27 september 2010- 2 copernicus institute

Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation

Jatropha Frame of Reference and Gaps

Ir. Janske van Eijck

27th September 2010, Moshi Tanzania


Content

• Project partners

• Goal of the report

• Agronomic aspects

• Ecological aspects

• Social aspects

• Economic aspects

• Questions/discussion


Report

Jatropha AssessmentAgronomic, Social, Economic and Technical aspects

Facts from literature

Ir. Janske van Eijck

Dr. Edward Smeets

Dr. Ir. Raymond Jongschaap

Dr. Henny Romijn

Dr. Ir. Annelies Balkema

Commissioned by Agentschap NL in the framework of the Netherlands Program Sustainable Biomass


Goal & Method• To check current literature on facts, including

background details on data sources, thereby identifying knowledge gaps.

Reviewed:

• 128 studies on Socio-Economic and Ecologic aspects

• around 200 studies on agronomy aspects

Scored studies on data source [scientific artile, NGO report, research institute, thesis etc.], region and aspects


Nature of publication Social issues Ecological Economic

Study Year Region Country rep

ort

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1 IFAD/FAO 2010 2010 SSA ? ? ?2 (Schut et al. 2010b) 2010 SSA Mozambique ? ? ? ? ? ? ?3 (Bos et al. 2010) 2010 SSA Mozambique ? ? ? ? ?4 (Schut et al. 2010a) 2010 SSA Mozambique ? ? ? ? ? ?5 (Habib-Mintz 2010) 2010 SSA Tanzania ? ? ? ? ? ?6 (Moers 2010) 2010 LA Honduras ? ? ? ?7 (FAO 2010) 2010 SSA Tanzania ? ?8 (Behera et al. 2010) 2010 A India ? ?9 (Prueksakorn et al. 2010) 2010 A Thailand ? ?

10 (Arvidsson et al. 2010) 2010 A India, Germany ? ?11 (Gmünder et al. 2010) 2010 A India ? ? ?12 (Wiskerke et al. 2010) 2010 SSA Tanzania ? ?13 (Sheng Goh and Teong Lee 2010) 2010 A South East Asia ? ?14 (Achten et al. 2010b) 2010 all ? ? ? ?15 (Ariza-Montobbio and Lele 2010) 2010 A India ? ? ? ? ?16 (Achten et al. 2010a) 2010 all ? ?17 (Froger et al. 2010) 2010 SSA Mozambique ? ? ?18 (van Eijck et al. 2010) 2010 SSA EA ? ?19 (Finco and Doppler 2010) 2010 LA Brazil ? ? ? ?20 (Salfrais 2010) 2010 SSA Mali ? ? ? ?21 (Hooijkaas 2010) 2010 SSA Tanzania ? ? ?22 (Nygaard 2010) MFP 2010 SSA Mali ? ? ?23 (Trabucco et al. 2010) 2010 LA, EA ? ?24 (Li et al. 2010a) 2010 all ?25 (Wahl et al. 2009) 2009 SSA Tanzania ? ? ? ?26 (Estrin 2009) 2009 A India ? ? ? ?27 (Mulugetta 2009) 2009 SSA ? ?28 (Rossi 2009) 2009 SSA Tanzania ? ?29 (FACT foundation 2009) 2009 all ? ? ?30 (Janssen 2009) 2009 n.a. ? ?31 (Mujeyi 2009) 2009/7 SSA Zimbabwe ? ? ?32 (Nielsen and de Jongh 2009) 2009 SSA Mozambique ? ? ? ? ? ?33 (Ariza-Montobbio 2009) 2009 A India ? ? ?34 (Ribeiro and Matavel 2009) 2009 SSA Mozambique ? ? ? ? ?35 (Jatropha Alliance 2009) 2009 SSA Mozambique ? ? ? ?36 (van Eijck 2009) 2009 SSA Tanzania ? ? ? ? ?37 (Practical Action Consulting 2009) 2009 all Cambodia, India, Guatemala, Thailand? ? ?38 (Arndt et al. 2009) 2009 SSA Mozambique ? ? ? ?39 (Bijman et al. 2009) 2009 SSA Mozambique ? ? ?40 (Peters 2009) 2009 SSA Mozambique ? ? ? ? ? ?41 (GTZ 2009) 2009 SSA Kenya ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?42 (Puente-Rodríguez 2009) 2009 LA Honduras ? ? ? ?43 (Bindraban et al. 2009) 2009 all ? ? ?44 (Moraa et al. 2009) 2009 SSA Kenya ? ? ?


