2dstresstesting · 2016-07-22 · transifon+(2d+stress+test)+ bettervaluation# beerpricingofetrisks...

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2D STRESS TESTING OPTIONS AND CHALLENGES FOR SCENARIO DEVELOPMENT 2°C

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Page 1: 2DSTRESSTESTING · 2016-07-22 · TransiFon+(2D+stress+test)+ BETTERVALUATION# BeerpricingofETrisks (assuming+baseline+scenario)+ CLIMATE#POLICY#MAKERS# Monitoring+progress+on+Paris+agreement

2D  STRESS  TESTING  OPTIONS  AND  CHALLENGES  FOR  SCENARIO  DEVELOPMENT  

2°C

Page 2: 2DSTRESSTESTING · 2016-07-22 · TransiFon+(2D+stress+test)+ BETTERVALUATION# BeerpricingofETrisks (assuming+baseline+scenario)+ CLIMATE#POLICY#MAKERS# Monitoring+progress+on+Paris+agreement

OBJECTIVES  

PRIMARY  USERS  &  USE  CASE  

2D  ALIGNMENT  Misalignment  of  real  assets  with  climate  goals    

2D  STRESS  TEST  Resilience  of  porColios  and  financial  insFtuFons  to  accelerated  Energy  TransiFon  (2D  stress  test)  

BETTER  VALUATION  BeMer  pricing  of  ET  risks  

(assuming  baseline  scenario)  

CLIMATE  POLICY  MAKERS  Monitoring  progress  on  Paris  agreement  

PRUDENTIAL  AUTHORITIES  AnFcipaFng  the  impact  on  climate  acFon  on  financial  stability  

LONG  TERM  INVESTORS  Improving  long-­‐term  returns  

1

2

3

Page 3: 2DSTRESSTESTING · 2016-07-22 · TransiFon+(2D+stress+test)+ BETTERVALUATION# BeerpricingofETrisks (assuming+baseline+scenario)+ CLIMATE#POLICY#MAKERS# Monitoring+progress+on+Paris+agreement

STEP  1:  TESTING  REAL  ASSETS  ALIGNMENT  

Background  with  wind  farms  and  power  plants  

SEI  METRICS  PROJECT  

Page 4: 2DSTRESSTESTING · 2016-07-22 · TransiFon+(2D+stress+test)+ BETTERVALUATION# BeerpricingofETrisks (assuming+baseline+scenario)+ CLIMATE#POLICY#MAKERS# Monitoring+progress+on+Paris+agreement

TESTING  2D  ALIGNMENT  OF  REAL  ASSETS  

Energy  technology  roadmap  IEA  2DS  

COMPARING  THE  ROADMAP  WITH  REAL  ASSETS    

2D  porColio  check  Energy-­‐related  CO2  

Page 5: 2DSTRESSTESTING · 2016-07-22 · TransiFon+(2D+stress+test)+ BETTERVALUATION# BeerpricingofETrisks (assuming+baseline+scenario)+ CLIMATE#POLICY#MAKERS# Monitoring+progress+on+Paris+agreement

COMPARING  ROADMAPS  WITH  REAL  ASSETS  

The  por4olio  exposure  in  2015  

6°C  

2°C  

4°C  

Page 6: 2DSTRESSTESTING · 2016-07-22 · TransiFon+(2D+stress+test)+ BETTERVALUATION# BeerpricingofETrisks (assuming+baseline+scenario)+ CLIMATE#POLICY#MAKERS# Monitoring+progress+on+Paris+agreement

COMPARING  ROADMAPS  WITH  REAL  ASSETS  

Trajectory  of  the  por4olio    2015-­‐2020  

6°C  

2°C  

4°C  

Page 7: 2DSTRESSTESTING · 2016-07-22 · TransiFon+(2D+stress+test)+ BETTERVALUATION# BeerpricingofETrisks (assuming+baseline+scenario)+ CLIMATE#POLICY#MAKERS# Monitoring+progress+on+Paris+agreement

COMPARING  ROADMAPS  WITH  REAL  ASSETS  

2°C  PATHWAY  2020  

6°C  

2°C  

4°C  

Page 8: 2DSTRESSTESTING · 2016-07-22 · TransiFon+(2D+stress+test)+ BETTERVALUATION# BeerpricingofETrisks (assuming+baseline+scenario)+ CLIMATE#POLICY#MAKERS# Monitoring+progress+on+Paris+agreement

TESTING  2D  ALIGNMENT  FOR  REAL  ASSETS  

CHANGES  IN  CAPACITY  (MW)  

0  

1  

2  

3  

4  

5  

6  

7  

8  

9  

10  

2015   2020   2025  

Actual  plans  

2°C  target  

0  

1  

2  

3  

4  

5  

6  

7  

8  

9  

10  

2015   2020   2025  

Actual  plans  

2°C  target

 

