29962975 semester iii assgn i disaster management
TRANSCRIPT
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DISASTERMANAGEMENT
(5584)
MBA Executive
ZAHID NAZIR
Roll # AB52355
Se!e"te$ Autu!% 2&&'
AAMAIBA*+EN,NI-ERSIT./ ISAMABAD0
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,ESTI*N 1
Distinguish between Disaster Management anEmergency Response. Also explain the principle
of disaster mitigation and emergency response ?
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DISASTER
A disaster (from Middle French desastre, from Old Italian disastro, from t
Greek pejorative prex dis- ad! " aster star!# is the impact of a nat$ral man-made ha%ards that ne&ativel' aects societ' or environment)
*he +ord disasters root is from astrolo&' this implies that +hen the stars are
a ad position, a ad event +ill happen) .isasters occ$r +hen ha%ards strike
v$lnerale areas) /a%ards that occ$r in areas +ith lo+ v$lnerailit' do not res
in a disaster0 as is the case in $ninhaited re&ions) It is often ar&$ed that
disasters are man-made, eca$se h$man actions efore the strike of the ha%a
can prevent it developin& into a disaster)
/a%ards are ro$tinel' divided into nat$ral or man-made, altho$&h compl
disasters, +here there is no sin&le root ca$se, are more common in developi
co$ntries) A specic disaster ma' spa+n a secondar' disaster that increases t
impact) A classic example is an earth1$ake that ca$ses a ts$nami, res$ltin&
coastal 2oodin&)
Disaster is a sudden, calamitous event bringing great damage, los
destruction and devastation to life and property.
*he dama&e ca$sed ' disasters is immeas$rale and varies +ith t
&eo&raphical location, climate and the t'pe of the earth s$rface3de&ree
v$lnerailit') *his in2$ences the mental, socio-economic, political and c$lt$state of the aected area)
Generall', disaster has the follo+in& eects in the concerned areas
It completel' disr$pts the normal da' to da' life)
It ne&ativel' in2$ences the emer&enc' s'stems)
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4ormal needs and processes like food, shelter, health, etc) are aected a
deteriorate dependin& on the intensit' and severit' of the disaster)
It ma' also e termed as 5a serious disruption of the functioning of societ
causing widespread human, material or environmental losses which exceed th
ability of the aected society to cope using its own resources.5 *h$s, a disast
ma' have the follo+in& main feat$res-
6npredictailit' 6nfamiliarit' 7peed
6r&enc' 6ncertaint' *hreat
*h$s, in simple terms +e can dene disaster as a ha%ard ca$sin& heav' loss
life, propert' and livelihood) 8)&) a c'clone killin& 9:,::: lives and a crop loss
one crore can e termed as disaster)
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Disaster management is a process or strategy that is implemented when an
type of catastrophic event takes place. Sometimes referred to as disast
recoverymanagement, the process may be initiated when anything threate
to disrupt normal operations or puts the lives of human beings at risk.
Governments on all levels as +ell as man' $sinesses create some sort
disaster plan that make it possile to overcome the catastrophe and ret$rn
normal f$nction as 1$ickl' as possile)
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-disaster-recovery.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-disaster-recovery.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-disaster-recovery.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-disaster-recovery.htm -
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Di""te M%e!e%t i" te 6i"ci7li%e tt
.eals +ith and avoid risks and impact of a disaster)
Involves in preparin& for disaster efore it happens)
;esponds immediatel' to the o$tcome prior to and follo+in& a disaster)
.eals +ith the process of s$pportin& and re$ildin& societ' after a disast
Involves individ$als, &ro$ps and comm$nit' to mana&e ha%ards in t
sit$ation of an emer&enc')
mergency response is a term for a series of appropriate actions a
precautions in the event of a disaster.
4o matter the t'pe of catastrophe, proper emer&enc' response can prote
famil' memers and even save lives)
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a+are of the potential for earth1$akesnear', and if the' are likel', n$rt$re
asic $nderstandin& of +here the fa$lt lines r$n) Also e a+are of an' potent
so$rces of man-made disasters in the local area) =hemicalor n$clear plants c
oth ca$se prolems in the event of leaks or spills)
/avin& determined the likel' so$rces of a disaster, a &ood emer&enc' repa
plan can no+ e made) *ake pains to ens$re that residences are e1$ipped +
an' necessar' o$t$ildin&s that can provide protection d$rin& a disaster, s$
as tornadoshelters) Make ever' person in the ho$sehold a+are of +hat to
d$rin& and immediatel' after an emer&enc' occ$rs) Man' disasters ma' ca$
cell phones to fail, so choose a meetin& spot that is easil' accessile and can
$sed as a check-in point for missin& famil' memers)
A rst-aid kit is a vital part of an' emer&enc' response packa&e) hen possile, have ack-$p ottles of an' chronicall' need
medications in the rst aidkit)
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/a%ards are identied ' ca$se
4at$ral /a%ards
Geolo&ical @ earth 1$acks, landslides, sand d$st storms
Meteorolo&ical @ *ornados, ice storms, dro$&ht
Oceano&raphic @ h$rricanes, ts$namis
/'drolo&ical @ 2oodin&
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=ro+ds @ riots, demonstrations
In order to $nderstand the principles of disaster miti&ation it is important