ResultsSocio-economic and ecological aspects• Data source

– 59 journal articles– 31 research institute reports (FAO, ICRAF,..)– 20 MSc./PhD theses

• Regional focus– 61 Sub Saharan Africa– 27 Asia– 4 Latin America


Agronomy

• …there still is little experience with jatropha in more intensive oil seed production systems

• …still is a wild species, with no registered varieties for selected traits that are optimized for specific growth conditions and production systems

• …is a pan-tropical species occurring in many different environments

• …is a perennial species, so that agronomy measures do not directly provide results in the short term and effects on the long term are not known at all

Agronomy – Social – Ecologic – Economic - Gaps


Yield

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0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

Altitude (m)

Repo

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(g tr

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Repo

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(kg

ha-1

)

Jongschaap 2009, South Africa

•1,286 kg/ha (4.5x3 m, 741 trees/ha)

•489 liter/ha



Agronomy

• Use local seeds, or test seeds from foreign origin before using them at production system scale

• Use seeds from mature (yellow) fruits that are stored as shortly as possible

• Select germination and seedling period carefully to assure transplanting in the wet season

• In poor soil media, supplements and rhizobacteria increase germination rate and seedling vigour

Tips: Germination



Agronomy

Tips: Direct seeding, transplanting seedlings and cuttings

• Preferred system for nurseries of 2-3 months• Seedlings should be raised in spacious (>2 L)

containers to prevent reduction in root development

• Direct seeding only under good soil moisture and high temperature conditions; use 2-4 seeds per planting hole, and thin to 1 tree per hole after establishment



Plant spacing

Jatropha single trees in South Africa and in Indonesia

Jatropha intercropping with onions and a jatropha nursery

Jatropha hedges in Guatemala and Mali

Jatropha monoculture in Guatemala and in China



pruning

Tips for pruning• Formative Pruning (FP) can be carried out when

transplanted seedlings reach 30-60 cm height to induce branching

• Additional FP can be carried out at the end of the 1st growing season and later seasons to arrive at a desired 30-35 branches at 1.20 meter height

• Maintenance Pruning should be performed when the trees shed leaves and enter the dormancy period at the end of the growing season. MP should prune back maximally to the desired height of 1.20 m observed at the start of the growing season



Socio-economic aspects



Food securityAvailability of food relates to agricultural production of food crops.

Access to food primarily refers people’s ability to afford and overcome barriers such as remoteness and social marginalization. Food prices and income level are the main factors related to access.

Stability of food refers to events that may lead to populations losing access to food such as conflict, loss of resources, market failure, environmental degradation and disasters.

Utilization of food refers to people’s ability to absorb the nutrients within the food.

•Plantation model

•Smallholder model



Food security

Study Positive Neutral Negative Source of data (FAO 2010) X Country data Tz (Practical Action Consulting 2009) X 15 case studies (Puente-Rodríguez 2009) X Honduras (Gordon-Maclean et al. 2008) X Tanzania (van Eijck 2009) X (Mitchell 2008) X 74 Jatropha farmers Tz (Loos 2008) X 248 households in Tz (Ariza-Montobbio 2009) (Ariza-Montobbio and Lele 2010)

X 49 plots, India

(Altenburg et al. 2009) X X 13 case studies India (Finco and Doppler 2010) X 17 Jatropha farmers in Brazil

Study Positive Neutral Negative Source of data (Gordon-Maclean et al. 2008)

X

(Schut et al. 2010b) X (Peters 2009) X

•Plantation

•Smallholder



Food securityTips: To increase food security

Don’t convert (or promote to convert) food crops into Jatropha Promote agricultural knowledge, by e.g. supporting a school vegetable garden or other extension services Promote to plant Jatropha as an additional crop for farmers Focus on land abundant regions, and marginal and degraded lands Create favourable working hours to enable workers to keep working on their fields Increase the income of the local population by paying sufficient high wages



