28010526 textile auxiliaries surfactant auxiliaries

7/29/2019 28010526 Textile Auxiliaries Surfactant Auxiliaries

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Application of

Surfactant auxiliaries

Wirote Sarakarnkosol


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Surfactant containing auxiliary

Wetting and Rewetting agent

Scouring agent

Emulsifying and Dispersing agent

Levelling agent

Defoaming agent


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Wetting and Rewetting agent:


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Wetting power of surfactant

Middle hydrophilic group surfactant gave

higher wetting power than those of end.

Higher wetting power Lower wetting power


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Branch or aromatic hydrophobic chain is

prefers.

Lower wetting power

Higher wetting power

or


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Optimum of EO in non-ionic surfactant unit

gave maximum wetting power.

EO EO EOEOEO

EO EO EOEOEO EO EO EOEOEO

EO EO EO Low solubility : Lower wetting power

High water affinity

:Lower wetting power

Optimum EO : Highest wetting power


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pH of wetting agent application

pH Anionic wetting agent Nonionic wetting agent

Strongly alkaline Easily soluble surfactants with relativelylow MW are applicable. Those with esterlinkage are hydrolyse

Not-applicable (insoluble)

Weakly alkaline Applicable Generally applicable

Nearly neutral Applicable Applicable

Weakly acid Applicable, Sulphate type surfactant are

decomposed dependinf on conditions.

Applicable

Strongly acid Generally not applicable. In some casesparticular sulphonate type are applicable

Generally applicable


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Mercerization, Causticization

General scouring, bleaching,dyeing(Vat, Sulphur)

Desizing, Dyeing (Direct, Reactive)

Strongly acid

Strongly alkaline

Weakly alkaline

Nearly neutral

Weakly acid Chlorite bleaching, Dyeing(Acid, Disperse)

Carbonization

pH of textile application


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Wetting agent for desizing process

Enzymatic desizing Not deactivate enzyme

Good detergency

Should use nonionic wetting agent Polyethylene glycol ether

Block copolymer EO, PPO ether

Oxidative desizing : should use nonionic or

sulphonate anionic type Resistance to persulphate

As Enzymatic desizing

Sulphosuccinate derivative


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Wetting agent for scouring process

High wetting power

Good detergency and emulsifying

Not specify the chemical alone

Should use the blends of anionic and

nonionic surfactant. Fatty alkyl sulfate, sulfonate and phosphate

Ethoxylated fatty alcohol

Ethoxylated octyl-/ nonylphenol


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Wetting agent for bleaching

Resistance to oxidising agent

H2O

2resistance

Ethoxylated alkyl phenol Hypochlorite resistance

Disodium alkyl diphenyl ether

Sodium alkane sulfonate

Chlorite resistance EO of short chain carbon alcohol

EO of alkylphenol

EO + anionic surfactant


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Wetting agent for carbonising

process Resistance the mineral acid condition

Nonionic surfactant

Sulfonated anionic surfactant


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Wetting agent for mercerisation Resistance to strongly alkaline

Small hydrophobic group and good alkaline

solubility

Phenol derivative Blends of ethyl hexanol sulfate with organic solvent

Short-chain alkylphosphonate esters

Conventional wetting agent(insoluble in concentrated alkaline)

Wetting agent for mercerisation

soluble in concentrated alkaline

poor wetting in neutral

still wetting property in alkaline


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Rewetting agent

Promote wetting property of substrate

after drying

Not necessary to good wetting propertyAnionic surfactant

High EO unit nonionic surfactant


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Scouring agent :


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Factor for scouring

Scouring

Effects of scouringagent

Mechanical effect involved in washing

Wetting/Penetrating effect

Emulsifying/dispersing

Solubilizing effectDetergency

Foaming effect

Other effects


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Structural propose for scouring

agent Longer chain hydrophobic with remaining

soluble Linearhydrophobic part End position of hydrophilic part Cloud point is slightly higher than process

temperature (non-ionic) Optimum EO unit (different for hydrophobic part) Ionic head group can increase the detergency of

PEO surfactant (e.g. Laureth sulfate) Not adsorb on the fiber


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Schematic of Scouring process

(a) Surface covered with greasy dirt.

(b) Surfactant is added to the solution.

It reduce adhesion of dirt to the surface

when deposited with hydrophobic tails on the surface.

(c) Dirt particle are held as a suspension.