clearl' $nderstand the disaster mana&ement c'cle i)e) miti&ation, preparedne
and mana&ement)
Fi& .isaster Mana&ement ='cle
+"e 1 $ Te +eve%tio% +"e
*he prevention phase +ork commences on
red$cin& the proailit' of likel' disasters and emer&encies occ$rrin&
red$cin& or limitin& their conse1$ences)
Makin& viale disaster plan to respond rapidl' and eectivel'
Assemlin& ade1$ate reso$rces
=ollectin& stocks of cons$male items
*rainin& of personnel
Brevention essentiall' involves fo$r asic actions
Breventin& ha%ards from occ$rrin& (onl' possile in person-ind$ced
iolo&ical ha%ards# ;ed$cin& risk
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;ed$cin& impacts or conse1$ences .istri$tin& risks
+"e 2 $ Te +e7tio% SteBreparedness means minimi%in& the adverse eects of a ha%ard thro$
preca$tionar' actions and meas$res) It entails a series of actions to ens$
speed', eective and eCcient or&ani%ation and deliver' of relief and relat
responses follo+in& the onset of s$dden disaster)
Breparedness involves
=omm$nit' a+areness and ed$cation
Breparation of disasters mana&ement plans f
comm$nit'3school3individ$al
Mock drill, trainin& and practice
Inventor' of reso$rces oth material and h$man skill reso$rces
Broper +arnin& s'stem
M$t$al arran&ement
Identif'in& the v$lnerale &ro$ps
+"e 3$ Re"7o%"e +"e
;esponse involves
Meas$res taken immediatel' prior to and follo+in& disaster
Broper and timel' +arnin& $sin& media, rovin& lo$dspeakers etc)
.eplo'ment of skilled persons
;esc$e +ork
Medical care
.rinkin& +ater s$ppl'
;estore all sorts of comm$nication
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+"e 4$ Te Recove9 +"e
*he aim of the recover' phase is to temporaril' provide tolerale livi
conditions for people in distress and to commence +ork on re$ildin& societ'
to a level +here it can f$nction a&ain)
A+arin& comm$nit' on health and safet' meas$res)
;estorin& essential service-roads, comm$nication links
Brovidin& nancial s$pport, emplo'ment opport$nities
;econstr$ctin& $ildin&s
*he principles of disaster mana&ement +o$ld mean $ndertakin& all activities
dierent times so as to
;ed$ce risk to potential ha%ards efore disasters occ$r, ' developin& lo
term and short term policies and strate&ies) Ass$re prompt and appropriate assistance to comm$nities, d$rin& a
immediatel' after the disasters)
Achieve rapid and s$stained recover' and rehailitation after tocc$rrence of disasters)
References:
+++)>ise&eek)com3disaster
.isaster Mana&ement - AIO6
http://www.wisegeek.com/disasterhttp://www.wisegeek.com/disaster -
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DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
,ESTI*N 2
"rite a detail note on Ris# $ommunication
"arning Dissemination and Alert &ystems.
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!n interactive process of exchange of information and opinion amo
individuals, groups, and institutions" often involves multiple messages about th
nature of risk or expressing concerns, opinions, or reactions to risk messages
to legal and institutional arrangements for risk management.
.isaster mana&ement plannin& and disaster recover' plannin& is not j$st ao
settin& $p evac$ation shelters and providin& emer&enc' s$pplies) >itho$t rap
coordinated comm$nications, even the est disaster mana&ement plan
disaster recover' plan is virt$all' ineective)
EETI-E *MM,NIATI*N
Information is po+er and it is a catal'st to s$stainale development) .isast
red$ction takes man' forms) It ma' involve advisin& people ao$t the do!s a
don!ts of $ildin& and maintainin& infrastr$ct$re) /o+ever, most disast
prevention and miti&ation involves ass$rin& eective, reliale comm$nicatio;eachin& the +idest possile a$dience +ith the most $p-to-date, credi
information can save lives and propert', red$ce p$lic fears and anxiet', a
maintain the p$lic!s tr$st in the inte&rit' of Government oCcials) =iti%
preparedness is ke' and increased preparation is informed ' eecti
comm$nication) Individ$al action is ke' to implementin& prevention strate&i
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as +ell as for s$rvival in disaster times) /o+ can +e help individ$alsE *ime
acc$rate and sensitive comm$nications in the face of nat$ral disasters a
demonstrated, cost-eective means of savin& lives, red$cin& propert' dama&
and increasin& p$lic $nderstandin&) =omm$nications is essential for ed$catin
+arnin&, informin& and empo+erin& people to take practical steps to prote
themselves from nat$ral disasters)
*o e fore+arned is to e forearmed and especiall' in times of disaster +arnin
are +ell appreciated) For example, +hen /$rricane Gilert hit amaica
7eptemer of 9HH, it +as a scar' time to sa' the least) /o+ever acc$ra
trackin& of the storm and the timel' and acc$rate dissemination of disast+arnin&s ens$red that amaicans ne+ +hich areas +ere at &reater risk, kne
ho+ to protect themselves and +ere ale to p$t meas$res in place to ens$
their personal safet') *he death toll +as m$ch lo+er than a similar h$rrican
+hich hit them in 99)
;ARNING DISSEMINATI*N
7$ccessf$l disaster prevention and preparedness re1$ires the $se
telecomm$nications, incl$din& roadcast services, for earl' +arnin&s) *echnic
a&encies m$st therefore contin$o$sl' strive for improved risk assessme
roader monitorin& and comm$nication of forecasts and +arnin&s and placi
hi&her priorit' on the compilation and exchan&e of information on nat$
disaster red$ction) *his is partic$larl' important at re&ional and s$ re&ion
levels)
*echnical comm$nications s'stems, s$ch as satellites, remote sensin& device
and comp$ter net+orks, and other technolo&'-ased comm$nication s'stem
