3-1 chapter 4 learning

8/13/2019 3-1 Chapter 4 Learning

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Topics to Explore

1. Classical Conditioning

2. Operant Conditioning

3. Motivation


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Part 1Classical Conditioning


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Learning: Relatively permanent change in behavior due to

experience

Does NOT include temporary changes due to disease,

injury, maturation, injury, or drugs, since these do NOT

qualify as learning

Reinforcement: Any event that changes the probability that a

response will recur

Response: Any identifiable behavior

- Internal: Faster heartbeat

- Observable: Eating, scratching

Learning: Some Terms


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Classical conditioning: acquiring a new response (the

conditioned response) to a previously neutral stimulus (the

conditioned stimulus) that reliably signals the arrival of anunconditioned stimulus.

Ivan Pavlov: Russian physiologist who initially was studying

digestion; first identified mechanisms of classical conditioning

Also known as Pavlovian or Respondent Conditioning

Classical Conditioning


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Pavlovs Experimental Setup


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Some Terms

Reflex: a stimulus-response pair in which the stimulus

automatically elicits the response

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS):the stimulus in a reflex that

automatically elicits a response

Unconditioned response (UCR):the response in a reflex that

occurs automatically after the occurrence of the unconditioned

stimulus

Example: physician strikes below knee with little hammer

(unconditioned stimulus)knee jerk (unconditioned response)


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Process of Classical Conditioning


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Unconditioned stimulus: a stimulus that elicits a response

without training

Conditioned stimulus: A stimulus that elicits a response

because it has been repeatedly paired with an unconditionedstimulus

Unconditioned response: An innate response elicited by an

unconditioned stimulus; usually either a reflex or an emotional

response

Conditioned response: Term used to refer to a reflex response

after learning has occurred to elicit the response by a

conditioned stimulus

Components ofClassical Conditioning


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There are two dif ferent s t imu l i:

the unconditioned stimulus, which elicits the response

reflexively, without an training [the smell of food]

the conditioned stimulus, which can only elicit the responseafter training [the sound of the bell]

There is only one respons e[salivation]. What the response is

called depends on which stimulus elicited it:

It is the unconditioned response when elicited by theunconditioned stimulus [the smell of food]

It is the conditioned responsewhen elicited by the conditioned

stimulus [the sound of the bell]

More on Stimuli & Responses


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Acquisition: acquiring a new response to the conditioned

stimulus

Extinction: the diminishing of the conditioned response when

the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned

stimulus

Spontaneous Recovery: a partial recovery in strength of the

conditioned response following a break during extinctiontraining

Principles of Classical Conditioning


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Graphic: Acquisition & Extinction


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Phobia: Intense, unrealistic, irrational fear of a specific situation

or object (e.g., arachnophobia (fear of spiders; see the movie!))

Conditioned Emotional Response(CER): Learned emotional

reaction to a previously neutral stimulus

Desensitization: Exposing phobic people gradually to feared

stimuli while they stay calm and relaxed

Classical Conditioning in Humans


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A Little Demonstration

See in class!


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Part 2Operant Conditioning


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Operant Conditioning: Learning based on the consequences of

responding; we associate responses with their consequences

Operant Reinforcer: Any event that follows a response and

changes its likelihood of recurring

Operant Conditioning(Instrumental Learning)


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Example of Operant Conditioning

Child says doll,

duh, dat to get

doll.

On Day 1, parents

give doll only when

child says doll

By Day 20, child

only says doll to

get doll


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Graphic: Acquisition of Learning


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Skinner Box(conditioning chamber)

Apparatus

designed to study

operantconditioning in

animals


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Operant reinforcement most effectivewhen given immediately

after a correct response

Effectiveness of reinforcement is inversely relatedto timeelapsed after correct response occurs

Timing of Reinforcement


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Graphic: Effect of Delay ofReinforcement


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Reinforcer: a stimulus that increases the probability of a prior

response.

Reinforcement: process by which the probability of a

response is increased by the occurrence of a reinforcer.

Punisher:a stimulus that decreases the probability of a prior

response.

Punishment:the process by which the probability of aresponse is decreased by the occurrence of a punisher.

Types of Reinforcement


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Types of Stimuli

Appetitive stimulus: a stimulus that is pleasant

Aversive stimulus:a stimulus that is unpleasant

Positive reinforcement:reinforcement in which an appetitive

stimulus is presented.

Positive punishment: punishment in which an aversive

stimulus is presented

Negative reinforcement:reinforcement in which an aversive

stimulus is removed

Negative punishment: reinforcement in which an appetitive

stimulus is removed


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Types of Conditioning

consequence:desirable

(appetitive)

undesirable

(aversive)

given positive reinforcement positive punishment

taken away negative punishment negative reinforcement

yellow increases behavior; blue decreases behavior


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Comparison: Classical & OperantConditioning


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Comparison: Classical & OperantConditioning, 2

classical operant

behavior involuntary (reflexive) voluntary (nonreflexive)

association of events (CS & UCS) of response & reinforcer

expectationthat CS signals arrival of

UCS

that behavior will be

reinforced


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Primary Reinforcer: Unlearned and natural; satisfies

biological needs (e.g., food, water, sex)

Secondary Reinforcer: Learned reinforcer (e.g., money,grades, approval, praise)

Token Reinforcer: Tangible secondary reinforcer (e.g.,

money, gold stars, poker chips)

Social Reinforcer: Provided by other people (e.g.,

learned desires for attention and approval)

Types of Reinforcers


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Effectiveness of Token Economy

Tokens used to reward

socially desirable

behavior in a mental

hospital ward. Tokenscould be used for

snacks, coffee, game-

room privileges,

weekend passes.


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Continuous Reinforcement: A reinforcer follows every correct

response

Partial Reinforcement: Reinforcers do NOT follow everyresponse

Partial Reinforcement Effect: Responses acquired with

partial reinforcement are very resistant to extinction

Continuous & PartialReinforcement


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Review: Types of Reinforcers


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Part 3Motivation


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Drive Reduction Theory

Motivation:the set of internal and external factors that

energize our behavior and direct it toward goals

Drive reduction theory: a theory of motivation that proposes

that our behavior is motivated to reduce drives (bodily tension

states) created by unsatisfied bodily needs to return the bodyto a balanced state

Need vs. Drive:

You begin a fast: after 1 day after 1 week

need for food some need need increases

drive for food (hunger) some hunger hunger decreases


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Incentive & Arousal Theories

Incentive theory:a theory of motivation that proposes that

our behavior is motivated by incentives, external stimuli that

we have learned to associate with reinforcement.

Arousal theory: a theory of motivation that proposes that

our behavior is motivated to maintain an optimal level ofphysiological arousal.


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Yerkes-Dodson Law

Yerkes-Dodson law: a law describing the relationship

between the amount of arousal and the performance quality on

a task


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Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation

Extrinsic motivation: the desire to perform a behavior for

external reinforcement

Intrinsic motivation: the desire to perform a behavior for its

own sake


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A Little Demonstration:Sensation Seeking Scale

See in class!


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THE END!

3-1 chapter 4 learning

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