COAL  POWER   RENEWABLE    POWER  

Gap:  2.1  MW  

Gap:  2.7  MW  

EMISSIONS    BEYOND  BUDGET  

(Kt  of  CO2e  next  5  years)  

Gap:  35.2  kt  CO2  

Gap:  52.2  kt  CO2  

INVESTMENT  vs.  NEEDS  

($M  next  5  years)  

Gap:  $4.1  M  

Gap:  $10.5  M  

REVENUE    GAP  

($M  next  5  years)  

Gap:  $3.3  M  

Gap:  $2.2  M  

Page 9: 2DSTRESSTESTING · 2016-07-22 · TransiFon+(2D+stress+test)+ BETTERVALUATION# BeerpricingofETrisks (assuming+baseline+scenario)+ CLIMATE#POLICY#MAKERS# Monitoring+progress+on+Paris+agreement

LINKING  REAL  ASSETS  TO  FINANCIAL  PORTFOLIOS  

EQUITY  PORFOLIO  

OWNERS  

LISTED  PARENT  COMPANIES  

STOCK  TICKERS  

DATA  ON  PHYSICAL  ASSETS  

     FUNDS  COMPARISION  

-­‐80%  

-­‐60%  

-­‐40%  

-­‐20%  

0%  

20%  

40%  

60%  

80%  

TOWARDS  5°C  

BELOW  2°C  

RENEWABLE    POWER    

2°C  ALIGNED  

PORTFOLIO  ALIGNMENT  ANALYSIS  

5°C  

2°C  

Page 10: 2DSTRESSTESTING · 2016-07-22 · TransiFon+(2D+stress+test)+ BETTERVALUATION# BeerpricingofETrisks (assuming+baseline+scenario)+ CLIMATE#POLICY#MAKERS# Monitoring+progress+on+Paris+agreement

SHORTCOMINGS  OF  2D  SCENARIOS  &  DATA  

SHORT-­‐TERM  HORIZON  5-­‐7  year  limit  on  the  investment  outlook  

0%  

20%  

40%  

60%  

80%  

100%  

2016   2017   2018   2019   2020   2021   2022   2023   2024   2025  %  of  total  plann

ed  add

i[on

s  in  

databa

se  over  the

 next  1

0  years  

Coal   Gas   Hydro   Nuclear   Renewables  

LACK  OF  SHORT-­‐TERM  AMBITION    IEA  2D  scenarios  based  by  design  on  current  plans…      IEA  2DS  =  only  50%  chance  to  reach  2°C  

 -­‐        

 50    

 100    

 150    

2016   2018   2020   2022   2024  

Rene

wab

le  add

i[on

s  (GW)  

 

IEA  2DS  

U[li[es  actual  plans  

INDUSTRY  COVERAGE  •  Power,  Energy,  Transport,  Materials  covered  •  Gap  for  real  estate,  highways,  agriculture…     ….  

Page 11: 2DSTRESSTESTING · 2016-07-22 · TransiFon+(2D+stress+test)+ BETTERVALUATION# BeerpricingofETrisks (assuming+baseline+scenario)+ CLIMATE#POLICY#MAKERS# Monitoring+progress+on+Paris+agreement

STEP  2:  STRESS  TESTING  FINANCIAL  ASSETS  

Background  with  stock  market  curve  and  Wall  street  skyline  

ET  RISK  PROJECT  

Page 12: 2DSTRESSTESTING · 2016-07-22 · TransiFon+(2D+stress+test)+ BETTERVALUATION# BeerpricingofETrisks (assuming+baseline+scenario)+ CLIMATE#POLICY#MAKERS# Monitoring+progress+on+Paris+agreement

TRANSLATING  2D  ROADMAPS  INTO  FINANCIAL  PARAMETERS  

MORE  

LESS  

OUTCOMES  IN  THE  2D  ROADMAP   RESULTS  FROM    THE  2D  STRESS  TEST  

IMPACT  ON  CASH  FLOWS  

PARAMETERS  OF  A    2D  STRESS  SCENARIO  

TAX  ON  FUELS  

FUEL  EFFICIENCY  STANDARD  

NEGOTIATED  AGREEMENT  ON  FLEET  EFFICIENCY  

TAX  ON  VEHICLES  

CONGESTION  CHARGES  

Page 13: 2DSTRESSTESTING · 2016-07-22 · TransiFon+(2D+stress+test)+ BETTERVALUATION# BeerpricingofETrisks (assuming+baseline+scenario)+ CLIMATE#POLICY#MAKERS# Monitoring+progress+on+Paris+agreement