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Mechanism for greasy dirt removal

from substrate

(a) Roll-up

(b) Emulsification

(c) Solubilisation


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Example of scouring agent with

variation of typesDetergent % Detergency

Sodium salts of sulfuric ester of higher alcohol 35.3

Lauryl diethanolamide (1:2 type) 48.4

Blends of above detergent 46.0

10 mole EO adducts of nonylphenol 47.0

0.3% solution of each chemical % Detergency = [(A B)/(C B)] x 100

Where A = Reflectant of soiled fabric after washB = Reflectant of soiled fabric before washC = Reflectant of white fabric

Standard soiled solution contained1 part Fully hydrogenated tallow3 parts Liquid paraffin0.8 part Carbon black800 parts Carbon tetrachloride


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Emulsifying & Dispersing agent :


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Distinguish of term

Emulsifying agent (Emulsifier)Agent for help immiscibility liquid/liquid to

uniformly distribute in each phase(liquid/liquid)

Dispersing agent

Agent for help uniformly distribute of solid inliquid phase (solid/liquid)


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Emulsifying agent

High HLB values use forO/W emulsion

Low HLB values use forW/O emulsion

Mix of 2 or 3 emulsifiers can gave

emulsion stability than those of single useAll of type of surfactant can be used for

emulsifier depends on liquid/liquid phase


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Schematic of anionic emulsion (O/W)


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Dispersing agent

Dispersing agent for disperse dyes

Anionic dispersing agent

Naphthalene sulfonate Lignin sulfonate

Nonionic dispersing agent Higher EO alcohol ethoxylate

Higher EO non-ionic surfactant


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Typical anionic dispersing agent

Napthalene sulfonate

Lignin sulfonate


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Model of the disperse dye system


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Dispersion thermal stability on

dispersing agent structure


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Levelling agent :

Levelness

Unlevelness


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Main mechanisms of levelling agents

Nonionic agents Usually form water-soluble complexes with the dye,

some degree of solubilisation being involved

Ionic agents Dye-substantive

Form complexes with the dye and there is competition

between the levelling agent and the fibre for the dye Fibre-substantive

competition between levelling agent and the dye for the fibre


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Levelling agent types and their uses


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Levelling agent for acid dyes

Cationic levelling agent

Anionic levelling agent


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Schematic representation of

solubilised acid dye-agent complex


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Mechanism of levelling for acid dyes

Dye-SO3-

CO

N

H

N+H3

Dye-SO3-

C

O

N

H

N+H3

Levelling-SO3-

C

O

N

H

N+

H3

Levelling-SO3-

C

O

N

H

N+H3

Dye-SO3-

Levelling-N+R4

Dye-SO3-

Levelling-N+R4

Dye-SO3-

C

O

N

H

N+H3

Dye-SO3-

Levelling-SO3-

Nylon

1. Complex dye-levelling

2. Competitive anionic levelling

Splitting out

Splitting out


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Levelling agent for disperse dyes

Non-ionic levelling agent tend to be separated at hightemperature but can increase dyes solubilisation (Low cloudpoint)

Anionic levelling agent can increase the cloud point of

nonionic agent Should synergistic mixing together

7-10% of B in A can increase cloud point of A alone (105oC)to 150oC

Fully effective at pH >7 (Carefully selection of dyes)

(A) fatty acid ethoxylate (B) sodiumdodecylbenzenesulphonate


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Modified nonionic (or Modified anionic,Weakly anionic) Phosphate ester ethoxylation

High temperature stability Protect hardness and trace metal ion

Stabilise under high concentration of electrolyte

Fully effective at pH 4-5 (pH of disperse dyeing)


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Oligo-soaps or Ethoxylated multi-ester

compounds.

More stable dye dispersion at high temperature Solubilisation take place at a lower temperature

Dyeing rate at lower temp. is much slower

Solubilisation of oligomer and acrylic size

Low foaming


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Defoaming agent :


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Foam breaking mechanism


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Typical defoaming agent

Organic based defoamers Relatively poor foam control

Some tend to leave deposit on machine Example is propylene-1,2-glycol

mononeodecanoate


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Typical defoaming agent

Silicone based defoamers High efficiency for controlling the foam

If the emulsion use not suitable emulsifier,Silicone spot is usually occur.

Example is ethoxylated polydimethyl siloxane


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Conclusion : Surfactant auxiliary

Surfactant contain the balancing of

hydrophilic part and hydrophobic part.

CMC and Cloud point of surfactants canindicate their application and property.

Surfactant usually locate at interphase.

Ionicity of surfactant is the importantfunction for choosing.


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28010526 textile auxiliaries surfactant auxiliaries

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