research, predict, track, and provide earl' +arnin& of nat$ral ha%ards)
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7im$lated information is translated into common $nderstandale lan&$a&e f
dissemination the comm$nities thro$&h comm$nication channels s$ch
electronic media, roadcastin&, internet, ne+spapers, +ireless messa&es a
radio) *his is the most important sta&e of prediction, as this information has
e ver' precise, $nderstandale and timel') =omm$nication m$st e caref$
presented to avoid ca$sin& panic, $t at the same time sho$ld e s$Ccient f
1$ick action)
7$Ccient lead time is necessar' so that actions can e taken to save lives a
propert') *he critical information m$st e $nderstandale, in the lan&$a&e
the people +ho ma' e aected ' the ha%ard) For example, if a shicomm$nit' is +arned ao$t a c'clone, the lan&$a&e m$st e in the local diale
not in a lan&$a&e or +ith a voca$lar' the' never $se or hear)
ISS,ING A ;ARNING < AERT
First one receives +arnin&0 then the' p$t o$t an alert) *he +arnin& and ale
phase rid&es the &ap et+een $ncertaint' and realit') A =%i% can
s$tle as omino$s lack clo$ds, p$ttin& people on alert for a tornado0 or it c
e as direct as a phone call anno$ncin& that re &hters are on their +a'
evac$ate ever'one)
7ome disasters &ive little +arnin&0 others &ive +arnin& s$Ccientl' in advanc
*he lon&er the +arnin& period, the &reater the opport$nit' for red$cin& t
conse1$ences) For example, it is diCc$lt to predict exactl' +hen or +here
earth1$ake +ill strike eca$se the' &ive little or no +arnin&) /o+ever hi&h sno
packs and +armin& +eather trends can +arn emer&enc' planners of a possi
2ood +eeks in advance of the event)
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8mer&enc' planners m$st have eno$&h information to receive and $nderstand
+arnin&) *hen the' m$st comm$nicate the +arnin& to the correct peop
Finall', the people +ho receive the alert m$st elieve the information and kno
+hat to do)
An let can e comm$nicated ' vario$s means incl$din& sirens, rad
television, p$lic address s'stems, telephones and $llhorns) *he informati
comm$nicated and means of comm$nication ma' depend on the0 immediac'
the threat, characteristics of the tar&et pop$lation and the means of t
comm$nication so$rces availale)For example, +hen alert information comes ' telephone, it is often $ncle
from the call +hat the sit$ation is and +hat the s$se1$ent impact +ill e)
the rst task on the receivin& end of the call is to determine +hat exactl'
takin& place (or is ao$t to take place#) *he second task is to determine +h
needs to e done in response)
An alert s'stem sho$ld never e dependent on j$st one s'stem
comm$nication) If the $s$al method of comm$nicatin& information is
telephone, ens$re there is an alternative method to $se if the phone s'stem
not +orkin&) >hen there is a threat +ith a lon& +arnin& period, there is m$
more 2exiilit' and ailit' to comm$nicate the content of the alert) 4e+spape
ma&a%ines and ad campai&ns can all e $sed alon& +ith the electronic media)
*he +arnin& and alert phase is rst in an' disaster preparedness eo
*herefore, a thoro$&h $nderstandin& of detectin&, eval$atin&, respondin& a
implementin& decisions is cr$cial for savin& lives and critical assets)
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References:
.isaster Mana&ement AIO6
=omm$nicatin& 8ectivel' in a .isaster 7it$ation ' ;e&enie Fraser
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
,ESTI*N 3
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Explain the mitigation measures with specia
reference to flood% Earth 'uac#% and &liding an
Drought.
(2
8arth1$ake is one of the most destr$ctive nat$ral ha%ard) *he' ma' occ$r an' time of the 'ear, da' or ni&ht, +ith s$dden impact and little +arnin&) *h
can destro' $ildin&s and infrastr$ct$re in seconds, killin& or inj$rin& t
inhaitants) 8arth1$akes not onl' destro' the entire haitation $t ma' d
staili%e the &overnment, econom' and social str$ct$re of the co$ntr')
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#t is the sudden shaking of the earth crust. $he impact of an earth%uake
sudden and there is hardly any warning, making it impossible to predict.
A,SE * EARTH,A:
*he earth!s cr$st is a rock' la'er of var'in& thickness ran&in& from a depth
ao$t 9: kilometers $nder the sea to J kilometers $nder the continents) *
cr$st is not one piece $t consists of portions called plates! +hich var' in si
from a fe+ h$ndred to tho$sands of kilometers) *he theor' of plate tectonic
holds that the plates ride $p on the more moile mantle, and are driven
some 'et $nconrmedmechanisms, perhaps thermal convection c$rrents) >hen these plates conta
each other, stress arises in the cr$st)
*hese stresses can e classied accordin& to the t'pe of movement alon& t
plate!s o$ndaries
a# p$llin& a+a' from each other,
# p$shin& a&ainst one another and
c# slidin& side+a's relative to each other)
All these movements are associated +ith earth1$akes)
Di>ee%t t97e" o? 7lte !ove!e%t
i#) .iver&ent - +here ne+cr$st is &enerated as theplates p$ll a+a' from eachother)
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ii#) =onver&ent - +herecr$st is destro'ed as one
plate dives $nder another)
iii#) *ransformational - +herecr$st is neither prod$cednor destro'ed as the platesslide hori%ontall' past eachother)
Ge%el cctei"tic"
8arth1$ake virations occ$r in a variet' of fre1$encies and velocities) *
act$al r$pt$re process ma' last for a fe+ seconds to as lon& as one min$te fo
major earth1$ake) *he &ro$nd shakin& is ca$sed ' od' +aves! and s$rfa
+ave!)
