIT: O LI( Q'(&TIO""AIR( COPL(T(D B:

CHILDR(" OR ADOL(&C("T&

De$orah (ric-son

"oc a6en #ni6ersit7&imon Clar-e

;estmead ospital/ )S;ichael 0ohn

Children?s ospital/ ;estmead/ )S;

9ssessing health3related


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e'&'- BL9 "hen$a"h- 1??1a' I)!ortantl.- the%e %"ale% an# "he"Ali%t% *ere not #e,elo!e# to a%%e%%an# )onitor treat)ent out"o)e%- thereore- the. are not %en%iti,e to "han&e in a health/relate#"on#ition %u"h a% *hen a "hil# i% re"ei,in& !har)a"othera!. or : Dla%%en- et al'- 200@'

In a##ition- there i% a )aor $ia% relate# to the !ro"e%% o a#ult% "o)!letin& the %"ale% an# u%in& theiro*n !er"e!tion% to #e%"ri$e *hat i% ha!!enin& *ith the "hil# or a#ole%"ent "hallen&e# $. thi% #i%or#er

6o)eF- Burn%- >al%h- 2003' >hile "orrelation% $et*een #ierent a#ult rater% %u"h a% tea"her% an#!arent% are oten lo* to )o#erate- "orrelation% $et*een a#ult ratin&% an# "hil# %el/re!ort% "an $e ,er.lo* 6a#o*- S!raAin Sali%$ur.- 200@' Thi% lo* "orrelation $et*een a#ult an# "hil# re!ort% "oul#

$e relate#- in !art- to inlate# %el/!er"e!tion% o "hil#ren an# a#ole%"ent *ith : a% "o)!are# to anor)ati,e "ontrol &rou! oFa- et'al'- 2005' The%e lo* "orrelation% are al%o #ue to a#ult !er"e!tion% o"hil#ren an# .outh that rele"t their toleran"e or "ertain $eha,ior%- un#er%tan#in& o the nature o the%"ale ite)- %o"io/"ultural $a"A&roun# an# nor)ati,e ,alue% relate# to $eha,ior an# %en%e o"o)!eten"e *hen #ealin& *ith "hil#ren an# a#ole%"ent% *ith the%e $eha,ior% u+aul- 2003K Sattler-1??8' ll %el/re!ort in%tru)ent% are %u$e"t to $ia%- an# to )ini)iFe the $ia%- #ierent %our"e% )u%t

$e a%%e%%e# Sattler- 1??8'

None o the ratin& %"ale% e(a)ine# in the ten/.ear re,ie* %tu#. ollet- et al'- 2003 an# re4uentl.u%e# in a%%e%%)ent BarAle.- 1??8 are "on%i#ere# ealth Relate# ;ualit. o Lie ;OL %"ale%'

;OL %"ale% are #e%i&ne# to &ather inor)ation re&ar#in& !h.%i"al un"tionin& a"ro%% a ran&e ohealth "on#ition% an# to )onitor treat)ent out"o)e% Eri"A%on- Sta!leton- Eri"A%on- 200CK +atri"A e.o- 1?8?' Multi/#i)en%ional- &eneri"- ;OL %"ale% in"lu#e ite)% relate# to %o"ial- role an# )entalhealth un"tionin& in a##ition to the !h.%iolo&i"al an# !h.%i"al un"tionin& ite)%' The%e %"ale% "an $eu%e# or "orro$oratin& other tra#itional a%%e%%)ent tool%' ;OL %"ale% a%%i%t health/"are !ra"titioner%e(a)ine ho* a !atient !er"ei,e% the %.)!to)% relate# to the #i%or#er ro) the !atient% o*n %u$e"ti,era)e*orA' The %"ale% are #e%i&ne# %!e"ii"all. or )onitorin& treat)ent out"o)e% Eri"A%on-Sta!leton- Eri"A%on- 200@'

%%e%%)ent o ;OL in "hil#ren rai%e% )ore i%%ue% than or a#ult% #ue to the re!ortin& a"tor-#e,elo!)ental #ieren"e%- an# the "onte(tual ,aria$le% %u"h a% a)il. an# !eer% MatFa- S*en%en-=loo#- Se"niA- Lei#.- 200@$K S!ieth arri%- 1??C' There are e(a)!le% o ;OL %"ale% #e,elo!e#or "hil#ren a% &eneri" health %"ale%- a% "o)!are# to "on#ition/%!e"ii" )ea%ure% MatFa- et al'- 200@$K

+atri"A e.o-1?8? an# ,ali#ate# or u%e or "hil#ren *ith a %!e"ii" "on#ition %u"h a% :u%in& the !arent re!ort or) %u"h a% hil# ealth ;ue%tionnaire RentF- MatFa- Se"niA- S*en%en- Re,i"Ai 2005K Dla%%en- et al'- 200@' Other ;OL %"ale% in"lu#in& a %u$/%e"tion relate# to :u%in& !arent an#:or tea"her re!ort% are a,aila$le 6a#o*- et al'- 200@K M"an#le%% OLau&hlin-2007 a% *ell a% ;OL %"ale% #e,elo!e# a% a #i%ea%e/%!e"ii" )ea%ure or u%in& a !arent re!ort)etho# Lan#&ra- Ri"h- Ra!!a!ort- 2002'

o*e,er- the%e a#ult !ro(. re!ort %"ale% a## $ia% to the o,erall %en%iti,it. o the %"ale an# )ini)iFethe u%e o the %"ale to a%%e%% treat)ent out"o)e "han&e% u+aul- 2003' It i% e%%ential that %en%iti,it.an# a""ura". o %li&ht "han&e in $eha,ior an# eelin& #urin& treat)ent i% #ete"te# relate# to the%.)!to)% o the %!e"ii" health Grelate# #i%or#er %u"h a% : MatFa- et al'- 200@a an# thi% i%)o%t a""uratel. a"hie,e# throu&h a%Ain& the !atient #ire"tl.'

There are a e* %el/re!ort &eneri" ;OL or "hil#ren e'&'- hil# ealth ;ue%tionnaire9 Raat- Bon%el-E%%inA/Bot- Lan#&ra 6e)Ae- 2002K +e#%;L9Varni- Sei#- Durtin- 2001' The%e &eneri" %el/re!ort%"ale% are not health "on#ition/%!e"ii" or "hil#ren an# a#ole%"ent%' on#ition/%!e"ii" %"ale% arene"e%%ar. or #i%or#er% to a""uratel. a%%e%% %li&ht "lini"al "han&e% #ue to #e,elo!)ent or treat)entMatFa- et al'- 200@$K +atri"A e.o- 1?8?' U%in& the "hil#:a#ole%"ent a% the %our"e o the re!ort i%e%!e"iall. i)!ortant *hen e(a)inin& treat)ent out"o)e% o an. inter,ention !lan or )o#i.in& the#i%ru!ti,e $eha,ior% relate# to :' %en%iti,e- "hil#:a#ole%"ent %el/re!ort in%tru)ent i% nee#e# toa%"ertain %!e"ii" "han&e in the $eha,ior o the "hil#:a#ole%"ent *ith : a"ro%% %ettin&% e'&'%"hool- ho)e an# relate# to the treat)ent inter,ention MatFa-et al'- 200@$' Sin"e treat)ent or: "on%i%t% o a )ulti/)o#al a!!roa"h in"lu#in& "la%%roo) )o#ii"ation%- $eha,ioral "ontra"t%-a)il. "oun%elin&- !har)a"othera!. BarAle.- 1??8K Bie#er)an- et al'- 1??7 the ;OL a%%e%%)enttool )u%t in"lu#e a ,ariet. o ite)% that #e%"ri$e a ran&e o $eha,ior%- e)otion% an# !h.%iolo&i"aleelin&% a"ro%% #ierent en,iron)ent an# %ettin&% to $e%t a%%e%% treat)ent out"o)e%' More a!!ro!riate-

,ali#- a%%e%%)ent !ro"e%%e% relate# to treat)ent )o#alitie% an# the a%%e%%)ent o a !er%on% 4ualit. o

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lie #ue to the #i%or#er an# treat)ent are nee#e# or "hil#ren an# a#ole%"ent% *ith : Sn.#er-roF#- enaAi%- 200@'

The !ur!o%e o thi% !roe"t *a% to #e,elo! a ne*- %hort- %el/re!ort : ;OL %"ale or "hil#renan# a#ole%"ent% that "an $e a#)ini%tere# in a %"hool %ettin& or a !h.%i"ian% oi"e $. a#)ini%trati,e%ta to %u!!ort other : a%%e%%)ent )ea%ure% an# )onitor treat)ent out"o)e%'

ethod

4articipantsStud7 (: alidation of 9,, A!"' Ninet./one "hil#ren an# a#ole%"ent% *ere re"ruite# ro) t*o

!ri,ate !ra"ti"e% o !e#iatri" %!e"iali%t% in the area o :' The !arti"i!ant% *ere "urrentl. $ein&treate# or attention #ei"it *ith h.!era"ti,it. #i%or#er an# ha# %ou&ht a %e"on# o!inion o a %!e"iali%t'ia&no%i% or : *a% ori&inall. )a#e $. the reerrin& !h.%i"ian%K thereore- thereore the#ia&no%ti" !ro"e%% *a% not ne"e%%aril. $a%e# u!on a %tan#ar#iFe# !ro"e#ure' o*e,er- thi% %tu#. *a%

!art o a ne* #ia&no%ti" !ro"e#ure *ithin the !ri,ate !ra"ti"e area% o the !e#iatri" %!e"iali%t%!arti"i!atin& in the %tu#.' +arti"i!ant% re"ei,e# the : ;OL 4ue%tionnaire at the initial ,i%it an#the )e#i"ation% re!orte# *ere $a%e# u!on the reerrin& !h.%i"ian% #ia&no%i% an# !re%"ri!tion'hil#ren an# a#ole%"ent% a,era&e )ean a&e *a% 13'2 S 2'3K ran&e ?/17' 85 o the %a)!le *a%

$o.% an# 1@ o the !atient% *ere not taAin& )e#i"ation at the ti)e o the initial ,i%it' @? *ere onRitalin No,arti% +har)a"euti"al% or!oration- a)$ri#&e- M- 37 *ere on e(a#rine6la(oS)ithDline- Re%ear"h Trian&le +arA- N'

The !e#iatri" oi"e% *ere lo"ate# in S.#ne.- u%tralia *ithin a ho)o&eneou% !o!ulation %ettin& *ith100 %!eaAin& En&li%h a% their ir%t lan&ua&e an# %o"io/e"ono)i" %tatu% re!orte# a% )i##le to hi&hin"o)e'

Stud7 %: 8est3retest/ Internal Consistenc7 and Intraclass Reliabilit7. T*ent./t*o "hil#ren an#a#ole%"ent% *ere re"ruite# ro) the %a)e !o!ulation #e%"ri$e# a$o,e- an# re/a#)ini%tere# the %hort,er%ion o the %ur,e. an# te%te# a&ain *ith thi% %a)e %hort ,er%ion C *eeA% later' The a,era&e )eana&e o thi% &rou! *a% 13'8 S 1'5K ran&e 10/1C'

Stud7 +: Criterion3related alidit7. The !arent% an# tea"her% o the t*ent./t*o "hil#ren an#a#ole%"ent% re"ruite# or the te%t/rete%t relia$ilit. %tu#. an# a#)ini%tere# the onnor% +arent Ratin&S"ale/R Short Ver%ion9onner%- 1??7 or the onnor% Tea"her Ratin& S"ale/RShort Ver%ion9onner%-1??7'

ll %tu#ie% *ere a!!ro,e# $. the In%titutional Re,ie* Boar# at the Uni,er%it. o S.#ne.- u%tralia'

4rocedureStud7 (: alidation of 9,, A!"' +atient% *ere re"ruite# at their initial ,i%it to the !e#iatri"%!e"iali%t% $. the inter,ie* nur%e' Si&ne# "on%ent *a% o$taine# an# the 101 ite) ;OL 4ue%tionnaire*a% a#)ini%tere# $. a Uni,er%it. o S.#ne. &ra#uate %tu#ent enrolle# in the )a%ter% o "lini"al

!%."holo&. !ro&ra)' +arent% *ere in,ol,e# in the initial intaAe inter,ie* re&ar#in& a&e- &en#er-%"hool an# )e#i"ation' The "hil#ren an#:or a#ole%"ent *ere then allo*e# to an%*er the ite)%

the)%el,e%- *ith the &ra#uate %tu#ent an%*erin& an. 4ue%tion% the. ha# or "larii"ation o ite)%- orrea#in& *or#% the. "oul# not rea#' Thi% allo*e# the !arti"i!ant to an%*er the 4ue%tion% a""uratel.'

