2nd order swarm intelligence

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2 nd Order Swarm Intelligence Vitorino Ramos, David Rodrigues + , and Jorge Louçã HAIS 2013, Salamanca September 1113, 2013 hHp://goo.gl/OXc0Oh + The Open University, UK – [email protected]

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Presentation by David M.S. Rodrigues on a novel algorithm for Ant Colony System that includes a negative pheromone that acts as a non-entry signal for unrewarding paths in the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP)

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2nd  Order  Swarm  Intelligence  Vitorino  Ramos,  David  Rodrigues+,  and  Jorge  Louçã  

 HAIS  2013,  Salamanca  September  11-­‐13,  2013  hHp://goo.gl/OXc0Oh  

 +  The  Open  University,  UK  –  [email protected]  

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Outline  

•  Present  an  algorithm  that  is  an  extension  to  Ant  Colony  System  

•  Use  of  non-­‐entry  signal  via  a  negaSve  pheromone.  

•  Use  of  2  pheromones  improves  quality  of  results  

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Ant  Colony  OpSmisaSon  

•  ProbabilisSc  technique  •  Searching  for  OpSmal  Path  in  the  graph  (Based  on  the  behaviour  of  ants  seeking  a  path  between  colony  and  source  of  food)  

•  Mata-­‐heurisSc  opSmisaSon  

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ACO  Concept    

•  Ants  navigate  from  nest  to  food  source.  Blindly!  

•  Shortest  path  is  discovered  via  pheromone  trails  deposited  by  other  ants.  

•  Each  ant  moves  stochasScally  •  Pheromone  is  deposited  on  path  •  More  pheromone  implies  higher  probability  of  path  being  followed.  

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ACO  IllustraSon  

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TSP  Problem  

•  A  Salesman  must  visit  N  ciSes,  passing  through  each  city  only  once,  and  returning  to  the  start  city.  

•  The  cost  of  the  transportaSon  between  all  ciSes  is  known  

•  The  ObjecSve  is  to  choose  the  order  of  the  tour  so  the  total  cost  is  minimum.  

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History  

•  Ant  System  developed  by  Marco  Dorigo  (1992,  PhD  thesis)  

•  Max-­‐Min  Ant  System  by  Hoos  and  Stützle  (1996)  

•  Ant  Colony  by  Gambardella,  Dorigo  (1997)  

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Biology  Findings  of  non-­‐entry  singals  

•  Pharaoh's  ants  (Monomorium  pharaonis)  deposit  a  pheromone  as  a  'no  entry'  signal  to  mark  unrewarding  foraging  paths.  

[Robinson,  2005,  2007;  Grüter  2012]  

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2nd  Order  Swarm  Intelligence  

•  Double  Pheromone  Model  on  top  of  tradiSonal  ACS.  – TradiSonal  posiSve  reinforcement  pheromone  – Use  of  NegaSve  Pheromone  

•  Marker  for  forbidden  paths  •  Forbidden  paths  are  obtained  from  the  worse  ant  tour  of  each  iteraSon  •  This  Blockade  isn’t  permanent  as  the  pheromone  evaporates.  

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State  TransiSon  Rule  

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State  TransiSon  Rule  

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Global  UpdaSng  Rule  

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Local  UpdaSng  Rule  

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2nd  Order  Reasoning  

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2nd  Order  Response  Maps  

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2nd  Order  AS  Results  

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Influence  of  NegaSve  Pheromone  

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kroA100.tsp  with  negaSve  pheromone  performs  beHter  

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NegaSve  Pheromone  Also  is  important  for  bigger  problems.  

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NegaSve  pheromone  can’t  dominate  the  pheromone  maps.  

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Take  Home  Message  

•  From  Biology  Findings:  use  of  negaSve  pheromone  as  non-­‐entry  signal  

•  New  algorithm  based  on  ACS  with  minimal  changes  to  tradiSonal  algorithm  

•  BeHer  results  (faster  convergence  to  good  results/  faster    

•  ApplicaSon  to  Dynamical  problems  for  faster  tracking  of  the  soluSons.