Bo69 =ve"(B and 7 +aves# penetrate the od' of the earth, viratin& fast)
+aves travel ao$t J kilometers per ho$r and 7! +aves travel +ith a speed of
kilometers per ho$r)
Su?ce =ve" virate the &ro$nd hori%ontall' and verticall') *hese lo
period +aves ca$se s+a'in& of tall $ildin&s and sli&ht +aves motion in odi
of +ater even at &reat distances from the epicenter)
8arth1$akes can e of three t'pes ased on the focal depth
.eep- L:: to :: kms from the earth s$rface
Medi$m- J: to L:: kms
7hallo+ less than J: kms
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*he 6ee7 foc$s earth1$akes are rarel' destr$ctive eca$se ' the time t
+aves reach the s$rface the impact red$ces) Sllo=foc$s earth1$akes a
more common and are extremel' dama&in& eca$se of their proximit' to t
s$rface)
Me"ui% Et@ue"
8arth1$akes can e descried ' the $se of t+o distinctivel' dierent scales
meas$rement demonstratin& ma&nit$de and intensit') 8arth1$ake !%itu
or amo$nt of ener&' released is determined ' the $se of a "ei"!o7
+hich is an instr$ment that contin$o$sl' records &ro$nd viration) *he sca
+as developed ' a seismolo&ist named =harles ;ichter) An earth1$ake +ith
ma&nit$de ) on the ;ichter scale releases L: times the ener&' than one +
J) ma&nit$des) An earth1$ake of ma&nit$de L is the smallest normall' felt
h$mans) *he lar&est earth1$ake that has een recorded +ith this s'stem is )
(Alaska, 9J and =hile, 9J:#)
*he "eco%6 t97e of scale, the earth1$ake i%te%"it9 scale meas$res teects of an earth1$ake +here it occ$rs) *he most +idel' $sed scale of th
t'pe +as developed in 9:N ' Mercalli an Italian seismolo&ist) *he scale +
extended and modied to s$it the modern times) It is called the Mo6i
Meclli Scle, +hich expresses the intensit' of earth1$ake eect on peop
str$ct$re and the earth!s s$rface in val$es from I to II) >ith an intensit' of
and elo+ most of the people can feel the shake and there are cracks on t
+alls, $t +ith an intensit' of II there is &eneral panic +ith $ildin&s collapsi
totall' and there is a total disr$ption in normal life)
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+e6ictCilit9$Altho$&h some scientists claim ailit' to predict earth1$ake
the methods are controversial) Acc$rate and exact predictions of s$ch s$dd
incidents are still not possile)
MITIGATI*N MEAS,RES
o!!u%it9 7e7e6%e""$ =omm$nit' preparedness is vital for miti&ati
earth1$ake impact) *he most eective +a' to save 'o$ even in a sli&hte
shakin& is .;OB, =OP8; and /OQ.)
+l%%i%$*he
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&et dama&ed even if the ma&nit$de of the earth1$ake is not 7tron&) 7imil
prolems persist in the $ildin&s constr$cted on the river anks +hich ha
all$vial soil)
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
Flood is a state of hi&h +ater level alon& a river channel or on the coast th
leads to in$ndation of land, +hich is not $s$all' s$mer&ed) Floods ma' happ
&rad$all' and also ma' take ho$rs or even happen s$ddenl' +itho$t a
+arnin& d$e to reach in the emankment, spill over, heav' rains etc)
*here are dierent t'pes of 2oods namel' 2ash 2ood, riverine 2ood, $r
2ood, etc) l" oo6"can e dened as 2oods +hich occ$r +ithin six ho$rs
the e&innin& of heav' rainfall, and are $s$all' associated +ith clo$d $rs
storms and c'clones re1$irin& rapid locali%ed +arnin&s and immediate respon
to red$ce dama&e) >ireless net+ork and telephone connections are $sed
monitor 2ood conditions) In case of 2ash 2oods, +arnin&s for timel' evac$ati
ma' not al+a's e possile)
u"e"$
*here are several ca$ses of 2oods and dier from re&ion to re&ion) *he ca$s
ma' var' from a r$ral area to an $ran area) 7ome of the major ca$ses are
a# /eav' rainfall# /eav' siltation of the river ed red$ces the +ater carr'in& capacit'
rivers3stream)c#
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e# =onstr$ction of dams and reservoirsf# In areas prone to c'clone, stron& +inds accompanied ' heav' do+n po
alon& +ith storm s$r&e leads to 2oodin&)
;%i%$
Flood forecastin& and +arnin& has een hi&hl' developed in the past t+
decades) >ith the advancement of technolo&' s$ch as satellite and remot
sensin& e1$ipments 2ood +aves can e tracked as the +ater level rises) 8xce
for 2ash 2oods there is $s$all' a reasonale +arnin& period) /eav' precipitati
+ill &ive s$Ccient +arnin& of the comin& river 2ood) /i&h tides +ith hi&h +in
ma' indicate 2oodin& in the coastal areas) 8vac$ation is possile +ith s$ita
monitorin& and +arnin&) >arnin& is iss$ed ' the =entral >ater =ommissi
(=>=#, Irri&ation Flood =ontrol .epartment, and >ater ;eso$rc
.epartment) =>= maintains close liaison +ith the administrative and sta
en&ineerin& a&encies, local civil a$thorities to comm$nicate advance +arni
for appropriate miti&ation and preparedness meas$res)
Mititio% Me"ue"
M77i% o? te oo6 7o%e e"is a primar' step involved in red$cin& t
risk of the re&ion) /istorical records &ive the indication of the 2ood in$ndati
areas and the period of occ$rrence and the extent of the covera&e) >arnin& c
