3 computer hardware and fundamentals edited for 1st sem

1

Introduction to Information SystemsEssentials for the Internetworked E-Business Enterprise

3Computer

Hardware

Introduction to Information Systems

Computer System Categories


Trends in Computer System Capabilities

FirstGeneration

FirstGeneration

SecondGeneration

SecondGeneration

ThirdGeneration

ThirdGeneration

FourthGeneration

FourthGeneration

FifthGeneration

FifthGeneration

VacuumTubes

VacuumTubes Solid-StateSolid-State Integrated

CircuitsIntegrated

Circuits

LSI, VLSIMicro-

processors

LSI, VLSIMicro-

processors

GreaterPower,Smaller

Footprint

GreaterPower,Smaller

Footprint

Trend: Toward Smaller, Faster, More Reliable, and Less Costly

Trend: Toward Easy to Purchase, and Easy to Maintain


Microcomputer Systems

• User Interface• Handheld Computers

– PDA, Information Appliances

• Notebook Computers• Desktop Computers• Workstations• Network Server

– Powerful microcomputer used in small LANs


Network Computers and Terminals

• Network Computer (Thin Client)– Web Browser

– No storage

• NetPC– Has own software

– Hard drive

– OS on server

• Network Terminal– No storage

– Processing on Server

Benefits• Lower purchase cost• Easier maintenance• Easier software

distribution and licensing

• Computer platform standardization

• Reduced end user support requirements

• Enterprise Control


Midrange and Mainframe Computers

• Midrange– High-end network servers– Multi-user systems– Database servers– Mini-computers (older)

• Mainframe– Large, fast, powerful– Used in data mining– Major corporations and governments

• Supercomputers– Parallel processing– Government and major corporations


Organizational Computing

Mainframe Computing

Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages Disadvantages

Centralized computing powerincluding management andbackup

Command-driven applicationdisplaying only text andnumbers

High levels of security High initial cost and cost ofupgrades to existing systems

Capability to run enterpriseapplications

Problems with failure ofcentralized computing inabilityto keep up with high demand


Computer System Components

Central Processing UnitCentral Processing Unit

OutputDevices

CacheMemory

Primary Storage

SecondaryStorageDevices

ControlUnit ALU

SpecialPurposeProcessors

Output Devices

InputDevices


TYPES OF MEMORY

• RAM : Random Access Memory– Dynamic: Changes thru processing– Main memory for data and programs

• ROM : Read Only Memory – Program doesn’t change– Start-up

• Cache– Stores most frequently used instructions– Allows faster retrieval and execution


Computer Power

• Two major factors: Speed and Memory capacity

• Speed is determined mainly by

– Clock Speed -- rate at which the CPU operates Measured in MHz, GHz, and MIPS.

– Word Size -- amount of information the CPU can process per cycle (32 bit chip processes 32 bits/cycle)

– Bus --number of bits that can be moved at one time between CPU and other devices; ideally word length and bus width will be at least equal


PC Processor Types (Chips)

• Intel (90+%)– Celeron, Pentium – (600-700MHz), (1+GHz)

• AMD– Athlon

• Mac – Motorola


Input Technology Trends

FirstGeneration

FirstGeneration

SecondGeneration

SecondGeneration

ThirdGeneration

ThirdGeneration

FourthGeneration

FourthGeneration

FifthGeneration

FifthGeneration

Punched CardsPaper Tape

Punched CardsPaper Tape

Punched CardsPunched Cards

Key to Tape/DiskKey to Tape/Disk

Keyboard Data EntryPointing DevicesOptical Scanning

Keyboard Data EntryPointing DevicesOptical Scanning

Voice RecognitionTouch DevicesHandwriting Recognition

Voice RecognitionTouch DevicesHandwriting Recognition

Trend: Towards Direct Input Devices that Are More Naturaland Easy to Use


Common Input Devices

• Keyboard

• Pointing Devices

• Pen Based Computing

• Speech Recognition

• Optical Scanning

• Magnetic Ink Character Recognition

• Smart Cards

• Digital Cameras


Source Data Automation

• Captures Data in Computer Readable Form (Scanning)

• WHY?– Source Data Input– Reduce Errors– Increase Speed– Price Lookup– Inventory Control


