3 classification of microorganisms
TRANSCRIPT
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TaxonomyOrganizing, classifying
and naming living thingsFormal system
originated by Carl von Linné (1701-1778)
Identifying and classifying organisms according to specific criteria
Each organism placed into a classification system
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TaxonomyDomainKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusspecies
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3 DomainsEubacteria
true bacteria, peptidoglycanArchaea
odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc. (usually called extremophiles)
Eukaryahave a nucleus & organelles (humans,
animals, plants)
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Taxonomy4 main kingdoms:
ProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimaliaAlgae
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Naming MicoorganismsBinomial (scientific) nomenclature Gives each microbe 2 names:
Genus - noun, always capitalizedspecies - adjective, lowercase
Both italicized or underlinedStaphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis)Escherichia coli (E. coli)
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Evolution - living things change gradually over millions of years
Changes favoring survival are retained and less beneficial changes are lost
All new species originate from preexisting species
Closely related organism have similar features because they evolved from common ancestral forms
Evolution usually progresses toward greater complexity
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Insert figure 1.15Woese-Fox System
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Classification Systems in the Procaryotae
1. Microscopic morphology2. Macroscopic morphology – colony
appearance3. Physiological / biochemical
characteristics4. Chemical analysis5. Serological analysis6. Genetic and molecular analysis
• G + C base composition• DNA analysis using genetic probes• Nucleic acid sequencing and rRNA analysis
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Bacterial Taxonomy Based on Bergey’s Manual
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology – five volume resource covering all known prokaryotesclassification based on genetic information –
phylogenetictwo domains: Achaea and Bacteriafive major subgroups with 25 different phyla
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Major Taxonomic Groups of BacteriaVol 1A: Domain Archaea
primitive, adapted to extreme habitats and modes of nutrition
Vol 1B: Domain Bacteria Vol 2-5:
Phylum Proteobacteria – Gram-negative cell walls
Phylum Firmicutes – mainly Gram-positive with low G + C content
Phylum Actinobacteria – Gram-positive with high G + C content
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Diagnostic Scheme for Medical Use
Uses phenotypic qualities in identificationrestricted to bacterial disease agentsdivides based on cell wall structure, shape,
arrangement, and physiological traits
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Species and SubspeciesSpecies
collection of bacterial cells which share an overall similar pattern of traits in contrast to other bacteria whose pattern differs significantly
Strain or variety culture derived from a single parent that differs in
structure or metabolism from other cultures of that species (biovars, morphovars)
Type subspecies that can show differences in antigenic
makeup (serotype or serovar), susceptibility to bacterial viruses (phage type) and in pathogenicity (pathotype)
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Archaea: The Other Prokaryotes
Constitute third Domain ArchaeaSeem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than
to bacteriaContain unique genetic sequences in their rRNAHave unique membrane lipids and cell wall
constructionLive in the most extreme habitats in nature,
extremophilesAdapted to heat, salt, acid pH, pressure and
atmosphereIncludes: methane producers, hyperthermophiles,
extreme halophiles, and sulfur reducers
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EukaryotesProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimaliaAlgae
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Fungal ClassificationSexual reproduction
Spores are formed following fusion of male and female strains and formation of sexual structure
Sexual spores and spore-forming structures are one basis for classificationZygosporesAscosporesBasidiospores
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Fungal Classification Subkingdom Amastigomycota
Terrestrial inhabitants including those of medical importance:
1. Zygomycota – Zygospores; sporangiospores and some conidia
2. Ascomycota – Ascospores; conidia3. Basidiomycetes – basidiospores; conidia4. Deuteromycota – majority are yeasts and
molds; no sexual spores known; conidia
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Protozoan Classification Difficult because of diversity Simple grouping is based on method of
motility, reproduction, and life cycle1. Mastigophora – primarily flagella motility,
some flagellar and amoeboid; sexual reproduction; cyst and trophozoite
2. Sarcodina – primarily ameba; asexual by fission; most are free-living
3. Ciliophora – cilia; trophozoites and cysts; most are free-living, harmless
4. Apicomplexa – motility is absent except male gametes; sexual and asexual reproduction; complex life cycle – all parasitic
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