29499423 layout assignment

7/24/2019 29499423 Layout Assignment

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PRODUCTION AND

OPERATIONMANAGEMENT

ASSIGNMENT

SUBMITTED TO-

Dr. MAHENDRA SINGH SIR

SUBMITTED BY-VARUN MISHRA

MBA CM sem 2

IMS LUCKNOW UNIVERSITY


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PLANT LAYOUT


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LAYOUT

In manufacturing, facility layout consists of configuring the plant site with lines,

buildings, major facilities, work areas, aisles, and other pertinent features such as

department boundaries. While facility layout for services may be similar to that for

manufacturing, it also may be somewhat differentas is the case with offices,

retailers, and warehouses. Because of its relative permanence, facility layout

probably is one of the most crucial elements affecting efficiency. An efficient

layout can reduce unnecessary material handling, help to keep costs low, and

maintain product flow through the facility.

irms in the upper left!hand corner of the product!process matri" have a process

structure known as a jumbled flow or a disconnected or intermittent line flow.

#pper!left firms generally have a process layout. irms in the lower right!handcorner of the product!process matri" can have a line or continuous flow. irms in

the lower!right part of the matri" generally have a product layout. $ther types of

layouts include fi"ed!position, combination, cellular, and certain types of service

layouts.

PROCESS LAYOUT


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%rocess layouts are found primarily in job shops, or firms that produce customi&ed,

low!volume products that may re'uire different processing re'uirements and

se'uences of operations. %rocess layouts are facility configurations in which

operations of a similar nature or function are grouped together. As such, they

occasionally are referred to as functional layouts. (heir purpose is to process goods

or provide services that involve a variety of processing re'uirements. A

manufacturing e"ample would be a machine shop. A machine shop generally has

separate departments where general!purpose machines are grouped together by

function )e.g., milling, grinding, drilling, hydraulic presses, and lathes*. (herefore,

facilities that are configured according to individual functions or processes have a

process layout. (his type of layout gives the firm the fle"ibility needed to handle a

variety of routes and process re'uirements. +ervices that utili&e process layouts

include hospitals, banks, auto repair, libraries, and universities.

Improving process layouts involves the minimi&ation of transportation cost,distance, or time. (o accomplish this some firms use what is known as a uther

grid, where subjective information is summari&ed on a grid displaying various

combinations of department, work group, or machine pairs. -ach combination

)pair*, represented by an intersection on the grid, is assigned a letter indicating the

importance of the closeness of the two )A absolutely necessary/ - very

important/ I important/ $ ordinary importance/ # unimportant/ 0

undesirable*. Importance generally is based on the shared use of facilities,

e'uipment, workers or records, work flow, communication re'uirements, or safety

re'uirements. (he departments and other elements are then assigned to clusters in

order of importance.

Advantaes !" #$!%ess &a'!(ts )n%&(de*

le"ibility. (he firm has the ability to handle a variety of processing

re'uirements. 1ost. +ometimes, the general!purpose e'uipment utili&ed may be less costly

to purchase and less costly and easier to maintain than speciali&ed

e'uipment.

otivation. -mployees in this type of layout will probably be able to

perform a variety of tasks on multiple machines, as opposed to the boredom


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of performing a repetitive task on an assembly line. A process layout also

allows the employer to use some type of individual incentive system.

+ystem protection. +ince there are multiple machines available, process

layouts are not particularly vulnerable to e'uipment failures.

D)sadvantaes !" #$!%ess &a'!(ts )n%&(de*

#tili&ation. -'uipment utili&ation rates in process layout are fre'uently very

low, because machine usage is dependent upon a variety of output

re'uirements.

1ost. If batch processing is used, in!process inventory costs could be high.2ower volume means higher per!unit costs. ore speciali&ed attention is

necessary for both products and customers. +etups are more fre'uent, hence

higher setup costs. aterial handling is slower and more inefficient. (he

span of supervision is small due to job comple"ities )routing, setups, etc.*, so

supervisory costs are higher. Additionally, in this type of layout accounting,

inventory control, and purchasing usually are highly involved.

1onfusion. 1onstantly changing schedules and routings make juggling

process re'uirements more difficult.

PRODUCT LAYOUT

volume of products in a short time. 1ost.

#nit cost is low as a result of the high volume. 2abor speciali&ation results

in reduced training time and cost. A wider span of supervision also reduces

labor costs. Accounting, purchasing, and inventory control are routine.

Because routing is fi"ed, less attention is re'uired.


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#tili&ation.

(here is a high degree of %roduct layouts are found in flow shops )repetitive

assembly and process or continuous flow industries*. low shops produce high!

volume, highly standardi&ed products that re'uire highly standardi&ed, repetitive

processes. In a product layout, resources are arranged se'uentially, based on the

routing of the products. In theory, this se'uential layout allows the entire process to

be laid out in a straight line, which at times may be totally dedicated to the

production of only one product or product version. (he flow of the line can then be

subdivided so that labor and e'uipment are utili&ed smoothly throughout the

operation. reasonable balance of work among the workstations.

%roduct layout efficiency is often enhanced through the use of line balancing. 2ine

balancing is the assignment of tasks to workstations in such a way that

workstations have appro"imately e'ual time re'uirements. (his minimi&es the

amount of time that some workstations

(wo types of lines are used in product layouts3 paced and unpaced. %aced lines can

use some sort of conveyor that moves output along at a continuous rate so thatworkers can perform operations on the product as it goes by. or longer operating

times, the worker may have to walk alongside the work as it moves until he or she

is finished and can walk back to the workstation to begin working on another part

)this essentially is how automobile manufacturing works*.