Stud7 %: 8est3retest/ Internal Consistenc7 and Intraclass Reliabilit7. In %u$%e4uent ,i%it%- 22 o theori&inal ?1 !atient% *ere a#)ini%tere# the inal 21 ite) %hort ,er%ion o the ;OL- then re/te%te# C *eeA% later' &ra#uate %tu#ent enrolle# in the )a%ter% o "lini"al !%."holo&. !ro&ra) *a%a,aila$le or ite) "larii"ation or rea#in& *or#% to !arti"i!ant%'Stud7 +: Criterion3related alidit7 +arent% o the 22 %tu#ent% re"ruite# or the relia$ilit. %tu#. an#*illin& tea"her% *ere a%Ae# to "o)!lete either the onner% +arent Ratin& S"ale%/R Short Ver%ion9onner%- 1??7 or the onner% Tea"her Ratin& S"ale/R Short Ver%ion9 onner%- 1??7'

$easures

Stud7 (: alidation of 9,, A!"' The ne*l. #e,elo!e# ;OL o 101 ite)% *a%a#)ini%tere# in thi% %tu#.' Ite)% *ere #e,elo!e# throu&h o"u% &rou! intera"tion%- a thorou&h re,ie*

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o the literature- an# "o)!ari%on to other 4ualit. o lie %ur,e.% or "hil#renan# ro) a !ilot %tu#."on#u"te# on the "larit. an# rea#a$ilit. o the ite)%' Rea#a$ilit. le,el% o ite)% *ere e(a)ine#throu&h "o)!ari%on o the SMO6 rea#a$ilit. or)ula M"Lau&hlin- 1?C?' Mo%t ite)% "oul# $e"on%i#ere# at a 3r# &ra#e rea#a$ilit. le,el- *ith %o)e ite)% u%in& *or#% %u"h a% medication an#embarrassed"reatin& a Cth&ra#e rea#a$ilit. le,el'

rea% o"u%e# u!on or ite) #e,elo!)ent in"lu#e#9 !er"ei,e# %"hool a"a#e)i" %u""e%%K !er"ei,e#"o)ort *ith %o"ial intera"tion%K "o)ort in a)il. lieK %en%e o )oo# an# !er"ei,e# !h.%i"al%en%ation% relate# to )e#i"ation'

Stud7 %: 8est3retest/ Internal Consistenc7 and Intraclass Reliabilit7. The ne*l. %hortene# ;OL o 21 ite)% *a% a#)ini%tere#' The %hortene# ,er%ion *a% #e,elo!e# throu&h ite) re#u"tion

!ro"e%%e% u%in& +rin"i!al o)!onent =a"tor nal.%i% *ith ,ari)a( rotation S+SS ,er%ion 10' =inalite) area% in"lu#e#K 5 ite)% relate# to intera"tin& *ith rien#%K @ ite)% e(a)inin& %u$e"ti,e *ell/

$ein&K 3 ite)% relate# to !er"e!tion o %"hoolK 3 ite)% relate# to !er"ei,e# !h.%iolo&i"al %en%ation%Kan# 3 ite)% e(a)inin& un"tional rea"tion to )e#i"ationK an# 3 ite)% in !er"ei,e# %u""e%% %el/ei"a". on &oal #ire"te# a"ti,itie%Stud7 +: Criterion3related alidit7 The 27/ite) onner% +arent Ratin& S"ale/R Short Ver%ion9

onner%- 1??7 an# Tea"her Ratin& S"ale/R Short Ver%ion9 onner%- 1??7 are %tan#ar#iFe#4ue%tionnaire% #e%i&ne# to a%%e%% !arent an# tea"her !er"e!tion o the "hil# :a#ole%"ent $eha,ior $othat ho)e an# in %"hool- re%!e"ti,el.' The 4ue%tionnaire% .iel# %"ore% ran&in& ro) nor)al to "lini"all.%i&nii"ant in the area% o o!!o%itional #eian"e- "o&niti,e o"u% an# inattention !ro$le)%- an#h.!era"ti,it.' There i% al%o an o,erall in#e(' The te"hni"al )anual in#i"ate% that the %"ale i%,ali# an# a#e4uatel. relia$le te%t/rete%t %u$te%t %"ore% ran&e ro) '@7 to '8C'

9nal7sisStud7 (: alidation of 9,, A!"' E(!lorator. =a"tor nal.%i% *a% "on#u"te# to e,i#en"e"on%tru"t ,ali#it.larA- >at%on- 1??5' +rin"i!al o)!onent =a"tor nal.%i% S+SS9 Ver%ion 10 i%"on%i#ere# an ee"ti,e )etho# or initial #ata re#u"tion an# or e(a)inin& un#erl.in& "on%tru"t%%u))ariFin& a %et o #ataDi)- Mueller- 1?78' The nu)$er o a"tor% re!re%entin& the un#erl.in&"on%tru"t% %houl# e(!lain &reater than 50 o the ,arian"e Streiner- 1??@' S!e"ii" ite)% loa# on

#ierent a"tor%- in#i"atin& that the ite)% are "orrelate# *ith that un#erl.in& "on%tru"t' "o))onl.a""e!ta$le le,el o a"tor loa#in& or an ite) i% a$o,e 0'0@ =lo.#- >i#a)an- 1??5- althou&h )an."on%i#er 0'03 a% an a""e!ta$le "uto Ta$a"hni"A- =i#ell- 1??C' The !ro"e%% o #eletin& ite)%loa#in& $elo* a #e%i&nate# "uto a%%i%t% in %hortenin& the %"ale or the ne(t a"tor anal.ti"al iteration'The *ei&ht o the loa#in&% i% al%o i)!ortant in "on%i#erin& the %iFe o the %a)!le =lo.#- >i#a)an-1??5' I the loa#in& are hi&h P0'0C in the initial iteration- a %a)!le %iFe aroun# 100 i% "on%i#ere#a""e!ta$le6ua#a&noli- Veli"er- 1?88'Stud7 %: 8est3retest/ Internal Consistenc7 and Intraclass Reliabilit7.Te%t/Rete%t relia$ilit. *a% o$taine#throu&h +ear%on/r "orrelation% o the t*o a#)ini%tration% o the 21 ite) ;OL S"ale C/8 *eeA%a!art' Internal on%i%ten". *a% o$taine# throu&h ron$a"h% l!ha "oei"ient "orrelation' Intra"la%%Relia$ilit. *a% al%o o$taine# throu&h %tati%ti"al anal.%i% on S+SS Ver%ion 10'

Stud7 +: Criterion3related alidit7lthou&h it i% #ii"ult to o$tain "riterion/relate# ,ali#it. *ith a ne*"on"e!t %"ale e'&' ;OL a#)ini%tere# to "hil#renan# it i% not e%%ential in %"ale #e,elo!)ent*hen there are no in%tru)ent% a%%e%%in& e(a"tl. *hat the ne* one !ur!ort% to )ea%ure Streiner

Nor)an- 1??5 e(a)inin& the ;OL %"ale to !arent an# tea"her !er"e!tion% o %o)e relate#area% *a% "on%i#ere# u%eul' Thereore- %ele"te# !arent% an# tea"her% "o)!lete# the 27/ite) onner%+arent Ratin& S"ale/Re,i%e# Short Ver%ion9onner%- 1??7 an# Tea"her Ratin& S"ale/Re,i%e# ShortVer%ion9 onner%- 1??7'

The o,erall onner% %u$te%t% o!!o%ition- inattention an# h.!era"ti,it. an# the o,erall : in#e(*a% "o)!are# to the total %u$te%t% %"ore% on the 21 ite) : ;OL9 intera"tin& *ith rien#%K%u$e"ti,e *ell/$ein&K !er"e!tion o %"hoolK !er"ei,e# !h.%iolo&i"al %en%ation%K un"tional rea"tion to)e#i"ation an# !er"ei,e# %u""e%% on &oal #ire"te# a"ti,itie%' +ear%on/r orrelation% *ere "on#u"te#'

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Results

Stud7 (: alidation of 9,, A!"' One/hun#re# an# one ite)% *ere %u$)itte# to e(!lorator. a"toranal.%i% u%in& !rin"i!al "o)!onent% anal.%i% *ith ,ari)a( rotation% an# "on#u"tin& C iteration%#eletin& ite)% $elo* the "ut/o o '5' %"ree !lot in#i"ate# C a"tor% rele,ant to thi% anal.%i%' inal,er%ion o 21 ite)% a""ountin& or 72 o the ,arian"e *a% "reate# throu&h thi% iterati,e !ro"e%% %eeTa$le 1' ate&orie% o ite)% "lu%tere# into area% relate# to rien#%hi!%- %u$e"ti,e *ell/$ein& an# %el/

e%tee)- %"hool- un"tional rea"tion to )e#i"ation- !er"ei,e# !h.%iolo&i"al %en%ation% an# !er"ei,e#%u""e%% in &oal/#ire"te# a"ti,itie%' rea% not re!re%ente# in the inal anal.%i% that *ere in"lu#e# in theori&inal 101 ite)% !ertaine# to &eneral a)il. intera"tion%- e("e!t or one ite) relate# to %i$lin&% an#e(!li"it )oo# %tate%' o*e,erin the "ate&or. la$ele# %u$e"ti,e *ell/$ein&- )oo# i% i)!li"it in %o)eite)%'

Ta$le ?

Items Accountin! for @; of 5ariance across the Rele+ant actors

Varia$le% o)!onent

=rien#% >ellne%% S"hool Me#i"ation% S.)!to)%6oal/

#ire"te#I liAe ). rien#% '8@3I ha,e a rien# *ho Ano*% )e*ell '818I Ano* ). rien#% liAe )e '782I liAe $ein& *ith other% atlun"h ti)e

'71?

Thin&% in ). lie u%t Aee!&ettin& *or%e

'82C

I *i%h I *ere #ierent '728I a) #u)$ ne(t to ). rien#% '717I &et alon& *ith ).%i%ter%:$rother%

/'C3?

I "ant *ait to 4uit %"hool '88CI in# %"hool $orin& '857I liAe $ein& at %"hool /'737I #o $etter at %"hool *orA*hen I) on )e#i"ation

'807

I #o $etter at ). a,orite%!ort% *hen I) on )e#i"ation

'7??

I eel e)$arra%%e# a$out taAin&)e#i"ation

/'7?5

I eel *eir# '8?3I ha,e a"he% an# !ain% in ).

$o#. '828

I eel %tran&e '528I ini%h ). ho)e*orA '8@?

I ini%h ). ho)e*orA *ithouttaAin& a $reaA '7C8

I &et ). *orA #one on ti)e 'C3?Rotate# o)!onent Matri(' E(tra"tion Metho#9 +rin"i!al o)!onent nal.%i%'Rotation Metho#9 Vari)a( *ith Dai%er Nor)aliFation' Rotation "on,er&e# in C iteration%'

Stud7 %: 8est3retest/ Internal Consistenc7 and Intraclass Reliabilit7. E,i#en"e o relia$ilit. or ;OL%"ale% in"lu#e the u%e o te%t/rete%t- internal "on%i%ten". a% e,i#en"e# $. ron$a"h% "oei"ient al!haan# intra"la%% relia$ilit. anal.%e%' The te%t/rete%t relia$ilit. *a% +ear%on r'CC0 !'00@- Internal"on%i%ten". "oei"ient al!ha '70C an# Intra"la%% "orrelation *a% al%o '70C'

Stud7 +: Criterion3related alidit7 +ear%on r "orrelation% #e)on%trate# %o)e %tati%ti"all. %i&nii"antrelation%hi!% %ee Ta$le 2 $et*een onner% +arent Ratin& S"ale G Re,i%e# Short Ver%ion9 onner%-

5


10/178



1??7 or Tea"her Ratin& S"ale / Re,i%e# Short Ver%ion9 onner%- 1??7 %u$te%t% o!!o%itional #eian"e-inattention- h.!era"ti,it. an# o,erall in#e( an# %u$te%t% o the ne*l. #e,elo!e# ;OL rien#%-%u$e"ti,e *ell/$ein&:*ellne%%- %"hool- un"tional rea"tion% to )e#i"ation%- !er"ei,e# !h.%iolo&i"al%en%ation% an# !er"ei,e# %u""e%% in &oal G#ire"te# a"ti,it.' Tea"her% o,erall !er"e!tion o the %tu#ent*ith "hallen&e% #e)on%trate# $. the in#e( %"ore on the onner%- "orrelate# *ith the ;OL area o*ellne%% ! '0@3' +arental !er"e!tion o the "hil#% "hallen&e% *ith inattention a% #e)on%trate# $.

%"ore% on the onner%- "orrelate# *ith the ;OL %"hool %u$%et !038' +arental !er"e!tion o the"hil#% "hallen&e% *ith h.!era"ti,it. "orrelate# *ith the ;OL !h.%iolo&i"al %en%ation% %u$te%t !'01@' O,erall %"ore% or : ro) the onner% +arent re!ort "orrelate# *ith the ;OL %"hool!'017 an# !h.%iolo&i"al %.)!to)% !'01@'Ta$le 2+ear%on r orrelation% $et*een onner% S"ale% an# ;OL in#e( an# %u$te%t%ate&orie% =rien#% >ellne%% S"hool Me#i"ation S.)!to)% 6oal/

ire"te#Total

Tea"her%"ore onO!!o%ition

'100'CC7

/'25?'25C

/'257'2@8

'32?'135

/'00@'?8C

/'@03'0C3

/'1C3'@?3

Tea"her%"ore on

Inattention

'033'88C

/'@15'0C1

/'305'1C8

'211'3@5

/'150'50C

/'270'225

/'300'1??

Tea"her%"ore on.!er

'0C?'7CC

/'182'@31

/'0@1'855

'233'2?7

'011'?C2

/'122'588

/'0C5'78@

Tea"her%"ore onTotal

'02C'?12

/'@@CQ'0@3

/'187'@0@

'3@3'118

/'0@5'8@1

/'3@0'122

/'271'2@8

+arent%"ore onO!!o%ition

'131'570

'128'57?

'3@7'113

/'351'110

/'280'207

'22C'313

'1?5'@11

+arent%"ore onInattention

'000'???

/'1C@'@78

'@@5Q'038

/'1C1'@7@

/'25C'251

'183'@1C

'03@'888

+arent%"ore on.!er

/'05C'80?