TRANSLATING  2D  ROADMAPS  INTO  FINANCIAL  PARAMETERS  

What  does  it  look  like?    Example  of  the  2D  stress  test  scenario  under  development  in  ET  Risk  project  =>  building  blocks  of  a  scenario  

Output   Technology  

Modal  shin    

-­‐  Changes  in  consumpFon  paMerns  (Total  volume  of  cars  reduces)  

-­‐  Total  volume  product  sold  

Technology  shin   -­‐  Shin  from  coal  to  renewable  power  -­‐  Shin  from  ICE  engines  to  EVs  

-­‐  Change  in  market  share  of  product  

Non-­‐convenGonal  (Company  specific)  

Legal  

LiFgaFon  due  to  poor  reporFng  of  risks  of  climate  change  of  the  company  

-­‐  LiFgaFon  against  energy  and  fossil  fuel  companies  by  shareholders  for  failing  to  report  risks    of  climate  change  

-­‐  €/case    

LiFgaFon  due  to  damage  to  the  environment  

-­‐  LiFgaFon  against  individual  companies  by  groups  or  individuals  for  negaFve  impacts  of  climate  change  

-­‐  €      

ReputaFon  

Improved/destroyed  reputaFon  of  companies  and  investor  funds  

-­‐  ReputaFon  loss  due  to  investments  in  companies  causing  environmental  damage  

-­‐  €  lost  in  revenue  

Market   Market  signals  

Commodity  prices  excluding  taxes  and  subsidies  

-­‐  Coal,  oil,  gas  and  electricity  prices    

-­‐  €/BOE  -­‐  €/kWh  

Technology  costs   -­‐  Costs  of  incremental  innovaFons  (E.g.  solar  PV)  

-­‐  Costs  of  disrupFve  innovaFons  (E.g.  BaMeries,  CCS)  

-­‐  €/unit      

Level  1    Category  of  risk  factor  

Level  2  Category  of  risk  factor  

Risk  factor   Examples   Metric  

Policy    

Gov.  Fiscal  measures  

Carbon  price   -­‐  Carbon  tax  -­‐  Cap-­‐and-­‐trade  

-­‐  €/ton  CO  

Technology  taxes   -­‐  Import  duFes  on  green/brown  technologies  -­‐  Fuel  or  resource  tax  

-­‐  €/item  

Subsidies/rebates   -­‐  Tax  rebate  -­‐   Feed  in  tariff  

-­‐  €/volume  of  good  

Regulatory  instruments  

Technology  supply  regulaFon   -­‐  Renewable  porColio  standard  (RPS)  -­‐  Best  Available  Technology  mandate  

Technology  mandate  

Technology  pricing  regulaFon   -­‐  Technology  price  floor  -­‐  Technology  price  ceiling  

-­‐  €  min  or  max  of  specific  products  

Technology/emissions  standard   -­‐  Power  plant  emissions  standard  -­‐  Vehicle  emissions  standard  

-­‐  tCO2/t  product  -­‐  gCO2/km  

Energy  efficiency  standard   -­‐  Energy  efficiency  standard  on  producFon  plants  

-­‐  kWh/t  product  

Output  

Policy  

Market  

'Non-­‐convenFonal'  

Other  macro  trends  

•  ProducFon  volumes  •  Fuel  /  technology  volumes  

•  Regulatory  costs  •  Regulatory  constraints  

•  Commodity  prices  /  costs  •  Technology  costs  

•  Legal  costs  •  ReputaFonal  costs  

•  GDP  /  inflaFon  •  Other  disrupFve  shocks  

Page 14: 2DSTRESSTESTING · 2016-07-22 · TransiFon+(2D+stress+test)+ BETTERVALUATION# BeerpricingofETrisks (assuming+baseline+scenario)+ CLIMATE#POLICY#MAKERS# Monitoring+progress+on+Paris+agreement

KEY  CHALLENGES  OF  SCENARIO  DEVELOPMENT  

ARBITRARY  CHOICES  Burden  sharing,  winning  techs,  level  of…  

LINKING  TO  OTHER  MACRO  TRENDS  DisrupFve  impact  of  AI,  assumpFon  on  macro-­‐economic  trends  

LIKELIHOOD    Combining  ambiFon  (2D)  and  credibility    

Page 15: 2DSTRESSTESTING · 2016-07-22 · TransiFon+(2D+stress+test)+ BETTERVALUATION# BeerpricingofETrisks (assuming+baseline+scenario)+ CLIMATE#POLICY#MAKERS# Monitoring+progress+on+Paris+agreement