e iss$ed lookin& into the earlier marked hei&hts of the +ater levels in case
potential threat) In the coastal areas the tide levels and the land characteristi
+ill determine the s$mer&ence areas) Flood ha%ard mappin& +ill &ive t
proper indication of +ater 2o+ d$rin& 2oods)
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%6 u"e co%tol +ill red$ce dan&er of life and propert' +hen +aters in$nda
the 2oodplains and the coastal areas) *he n$mer of cas$alties is related to t
pop$lation in the area at risk) In areas +here people alread' have $ilt the
settlements, meas$res sho$ld e taken to relocate to etter sites so as
red$ce v$lnerailit') 4o major development sho$ld e permitted in the are
+hich are s$jected to hi&h 2oodin&) Important facilities like hospitals, schoo
sho$ld e $ilt in safe areas) In $ran areas, +ater holdin& areas can e creat
like ponds, lakes or lo+-l'in& areas)
o%"tuctio% o? e%i%eee6 "tuctue" in the 2ood plains and stren&theniof str$ct$res to +ithstand 2ood forces and seepa&e) *he $ildin&s sho$ld
constr$cted on an elevated area) If necessar' $ild on stilts or platform)
loo6 o%tol aims to red$ce 2ood dama&e) *his can e done ' decreasi
the amo$nt of r$no +ith the help of reforestation (to increase asorption co$
e a miti&ation strate&' in certain areas#, protection of ve&etation, clearin&
deris from streams and other +ater holdin& areas, conservation of ponds a
lakes etc) Flood .iversion incl$de levees, emankments, dams and chann
improvement) .ams can store +ater and can release +ater at a mana&ea
rate)
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the la$nchin& of 4ational Bro&ramme of Flood Mana&ement in 9K) .$rin& t
last KH 'ears, dierent methods of 2ood protection str$ct$ral as +ell
nonstr$ct$ral have een adopted in dierent states dependin& $pon the nat$
of the prolem and local conditions) 7tr$ct$ral meas$res incl$de stora
reservoirs, 2ood emankments, draina&e channels, antierosion +orks, chann
improvement +orks, detention asins etc) and non-str$ct$ral meas$res incl$
2ood forecastin&, 2ood plain %onin&, 2ood proon&, disaster preparedness et
*he 2ood mana&ement meas$res $ndertaken so far have provided
reasonale de&ree of protection to an area of 9)H9 million hectares thro$&h o
the co$ntr')
*he term! landslide! incl$des all varieties of mass movements of hill slopes a
can e dened as the do+n+ard and o$t+ard movement of slope formi
materials composed of rocks, soils, articial lls or comination of all the
materials alon& s$rfaces of separation ' fallin&, slidin& and 2o+in&, eith
slo+l' or 1$ickl' from one place to another) Altho$&h the landslides a
primaril' associated +ith mo$ntaino$s terrains, these can also occ$r in are
+here an activit' s$ch as s$rface excavations for hi&h+a's, $ildin&s and op
pit mines takes place) *he' often take place in conj$nction +ith earth1$ake2oods and volcanoes) At times, prolon&ed rainfall ca$sin& landslide ma' lo
the 2o+ of river for 1$ite some time) *he formation of river locks can ca$
havoc to the settlements do+nstream on its $rstin&)
u"e" o? %6"li6e
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*here are several ca$ses of landslide) 7ome of the major ca$ses are as follo+s
Geoloicl ;e !teil >eakness in the composition and str$ct$re of ro
or soil ma' also ca$se landslides)
Eo"io%$8rosion of slope toe d$e to c$ttin& do+n of ve&etation, constr$ction
roads mi&ht increase the v$lnerailit' of the terrain to slide do+n)
I%te%"e i%?ll$ 7torms that prod$ce intense rainfall for periods as short
several ho$rs or have a more moderate intensit' lastin& several da's ha
tri&&ered a$ndant landslides) /eav' meltin& of sno+ in the hill' terrains al
res$lts in landslide)
Hu!% Excvtio% of slope and its toe, loadin& of slope3toe, dra+ do+n
reservoir, minin&, deforestation, irri&ation, viration3last, >ater leaka&e fro
services)
Et@ue "i% has tri&&ered landslides in man' dierent topo&raph
and &eolo&ic settin&s) ;ock falls, soil slides and rockslides
from steep slopes involvin& relativel' thin or shallo+ dis-a&&re&ated soils
rock, or oth have een the most a$ndant t'pes of landslides tri&&ered
historical earth1$akes)
-olc%ic eu7tio% .eposition of loose volcanic ash on hillsides commonl'follo+ed ' accelerated erosion and fre1$ent m$d or deris 2o+s tri&&ered
intense rainfall)
Mititio% Me"ue"
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H6 !77i% locates areas prone to slope fail$res) *his +ill help to avo
$ildin& settlements in s$ch areas) *hese maps +ill also serve as a tool f
miti&ation plannin&)
%6 u"e 7ctice" "uc "$
Areas covered ' de&raded nat$ral ve&etation in $pper slopes are to
aorested +ith s$itale species) 8xistin& patches of nat$ral ve&etati
(forest and nat$ral &rass land# in &ood condition, sho$ld e preserved
An' developmental activit' initiated in the area sho$ld e taken $p on
after a detailed st$d' of the re&ion has een carried o$t)
In constr$ction of roads, irri&ation canals etc) proper care is to e taken