/'@02'071

/'011'?C0

/'278'210

/'51@Q'01@

'0C?'7C0

/'3??'082

+arent%"ore onTotal

'101'CC2

/'1??'388

'502Q'017

/'2@1'281

/'515Q'01@

'2@@'273

/'00C'?81

Q !'05 K t*o/taile# te%tK n21Tea"her an# +arent %"ore% are $a%e# u!on the onner% Ratin& S"ale%Re,i%e# Short Ver%ion

Conclusion and Discussion

Thi% i% a ,ali#- relia$le %el/re!ort in%tru)ent or a%%e%%in& ealth Relate# ;ualit. o Lie in "hil#renan# a#ole%"ent% *ith :' on%tru"t ,ali#it. an# "riterion/ relate# ,ali#it. e,i#en"e# the !otentialu%eulne%% o thi% %"ale' It i% %hort- an# "an $e a#)ini%tere# $. %"hool !er%onnel- health "are

!ra"titioner% an# %u!!ort a#)ini%trator%' Thereore- thi% ne* %"ale i% u%eul in a ,ariet. o e#u"ationalan# "lini"al %ettin&% to $oth "orro$orate the #ia&no%i% o : an# )onitor treat)ent out"o)e%' The)o%t i)!ortant "ontri$ution o thi% ne* %"ale to a $atter. o a%%e%%)ent tool%- i% the a##ition o the"hil# or a#ole%"ent% !er"e!tion a$out their o*n "on#ition' Thi% in "o)$ination *ith tra#itional !arentan# tea"her e,aluation% *ill .iel# a )ore a""urate a%%e%%)ent o an. "lini"al an# $eha,ioral "han&e%relate# to treat)ent'

Li)itation% o the %tu#. in"lu#e the u%e o a "on,enien"e %a)!le o !atient% #ia&no%e# $. )an.#ierent reerral %our"e%' >hile thi% *a% not i#eal- the re%ult% ro) $oth the onner% an# the a"toranal.%i% o the ne*l. #e,elo!e# ite)%- %u&&e%t% that there *a% a "on%i%ten". a)on& the reerrin&

!h.%i"ian% in ter)% o the "orre"t #ia&no%i%- e,en thou&h the !ro"e%% u%e# or #ia&no%i% *a%in"on%i%tent a)on& the reerrin& !h.%i"ian%' nother li)itation *a% the la"A o "ontrol or *hat t.!e o

!har)a"othera!. *a% !re%"ri$e# an# urther re%ear"h %houl# "ontrol or thi% to a%%e%% i treat)ent

out"o)e "han&e i% relate# to one t.!e or another o the )e#i"ation% u%e# in treat)ent o :'

C


11/178



=urther %tu#ie% %houl# al%o $e "on#u"te# to #e)on%trate the %"ale% ee"ti,ene%% in )onitorin& "han&ean# %en%iti,it. in the #ierent area% it i% #e%i&ne# to a%%e%%'

In "on"lu%ion- thi% ne* ,ali# an# relia$le %el/re!ort ;OL or : in "hil#ren an# a#ole%"ent%"an $e u%eul or $oth re%ear"h an# "lini"al !ur!o%e% in a ,ariet. o %ettin&%' Thi% %el/re!ort in%tru)ent"an $e u%e# a% one o the a%%e%%)ent tool% a,aila$le to )onitor the ee"ti,ene%% o treat)ent o,er ti)e

an# o,er a ,ariet. o un"tional #i)en%ion%'

References

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!ronene%% 4ue%tionnaire'Journal of Clinical 4s7cholog7 in $edical Settings- 13- @15/@23'Eri"A%on- 'B'- Sta!leton- ='- Eri"A%on- +' 200@' e,elo!)ent an# ,ali#ation o aMulti#i)en%ional ;ualit. o Lie S"ale or M.o!ia' !ptometr7 and ision Science/81- 70/81'=lo.#- ='J'- >i#a)an2 D'=' 1??5' =a"tor anal.%i% in the #e,elo!)ent an# reine)ent o "lini"ala%%e%%)ent in%tru)ent%'4s7cholog7 9ssessment-7- 28C/2??'6a#o*- D''- S!raAin- J'- Sali%$ur.- ' 200@' =urther ,ali#it. e,i#en"e or the Tea"her Ver%ion othe hil# S.)!to) In,entor./@' School 4s7cholog7 Auarterl7- 1?- 50/71'6o)eF- R'- Burn%- 6'L'- >al%h- J''- Moura- M''-2003' Multitrait/Mulit%our"e onir)ator.=a"tor nal.ti" !!roa"h to the on%tru"t Vali#it. o Ratin& S"ale%' 4s7chological 9ssessment-15- 3/1C'6ua#a&noli- E'- Veli"er- >'=' 1?88' Relation to %a)!le %iFe to the %ta$ilit. o "o)!onent !attern%'4s7cholog7 *ulletin- 103- 2C5/275'oFa- B'- 6er#e%- ''- in%ha*- S'+'- rnol#- L'E'- +elha)- >'E'- Molina- B'S'- et al' Sel/

!er"e!tion% o "o)!eten"e in "hil#ren *ith an# "o)!ari%on "hil#ren' 200@' Journal ofConsulting and Clinical 4s7cholog7- 72- 382/3?1'Di)- J'O'- Mueller- '>' 1?78' 5actor anal7sis: Statistical methods and practical issues. Be,erl.ill%- 9 Sa&e +u$li"ation%- In"'Dla%%en- '='- Miller- '- =ine- S' 200@' ealthGrelate# ;ualit. o lie in hil#ren an# a#ole%"ent%*ho ha,e a #ia&no%i% o ttention/ei"it:.!era"ti,it. #i%or#er'4ediatrics- 5- 5@1/5@7'Lan#&ra- J'M'- Ri"h- M'- Ra!!a!ort- L' 2002' Mea%urin& 4ualit. o lie in "hil#ren *ith ttention/ei"it:.!era"ti,it. #i%or#er an# their =a)ilie%9e,elo!)ent an# e,aluation o a ne* tool' 9rchi6esof 4ediatrics > 9dolescent $edicine- 15C- 38@/3?1'MatFa- L'S'- RentF- 'M'- Se"niA- D'- S*en%en- 'R'- Re,i"Ai- ''- Mi"hel%on- '- et al' 200@a'The linA $et*een health/relate# 4ualit. o lie an# "lini"al %.)!to)% a)on& "hil#ren *ith ttention/ei"it .!era"ti,it. #i%or#er' Journal of ,e6elopmental *eha6ioral 4ediatrics/ 25- 1CC/17@'MatFa- L'S'- S*en%en- 'R'- =loo#- E'M'- Se"niA- D'- Lei#.- N'D'200@$' %%e%%)ent o ealth/

Relate# ;ualit. o Lie in hil#ren9 re,ie* o on"e!tual Metho#olo&i"al an# Re&ulator. I%%ue%'alue in ealth/7- 7?/?2

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M"an#le%%- S'- OLau&hlin- L'2007' The "lini"al utilit. o the Beha,ior Ratin& In,entor. oE(e"uti,e =un"tion BRIE= in the #ia&no%i% o 'Journal of 9ttention ,isorders/10- 381/38?'M"Lau&hlin- 6'' 1?C?' SMO6 &ra#in& / ne* rea#a$ilit. or)ula'Journal Reading- 12- C3?/@C'+atri"A- 'L'- e.o- R'' 1?8?' 6eneri" an# #i%ea%e/%!e"ii" )ea%ure% in a%%e%%in& health %tatu%an# 4ualit. o lie'$edical Care- 27- S217/S233'Raat- '- Bon%el- 6'J'- E%%inA/Bot- M'L'- Lan#&ra- J'M'- 6e)Ae- R'J' 2002' Relia$ilit. an#

,ali#it. o "o)!rehen%i,e health %tatu% )ea%ure% in "hil#renK The hil# ealth ;ue%tionnaire inrelation to the ealth Utilitie% In#e('Journal of Clinical Epidemiolog7- 55- C7/7C'RentF- 'M'- MatFa- L'S'- Se"niA- D'- S*en%en- '- Re,i"Ai- 2005' +%."ho)etri" ,ali#ation othe "hil# health 4ue%tionnaire ; in a %a)!le o "hil#ren an# a#ole%"ent% *ith attention/#ei"it:h.!era"ti,it. #i%or#er' Aualit7 of "ife Research- 1@- 71?/73@'Sattler- J'M' 1?88'9ssessment of children. +rd ed' San ie&o- 9 Jero)e M' Sattler +u$li%her'Sn.#er- S'M'- roF#- J'='- enaAi%- S'N' 200@' Vali#ation o ratin& S"ale%' Journal of9merican 9cadem7 of Child and 9dolescent 4s7chiatr7- @3- 118?/11?0'S!ieth- L'E'- arri%- 'V' 1??C' %%e%%)ent o health/relate# 4ualit. o lie in "hil#ren an#a#ole%"ent%9 n inte&rati,e re,ie*'Journal of 4ediatric 4s7cholog7- 21- 175/1?3'Streiner- 'L' 1??@' =i&urin& out a"tor%9 The u%e an# )i%u%e o a"tor anal.%i%' Canadian Journal of4s7chiatr7-3?- 135/1@0'Streiner- 'L'- Nor)an- 6'R' 1??5' ealth measurement scales: 9 practical guide to their

de6elopment and use' O(or#9 O(or# Uni,er%it. +re%%'Ta$a"hni"A- B'6'- =i#ell- L'S' 1??C' #sing multi6ariate statistics/ +rd Ed. Ne* orA9 ar!erollin%'Varni- J'>'- Sei#- M'- Durtin- +'S' 2001' +e#%;L TM@'09 Relia$ilit. an# ,ali#it. o the !e#iatri";ualit. o Lie In,entor. TM Ver%ion @'0 6eneri" ore S"ale% in ealth. an# +atient +o!ulation%'$edical Care- 3?- 800/812'

8


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14/178



)entione# a$o,e' Re&ar#in& ,i%uall. i)!aire# !eo!le- the nee#% o %o"ial "onta"t- nee#% oin#e!en#en"e an# "o&niti,e nee#% )a. $e or)e# in #ierent *a.%'

ertain nee#% )a. not $e or)e# at all or on"e ari%in&- the. "an ne,er a"hie,e ull %ati%a"tion ore(a)!le the nee# o in#e!en#en"e- e%!e"iall. *hen e#u"ational en,iron)ent i% una,ora$le' It #oe%not )ean that thi% &rou! o in#i,i#ual% ha% nee#% o #ierent 4ualitie% in "o)!ari%on to !eo!le *ho are

not #i%a$le#' In#i,i#ual% *ith ,i%ual #i%a$ilitie% "o)e a"ro%% $i&&er o$%ta"le% in realiFin& their nee#%#ue to o$e"ti,e "on#ition% en,iron)ent- other !eo!le% attitu#e%- $arrier% in o$tainin& Ano*le#&e-%o"ial lie- or&aniFation o their o*n lie et"'- an# %u$e"ti,e "on#ition% re%ult o !h.%i"al e.e%i&ht#i%a$ilit.' t the %a)e ti)e- !eo!le *ith #i%a$ilitie% ha,e the %a)e nee#% a% other )e)$er% o %o"iet.-the !%."ho!h.%i"al %tru"ture o their or&ani%)% i% the %a)e- the. li,e in a %!e"ii" "ultural an#territorial en,iron)ent an# the. are %u$e"t to the %a)e rule% o un"tionin& *orl#*i#e' ieren"e%)a. onl. "on"ern the hierar"h. an# the #e&ree o inten%it. o their nee#%'

Re%ear"h o nee#% "on"ernin& !eo!le *ith ,i%ual i)!air)ent i% not re4uentl. #i%"u%%e# in %"ientii"literature Sa)!aio- Bril- Brenire- 1?8?K Stuen- 2000- Sa!!- 2001K ele%t- 200C' o*e,er- the4uote# author% #o not in,e%ti&ate the inluen"e o !arent% on the or)ation o nee#% o their "hil#ren' Inthi% in,e%ti&ation%- Murra.% theor. 1?C@ o nee#% i% ,er. u%eul $e"au%e it allo*% to rea"h $a"A to"hil#hoo# e(!erien"e% an# to the inluen"e o !arent% on the or)ation o nee#%' =urther)ore- 6'6'

Stern 1?58 ha% "on%tru"te# a )etho# to e(a)ine le,el% o ulillin& nee#% %u!!orte# $. Murra.%theor.'

ethod

To #e%"ri$e the le,el o ulillin& nee#%- the author u%e# the 4ue%tionnaire )a#e $. Stern 1?58'9cti6ities Indexi% a )etho# "on%tru"te# on the $a%i% o hierar"h. o nee#% $. Murra.- !u$li%he# inUS $et*een 1?5?/1?C?' The +oli%h a#a!tation tooA !la"e in 1?75 in the La$orator. o +%."holo&i"alMetho#% o the +oli%h "a#e). o S"ien"e%' 9cti6ities Indexo Stern )ea%ure% an# a!!re"iate% 37trait% o !er%onalitie% "o)!o%e# $. 20 nee#% an# a #oFen intrin%i" #i)en%ion% o !er%onalit. i%olate# $.Murra.' To "al"ulate re%ult% one u%e# the Ae. "reate# $. the author o the Te%t' The Ae. *a% nor)aliFe#an# %tan#ar#iFe# on +oli%h !o!ulation' Ma(i)al %"ore o inten%it. o ea"h nee# i% ten' Re%ult% ran&e

$et*een @ an# C'? the a,era&e "al"ulate# arith)eti"all. or ea"h &rou! an# ha,e $een e,aluate# in the)e#iu) "la%% $elo* @ G i% lo* an# o,er C'? G i% hi&h'

The le,el o %ati%.in& "hil#ren% nee#% in their !er"e!tion *a% e(a)ine# $. )ean% o the !roe"ti,eTe%t o Unini%he# Senten"e% o one% o*n "on%tru"tion an# e,aluate# $. a )etho# o "o)!etent

u#&e%' Senten"e% *ere "on%tru"te# ollo*in& the Sa"A% an# Le,.% 1?5? )etho#' Si(t./i,e ite)% inthe te%t ha,e $een *ell/"ho%en ro) Murra.% nee#%- in or#er to in# the inluen"e o !arent% on theor)ation o nee#%' n%*er% o the Te%t *ere e,aluate# $. %i( "o)!etent u#&e% e%ti)atin& i !arent%ha# !o%iti,e 1- ne&ati,e /1 or in#ierent 0 inluen"e on the or)ation o ea"h e,aluate# nee#'The %u) o )arA% or ea"h an%*er o$taine# ro) the u#&e% #e%"ri$e# !arental inluen"e on theor)ation o %!e"ii" nee#%' =inal re%ult or ea"h nee# *a% !re%ente# a% arith)eti" a,era&e' Re%ult%a$o,e 5'0 %tate# %i&nii"ant !arental inluen"e on the or)ation o the e,aluate# nee#K re%ult% $elo* 5'0%ho*e# le%% !arental inluen"e on the or)ation o the e,aluate# nee# Donar%Aa- 2002- !'213/217'Inter!retation an# anal.%i% o re%ult% relie# on "o)!ari%on o ,alue%- *hi"h are #i,i#e# in hi&her orlo*er "ate&orie%- u%in& $oth a#a!te# te%t%'