$n an unpaced line, workers build up 'ueues between workstations to allow a

variable work pace. 4owever, this type of line does not work well with large,

bulky products because too much storage space may be re'uired. Also, it is

difficult to balance an e"treme variety of output rates without significant idle time.

A techni'ue known as assembly!line balancing can be used to group the individualtasks performed into workstations so that there will be a

are idle, due to waiting on parts from an upstream process or to avoid building up

an inventory 'ueue in front of a downstream process.


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Advantaes !" #$!d(%t &a'!(ts )n%&(de*

$utput. %roduct layouts can generate a large labor and e'uipment utili&ation.

D)sadvantaes !" #$!d(%t &a'!(ts )n%&(de*

otivation. (he system5s inherent division of labor can result in dull,

repetitive jobs that can prove to be 'uite stressful. Also, assembly!line

layouts make it very hard to administer individual incentive plans.

le"ibility. %roduct layouts are infle"ible and cannot easily respond to

re'uired system changesespecially changes in product or process design.

+ystem protection. (he system is at risk from e'uipment breakdown,

absenteeism, and downtime due to preventive maintenance.


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+I,ED-POSITION LAYOUT

A fi"ed!position layout is appropriate for a product that is too large or too heavy to

move. or e"ample, battleships are not produced on an assembly line. or services,

other reasons may dictate the fi"ed position )e.g., a hospital operating room where

doctors, nurses, and medical e'uipment are brought to the patient*. $ther fi"ed!

position layout e"amples include construction )e.g., buildings, dams, and electric

or nuclear power plants*, shipbuilding, aircraft, aerospace, farming, drilling for oil,home repair, and automated car washes. In order to make this work, re'uired

resources must be portable so that they can be taken to the job for 6on the spot6

performance.

7ue to the nature of the product, the user has little choice in the use of a fi"ed!

position layout.

Disadvantages in!"de#

+pace. or many fi"ed!position layouts, the work area may be crowded so

that little storage space is available. (his also can cause material handling

problems.

Administration. $ftentimes, the administrative burden is higher for fi"ed!

position layouts. (he span of control can be narrow, and coordinationdifficult.


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COMBINATION LAYOUTS

any situations call for a mi"ture of the three main layout types. (hese mi"tures

are commonly called combination or hybrid layouts. or e"ample, one firm may

utili&e a process layout for the majority of its process along with an assembly in

one area. Alternatively, a firm may utili&e a fi"ed!position layout for the assembly

of its final product, but use assembly lines to produce the components and

subassemblies that make up the final product )e.g., aircraft*.

CELLULAR LAYOUT

1ellular manufacturing is a type of layout where machines are grouped according

to the process re'uirements for a set of similar items )part families* that re'uire

similar processing. (hese groups are called cells. (herefore, a cellular layout is an

e'uipment layout configured to support cellular manufacturing.

%rocesses are grouped into cells using a techni'ue known as group technology

)8(*. 8roup technology involves identifying parts with similar designcharacteristics )si&e, shape, and function* and similar process characteristics )type

of processing re'uired, available machinery that performs this type of process, and

processing se'uence*.

Workers in cellular layouts are cross!trained so that they can operate all the

e'uipment within the cell and take responsibility for its output. +ometimes the cells


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feed into an assembly line that produces the final product. In some cases a cell is

formed by dedicating certain e'uipment to the production of a family of parts

without actually moving the e'uipment into a physical cell )these are called virtual

or nominal cells*. In this way, the firm avoids the burden of rearranging its current

layout. 4owever, physical cells are more common.

An automated version of cellular manufacturing is the fle"ible manufacturing

system )+*. With an +, a computer controls the transfer of parts to the

various processes, enabling manufacturers to achieve some of the benefits of

product layouts while maintaining the fle"ibility of small batch production.

S!me !" t.e advantaes !" %e&&(&a$ man("a%t($)n )n%&(de*

1ost. 1ellular manufacturing provides for faster processing time, less

material handling, less work!in!process inventory, and reduced setup time,

all of which reduce costs.

le"ibility. 1ellular manufacturing allows for the production of smallbatches, which provides some degree of increased fle"ibility. (his aspect is

greatly enhanced with +s.

otivation. +ince workers are cross!trained to run every machine in the cell,

boredom is less of a factor. Also, since workers are responsible for their

cells5 output, more autonomy and job ownership is present.


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OTHER LAYOUTS

In addition to the aforementioned layouts, there are others that are more

appropriate for use in service organi&ations. (hese include warehouse9storage

layouts, retail layouts, and office layouts.

With warehouse9storage layouts, order fre'uency is a key factor. Items that are

ordered fre'uently should be placed close together near the entrance of the facility,

while those ordered less fre'uently remain in the rear of the facility. %areto

analysis is an e"cellent method for determining which items to place near the

entrance. +ince :; percent of the items typically represent


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(here also is movement toward the use of #!shaped lines, which allow workers,

material handlers, and supervisors to see the entire line easily and travel efficiently

between workstations. +o that the view is not obstructed, fewer walls and partitions

are incorporated into the layout. inally, thanks to lean manufacturing and just!in!

time production, less space is needed for inventory storage throughout the layout.

EXAMPLE OF A DUMESIC PROCESS LAYOUT


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EXAMPLE OF A PLANT LAYOUT


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29499423 layout assignment

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