avoid locka&e of nat$ral draina&e
*otal avoidance of settlement in the risk %one sho$ld e made mandator'
;elocate settlements and infrastr$ct$re that fall in the possile path of t
landslide 4o constr$ction of $ildin&s in areas e'ond a certain de&ree of slope
Reti%i% ;ll" can e $ilt to stop land from slippin& (these +alls a
commonl' seen alon& roads in hill stations#) *hese are constr$cted to preve
smaller si%ed and secondar' landslides that often occ$r alon& the toe portion
the lar&er landslides)
Su?ce Di%e o%tol ;o" *he s$rface draina&e control +orks a
implemented to control the movement of landslides accompanied ' inltrati
of rain +ater and sprin& 2o+s)
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E%i%eee6 "tuctue" +ith stron& fo$ndations can +ithstand or take t
&ro$nd movement forces) 6nder&ro$nd installations (pipes, cales, etc)# sho$
e made 2exile to move in order to +ithstand
forces ca$sed ' the landslide
I%ce"i% veettio% cove is the cheapest and most eective +a'
arrestin& landslides) *his helps to ind the top la'er of the soil +ith la'e
elo+, +hile preventin& excessive r$n-o and soil erosion)
I%"u%ce +ill assist individ$als +hose homes are likel' to e dama&ed landslides or ' an' other nat$ral ha%ards)
.ro$&ht is either asence or decienc' of rainfall from its normal pattern in
re&ion for an extended period of time leadin& to &eneral s$erin& in the socie
It is interpla' et+een demand that people place on nat$ral s$ppl' of +ater a
nat$ral event that provides the +ater in a &iven &eo&raphical re&ion) *he mo
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the imalance in s$ppl' the hi&her is the dro$&ht) *he follo+in& +ill he
explainin& this &eneral denition of the dro$&ht f$rther)
It is a slo+ on-set disaster and it is diCc$lt to demarcate the time of onset and the end)
An' $n$s$al dr' period +hich res$lts in a shorta&e of $sef$l +ater)
.ro$&ht is a normal, rec$rrent feat$re of climate) =limate is expected
sho+ some aerrations and dro$&ht is j$st a part of it) .ro$&ht can occ$r ' improper distri$tion of rain in time and space, a
not j$st ' its amo$nt) .ro$&ht is ne&ative alance et+een precipitation and +ater $se (thro$
evaporation, transpiration ' plants, domestic and ind$strial $ses etc# in
&eo&raphical re&ion)
*he eects of dro$&ht acc$m$late slo+l' over a considerale period of time)
Mititio% Me"ue"
*here are vario$s miti&ation strate&ies to cope $p +ith dro$&ht)
9) +uClic A=e%e"" %6 e6uctio%$ If the comm$nit' is a+are of the do
and don!ts, then half of the prolem is solved) *his incl$des a+areness on t
availailit' of safe drinkin& +ater, +ater conservation techni1$es, a&ric$lt$
dro$&ht mana&ement strate&ies like crop contin&enc' plans, constr$ction
rain +ater harvestin& str$ct$re) A+areness can e &enerated ' the pri
electronic and folk media)
20 Dout Mo%itoi% It is contin$o$s oservation of the rainfall sit$atio
availailit' of +ater in the reservoirs, lakes, rivers etc and comparin& +ith t
existin& +ater needs in vario$s sectors of the societ')
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L) ;te "u77l9 u!e%ttio% %6 co%"evtio% thro$&h rain+ater
harvestin& in ho$ses and farmers! elds increases the content of +ater
availale) >ater harvestin& ' either allo+in& the r$no +ater from all the el
to a common point (e)&) Farm ponds, see the pict$re# or allo+in& it to inltra
into the soil +here it has fallen (in sit$# (e)&) conto$r $nds, conto$r c$ltivatio
raised ed plantin& etc# helps increase +ater availailit' for s$stain
a&ric$lt$ral prod$ction)
K) Ex7%"io% o? iitio% facilities red$ces the dro$&ht v$lnerailit') u"e ased on its capailit' helps in optim$m $se of land and +ater and c
avoid the $nd$e demand created d$e to their mis$se)
) ivelioo6 7l%%i% identies those livelihoods +hich are least aected
the dro$&ht) 7ome of s$ch livelihoods incl$de increased o-farm emplo'me
opport$nities, collection of non-timer forest prod$ce from the comm$n
forests, raisin& &oats, carpentr' etc)
J) Dout 7l%%i%$ the asic &oal of dro$&ht plannin& is to improve t
eectiveness of preparedness and response eorts ' enhancin&
monitorin&, miti&ation and response meas$res)
References:
http33dmc)kar)nic)in3defa$lt)htm+++)dro$&ht)$nl) 8d$http33+++)fema)&ov+++)imd)ernet)in
http://dmc.kar.nic.in/default.htmhttp://www.fema.gov/http://dmc.kar.nic.in/default.htmhttp://www.fema.gov/ -
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DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
,ESTI*N 4
Many natural and manmade ha)ards can b
predicted before their onset. *n most case+echnology now has made it possible to act befor
disaster stri#es. ,redicting different ha)ard
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re-uires different methods% technologies% an
e-uipment% explain
(2
*here are three sta&es involved in the prediction of ha%ards
9) =ollectin& .ataN) Anal'%in& data o assess the ha%ardL) *ranslatin& data into a +arnin& and disseminatin& it to the &eneral