Teena&er% *ith ,i%ual i)!air)ent% "on%titute# the %u$e"t )atter o in,e%ti&ation%- *hi"h *a% or)e#$. @0 in#i,i#ual%' The%e in#i,i#ual%- ran&e# in a&e ro) 15/1?- "on%i%tin& o C $lin# !er%on%- 11 *ith%o)e re%i#ual ,i%ion an# 23 !artiall. %i&hte# !er%on%' Teena&er% *ith ,i%ual i)!air)ent% *ere %ele"te#

$. the anal.%i% o )e#i"al re"or#%' The. *ere %tu#ent% o i,e %!e"ial %"hool% or ,i%uall. i)!aire#"hil#ren' The )ain "riterion *a% that the ,i%ual i)!air)ent o""urre# !rior to three .ear% o a&e' The."a)e ro) the ollo*in& t.!e% o %"hool%9 Se"on#ar. S"hool 1@ !er%on%- Ele"tri"al Te"hni"al S"hoolte"hni"al hi&h %"hool / 11 !er%on% an# Te(tile% Te"hni"al S"hool 15 !er%on%' Stu#ent% ro) the%e%"hool% &ra#uate ater our .ear% ater !a%%in& inal e(a)ination%' The re%ult% *ere "o)!are# *ith there%ult% o a &rou! o 30 teena&er% o %a)e a&e *ithout an. #i%a$ilitie%' The. *ere %tu#ent% o the %a)et.!e% o %"hool%'

Results

The hi&he%t a,era&e or the &rou! o ,i%uall. #i%a$le# teena&er% an# the &rou! o teena&er% *ith &oo#e.e%i&ht *a% re"or#e# in "a%e o the nee# to e(!erien"e !rote"tion an# "are ( 7'5 in %"ale o ten

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!oint% or teena&er% *ith ,i%ual #i%a$ilit. an# ( 7'7 or the other &rou!' It *a% %.)!to)ati" thatin $oth &rou!% o teena&er% there o""urre# analo&i"all. lo* re%ult% or an o!!o%ite nee# an# the nee# oautono). ( 2'5 an#( 2'3'

Ta$le ?>

Intensity need a+era!e>

Nu)$er o

nee#

Nee# o 6oo#

e.e%i&ht

Vi%ual

i)!air)ent1 a,oi#in& inur. @'8 5'22 a,oi#in& trau)a 5'? 5'73 a,oi#in& hu)iliation in one% o*n e.e% 5'C C'3@ a$a%e)ent @'5 3'C5 a"hie,e)ent 5'5 @'?C ailiation 7'@ @'@7 ree"tion an# i%olation 2'C 2'?8 ee#in& an# taAin& "are o %o)e$o#. 7'3 C'8? %u$)i%%ion 5'3 5'C

10 e(!erien"e !rote"tion an# "are 7'7 7'511 autono). 2'3 2'512 a&&re%%ion @'@ @'@13 #o)inan"e @'C 3'C1@ "o)!en%ation 5'3 @'815 a!olo&iFe 5'2 @'@1C !%."holo&i"al e(hi$itioni%) 3'5 2'717 "o&niti,e C'2 @'?18 ni"e %en%or. e(!erien"e C'1 @'51? or#er 5'8 5'820 a)u%e)ent C'1 C'0

The %e"on# hi&he%t a,era&e *a% re"or#e# or the nee# o ee#in& an# taAin& "are o %o)e$o#.- in "a%eo teena&er% *ith #i%a$ilit. ( C'8' Thi% nee# *a% e4uall. *ell #e,elo!e# in "a%e o teena&er% *ith&oo# e.e%i&ht ( 7'3' It %u&&e%te# that the e(a)ine# teena&er% ha# a hi&h le,el o ten#en". to

%ho* %.)!ath. an# Ain#ne%% to other%' nee#- *hi"h *a% "ontrar. to thi% one- *a% the nee# oree"tion an# i%olation' In $oth &rou!% o teena&er% it rea"he# lo* le,el ( 2'? an#( 2'C'

The #ieren"e% $et*een teena&er% *ith &oo# e.e%i&ht an# the #i%a$le# one% o""urre# *ith re%!e"t toi,e out o t*ent. e(a)ine# nee#%' ieren"e o""urre# *hen le,el o inten%it. o the nee# in one&rou! *a% $elo* a,era&e re%ult% an# in the other &rou! a$o,e a,era&e re%ult' Thi% reer% to the nee# toa,oi# !h.%i"al inur. No' 1- the nee# o ailiation No' C- the "o&niti,e nee# No' 17- an# the nee#o ni"e %en%or. e(!erien"e No' 18 an# to %o)e e(tent the nee# to a,oi# hu)iliation in one% o*n e.e%No' 3' The la%t one )aintaine# %li&htl. a$o,e a,era&e "on"ernin& !eo!le *ithout ,i%ual i)!air)ent5'C an# "learl. a$o,e a,era&e "on"ernin& !eo!le *ith i)!air)ent% C'3' on%i#era$le inten%it. othe nee# to a,oi# hu)iliation in one% o*n e.e% )a. o""ur $e"au%e !eo!le *ith i)!air)ent are )oreoten e(!o%e# to !h.%i"al inur.- an# *hat ollo*%- the. )a. eel a%ha)e# #ue to "olli#in& *itho$e"t%' Thi% %ituation )a. )anie%t a% in"rea%e# nee# o a,oi#in& inur. No' 1 an# relati,el. hi&h

nee# o a,oi#in& hu)iliation in one% o*n e.e% No'3'

It *oul# not $e an. e(a&&eration to a%"ertain that the a$o,e )entione# nee#% *ere #ire"tl. "onne"te#*ith li)itation% re%ultin& ro) ,i%ual #i%a$ilit.' Teena&er% *ith ,i%ual i)!air)ent "oul# %uer ro)

!h.%i"al inurie%- !ain an# )i%er. "onne"te# to treat)ent- )e#i"al "are or runnin& into an o$%ta"le an#thereore a %tron& nee# to a,oi# hu)iliation in their o*n e.e%' The. )a. $e #eter)ine# $. the la"A oe(!erien"e in a"hie,in& %u""e%% or ear "on"ernin& re%ult% o the a"tion% the. )a. un#ertaAe' >ithteena&er% *ho *ere ,i%uall. #i%a$le#- there o""urre# a lo* le,el or the nee# o ailiation No' C-*hi"h )a. $e inter!rete# a% ,i%ual li)itation in it% realiFation' The $arrier o e.e%i&ht hin#er% a non/,er$al "onta"t e(!re%%in& #i%a!!ro,al or reatte)!t- an# !oor e(!erien"e o thi% Ain# $lo"A% or)ationo the nee# o ailiation $a%e# on ,i%ual %en%ation%' o*e,er- it #i# not )ean that there *a% no nee# to

$e a"Ano*le#&e# $e"au%e the nee# to a,oi# hu)iliation in one% o*n e.e% No' 3 re)ain% on hi&hle,el'

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The a,era&e le,el o the "o&niti,e nee# No' 17 in "a%e o teena&er% *ith #i%a$ilitie% *a% intri&uin&' It)i&ht $e a re%ult o ault. or&aniFation o e#u"ational !ro"e%% "hara"teriFe# $. little attention !ai# to#e,elo!)ent o a$%tra"t thinAin& an# re!la"in& ,i%ual %en%ation% e(!erien"e *ith other %en%e%'e%!ite &reat !arental eort- the le,el o inten%ii"ation o "o&niti,e nee#% *a% relati,el. lo* %eeTa$le 2' It *a% )u"h ea%ier or !arent% o teena&er% *ithout i)!air)ent% to "reate "o&niti,e nee#%'Their eort% *ere %li&htl. lo*er "o)!are# to !arent% o teena&er% *ith #i%a$ilitie%- an# nonethele%%

the. rea"he# )u"h $etter re%ult%' +ro$a$l.- !arent% o teena&er% *ith #i%a$ilit. *oul# $eneit ro)!roe%%ional hel!'

The nee# o ni"e %en%ual e(!erien"e No' 18 *a% %ituate# $elo* a,era&e le,el o inten%it. in "a%e oteena&er% *ith ,i%ual i)!air)ent an# "learl. a$o,e a,era&e le,el o inten%it. in "a%e o teena&er% *ith&oo# e.e%i&ht' Thi% )eant that e(tra/,i%ual %en%ual e(!erien"e in "a%e o teena&er% *ith ,i%uali)!air)ent% *a% !oorer "o)!are# to ,i%ual e(!erien"e o their a$le/$o#ie# !eer%'

The Te%t o Unini%he# Senten"e% *a% a tool to anal.Fe $eha,ior o !arent% that )i&ht inluen"e thereinor"e)ent or *eaAenin& o the #e,elo!)ent o the e(a)ine# !%."holo&i"al nee#%' Si( "o)!etent

u#&e% )arAe# ea"h an%*er' I u#&e% a"Ano*le#&e# that !arental $eha,ior inluen"e# or)ation o#einite nee#% in a !o%iti,e *a.- the an%*er *a% &i,en one !oint *ith a !lu% %i&nK i u#&e%a"Ano*le#&e# that !arental $eha,ior inhi$it% or)ation o #einite nee#%- the an%*er *a% &i,en one

!oint *ith a )inu% %i&n' MarAin& an an%*er *a% not al*a.% o$,iou%K &i,in& !lu% or )inu% %i&n#e!en#e# on a Ain# o the nee# an# it% inluen"e on %o"ial an# e)otional un"tionin& o a hu)an' =ore(a)!le- inhi$ition o nee# o a$a%e)ent No' @ %houl# $e u#&e# a% a !lu% !oint' o*e,er- !arental

$eha,ior %ti)ulatin& #e,elo!)ent o nee# o a$a%e)ent %houl# $e u#&e# a% a )inu% !oint' On the"ontrar.- the nee# o autono). No' 11 #e,elo!e# $. !arent% *ill $e &i,en a !lu% !ointK inhi$ite# *ill

$e &i,en a )inu% !oint' ero )arA *a% &i,en *hen !arental $eha,ior *a% u#&e# neutral on theor)ation o nee#' Ta$le 2- illu%trate% the inluen"e o !arent% on the or)ation o nee#% re%ear"he# $.)ean% o the Te%t o Unini%he# Senten"e%' Nu)$er% o nee#% "orre%!on# to nu)$er% an# na)e% o the9cti6ities Indexo 6'6' Stern 1?58'

Ta$le ;>

Influence of Parents on the ormation of "eeds>

Nu)$er

o nee#

/1

ne&ati,e inluen"e

0

in#ierentinluen"e

1

!o%iti,e inluen"e

Total a,era&e inten%it.

o nee#%

i)!air)ent noni)!air)ent




1 @'? 1?'2 @'3 C'7 ?0'8 7@'1 100 5'2 @'82 @'3 33'3 13'? 11'7 81'8 55'0 100 5'7 5'?3 71'8 80'0 @'0 C'7 2@'2 13'3 100 C'3 5'C@ CC'C 5?'2 C'2 8'3 27'8 32'5 100 3'C @'55 13'@ 18'3 3'5 5'0 83'1 7C'7 100 @'? 5'5C 2@'1 21'3 25'5 11'7 50'@ CC'0 100 @'@ 7'@7 5C'8 @C'7 28'1 2@'2 15'1 2?'1 100 2'? 2'C8 5'1 8'3 @'3 C'7 ?0'C 85'0 100 C'8 7'3? 2@'2 13'3 8'5 7'5 C7'3 7?'2 100 5'C 5'3

10 13'1 20'8 11'7 C'7 75'2 72'5 100 7'5 7'711 32'1 1@'2 2'0 8'3 C5'? 77'5 100 2'5 2'312 85'C 70'0 @'1 5'0 10'3 25'0 100 @'@ @'@13 @7'C @?'2 11'1 7'5 @1'3 @3'3 100 3'C @'C1@ 2C'@ @0'2 1'? 8'3 71'7 51'5 100 @'8 5'315 C2'8 C5'8 5'@ 5'8 31'8 28'@ 100 @'@ 5'21C 13'7 8'3 15'0 15'8 71'3 75'? 100 2'7 3'517 1@'7 1C'7 @'2 8'3 81'1 75'0 100 @'? C'218 32'3 @C'7 C'C 11'7 C1'1 @1'C 100 @'5 C'11? 17'3 1C'7 1'@ C'7 81'3 7C'C 100 5'8 5'820 @2'7 @1'7 2'1 C'7 55'2 51'C 100 C'0 C'1

nal.Fin& the nee# o a,oi#in& !h.%i"al inurie%- the &rou! o teena&er% *ith &oo# e.e%i&ht- a% *ell a%*ith the &rou! o teena&er% *ith ,i%ual i)!air)ent- the inluen"e o !arent% on their or)ation *a%

12


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,er. %tron&' Thou&h- !arent% o teena&er% *ith i)!air)ent "are# ,er. )u"h a$out #e,elo!)ent o nee#o a,oi#in& !h.%i"al inurie% No' 1- *hat "oul# %u&&e%t o,er!rote"tion' Teena&er% *ith #i%a$ilit.%ho*e# &reater than their a$le/$o#ie# !eer% inten%it. o nee# o a,oi#in& inur.- *hat G in their "a%e G)i&ht $e "onne"te# *ith ne&ati,e e(!erien"e% re%ultin& ro) the li)itation% o %!atial orientation' La"Ao ,i%ion e(!o%e% to inurie% i'e' "olli%ion *ith urniture or all #o*n %u##en ault o a lan#%"a!e'

