28 1 levels of organization biology - ix (fazaia)

28.1 Levels of Organization

A. Levels of Structural OrganizationA. Levels of Structural Organization

AtomAtomMoleculeMoleculeCellCellTissueTissueOrganOrganOrgan SystemOrgan SystemOrganismOrganism


ExamplesExamples::

≈ carboncarbon≈ PhospholipidPhospholipid

≈ nerve cellnerve cell

≈ nervous tissuenervous tissue

≈ brainbrain

≈ nervous systemnervous system

≈ humanhuman

AtomAtom

MoleculeMolecule

CellCell

TissueTissue

OrganOrgan

Organ SystemOrgan System

OrganismOrganism


1. Atoms combine to form molecules1. Atoms combine to form molecules

Atoms Molecule


2. Molecules form cells2. Molecules form cells

Molecules Cell


a.a. Specialized cells develop from a Specialized cells develop from a single zygote.single zygote.

• Organisms are made up of specialized Organisms are made up of specialized cellscells. .

red blood cell nerve cell


• Zygotes first divide into embryonic stem cellsZygotes first divide into embryonic stem cells. .

• Stem cells develop in Stem cells develop in two stages. two stages. – determination, or determination, or

committing to committing to become one cell typebecome one cell type

– differentiation, or differentiation, or acquiring specialized acquiring specialized structures and structures and functionsfunctions


3. Cells form tissues3. Cells form tissuesSimilar cells with a Similar cells with a

common function common function form tissuesform tissues

• There are 4 basic There are 4 basic tissue types:tissue types:

• EpithelialEpithelial

• NervousNervous

• MuscularMuscular

• ConnectiveConnective


cell

4. Specialized cells function together in 4. Specialized cells function together in tissues, organs, organ systems, and the tissues, organs, organ systems, and the whole organism. whole organism. • Specialized cells perform specific Specialized cells perform specific

tasks. tasks. • Tissues are groups of Tissues are groups of

similar cells working similar cells working together.together.

tissue

– epithelial tissue epithelial tissue – connective connective

tissue tissue

– muscle tissue muscle tissue

– nervous tissuenervous tissue


5. 5. Tissues form organsTissues form organs• Two or more tissue types form Two or more tissue types form

an organan organ

An organ is a structure that An organ is a structure that performs a specific function performs a specific function for the bodyfor the body


66. Organs form Organ Systems. Organs form Organ Systems• A group of organs which A group of organs which

work together for a common work together for a common purpose is an organ systempurpose is an organ system

Brain, Spinal Cord, etc.Brain, Spinal Cord, etc. Nervous SystemNervous System


B. Body SystemsB. Body Systems1. Integumentary System1. Integumentary SystemSkin is the only organSkin is the only organ

Protects from injuryProtects from injury Regulates body temperatureRegulates body temperature Receptors for temperature, pain, Receptors for temperature, pain,

and pressureand pressure


2. Skeletal System2. Skeletal SystemBones, cartilage, ligaments, and Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and

jointsjoints Supports bodySupports body ProtectionProtection Storage for minerals (calcium)Storage for minerals (calcium)


3. 3. Muscular SystemMuscular SystemMuscles contract (shorten) Muscles contract (shorten)

to cause movementto cause movement• Skeletal muscles are large, Skeletal muscles are large,

fleshy, and attached to bonefleshy, and attached to bone


4. Nervous System4. Nervous SystemBrain, spinal cord, Brain, spinal cord,

nerves, & sensory nerves, & sensory receptorsreceptors

• Responds to Responds to

irritants or stimuliirritants or stimuli


5. Endocrine System5. Endocrine System

Releases hormones to control:Releases hormones to control: GrowthGrowth ReproductionReproduction Food useFood use


6. Circulatory System6. Circulatory SystemMade of 2 organ systemsMade of 2 organ systems::

Cardiovascular System:Cardiovascular System:- Heart and blood vesselsHeart and blood vessels- Transport oxygen, etc.Transport oxygen, etc.

Lymphatic System:Lymphatic System:- Cleanses blood, immunityCleanses blood, immunity


7. Respiratory System7. Respiratory System• Nasal passages, Nasal passages,

pharynx, larynx, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungstrachea, bronchi, lungs

Supplies body with Supplies body with oxygenoxygen

Removes carbon dioxideRemoves carbon dioxide


8. Digestive System8. Digestive System• Mouth, oral cavity, pharynx, Mouth, oral cavity, pharynx,

esophagus, stomach, small esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, intestine, large intestine, rectumrectum

Breaks down food and Breaks down food and delivers nutrients to delivers nutrients to blood for cells in the blood for cells in the bodybody


9. Urinary System9. Urinary System• Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and

urethraurethra• Removes Nitrogen-containing Removes Nitrogen-containing

wastes from the blood and wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in flushes them from the body in urineurine

Regulates:Regulates:– Water balanceWater balance– Salt balanceSalt balance– pH (acid-base) balancepH (acid-base) balance


10. Reproductive System10. Reproductive SystemFunctions to produce offspringFunctions to produce offspring• Male testes produce spermMale testes produce sperm

Male Structures: scrotum, penis, Male Structures: scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct systemaccessory glands, duct system

• Female ovaries produce eggsFemale ovaries produce eggs Female structures: uterine tubes, Female structures: uterine tubes,

vagina, uterus (where fetus develops)vagina, uterus (where fetus develops)


All of the organ systems form the organismAll of the organ systems form the organism


Activity – Due end of the period Thursday.Activity – Due end of the period Thursday.

• You are going to create a mini poster with your table You are going to create a mini poster with your table partner. You will make them for 2 organ systems. partner. You will make them for 2 organ systems.

• Layout of Poster (Follow this layout, or lose points…)Layout of Poster (Follow this layout, or lose points…)

Major Organ System: (Name organ here)

Major Tissues & Organs Primary Function

____________________ ______________

____________________ ______________

____________________ ______________

*Must have 2-3 pictures*


Q1: DEFINE SUB ATOMIC PARTICLES?Q1: DEFINE SUB ATOMIC PARTICLES?Q2: WHAT ARE BIOMOLECULES?Q2: WHAT ARE BIOMOLECULES?Q3: DEFINE SPECIES?Q3: DEFINE SPECIES?Q4: DEFINE ORGAN AND ORGAN SYSTEM?Q4: DEFINE ORGAN AND ORGAN SYSTEM?Q5: DEFINE TISSUES?Q5: DEFINE TISSUES?Q6: GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF COMMUNITY?Q6: GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF COMMUNITY?

28 1 levels of organization biology - ix (fazaia)

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