Scheufele (1999) has suggested a process of model of framing effects that recognizes them as outcomes of interaction between three different kinds of actor; interested sources and media organizations , journalists (media) and audiences. As he notes, we are dealing with two kinds of frame; media frames and individual (receiver) frames. Both kinds of frame can be either Independent ( a cause) or dependent (an effect} . According to the model, there are four interrelated framing processes involving these actors. First , there is the construction and use of media frames by journalists and others working in news organizations under routine pressures, constantly dealing with sources and applying 'news values' and 'news angles' to event reports. Secondly, there is the transmission of 'framed' news reports (e.g. a cynical view of politicians) to the audience. Thirdly, there is an acceptance of certain frames by members of the audience, with consequences for their attitudes, outlook (e.g.cynicism) and behaviour (e.g.non-participation).