+arent% o teena&er% *ith i)!air)ent %ho*e# $i& inluen"e on the or)ation o nee# o a,oi#in&trau)a No' 2' The le,el o inten%ii"ation o thi% nee# *a% a!!ro(i)atel. the %a)e a% in "a%e oteena&er% *ithout i)!air)ent' +arent% o a$le/$o#ie# !eer% !ai# attention to the or)ation o thi% nee#to the %a)e #e&ree a% !arent% o teena&er% *ith #i%a$ilit.' Reerre# to the or)ation o nee# o a,oi#in&hu)iliation in one% o*n e.e% No' 3- !arental eort% in $oth e(a)ine# &rou!% *ere little' On the"ontrar.- it %ee)e# that !arental $eha,ior ai)e# at hu)iliatin& "hil#ren in their o*n e.e% in $othe(a)ine# &rou!%' Ma.$e it *a% #ue to !arent% e(!e"tation%' e%!ite that a"t- teena&er% %ho*e# *ell/#e,elo!e# nee# o a,oi#in& hu)iliation in one% o*n e.e%' There *a% %i&nii"ant #ieren"e in the le,elo inten%it. o nee# o a"hie,e)ent No' 5 $et*een teena&er% *ith an# *ithout ,i%ual i)!air)ent'e%!ite &reat !arental eort%- le,el o inten%it. o nee# o a"hie,e)ent in "a%e o teena&er% *ith#i%a$ilit. *a% relati,el. lo*' +arental eort o their !eer% *ithout #i%a$ilit. *a% %li&htl. lo*er $utle,el o inten%it. o thi% nee# *a% )u"h hi&her' The%e re%ult% %u&&e%te# that !arent% o "hil#ren *ithi)!air)ent% in%!ire the nee# o a"hie,e)ent in an in"o)!etent *a.- althou&h the. un#er%tan# it%

)eanin&'

+arent% o teena&er% *ith #i%a$ilit. !ai# relati,el. )u"h attention to the "reation o the nee# oailiation No' C $ut thi% a"t #i# not e(!lain a lo* le,el o thi% nee# in "a%e o teena&er% *ith ,i%ual#i%a$ilit.' +ro$a$l. #e,elo!)ent &ro*th o thi% nee# in "a%e o teena&er% )entione# a$o,e- "annot $e%olel. "onne"te# *ith e#u"ational en#ea,or% $ut al%o *ith ne&ati,e e(!erien"e% in %o"ial "onta"t%-*hi"h re%ult ro) non"o))ittal attitu#e o !eo!le *ithout #i%a$ilit. to*ar#% !eo!le *ith #i%a$ilit.'The lo* le,el o thi% nee# )i&ht $e a #een%i,e )e"hani%)9 *eaAl. #e,elo!e# nee# o ailiation

u%tiie% rare %o"ial "onta"t% an# i% !rote"tion a&ain%t e("lu%ion' The author in earlier !u$li"ation%!re%ente# %i)ilar re%ult% o o*n re%ear"h' Donar%Aa- 1??1- 2002- 2003'

The "o&niti,e nee# No' 17 an# the nee# o ni"e %en%ual e(!erien"e No' 18 *ere not *ell #e,elo!e#in "a%e o teena&er% *ith #i%a$ilit.' +arent% o teena&er% re!re%entin& $oth &rou!% )oti,ate# their

"hil#ren to #e,elo! their "o&niti,e intere%t% an# ni"e %en%ual e(!erien"e' The a,era&e le,el o the"o&niti,e nee# No' 17 in "a%e o teena&er% *ith #i%a$ilit. %u&&e%te# that %ti)ulu% &i,en $. !arent%*a% not %tron& enou&h or in"orre"t' % ar a% the nee# o ni"e %en%ual e(!erien"e No'18 i% "on"erne#-

!arental "are o it% #e,elo!)ent in the &rou! o teena&er% *ith ,i%ual i)!air)ent *a% not !ro!ortionalto the le,el o it% inten%it.' The a,era&e le,el o inten%it. o thi% nee# "onir)e# that the a$o,e/)entione# a%%u)!tion%- "on"ernin& an in"orre"tl. or&aniFe# e#u"ational !ro"e%% in thi% re%!e"t- are

u%tiie#' B. or)in& the nee# o ni"e %en%ual e(!erien"e- !arent% !ro$a$l. #i# not taAe into"on%i#eration !o%%i$ilitie% o #eli,erin& ni"e %en%ual e(!erien"e% $. other %en%e% than ,i%ion' There *a%a "ontrar. #e!en#en". in "a%e o teena&er% *ith &oo# e.e%i&ht' +arent% #i# not %tren&then the &ro*tho thi% nee# $ut %till it *a% %ituate# on "learl. hi&her le,el than teena&er% *ith #i%a$ilit.'

+ro$a$l.- ,i%ual %ti)uli #eli,ere# %o )an. !lea%ant e(!erien"e% that a##itional !arental eort% *ere#i%!en%a$le or the or)ation o the nee# #e%"ri$e# a$o,e' Teena&er% *ith &oo# e.e%i&ht %ui"ientl.

taAe "are o their !lea%ant %en%ual e(!erien"e the)%el,e%'

The nee# o $ein& e# an# taAin& "are o %o)e$o#. No' 8 an# the nee# o !rote"tion an# "are No'10*ere *ell #e,elo!e# in $oth &rou!%' The%e nee#% "o)!lete# ea"h other' Both teena&er% *ith an#*ithout i)!air)ent %ho* la"A o %el/%ui"ien". an# %ear"h or %u!!ort ro) %o)e$o#. %tron&er' Onthe other han#- the. are rea#. to oer the %a)e to the *eaAer an# !eo!le in nee#'

+arent% o all e(a)ine# teena&er% tooA %!e"ial "are o the #e,elo!)ent o the nee# o or#er No'1?an# the. rea"he# &oo# re%ult%' Thi% *a% e%!e"iall. i)!ortant or !eo!le *ith ,i%ual i)!air)ent-

$e"au%e ha,in& ti#. en,iron)ent a% *ell a% ha$it o %.%te)ati" or#erin& o all !o%%e%%e# inor)ation)aAe% un"tionin& in the %o"iet. ea%ier' Ea"h "han&in& !la"e o an o$e"t in the hou%e o a !er%on *ith,i%ual i)!air)ent )aAe% )e%% an# *hat ollo*% "o)!li"ate% e,er.#a. lie $e"au%e it re4uire% looAin&or it'

13


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on"ernin& the !re%ente# re%ear"h- it *a% ,er. !o%iti,e that $oth &rou!% o teena&er% *ith an# *ithout#i%a$ilitie% ha# e4uall. *ell #e,elo!e# nee# o a)u%e)ent No' 20' Thi% )ean% that #i%a$ilit. *a% notan o$%ta"le to eno. lie' +arent% %ee)e# to un#er%tan# it a% *ell' The $e%t e,i#en"e or that *a% their

!o%iti,e inluen"e on the #e,elo!)ent o thi% nee#' ,er. lo* le,el o the nee# o autono). No' 11 in $oth &rou!% o teena&er% i% rele"ti,e' Thi%ha!!en% #e%!ite &reat !arental eort to or) it' Eort o !arent% o teena&er% *ith ,i%ual i)!air)ent

*a% e,en $i&&er than in "a%e o their !eer% *ith &oo# e.e%i&ht' o*e,er- the le,el o autono). *a%,er. lo* in $oth e(a)ine# &rou!%' t the %a)e ti)e- !arent% o teena&er% o $oth &rou!% ,er. %tron&l.or) the "ontra#i"tor. nee# o e(!erien"e !rote"tion an# "are No' 10 an# the. ull. %u""ee#' Both&rou!% %ho* hi&h inten%it. o thi% nee#' >hen teena&er% *ithout #i%a$ilit. &ro* u!- the. $e"o)eautono)ou% or ne"e%%it. $ut in "a%e o their !eer% *ith #i%a$ilit.- it i% not %o e,i#ent' +re,iou%re%ear"h %ho*% ten#en". to !arental o,er!rote"tion "on"ernin& "hil#ren *ith ,i%ual i)!air)ent=rai$er&- 1?77K Donar%Aa- 1??3K O$u"ho*%Aa- 1??5' ""or#in& to thi% re%ear"h- !arent% "annot"learl. )ana&e to "o!e *ith their o*n ten#en". to o,er!rote"tion an# *ith their "on%"iou%ne%% thatthe. %houl# tea"h their "hil#ren autono).'

The anal.%i% o the #einite e#u"ational inluen"e o !arent% an# their i)!a"t on the 4ualit. o!%."holo&i"al nee#% o the e(a)ine# teena&er% #i# not al*a.% e(!lain the #ire"t "onne"tion $et*eene#u"ational inluen"e o !arent% an# or)ation o nee#% o their "hil#ren' +arent% o teena&er% *ith

i)!air)ent %o)eti)e% #i# not rea"h ee"t- *hi"h *a% !ro!ortional to their eort%- $e"au%e the. #i#not "on%i#er %!e"ii" "on#ition% o #e,elo!)ent an# %o"ial un"tionin& o their "hil#ren'

ConclusionThe anal.%i% o nee#% !re%ente# in thi% %tu#. *a% a !art o a $roa# in,e%ti&ation o "on#ition% o %o"ial

$eha,ior o !eo!le *ith #i%a$ilit. Donar%Aa- 1??1- 2002- 2003- 2003 a- 2005- 2007' Thi% %tu#.%ho*e# "onne"tion $et*een e(a)ine# nee#% an# !arental inluen"e on their or)ation'

=or)ation o nee#% an# ,alue% that re%ult ro) the) i% one o the $a%i" ai)% o reha$ilitation o !eo!le*ith #i%a$ilit.' Nee#% o !eo!le *ith #i%a$ilit. #e"i#e a$out #ire"tion o their eort% in or#er too,er"o)e li)itation% o their i)!aire# $o#.' The. al%o inluen"e hu)an relation% *ith theiren,iron)ent an# &eneral le,el o lie %ati%a"tion ho#Ao*%Aa- 1??@' +arent% ha,e !rin"i!al

!arti"i!ation in or)in& o "hil#ren% nee#%9 the. )a. in"ite or li)it a"ti,it. o their "hil#ren in #einite

#ire"tion' +arent% o "hil#ren *ith ,i%ual i)!air)ent ha,e e("e!tionall. #ii"ult ta%A $e"au%e"hil#ren% o*n a"ti,it. i% not autono)ou%l. in"ite# throu&h the %en%e o %i&ht' Moreo,er- an(iet. toin,i%i$le %!a"e a,or% !a%%i,ene%% rather than a"ti,it.- "on"ernin& $eha,ior #ire"te# to #e,elo!)ent o

!%."holo&i"al nee#% Donar%Aa- 2008' +arent%- ho*e,er- "arin& a$out their "hil#ren% %aet.- ten# too,er!rote"ti,e rather than in"itin& attitu#e%- or the. %ho* la"A o "on%e4uen"e =rai$er&- 1?77KDonar%Aa- 1??3- 2002'

T.!hlolo&i"al literature la"A% in,e%ti&ation% on !%."holo&i"al nee#% o !eo!le *ith ,i%ual i)!air)ent%-e%!e"iall. i the%e nee#% are not #ire"tl. "onne"te# *ith or&aniFation o e#u"ational !ro"e%% Rutter-2000K n#rFee*%Aa- 2005K +alaA- 2008' Re%ear"h on earl. !arental e#u"ational inluen"e an# theirinluen"e on the or)ation o nee#% ha,e not $een "arrie# out' Nee#% o "hil#ren *ith ,i%uali)!air)ent an# nee#% o their !arent% are #e%"ri$e# in all !ro&ra)% o earl. inter,ention $ut not a% oneo the ai)% o reha$ilitation $ut a% one o the a%!e"t% o %o"ial %er,i"e%'

In the author% in,e%ti&ation- the "onne"tion $et*een earl. inluen"e o !arent% on the or)ation onee#% o the e(a)ine# teena&er% an# the le,el o inten%ii"ation o the nee#% the. !re%ent *a% notal*a.% #ire"t an# "lear' Thi% re%ear"h %ho*e# that #e%!ite &reat !arental eort%- le,el o %o)e nee#%*a% not %ui"ient to )aAe $uil#in& a relation%hi! *ith other !eo!le ea%ier in the uture' >eaA nee#% oa"hie,e)ent- lo* nee#% o autono).- lo* "o)!en%ation a$ilit.- an# *eaAl. #e,elo!e# "o&niti,enee#%- in#i"ate# that &reat eort o !arent% in or#er to "reate the%e nee#%- *a% not %u""e%%ul'

O$taine# re%ult% %u&&e%t that i !arent% #o not rea"h inten#e# e#u"ational ai)- it )ean%- the. nee#!roe%%ional hel!' The rea%on or that )a. $e their o*n an(iet. to "hil#ren% uture- *hi"h #oe% not letthe) taAe "orre"t attitu#e to*ar#% their "hil#' It )a. $e al%o !o%%i$le that la"A o %u""e%% in theor)ation o %o)e nee#% i% inluen"e# $. other %o"ial e(!erien"e%- in#e!en#ent ro) !arent%- %u"h a%"hil#ren% in#i,i#ual e)otional eelin&% *hi"h #i%"oura&e #e,elo!)ent an# realiFation o %o)e nee#%'

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E(!lanation o the a$o,e #ou$t% re4uire% urther re%ear"h *here a!art ro) the "onne"tion $et*een!arental eort% an# nee#% one taAe% into "on%i#eration e(!erien"e% o the e(a)ine# teena&er% #urin&realiFation o their nee#%- their o*n %ati%a"tion or it% la"A' The #e!en#en"e $et*een teena&er% nee#%an# their !er%onal eature% i% al%o *orth in,e%ti&atin&- in !arti"ular %tre%% re%i%tan"e an# $eha,ior in#ii"ult %ituation%' So"ial !er"e!tion o #i%a$ilit. )a. al%o )aAe the realiFation o nee#% out%i#e thea)il. )ore #ii"ult an# *hat ollo*% G la"A o %ati%a"tion ro) their realiFation )a. *eaAen the

le,el o their inten%it. DirenAo- 2007' Sear"h or "onne"tion $et*een nee#% an# their or)ation i% %tilla "hallen&e or %"ienti%t%- )ainl. or )etho#olo&i"al rea%on%'