Local prosperity

Poverty (purchasing power) Local employment Local economy Skills Attitude

(Domestic) use of Jatropha products

Production of Jatropha seeds and oil



Tips: To increase local prosperityOutgrower

Avoid large shares of profits paid to middlemen by transparency and/or fixed pricesThe performance of small farmers can be improved by:

compensating good performing farmers for assisting other farmers in their areaoffer the sowing of intercrops between the Jatropha rowsallow technical advisors to give more time to small farmers (reduced amount of land)increase coordination with other institutions that also give technical assistance or credit



Local prosperityTips: To increase local prosperityPlantation•Pay higher wages than minimum wageTry to minimize import, purchase equipment and materials as much local or in the country as possible Contribute to infrastructure developmentsProvide training and education to employees to improve capacity building, higher skilled jobs for local population create more local prosperity. Think of an exit strategy in advance, to avoid problems with trust of the local population



Labour conditions

Tips: To improve working and labour conditions

Do not make a distinction between permanent staff and casual labourers.Avoid direct contact with Jatropha oil until research has excluded harmful skin impactsMonitor management plans, incl recordkeeping of accidents, supply of sufficient amount of safety gear etc.



Land issuesTips: To minimize impacts on land availability and land accessBe aware of customary land laws and informal processesBe very transparent in land acquisitions processes, use an external mediator to guide the processInvolve communities in the decision making processMake promises tangible in written letters, with signatures of leaders and other witnesses, this helps to reduce miscommunicationsLook at alternative business models where the community is a business partner and land rights do not have to be transferred.



Gender issuesTips: To address gender related issues

Create middle and high skilled jobs for women (not only low skilled)Create suitable working hours (e.g. until 15:00) so women can tend their plots after working hoursThe availability of Jatropha oil for energy services (cooking, lighting, milling etc.) reduces women’s household tasks (also see Section )Consult vulnerable groups to determine their access to land.Involve women’s associations in Jatropha cultivation



GHGTips for practitioners: Be aware of land use changes and the initial carbon debt created, this can be a serious threat to the CO2 balance of your project!Be aware of the trade-off for fertiliser use (improved yield but also increase in environmental impacts)Be aware of the energy content of the by-products and the large energy use in transesterfication, consider local use of by products and the use pure plant oil instead of biodiesel use overseas.Please note that none of the data referred to in this sections is UNFCC approved.



Biodiversity

Tips: To minimize impacts on biodiversity

Perform a baseline study and/or EIA (Environmental Impact Analysis)Do not convert high biodiversity areas to Jatropha



Economic feasibilitySuggestions/tips for practitioners: •For the time being, Jatropha cultivation is best undertaken as a hedge crop in reasonably fertile conditions, where it will not compete substantially with alternative uses of required resources. Currently, Jatropha should be promoted as a supplementary income opportunity, not as an alternative cash crop.Investors in large monoplantations and intercropping schemes should be aware of high failure risks on account of low profitability (depending on e.g. land prizes).



Economic feasibility

Suggestions/tips for practitioners:

From the profitability point of view, projects should emphasize SVO applications rather than the production of biodieselProjects should attempt to develop productive uses for Jatropha by-products.



Knowledge gapsAspect Literature Smallholder Plantation Agronomy

Yields √ √ Germination √ Propagation √

Food security √ Food availability √ √

Food access √ √ √ Food stability

Food utilization Local prosperity √

Local usage √ Local employment √

Local economy √ Skills √ √

Attitude √ √ √



Knowledge gapsAspect Literature Smallholder Plantation Labour working conditions √ √ √

Wages and other benefits √ √ Child labour √

Discrimination Safety √

Freedom of trade union org. Education √

Land rights √ land availability √ √

Land access √ √ √ Gender √

Employment √ √ √ Access to energy √ √ Land availability √ √



Knowledge gapsAspect Literature Smallholder Plantation LCA √

Energy content √ Land use changes √

Use of byproducts (energy b) √ Transesterification √ √

Transport √ √ Biodiversity √

Previous land use √ √ Intensity of production

Economic feasibility √ Labour requirement √ √

yield √ √ Use of seedcake as fuel or fer. √ Market prospects √ Organisational √

Business models √ √ √ Policy √



End

• Questions / discussion

[email protected]

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