p$lic and the disaster task force)
Man' nat$ral and manmade ha%ards can e predicted efore their onset)
most cases, technolo&' no+ makes it possile to act efore disaster strike
Bredictin& dierent ha%ards re1$ires dierent methods, technolo&ies a
e1$ipment)
8ach co$ntr' has dierent or&ani%ations that poses e1$ipment and monitori
s'stems for dierent t'pes of ha%ards) Brediction is ased on the scientic da
and information collected from dierent so$rces, +hich is sim$lated thro$
vario$s models and nall' anal'%ed to determine the impacts that an identi
ha%ard can have)
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In fact, prediction is a means for ha%ard assessment, +arnin& and alert s'stem
Most nat$ral ha%ards are linked to atmospheric and climate chan&es, +hich a
predictale) >ithin ind$strial and commercial settin&s man' technolo&ic
ha%ards can also e predicted $sin& dierent alarm s'stems) For example, it
possile to predict the onset of major storms or torrential rains and 2oods +
fair acc$rac', often a fe+ da's in advance)
7ome +ell kno+n international so$rces of prediction and forecasts of nat$
ha%ards are
*he >orld >eather >atch (mainl' for tropical storms#
7eismolo&ical facilities in vario$s co$ntries (for monitorin& of ear
movements providin& &eo&raphical co-ordinates of the movements a
intensities# *he *s$namis =enter at the Bacic >arnin& =enter in /onol$l$ (f
*s$namis in the Bacic Ocean#
4ational so$rces for prediction ma' incl$de
4ational Meteorolo&ical 7ervices
4ational 7eismolo&ical 7ervices and Polcanolo&ical 7ervices
7ectoral Ministries and .epartments
.isaster Mana&ement focal points
For example, forecastin& +eather helps in predictin& ha%ards related to hi
+inds, storms, sea s$r&es, ts$namis, hi&h rainfall, 2oodin& and ice storm
Brediction of +ind ha%ards (tropical c'clones, h$rricanes, t'phoons# is ased
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technolo&' and persistence) .ata is normall' collected is $pper +ind 2o
patterns at dierent hei&hts) 7$rface isoaric patterns, satellite clo$d ima&erie
and radar and radio oservations are the main tools $sed for +eath
forecastin&) orld Meteorolo&ical Or&ani%ati
the follo+in& oservations are made)
Su?ce *C"evtio%" >ind speed and direction, atmospheric press$
air temperat$re, clo$ds visiilit', rainfall, radiations, de+ po
temperat$re and &ro$nd temperat$re) Se *C"evtio%" 7ea s$rface temperat$re, +ave speed, directio
period and s+ell)
,77e Ai *C"evtio%" *emperat$re and h$midit' at dierent hei&h
and press$re levels)
*he so$rce of the majorit' of these oservations is normall' the meteorolo&ic
stations on land) 7ome oservations at sea can e made ' the merchant shi
and research vessels)
SATEITE IMAGES
Acc$rac' of +eather forecasts depends $pon the availailit' of hi&h resol$ti
satellite pict$res) *hese s'stems can also e $sed for identif'in& shi&ro$nds, detectin& forest res and monitorin& crop conditions)
;ATHER RADARS
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7torm +armin& +eather radars are often $sed for trackin& c'clon
dist$rances, severe th$nderstorms and ad +eather phenomenon $p to
ran&e of K::km) *he video inte&rator processor of radar can displa' limit
levels of precipitation intensities)
7imilarl', 2ood forecastin& or prediction re1$ires information on climatic facto
like rainfall in the head+ater catchments) >henever there is a heav' rainfall
the $pstream area, time taken for the +ater to acc$m$late do+nstream is t
lead-time for the 2ood forecastin&) An' calirated rainfall-r$no model for loc
conditions- is a tool to provide information on expected +ater levels alon&river in advance)
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*he follo+in& tale lists common information needed for timel' prediction
forecastin& of some nat$ral ha%ards)
.isaster Information 4eeded9clo%e ='clone track and intensit'
*ime and location of landfall prediction
.issemination of +arnin&s
.ama&e assessment
Implementation of relief plans
Area aectedloo6" ;ainfall in catchments areas
>ater levels (stream3stora&e areas#
;$n-o predictions
*errain relief and slopes
8xtent of aected areas
.ama&e assessmentDout ;ainfall anomalies and ve&etale indices
Area aected
8stimate the dama&e assessment
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Et@ue Monitorin& scan acc$m$lation
7eismolo&ical net+orks
Areas aected ' earth1$akes
8stimation of dama&e%6"li6e" Modelin& landslide process
7lope and soil stailit' information
Monitorin& rainfall
8xtent of areas aected
.ama&e assessment
;eferences
.isaster Mana&ement AIO6
+++)iris)ed$
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
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,ESTI*N 5
Elaborate your concept about $ommunit
/rgani)ation and 0ormation of $ommunit
1roups.
(2
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&ommunity is a contributor of resources and allies and provider of pitfalls an
opponents.