The a$o,e re%ult% "on"ernin& !arental !arti"i!ation in the or)ation o nee#%- re&ar#in& teena&er% *ith,i%ual i)!air)ent- *ere not %o "lear a% in "a%e o teena&er% *ithout #i%a$ilitie%' ' nal.%i% o re%ult%in#i"ate% that it *a% not enou&h to ha,e intuition' >ithout !roe%%ional Ano*le#&e an# hel! o%!e"iali%t%- it )i&ht not $e !o%%i$le to a"hie,e e#u"ational %ati%a"tion !ro!ortional to the !eror)e#eort%'

"hie,in& lie %ati%a"tion $. !eo!le *ith ,i%ual #i%a$ilit. #e!en#% on or)in& eature% o !er%onalit.'The !ro$le) o "onne"tion $et*een earl. e#u"ational !ro"e%% in the a)il. an# or)in& o the%e

!er%onal eature% *a% rarel. a %u$e"t in the !roe%%ional literature' on"ernin& "on%"iou% or)in& onee#%- !arent% a"e# a ,er. #ii"ult ta%A' Tho%e *ere nee#% )oti,atin& the) to a"t to*ar#% i)!ro,in&

in#e!en#en"e- %el/e%tee) throu&h o,er"o)in& o*n !h.%i"al i)!ere"tion an# oten una,ora$le %o"ial"on#ition%' In or#er to hel! !arent%- one %houl# e4ui! the) *ith inter#i%"i!linar. Ano*le#&e on

!%."ho%o"ial "on#ition% )oti,atin& !eo!le *ith i)!air)ent% to &o $e.on# the li)it% o their "urrent!o%%i$ilitie%' Thi% "oul# $e #one throu&h %ti)ulatin& nee#%' +re%ente# re%ear"h i% an atte)!t o"onne"tin& inter#i%"i!linar.- !%."holo&i"al an# !e#a&o&i"al Ano*le#&e *hi"h i% a!!lie# $. the author'

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Journal of $aternal Child )ursing/ %& +B/ (%H3(+%.Donar%Aa- J' 1??1' Non/in,ali#i%) a"tor% %ti)ulatin& the a"ti,it. o han#i"a!!e# !eo!le' nnalesol. I sectio J. "ublin/ #ni6ersit7 of $. Curie3Slodowsa/ (HF3(FD.Donar%Aa- J' 1??35amil7 and emotional de6elopment of a child with 6isual impairment. Rod2ina aro2wj emocjonaln7 d2ieca 2 inwalid2twem w2rouB.>ar%Fa*a9 +N'Donar%Aa- J' 2002' 4s7chosocial correlates of 4urpose in "ife and disabilit7. 4s7chospolec2neorelat7 poc2ucia sensu 27cia a niepelnosprawnoscB.M.%lo*i"e9 6>S+'Donar%Aa- J' 2003' Change of 6alues or moralit7 9c


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Donar%Aa- J' 2008' =reein& o*n a"ti,it. a% one o the or)% o ee"ti,e a#a!tation' >.F*alanieaAt.*noW"i *Xa%ne aAo e#na F or) %Aute"Fne a#a!ta"i' In >'+ile"Aa- D' Bi#FiY%Ai- M'+ietrFAie*i"F E#%'- 1etting to now oneself and en6ironment b7 a child with special needs ' !po2nawaniu siebie i Mwiata pr2e2 d2ieco 2e specjaln7mi potr2ebamiB !!'355/3C2' Diel"e9Uni*er%.tet u)ani%t"Fno/+rF.ro#ni"F.'DirenAo- J' 2007'Indi6idual and social perception of disabilit7. Ind7widualna i spolec2na percepcja

niepelnosprawnosciB.Lu$lin9 UMS'Do*aliA- S' 2007'4s7cholog7 of rehabilitation. 4s7chologia rehabilitacjiB.>ar%Fa*a9>Si+'D*a%nie*%Aa- 6- 2007' E#'Interdisciplinarit7 of the process of earl7 inter6ention towards a childand its famil7. Interd7sc7plinarnosc procesu wc2esnej interwencji wobec d2ieca i jego rod2in7B.Lu$lin9 UMS'Le.%er- '- einFe- '- Da!!er)an- 6' 1??C' Stre%% an# a#a!tation in a)ilie% o "hil#ren *ith ,i%ual#i%a$ilitie%'5amilies in Societ7/ HH DB/ %D'3%DF.Le.%er- '- einFe- T' 2001' +er%!e"ti,e% o !arent% o "hil#ren *ho are ,i%uall. i)!aire#9i)!li"ation or the iel#/ Re6iew/ ++(B/ +H3D.Ma%lo*- '' 1?7@' 8he farther reaches of human nature/Ne* orA9 ViAin&'M"Dinnon- ' 1?@8' Moti,ation. In E'6'Borin& E#%'5oundations of ps7cholog7.Ne* orA9 >ile.'Murra.- '' 1?C@'Explorations in!ersonalit7/Ne* orA9O(or# Uni,er%it. +re%%'O$u"ho*%Aa- I' 1??5' E#' Child with disabilit7 in the famil7. ,2ieco niepelnosprawne w

rod2inieB. >ar%Fa*a9>Si+'O$u"ho*%Ai- D' 1??5'9cross the 1alax7 of needs. 4r2e2 galat7e potr2ebB.+oFnan9 .%A i S/Aa'Oli,er- M' 1??C' #nderstanding disabilit7: 5rom theor7 to practice' Lon#on9 Ma")illan +re%%'+alaA- ' 2008' E#' Special educator in the process of education/ rehabilitation and resociali2ation.4edagog specjaln7 w procesie eduacji/ rehabilitacji i resocjali2acjiB. Lu$lin9 UMS'+ual/StruFiA- I' 2008' E#' 9bort going be7ond own limits from the perspecti6e ofps7chotransgressionsim. ! pr2erac2aniu granic wlasn7ch ogranic2en G 2 perspet7w7ps7chotransgresjoni2muB.DraAo*9 I)!ul%'Rutter- M' 2000' +%."ho%o"ial inluen"e' riti4ue%- in#in&% an# re%ear"h nee#%' ,e6elopment and4s7chopathplog7/ (%.Sa"% J'- Le,. S' 1?5?' The %enten"e "o)!letion te%t' In L'E' $t- L' BellaA E#%' 4rojecti6eps7cholog7.Ne* orA9 6ro,e +re%%'Sa)!aio- E'- Bril- B'- Brenire- ' 1?8?' La ,i%ion e%t/elle nZ"e%%aire !our a!!ren#re [ )ar"her

4s7chologie 5ranNaise/ +D.Sa!!- >' 2001' Maternal !er"e!tion% o !ro,er$al "o))uni"ation in "hil#ren *ith ,i%uali)!air)ent%'Re6iew/ ++ (B/ (++3(DD.SieA- S' 1?83' Chosen methods of examination of personalit7. ;7brane metod7 badaniaosobowosciB.>ar%Fa*a9 TD'Stern 6'6' 1?58. 4reliminar7 manual acti6it7 Inde-. College Characteristics Index.Ne* orA9 =ree+re%%'Stuen- ' 2000' Vi%ion an# a&in&9 hallen&e% or reha$ilitation. In B' Sil,e%trone- M'' Lan&- B'+'Ro%enthal- E'E' =a.e E#%' 8he "indhouse handboo on 6ision impairment and 6isionrehabilitation.Ne* orA9 O(or# Uni,er%it. +re%%'Vei%%on M' 1???' e!re%%ion %.)!to)% an# e)otional %tate% in !arent% o #i%a$le# an# non/#i%a$le#"hil#ren' Social *eha6ior and 4ersonalit7/ %H (B/ H3FH.

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DO#" &:"DRO( A"D A'TOATIC PROC(&&I") O AILIAR A"D '"AILIAR

(OTIO"AL AC(&

)uadalupe (> orales

(rnesto O> Lope6

#ni6ersidad 9utonoma de )ue6o "eon

4articipants with ,own s7ndrome ,SB were real#en- 1??8' Thi% $eha,ior )a. $e relate# to a #.%un"tional neural ar"hite"ture'S!e"ii"all.- rontal lo$e #ei"it% Jerin&an- Bellu&i So*ell- 1??3K RaF- Torre% Bri&&%- 1??5- are#u"e# %iFe o the $rain %te) Ben#a- 1?71- "orti"al li)$i" neural !ath*a.% ano)alie% Jerin&an etal'- 1??3 an# a re#u"e# %iFe o the hi!!o"a)!u% RaF et al'- 1??5' lthou&h- it i% Ano*n that all othe%e neural %tru"ture% are relate# to the a).ala- *hi"h i% a neural %trata in,ol,e# on e)otionalinor)ation !ro"e%%in& an# e)otional re&ulation- the "on%e4uen"e% ro) the%e #.%un"tional neural"hara"teri%ti"% on the "o&niti,e e)otional ar"hite"ture re)ain% at lar&e unAno*n'

Initial "o&niti,e re%ear"h ha% !ointe# out "o&niti,e #ei"it% on !eo!le *ith S- %!e"ii"all. the. areuna$le to re"o&niFe e)otional ne&ati,e a"e% >i%hart +it"airn- 2000K +it"airn >i%hart- 2000'o*e,er little i% Ano*n a$out the "o&niti,e )e"hani%)% un#erl.in& thi% Ain# o #ei"it' ,alua$le*a. to a!!roa"h thi% *ill $e $. %tu#.in& the S e)otional a!!rai%al )e"hani%)% o,er a"ial

e(!re%%ion'

Re"entl.- a %trea) o "o&niti,e )o#el% ha,e e)er&e# that o!en the !o%%i$ilit. or e)otional ,alen"e to$e re"o&niFe# $. auto)ati" inor)ation !ro"e%%in&' =or in%tan"e- Bar&h% 1??? %e)inal )o#el on"ontrolle# an# auto)ati" inor)ation !ro"e%%in& !ro!o%e% that en,iron)ent e,ent% are auto)ati"all.e,aluate# $. three inter"onne"te# %.%te)% +er"e!tual- e,aluati,e an# )oti,ational' uto)ati"a*aAenin& o thi% %.%te)% inluen"e our !er"e!tion an# inter!retation o en,iron)ent e,ent% a% *ell a%our $eha,ior or a#a!tation an# %ur,i,al' =or in%tan"e- #eath or li,e %ituation% a"ti,ate rea"ti,e %ur,i,al

$eha,ior relate# to ear a% a%t a% 250 )% *ith no ti)e or "ontrolle# !ro"e%%in&' The%e are the ,er.%a)e e)otional )e"hani%)% that inluen"e other Ain# o $eha,ior%' =or e(a)!lein a"a#e)i" %ettin&%a *i#e ran&e o %tu#ent\% attitu#e% to a !roe%%or are relate# to non "ontrolle# e)otional inor)ation

!ro"e%%in& relate# to ear- hate or e)!ath. to thi% !roe%%or' % it *ill $e %u&&e%te# at the en# o thi%#o"u)ent- S learnin& )i&ht $e relate# to a non "o))on *a. to !ro"e%% e)otional inor)ation #urin&

trainin&' +er%on% *ith S ha,e %!e"ii" "o&niti,e $ia% to e)otional %ettin&% #ue to #ei"it% to re"o&niFene&ati,e a"ial inor)ation' Thi% )i&ht !re,ent the) to taAe on o!!ortunitie% to e%ta$li%h rele,ant

17


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%o"ial relation%hi!% in their e)otional *orl#' E#u"ati,e an# "lini"al inter,ention "an $e $eneite# $.#eter)inin& the nature o S !arti"ular "o&niti,e e)otional %.%te)'

n i)!ortant %trea) o a"a#e)i" re%ear"h #e%i&ne# to e(!lore rele,ant "o&niti,e )e"hani%)% to!ro"e%% e)otional inor)ation &oe% un#er the ae"ti,e !ri)in& !ara#i&) Mu%"h Dlauer- 2003'Thi% a!!roa"h ha% $een u%e# to in,e%ti&ate ho* auto)ati" "o&niti,e )e"hani%)% e,aluate e)otional

inor)ation in hu)an%' S!e"ii"all.- thi% ro$u%t %et o e(!eri)ental %ettin&% to %tu#. e)otionala!!rai%al ir%t !ro!o%e# $. =aFio in 1??5 *ere #e%i&ne# to %tu#. ho* the e)otional ,alen"e o a%ti)ulu% !ri)e ae"t% the re"o&nition o e)otional ,alen"e o other %ti)ulu% tar&et' B. "ontrollin&

!ro!ertie% relate# to the e)otional !ri)e an# tar&et- the relation $et*een the !ri)e an# the tar&et a%*ell a% the ti)e o %ti)ulu% !re%entation- a ,alua$le e)!iri"al #ata$a%e ha% e)er&e# ro) the la%t 15.ear% on thi% re%ear"h iel# on the nature o the hu)an e)otional a!!rai%al %.%te)' E(a)!le% o thi%Ain# o re%ear"h are )ani!ulation% on *or# an# non *or#% !ri)e% e ou*er- er)an% Eelen-1??8- o$e"t tran%!aren". er)an%- e ou*er Eelen- 1??@- #ra*in&% an# !hoto% Ban%e- 2001-

!o%iti,e an# ne&ati,e o#or !ri)e% er)an%- Ba.en% Eelen- 1??8K Mu%"h Dlauer- 2003'

ue to the a!!ointe# neural "hara"teri%ti"% in S "on#ition- a re%ear"h o!!ortunit. i% !re%ente# toanal.Fe e)otional a!!rai%al )e"hani%)% "on%traine# $. a #ei"it on ne&ati,e inor)ation !ro"e%%in&'uto)ati" an# "ontrolle# a!!rai%al )e"hani%)% "oul# $e )o#iie# in or#er to "o)!en%ate or thi%

li)itation in *a.% that *e are not a*are o' =or e(a)!le- it i% unAno*n i auto)ati" an# "ontrolle#a!!rai%al )e"hani%)% or ne&ati,e inor)ation are the %a)e in thi% !o!ulation or i the%e a!!rai%al)e"hani%)% are %i)ilar to tho%e o a t.!i"al in#i,i#ual'

