2_abundance of the elements-reduced file size

7/31/2019 2_Abundance of the Elements-Reduced File Size

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• There is a pronounced alternation in

abundances between successive

elements. – Elements of even atomic number are

generally more abundant.



Z Element Abundance,ppm

6 Carbon 4,600

7 Nitrogen 970

8 Oxygen 10,700

9 Fluorine 0.4

10 Neon 1,340

11Sodium 22

12 Magnesium 580

13 Aluminum 55



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• Li, Be, and B are markedly scarce relative

to their neighbors.

Source: Mackay and Mackay




2 Helium 240,000

3 Lithium 0.006

4 Beryllium 0.001

5 Boron 0.001

6 Carbon 4,600

7 Nitrogen 970



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• Overall trend is for cosmic abundance todecline with increasing Z ( !"##$#%&'(!(%)$%*&+$

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8 Oxygen 10,700

16 Sulfur 44034 Selenium 0.05

52 Tellurium 0.002



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Drop in abundancewith Z is interrupted at

Fe; Fe is abundant

compared to its

neighbors


18 Argon 220

20 Calcium 6722 Titanium 3

24 Chromium 14

26 Iron 1090

28 Nickel 60

30 Zinc 0.3



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• At least in the earths crust, heavy

elements are more abundant than they

are in the universe as a whole

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• Matter of which the earth was made has probably beenthrough many cycles of star formation, evolution and

death.

• First stars formed about 13 B years ago.

• Earth together with our star formed about 5 B years

ago.

• That is an interval of about 8 B years



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Element Abundance

Earth, ppm

Abundance

Universe, ppm

Helium 0.01 240,000

Neon 0.005 1.340

Argon 3 220

Krypton 0.0002 0.04



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• At the early stages of the formation of the earth, it was ahot mass.

• At these high temperatures, the gravitational field of such a small planet was NOT sufficient to hold onto its

original gaseous atmosphere.

•

Unable to form solid or high melting compounds, theyleaked into interplanetary space

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• Oxygen is more abundant on earth than in the universe.

• Nitrogen is more abundant in the universe than on

earth.

Element Earth Universe

O 464,000 10,700

N 20 970

O/N 23000:1 11:1



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That is the essence of science: ask animpertinent question, and you are on

your way to the pertinent answer..

Jacob BronowskiThe Ascent of man, 1973



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2_abundance of the elements-reduced file size

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