STEP  3:  ADOPTION  BY  FINANCIAL  ANALYSTS  

Background  with  trading  floor  

TRAGEDY  OF  THE  HORIZON  

Page 16: 2DSTRESSTESTING · 2016-07-22 · TransiFon+(2D+stress+test)+ BETTERVALUATION# BeerpricingofETrisks (assuming+baseline+scenario)+ CLIMATE#POLICY#MAKERS# Monitoring+progress+on+Paris+agreement

CHALLENGE#1:  RISK  CONCENTRATE  ON  LONG  TERM  

16  

Electric  U[li[es  NPV  (cash  flow  by  period)  

Natural  coal  capacity  re[rements  (by  age)  

IEA  450  Scenario  re[rements  

2015-­‐2020   2020-­‐2025   2025-­‐2030   2030-­‐2035   2035-­‐2040   Post  2040  

ReGrement  gap  

Analysis  gap  Equity  research  analyst  

Real  economy    Gme  horizon  

Analysts    horizon  

Page 17: 2DSTRESSTESTING · 2016-07-22 · TransiFon+(2D+stress+test)+ BETTERVALUATION# BeerpricingofETrisks (assuming+baseline+scenario)+ CLIMATE#POLICY#MAKERS# Monitoring+progress+on+Paris+agreement

CHALLENGE#1:  RISK  CONCENTRATE  ON  LONG  TERM  

17  

0%  

5%  

10%  

15%  

20%  

25%  

30%  

35%  

1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11  

Percen

tage  of  R

espo

nses  

Consumer  Discre[onary   Consumer  Staples   Energy  

Health  Care   Industrials   Informa[on  Technology  

Materials   Telecommunica[on  Services   U[li[es  

Bloomberg  issues  a  survey  to  equity  research  analysts  on  earnings  es8mates.  The  responses  listed  in  their  database  tail  off  a=er  5  years  of    forecasts,  with  74%  of  analyst  responses  coming  in  the  first  three  years  and  94%  coming  in  the  first  5  years.  

Page 18: 2DSTRESSTESTING · 2016-07-22 · TransiFon+(2D+stress+test)+ BETTERVALUATION# BeerpricingofETrisks (assuming+baseline+scenario)+ CLIMATE#POLICY#MAKERS# Monitoring+progress+on+Paris+agreement

CHALLENGE#1:  POTENTIAL  TECHNICAL  RESPONSES  

Example:  Kepler-­‐Cheuvreux…  Example:  CO-­‐Firm,  Barclays  

Cement  companies  in  Germany  

Example:  Academic  literature  

Page 19: 2DSTRESSTESTING · 2016-07-22 · TransiFon+(2D+stress+test)+ BETTERVALUATION# BeerpricingofETrisks (assuming+baseline+scenario)+ CLIMATE#POLICY#MAKERS# Monitoring+progress+on+Paris+agreement

CHALLENGE#2:  LACK  OF  DEMAND  FOR  LONG  TERM  ANALYSIS  

0  

0,05  

0,1  

0,15  

0,2  

0,25  

0,3  

0,35  

0  

50  

100  

150  

200  

250  

300  

10,0  

5,0  

3,3  

2,5  

2,0  

1,7  

1,4  

1,3  

1,1  

1,0  

0,9  

0,8  

0,8  

0,7  

0,7  

0,6  

0,6  

0,6  

0,5  

0,5  

Num

ber  o

f  Fun

ds  

Poriolio  Turnover  Period  (  Years)  

Poriolio  Turnover  of  Long-­‐Only  Mutual  Fund  Managers  (Source:  2dii  and  Mercer,  Forthcoming)  

Turnover   AUM  %  of  Total  

Average  

Poriolio  turnover  of  long-­‐only  mutual  fund  managers    (Source:  2dii,  Mercer  &  The  Genera[on  Founda[on,  Forthcoming)  

100%  annual  p

orColio  

turnover  implies  a  

Fme  

horizon  of  1  ye

ar.    

NYSE  Average  Holding  Period  for  stocks,  1940-­‐2005  (Source:  Haldane,  2010)  

Page 20: 2DSTRESSTESTING · 2016-07-22 · TransiFon+(2D+stress+test)+ BETTERVALUATION# BeerpricingofETrisks (assuming+baseline+scenario)+ CLIMATE#POLICY#MAKERS# Monitoring+progress+on+Paris+agreement

CHALLENGE#2:  POTENTIAL  RESPONSES  

VOLUNTARY  •  Group  of  long-­‐term  investors  ready  to  pay  for  long-­‐term  risk  analysis  •  Public  sector  RfP  for  long-­‐term  risk  analysis  (Germany)  

MANDATORY  •  Mandatory  climate  risk  disclosure  for  financial  insFtuFons  (France  -­‐  Investors)  •  Stress  tests  by  prudenFal  authoriFes  (France  –  Banks)