Initial re%ear"h to #eal *ith thi% intere%t *a% !re%ente# $. Morale% 200@ an# Morale% an# Lo!eF2005- 200C' ere- !arti"i!ant% *ith S *ere re4uire# to re"o&niFe e)otional a"e% in a %et oae"ti,e !ri)in& e(!eri)ent%' Ba%i"all.- the. %ho*e# a ten#en". to eli)inate ne&ati,e e)otionala"ial inor)ation *hene,er the Sti)ulu% On%et %.n"hron. $et*een the !ri)e ne&ati,e a"e an# thetar&et another ne&ati,e a"e *a% 250 )%' Intere%tin&l. enou&h- t*o e)ale !arti"i!ant% #i# in#ee#re"o&niFe# ne&ati,e a"ial inor)ation an# %ho*e# ae"ti,e !ri)in& on ne&ati,el. relate# a"e% at thi%le,el o auto)ati" !ro"e%%in&' Thi% auto)ati" !ro"e%%in& $eha,ior !oint% out to a #ierent "o&niti,e

$eha,ior !attern ro) that initial re%ear"h i)!o%in& "ontrolle# !ro"e%%in& inor)ation ta%A% $. e(!li"itre!ort%' The%e in#in&% o!en the !o%%i$ilit. o a "o)!le( e)otional !ro"e%%in& %.%te) re,ealin& it%el

in #ierent *a.% #e!en#in& on S ra)e'

##itional re%ear"h "an $e intro#u"e# to e(!lore i thi% "o&niti,e #ei"it "o,er% all ne&ati,e %ti)uli%!e"tra an# to !ro#u"e in%i&ht a$out the *a. a &eneti"all. "on%traine# e)otional %.%te) *orA%'Meanin&ul a"ial %ti)uli "an $e u%e# or thi% !ur!o%e' =or e(a)!le- S a"e% ha,e eature% that#i%tin&ui%h the) ro) other in#i,i#ual%' It )i&ht $e the "a%e that e)otional a"ial inor)ation ha%%!e"ial rele,an"e or thi% !o!ulation e,en on ne&ati,e a"ial inor)ation' Thi% *ill %!eaA in a,or o ane)otional tune# %.%te) to !ro"e%% onl. rele,ant inor)ation or thi% !o!ulation' Sin"e a"ialinor)ation ha% !ro,en to ha,e e"olo&i"al ,ali#it. to e(!lore a!!rai%al !ro"e%%e% o,er e)otionalinor)ation =ie#ler- 2003K Mu%"h Dlauer- 2003- there i% a "han"e to e(!eri)entall. e(!lore i S\% "o&niti,e #ei"it on ne&ati,e inor)ation ae"t% e,en the e,aluation o inor)ation that t.!iie%the)- that i%- their o*n a"ial "oni&uration' =a"ial re"o&nition re%ear"h %u&&e%t% the !o%%i$ilit. or aa)iliar ,%' non a)iliar a"e re"o&nition %.%te) Lun#- 2001K +arAin- 1???K ou$i%- Roo%in- S"hiltF-

Boar#t- Bru.er ro))elin"A- 1???' I in#ee# S e)otional !ro"e%%in& %.%te) !ro,e% to $eha,e#ierentl. #e!en#in& on the Ain# o a"ial inor)ation i% !ro"e%%e#- the re%ult% "oul# $e inte&rate#ro) a a)iliar ,%' none a)iliar )o#el a!!roa"h' o*e,er- intri&uin& re%ear"h &ui#eline% )i&ht ari%ea$out *hatfamiliarit7)ean% or the S e)otional %.%te)' The ollo*in& %tu#. *a% i)!le)ente# tote%t thi% a)iliarit. ee"t'

ethod

a"ial re"o&nition e(!eri)ent u%in& the ae"ti,e !ri)in& !ara#i&) *a% i)!le)ente# to te%t ia)iliar e)otional S a"e% are re"o&niFe# $. !arti"i!ant% *ith S #ierentl. ro) a "ontrol &rou!'The ae"ti,e !ri)in& !ara#i&) $e&an a% an e(!eri)ental te"hni4ue !re%ente# $. =aFio 1??5 to %tu#.ho* the e)otional ,alen"e o a %ti)ulu% !ri)e ae"t% the re"o&nition o other ,alen"e# %ti)ulitar&et- e'&' Mu%"h Dlauer- 2003' =a"ial %ti)uli are rele,ant $e"au%e ,i%ual %ti)uli !ro#u"e ro$u%tae"ti,e !ri)in& =ie#ler- 2003K 6utierreF- 200CK ]h)an MineAa- 2001 an# allo* e"olo&i"al

,ali#it. %in"e a"e% are natural "o))uni"ator% o e)otional inor)ation ar*oo#- all- S"hinAiel#

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li%on- 1???' ere- the h.!othe%i% i% that S e)otional a)iliar a"e% !ro,i#e inor)ation that i% onl.rele,ant to in#i,i#ual% *ith S'

4articipantsThe %tu#. %a)!le "on%i%te# o 1C !er%on% *ith S *ho%e rea#in& %Aill% an# attention "a!a"itie% *eree("ellent' ll !arti"i!ant% *ere taAen ro) a %!e"ial trainin& &rou! #ia&no%e# $. a !ri,ate Uni,er%it. a%

"o&niti,e "a!a$le to taAe a#,an"e rea#in& "o)!rehen%ion "our%e% a% *ell a% "o)!uter %Aill% trainin&'ll o the) *ent throu&h %e,eral "our%e% in or#er to rea"h the "urrent "o&niti,e #e,elo!)ent' On theother han# the "ontrol &rou! "on%i%te# o 15 .oun& !eo!le ro) Monterre. Me(i"o t.!i"al !o!ulation*ho a&ree# to ,oluntaril. !arti"i!ate in the %tu#.' Both &rou!% ran&e# $et*een 20 an# 28 .ear% ol#'Thi% %a)!le *a% intentionall. %ele"te# ro) an a#,an"e S trainin& !ro&ra) ailiate# to a Me(i"anUni,er%it.'e$riein& a$out the e(!eri)ent *a% !ro,i#e# to the !arti"i!ant% !arent%' Moreo,er- *ritten "on%ent%ro) !arent% *ere o$taine#'

Instruments and materials=a"e %ti)uli *a% i)!le)ente# u%in& &ui#eline% ro) EA)an- =rie%en an# a&er\% 2002 =a"e "tiono#in& S.%te) =S' =a"ial %ti)uli are rele,ant or the !re%ent %tu#. %in"e !ro#u"e ro$u%t ae"ti,e

!ri)in& =ie#ler- 2003K 6utierreF- 200CK ]h)an MineAa- 2001 an# allo* e"olo&i"al ,ali#it. %in"e

a"e% are natural "o))uni"ator% o e)otional inor)ation ar*oo#- all- S"hinAiel#- li%on- 1???'=i&ure 1 %ho*% %o)e o the !o%iti,e- ne&ati,e an# neutral real a"e% or a traine# &rou! o $a"helor

!%."holo&. %tu#ent% an# %i)ulate# a"e% !er%on% *ith S Morale%- Lo!eF e#le%- in !re%%'

i!ure ?>

&ho%s some of the positi+e2 ne!ati+e and neutral real faces for a trained !roup of psycholo!y

students as %ell as simulated faces> It also sho%s the e3perimental factors included in the

study>

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+er%on% *ith S "oul# not $e traine# to e)ulate e)otional a"e%' Thereore- onl. neutral a"e% *ereo$taine# or e)ale an# )ale in#i,i#ual% *ith S' Then- the%e a"e% *ere entere# into "o)!uter%ot*are that allo*% %i)ulation o e)otional a"e% $a%e# on neutral a"e% !hoto%' =i&ure 1 %ho*% theo$taine# %ti)uli %et or S a"e%'

Note ro) =i&ure 1 that %o)e "ontrol% *ere a!!lie# o,er the a"e%- liAe taAin& out the hair-

nor)aliFation- et"- e'&' al#er- oun&- Ro*lan#- +errett- o#&e% Et"o- 1??C' In or#er to a!!l. the%a)e "ontrol% to the ir%t a"ial %ti)uli %et non S a"e% *ere al%o entere# into the "o)!uter a"e%i)ulation %.%te) to !ro#u"e e)otional a"e%' =i&ure 1 %ho*% the o$taine# %ti)uli or the%ein#i,i#ual%' E(!eri)ental %ti)uli in"lu#e# "o)$ination% or e)otional "on&ruent !air%+o%iti,e:+o%iti,e- Ne&ati,e:Ne&ati,e- an# Neutral:Neutral an# e)otional in"on&ruent !air%Ne&ati,e:+o%iti,e- +o%iti,e:Neutral- Ne&ati,e:Neutral- an# Neutral:+o%iti,e' on%i#erin& e)ale an#)ale a"e% *ith or *ithout S "hara"teri%ti"% a %et o @08 e(!eri)ental trial% *ere o$taine#' "o)!uter %.%te) na)e# SU+ER LB/+RO *a% u%e# to !re%ent e(!eri)ental trail%' The%e trial% %hare a

!arti"ular e(!eri)ental %e4uen"e that i% #e%"ri$e# o,er the e(!eri)ental !ro"e#ure %e"tion o the !a!er'

+ro"e#ureEa"h %u$e"t atten#e# to a 120 )inute% in#i,i#ual %e%%ion *ith a traine# "o&niti,e !%."holo&i%t' Ea"h%at in ront o a "o)!uter an# in%tru"tion% *ere !ro,i#e# until the. un#er%too# the e(!eri)ental

"o&niti,e ta%A ,er. *ell' The ta%A *a% e(!laine# until the. "oul# %a. the. un#er%too# the ta%A'

The e(!eri)ental trail% *ere a% ollo*%' =ir%t- a !oint at the "enter o the "o)!uter %"reen a!!eare# toallo"ate !arti"i!ant% &aFe at the "enter o the "o)!uter %"reen' Then- either a S or non S a"e *ithor *ithout e)otion a!!eare# or 250 )illi%e"on#% ollo*e# $. a *hite inter,al o 50 )illi%e"on#%'=inall.- another S a"e or non S a"e *ith or *ithout e)otion a!!eare# an# %ta.e# at the "o)!uter%"reen until the !arti"i!ant #e"i#e# i thi% la%t a"e *a% e)otional or neutral' The "o)!uter u%er ha# to

!re%% theK"o)!uter Ae. that ha# a re# !a!er on it *ith the *or# =ES *ritten on it to in#i"ate the a"e*a% e)otional or to !re%% the letter$that ha# a &reen !a!er that ha# the *or#)! i the !re%ente# a"eha# no e)otion'

ter in%tru"tion%- a !ra"ti"e %e%%ion *a% re4uire#' Onl. ater %u$e"t% #e"lare# ull un#er%tan#in& othe e(!eri)ental ta%A then e(!eri)ental trial% *ere !re%ente#' The *hole %tu#. taAe% a!!ro(i)atel.

120 )inute%' The total nu)$er o %ti)uli a% *ell a% a"tor ran#o)iFation o e)otional %ti)uli *illen%ure %tati%ti"al !ara)eter e%ti)ation or thi% Ain# o %)all &rou!% n#er%on- 2001'

Results

)i(e# NOV anal.%i% *a% "arrie# out o,er "orre"t an%*er%' ll "ontrol %u$e"t% *ere in"lu#e#%in"e the. !ro,i#e# )ore than ?0 "orre"t laten"ie%' o*e,er- a% e(!e"te#- )o%t o the e(!eri)ental%u$e"t% !ro,i#e# *ron& re%!on%e% to e(!eri)ental "on#ition% *here the tar&et in"lu#e# ne&ati,e a"e%'Intere%tin&l.- i,e e(!eri)ental %u$e"t% %ho*e# e,i#en"e or at lea%t 30 or )ore re"o&nition tone&ati,e a"ial tar&et% the. *ere not to %u!!o%e to #o thi%- a""or#in& to )o%t o the literature re%ear"h'The%e %u$e"t% *ere not in"lu#e# in the NOV anal.%i%' Thereore- a )i(e# 2 ( C )i(e# NOVanal.%i% *a% "arrie# o,er %in"e e(!eri)ental "on#ition% *ith ne&ati,e tar&et% *ere not "on%i#ere#' %tati%ti"all. %i&nii"ant )ain ee"t or &rou! !eror)an"e = 1- 2@ 13-700- ! 0'001' ere- thee(!eri)ental &rou! te%te# %i&nii"antl. %lo*er than the "ontrol to all e(!eri)ental "on#ition%'

No )ain ee"t *a% o$taine# or a)iliarit. = 5- 120 1-C- !0'1@' o*e,er- a##itional inor)ation i%o$taine# $. te%tin& the intera"tion a)on& a)iliarit.- &rou! an# t.!e o e)otional relation a)on&%ti)uli a% it i% illu%trate# on =i&ure 2'

Noti"e ro) =i&ure 2 that "ontrol %u$e"t% !eror)an"e% *ere al)o%t i#enti"al or a)iliar an# nona)iliar a"e%' o*e,er- !arti"i!ant% *ith S !eror)an"e to !o%iti,e a)iliar a"e% "ontra%te# to theirlaten"ie% or !o%iti,e non a)iliar a"e%' Thi% $eha,ior *a% re%!on%i$le or a )ar&inal %i&nii"antintera"tion = 5-120 1-??0- ! 0'08' Intere%tin&l.- no ae"ti,e !ri)in& "oul# $e o$taine# to a)iliar

!o%iti,e tar&et%' Thi% *a% not the "a%e to other tar&et%' One anal.ti"al "o)!ari%on *a% "arrie# o,er to"o)!are trail% *ith !o%iti,e a)iliar a"e tar&et% a&ain%t trail% *ith a)iliar neutral a"e% or