o!!u%it9 i" 7lce/ =ee
9) *he need for chan&e, N)*he eort to make that chan&e and L) *he resistan
to chan&e co-exists)
Tee =9" to 7eceive co!!u%it9
Berceivin& =omm$nit' as a comm$nit' =omponents of comm$nit' i)e) s
comm$nities Gro$ps dra+n to the arena of action
o!!u%it9
Geo&raphic area, dened o$ndaries
7hared interest and activities B$rposef$l &ro$pin& of individ$als in to a common +hole
A f$ndamental capacit' of o$r h$manness
A state of ein&
Manner of people relatin& to one another
T97e" o? o!!u%itie"
I%tee"t co!!u%it9$ =omm$nities +e need to kno+3 the people +ho a
involved in o$r partic$lar action)
Nee6 o Ce%et co!!u%it9$=onsists of people +ho c$rrentl' experience t
prolem or co$ld enet from its resol$tion)
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Actio% co!!u%it9$=onsists of people +ho reco&ni%e or co$ld easil' reco&n
that a prolem exists and are +illin& to +ork to resolve it)(chan&e a&ent#
Tet o e"7o%"e co!!u%it9$=onsists of people +hose policies, actions
inaction!s someho+ perpet$ate the prolem)
+ei7el co!!u%it9$*he +ider comm$nit'
7ome denition of =omm$nit' Or&ani%ation are
&ommunity organi'ation is the process of dealing with individuals and group
who are or may become concerned with social welfare services or ob(ective
for the purpose of in)uencing the volume of such services, improving t
%uality or distribution or furthering the attainment of such ob(ectives
&ommunity organi'ation is a techni%ue for obtaining a consensus concernin
both the values that are most important for the common welfare and the be
means of obtaining them.
&ommunity organi'ation is achieved whenever a group of citi'ens recogni'i
a need, band together to see that the need is met.
&ommunity organi'ation has been de*ned as the process of bringing abo
and maintaining a progressively more eective ad(ustment between soc
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welfare resources and social welfare needs within a geographic area
functional *eld.
=omm$nit' or&ani%in& is a lon&-term approach +here the people aected '
iss$e are s$pported in identif'in& prolems and takin& action to achie
sol$tions) *he or&ani%er challen&es those he or she +orks +ith to chan&e t
+a' thin&s are, it is a means of achievin& social chan&e thro$&h collecti
action ' chan&in& the alance of po+er) *he tactics and strate&ies emplo'
' the or&ani%er are similar to the processes of leadership incl$din& timin& t
iss$e, delierate plannin&, &ettin& the attention of the pop$lace, framin& t
iss$e in terms of the desired sol$tion, and shapin& the terms of the decisio
makin& process)
;9 u"e co!!u%it9 o%ii%F
=omm$nit' or&ani%in& helps to rin& o$t man' voices to add collective po+
and stren&th to an iss$e) =omm$nit' or&ani%in& is a ke' part of an over
strate&' to make chan&es in a comm$nit' that are +idel' felt, and that re2e
the +ishes of the people +ho are directl' aected ' alcohol-related comm$n
prolems) *his re1$ires the or&ani%er to not onl' listen and e responsive to t
comm$nit', $t also to help comm$nit' residents develop the skills necessa
to address their o+n iss$es in an on&oin& +a')
At the heart of community organizing are inclusion, ownershirelationship building and leadership development.
=omm$nit' or&ani%in& looks at collective sol$tions T lar&e n$mers of peop
+ho en&a&e in sol$tions that impact even more people) *hese people $s$a
live in the same nei&horhood, to+n or lock) Man' traditional a&en
responses look at individual sol$tions) A&encies tend to foc$s on the individ$
as a means to solve p$lic health prolems)
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METH*DS * *MM,NIT. *RGANIZATI*N
Me%i% o? Gou7$*+o or more people +ho interact +ith and in2$ence ea
other to+ards a common p$rpose) (>ho interact +ith one anothe
ps'cholo&icall' a+are of one another0 +ho perceive themselves in a &ro$p#)
Gou7" i% te co%text o? o!!u%it9 *%itio%
*he +ork of the or&ani%ations is lar&el' the +ork of the &ro$ps) Most of the st
of comm$nit' or&ani%ation @ disc$ssin&, plannin&, and decision @makin& a
camaraderie occ$rs in &ro$ps)
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40 +e?o!i% Ste
*he &ro$p concentrates on the tasks to e achieved)
50 A6ou%i% Ste
>hen the &ro$p completes its +ork, +hich res$lts in a chan&e in therelationship amon& its memers)
R*E * *MM,NIT. IN DISASTER +ANNING
4o amo$nt of disaster plannin& can e s$ccessf$l $nless comm$nities likel'
e aected participate in the process) An' disaster miti&ation plan is o$nd
fail +itho$t the involvement of the comm$nit' at ever' sta&e of its preparati
as +ell as implementation)
=omm$nit' ma' comprise of
A famil'
A nei&horhood 3 settlement
A school
An oCce
A cit'
A villa&e
;9 i" o!!u%it9 +tici7tio% E""e%til i% Di""te Mititio+l%%i%F
>hen a disaster strikes, the comm$nities are the rst to respond a
react) In the rst fe+ moments efore the desi&nated mana&ement tea
&ets into operation, maxim$m loss can occ$r +hen comm$nities panic
do not kno+ ho+ to react)=omm$nities are more familiar +ith the availale reso$rces3facilitie
social &ro$ps and the s$rro$ndin&s)=omm$nities +ith experience of past disasters have historical eviden
and information of the eects and the response needed) *he' ha
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eno$&h lessons learnt in the past to e ale to s$pport miti&ati
plannin&)=omm$nities are familiar +ith the v$lnerailities of the areas and t
people in their vicinit') *he' ma' also kno+ as to +hat co$ld +ork eand the capailities +ithin the comm$nit' to take $p vario$s actio
re1$ired for miti&ation)=omm$nities also have the information of the demo&raphics a
topo&raphies to e ale to provide s$Ccient information for developi
ha%ards maps, risk assessment and miti&ation plans) *he' +o$ld also
ale to priorities their iss$es ased on their s$erin&s) =omm$nities c
&enerate political +ill and can form comm$nit' press$re &ro$ps to e a
to rin& in chan&e)=omm$nities have a t+o +a' link to the &overnments3a$thorities as +
as 4GO!s read' to help)
;eferences
.isaster Mana&ement AIO6
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