!arti"i!ant% *ith S' The &oal *a% to "he"A or %i&nii"ati,e re"o&nition a"ilitation to !o%iti,e a)iliara"e%' o*e,er- no ee"t *a% o$taine# to thi% "o)!ari%on = 5- 50 1-@- !0'22

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E x p e r i m e n t a l

C o n t r o l

F a m i l i a r

E m o t i o n :

P P

N P

N U P

N U N U

P N U

N N U4 0 0

6 0 0

8 0 0

1 0 0 0

1 2 0 0

1 4 0 0

1 6 0 0

1 8 0 0

2 0 0 0

Reactiontime(milliseconds)

U n a m i l i a r

E m o t i o n :

P P

N P

N U P

N U N U

P N U

N N U

i!ure ;>

A mar!inally si!nificant interaction for the three main factors (motional con!ruency le+el2

acial familiarity and )roups emer!es from considerin! e3perimental trials %ith positi+e

tar!ets to familiar +s> non familiar faces on D& indi+idual>

In &eneral- re%ult% %ho*e# %lo*er laten"ie% or !arti"i!ant% *ith S than the "ontrol &rou! throu&h all

e(!eri)ental "on#ition%- an auto)ati" !ro"e%%in& re"o&nition #ei"it on ne&ati,e inor)ation or )an.!arti"i!ant% $ut not all o the) an# a "o&niti,e $ia% to re"o&niFe !o%iti,e a)iliar a"e%' It i% ar&ue#ne(t that the%e re%ult% !oint% out to a S e)otional realit. that i% #ierent ro) the "on"e!t o a %i)!lee)otional #ei"it'

Discussion

No e,i#en"e or a a)iliarit. ee"t *a% o$taine#' Re)e)$er that no %i&nii"ant )ain ee"t *a%o$taine# or a)iliarit. throu&h e(!eri)ental "on#ition%' Thi% *a% "ontrar. to the *i#e e)!iri"ale,i#en"e %u!!ortin& a"ial re"o&nition a)iliarit. ee"t% on t.!i"al %u$e"t% Ste,ena&e- Lee onnell.- 2005' It )i&ht $e the "a%e that u%in& %i)ulate# a"e% interer% *ith re"o&nition o a)iliara"e%' o*e,er- !arti"i!ant% *ith S %ho*e# a ten#en". to re"o&niFe a%ter !o%iti,e tar&et a"e%e("e!t or in"on&ruent none a)iliar a"e% re"o&nition #ieren"e% %in"e 200 )% u! to @00 )% ro)neutral a"e%' Thereore- %o)e a"ial #i%"ri)ination #ue to %ti)uli o""urre#' Moreo,er- *hene,er a S

a"e a!!eare# on the "o)!uter %"reen- !arti"i!ant% *ith S $eha,e# in a #ierent *a. than "ontrol%u$e"t%' =or e(a)!le- the. u%e to %)ile an# %a. "ooOOPpeople lie me' >e %in"erel. thinA that S,aria$ilit. *a% re%!on%i$le or the no a)iliarit. ee"t' ontrollin& or &eneti" "on#ition t.!e% o Sor !erha!% %a)!le %iFe )i&ht re#u"e ,aria$ilit.' I %o)ethin& "oul# $e learne# ro) the #ata i% that#ierent "o&niti,e e)otional !roile% )i&ht t.!i. !er%on% *ith S' Thu% )ore e(!eri)ental eort%)u%t $e "on#u"te# to e%ta$li%h "o&niti,e e)otional %t.le% relate# to the S'

I)!li"ation% or e#u"ational an# "lini"al !ra"ti"e "oul# $e #eri,e# ro) thi% Ain# o re%ear"h' =ir%t- there%ear"her noti"e# that S inter,ention% $. !uni%h)ent "on#itionin& )i&ht not $e ee"ti,e %in"ee(!li"it ne&ati,e %ti)uli ten# to "o&niti,el. $e iltere#' ere- ae"ti,e !ri)in& a"ial re"o&nition%tu#ie% a% the one u%e# in the "urrent %tu#. "an $e u%e# a% a "o&niti,e #ia&no%ti" to %ee i !re attenti,eor i)!li"it !uni%h)ent "on#itionin& i% a,aila$le' Se"on#- !o%iti,e a!!roa"he% $. a)iliar !eo!le )i&htha,e %tron&er inter,ention ee"t% on !er%on% *ith S' S!e"ii"all.- the e%ta$li%h)ent o a %tron&

!o%iti,e relation%hi! o a)iliar !er%on liAe a *ell Ano*n tea"her i% $etter or inter,ention re%ult% than%o)eone unAno*n' Sin"e in#i,i#ual% *ith S %ee)% to $e re"o&niFin& !o%iti,e a)iliar inor)ationa%ter than other e)otional %ti)uli'

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The "on"e!t or a "o&niti,e #ei"it to !ro"e%% ne&ati,e inor)ation %ee)e# too %hort to #e%"ri$e the"o&niti,e "on%traine# e)otional ar"hite"ture o !er%on% *ith S' In other *or#%- a !i"ture e)er&e# ora "o)!letel. #ierent e)otional *orl# *here ne&ati,e "o#ii"ation *a% not an i)!e#i)ent orin#i,i#ual% *ith o*n %.n#ro)e to %till eel an&erha!!ine%% or lo,e' The. a"tuall. #o eel ne&ati,ee)otion% $ut or )o%t o the) ne&ati,e "o#in& %ee)% not to $elon& to their e)otional %.%te)'

On the other han#- ne&ati,e a!!rai%al #ei"it% #i# not t.!i. all )e)$er% o thi% !o!ulation re)e)$er%o)e e(!eri)ental &rou! in#i,i#ual%- in#ee# re"o&niFe# ne&ati,e inor)ation' !o%%i$le e)otional%t.le )i&ht ha,e ari%e# #e!en#in& on S "on#ition' Intere%tin&l.- a%ter re"o&nition to a)iliar !o%iti,ea"e% )i&ht $e )ore than a "oin"i#en"e' =ir%t- S !o%iti,e a"e% "oul# not $e ae"te# $. an. othere)otional "onte(t %in"e no ae"ti,e !ri)in& "oul# $e o$taine# or the%e !o%iti,e a"ial %ti)uli'Se"on#- thi% !o%iti,e $ia% *a% onl. !re%ent to re"o&niFe# )e)$er% o their o*n Ain#' S !o%iti,e a"e%)u%t "ontain %o)ethin& rele,ant or the)'

Thereore- thi% re%ear"h !ro,i#e# e,i#en"e %u&&e%tin& that the *ell #o"u)ente# #ei"it to re"o&niFene&ati,e inor)ation >i%hart +it"airn- 2000K +it"airn >i%hart- 2000K TurA orni%h- 1??8 #i#not a!!l. to all in#i,i#ual% *ith S' Moreo,er- )ore e(!eri)ental )ani!ulation *ill $e nee#e# toun#er%tan# *h. ae"ti,e !ri)in& "oul# not $e o$taine# or !o%iti,e a)iliar a"e%' It *a% "lear- !eo!le*ith S e,aluate their o*n !o%iti,e a"e% ,er. #ierentl. than the *a. t.!i"al in#i,i#ual% e,aluate#their o*n a"e%' ere- ae"ti,e !ri)in& to !o%iti,e a)iliar a"e% *a% o$taine# or t.!i"al in#i,i#ual%'

In %hort- e,i#en"e *a% !re%ente# to un#er%tan# )ore a$out the e)otional nature o !eo!le *ith S'Re&ar#in& to thi%- a"a#e)i" literature re!ortin& that in#i,i#ual% o thi% !o!ulation ha,e #ii"ultie% toAee! a!!ro!riate !h.%i"al #i%tan"e in %o"ial %ettin&% >i%hart +it"airn- 2000- or e(a)!lein#i,i#ual% *ith o*n %.n#ro)e ten# to $e "lo%er than u%ual to other% *hen the. talA an# thi% *a%a%%o"iate# to their #ei"it to re"o&niFe that t.!i"al in#i,i#ual% i)!o%e ne&ati,e ,aluation to thi% Ain# o%o"ial !ro(i)it.' o*e,er- it )i&ht $e the "a%e that !eo!le *ith S in# thi% Ain# o %o"ial intera"tion

!o%iti,e an# a)iliar %in"e the. "annot "o#i. ne&ati,e out"o)e%' +o%iti,e a)iliar %ti)uli "oul# not $e!ri)e# $. other e)otional "onte(t%' Moreo,er- not all !arti"i!ant% te%te# a% in"a!a$le to !ro"e%%ne&ati,e a"ial inor)ation' ere- "on%i#eration or a "o&niti,e e)otional %t.le )i&ht ari%e' ierent

!o%iti,e an# ne&ati,e !er"enta&e% to e)otionall. ,aluate %ti)uli "an $e oun# throu&h thi% !o!ulation'=ro) a !oint o ,ie* o a !er%on *ith S- thi% Ain# o a!!rai%al !ro"e%%in& )i&ht i)!o%e a #ierent*a. to ena"t their e)otional *orl#' To re#u"e S e)otional a!!rai%al !ro"e%%in& to ne&ati,e an#

!o%iti,e inor)ation a% a deficit)i&ht $e ina!!ro!riate to e(!lore the !o%%i$ilit. o an unAno*n ne*e)otional %t.le'

Onl. a )inor %et o %tu#ie% ha,e e(a)ine# a"e !ro"e%%in& in S- an# the%e ha,e )o%tl. e(a)ine#e)otion re"o&nition throu&h e(!li"it or "ontrolle# )ea%ure% e'&' >i%hart +it"airn- 2000K +it"airn >i%hart- 2000K TurA orni%h- 1??8' =uture re%ear"h u%in& e(!eri)ental !ara#i&)% a% the one%%ho*n in thi% !a!er )i&ht o,er"o)e li)itation% !re%ente# $. thi% initial re%ear"h %in"e auto)ati"e)otional a!!rai%al !ro"e%%in& o S "an $e !ut un#er %"ientii" %"rutin.' Thi% i% not !o%%i$le $.%tan#ar# te%tin&' Thereore- ne* theoreti"al #e,elo!)ent i% no* !o%%i$le to %!e"i. the e)otional

!roile o !er%on% *ith S'

References

n#er%on- N' ' 2001' Empirical direction in design and anal7sis: scientific ps7cholog7 series.Mah*ah- Ne* Jer%e.9 La*ren"e Erl$au) %%o"iate%- +u$li%her%'

Ban%e- R' 2001' e"ti,e !ri)in& *ith liAe# an# #i%liAe# !er%on%9 +ri)e ,i%i$ilit. #eter)ine%"on&ruen". an# in"on&ruen". ee"t%' Cognition > Emotion- 15@- 501G520'Bar&h- J' ' 1???' The "o&niti,e )on%ter9 the "a%e a&ain%t the "ontrolla$ilit. o auto)ati" %tereot.!eee"t%' In S' haiAen ' Tro!e E#%'-,ual process theories in social ps7cholog7 !!' 3C1/382'

Ne* orA9 6uilor# +re%%'Ben#a- ' E' 1?71B. Mon&oli%). In J' Min"Aler E#'-4atholog7 of the ner6ous s7stem!!' 13C1/1371' Ne* orA9 M"6ra*/ill'al#er- '- oun&- '- Ro*lan#- '- +errett- '- o#&e%- J'- Et"o- N' 1??C' =a"ial E)otionRe"o&nition ater Bilateral ).ala a)a&e9 ierentiall. Se,ere I)!air)ent o =ear' Cogniti6e)europs7cholog7- 135- C??/7@5'e ou*er- J'- er)an%- '- Eelen- +' 1??8' e"ti,it. an# i#entit. !ri)in& *ith e!i%o#i"all.a%%o"iate# %ti)uli' Cognition > Emotion- 12- 1@5/1C?'u$oi%- S'- Ro%%ion- B'- S"hiltF- '- Bo#art- J' M'- Mi"hel- '- Bru.er- R'- ro))elin"A- M' 1???'

Ee"t o =a)iliarit. on the +ro"e%%in& o u)an =a"e%')euroImage- ?- 278/28?'

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EA)an- +'- =rie%en- >' V'- a&er- J' ' 2002' 5acial 9ction Coding S7stem: 8he manual on C,R!$' US9 Re%ear"h Ne(u% #i,i%ion o Net*orA Inor)ation Re%ear"h or!oration'=aFio- R' ' 1??5' ttitu#e% a% o$e"t/e,aluation a%%o"iation%9 eter)inant%- "on%e4uen"e%- an#"orrelate% o attitu#e a""e%%i$ilit.' In R' E' +ett. J' ' Dro%ni"A E#%'- 9ttitude strength:9ntecedents and conse


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)("(RAL (D'CATIO" T(ACH(R& "((D TO B( PR(PAR(D TO CO*T(ACH

TH( I"CR(A&I") "'B(R O CHILDR(" #ITH A'TI& I" I"CL'&I5( &(TTI")&

5ito Loiacono

"ong Island #ni6ersit7an#

5alerie 5alenti

Eastern Suffol *!CES

8he sustained increase in the number of children diagnosed with autism or autismspectrum disorder 9S,B has become a widespread concern throughout the #S aswell as globall7. 5ederal mandates Indi6iduals with ,isabilities Education 9ct

VI,E9W/ %''DX )o Child "eft *ehind V)C"*WB ha6e directed state educationdepartments and local educational agencies "E9sB to address the pedagogicalneeds of these children in the least restricti6e en6ironments/ namel7/ inclusi6eclassroom settings. It has been reported that most teachers graduate from uni6ersit7teacher preparation programs with minimum training in e6idence3based practicesfor children diagnosed with autism. Conse


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"la%%roo) %ettin&% DatF- Miren#a- uer$a"h- 2002K Si)!%on- 200@' Thereore- e#u"ator% "ontinueto $e "hallen&e# to learn #i%a$ilit./%!e"ii" tea"hin& %Aill% to a#

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