Source Input Techniques

• OCR -Optical Character Recognition

• UPC - Universal Product Codes

• Magnetic Strip

• MICR - Magnetic Ink Character Recognition

• OMR - Optical Mark Reader

• Page Scanners


Other Input

• Touch Screen– Pressure sensitive surface

– Reduce keyboard entry, Less errors

– More User friendly

• Data Collection Device – Used to collect data at the

site where the transaction takes place

• Meter reading , Inventory /Price check


Voice Input

• Voice Recognition– Speaker Dependent

• Trained by Speaker

• Handicapped

– Speaker Independent• Limited vocabulary

• Postal Service

• UPS


Output Technology Trends

FirstGeneration

FirstGeneration

SecondGeneration

SecondGeneration

ThirdGeneration

ThirdGeneration

FourthGeneration

FourthGeneration

FifthGeneration

FifthGeneration

Punched CardsPrinted Reportsand Documents

Punched CardsPrinted Reportsand Documents

Punched CardsPrinted Reports and Documents

Punched CardsPrinted Reports and Documents

Printed Reportsand DocumentsVideo Displays

Printed Reportsand DocumentsVideo Displays

Video DisplaysAudio ResponsesPrinted Reportsand Documents

Video DisplaysAudio ResponsesPrinted Reportsand Documents

Video DisplaysVoice ResponsesHyperlinked MultimediaDocuments

Video DisplaysVoice ResponsesHyperlinked MultimediaDocuments

Trend: Towards Output Methods that Communicate Naturally,Quickly, and Clearly


Common Output Devices

• Video Output– CRT

– LCD

• Printed Output– Inkjet

– Laser


Spoken Output

• Digitized– actual spoken word stored in digital form– Voice mail

• Synthesized– transfers words to speech– Raider Express


Storage Trends

FirstGeneration

FirstGeneration

SecondGeneration

SecondGeneration

ThirdGeneration

ThirdGeneration

FourthGeneration

FourthGeneration

FifthGeneration

FifthGeneration

Magnetic Drum

Magnetic Drum

MagneticCore

MagneticCore

MagneticCore

MagneticCore

LSI SemiconductorMemory Chips

LSI SemiconductorMemory Chips

VLSI SemiconductorMemory Chips

VLSI SemiconductorMemory Chips

Trend: Towards Large Capacities Using Smaller Microelectronic Circuits

Trend: Towards Massive Capacities Using Magnetic and Optical Media

Magnetic TapeMagnetic DrumMagnetic TapeMagnetic Drum

Magnetic TapeMagnetic DiskMagnetic TapeMagnetic Disk

Magnetic DiskMagnetic TapeMagnetic DiskMagnetic Tape

Magnetic DiskOptical Disk

Magnetic Tape

Magnetic DiskOptical Disk

Magnetic Tape

Optical DiskMagnetic DiskOptical Disk

Magnetic Disk

PrimaryStoragePrimaryStorage

SecondaryStorage

SecondaryStorage


Optical Disks

• Written via Laser

• High volume of storage

• Very Durable

• Slower access time vs. magnetic

• Direct Access Storage Device


• CD-ROM: 500-660 Megabytes– Land: Land: Flat Parts Of DiskFlat Parts Of Disk SurfaceSurface Reflects LightReflects Light

– Pits: Pits: Small Scratch On SurfaceSmall Scratch On Surface Scatters LightScatters Light

• WORM: Write Once / Read Many– CDRecordable

• Erasable Optical Storage (EOS) Disks– CDRW - ReWritable

*

OPTICAL STORAGEOPTICAL STORAGEOPTICAL STORAGEOPTICAL STORAGE


Digital VVideoideo Disk

• Hold 4.7 Gigabytes per layer per side– home entertainment, educational,

imformation

• Forms– Read-only (current)– Write-once (DVDR)– Single and dual layer

• 135 minutes playing time


Other Storage Mediums

• Zip Drive (~$100)– 100 Megabytes Disk– 250 Megabytes Disk

• Jaz and Jaz2 Drive (~$200 or $350)– 1 or 2 Gigabyte Disk


Primary & Secondary Storage Media

SemiconductorMemory

SemiconductorMemory

MagneticDisks

Floppy DiskHard Disk, RAID

MagneticDisks

Floppy DiskHard Disk, RAID

Magnetic TapeMagnetic Tape

Optical DisksCD-ROM, CD-R

CD-RWDVD

Optical DisksCD-ROM, CD-R

CD-RWDVD

Acc

ess

Spee

d In

crea

ses

Stor

age

Cap

acity

Dec

reas

es

Cos

t per

Bit

Incr

ease

s

Direct Access

SequentialAccess

Direct Access S

eco

nd

ary

Sto

rag

ePri

mary

Sto

rag

e


Characteristics of Magnetic DisksCharacteristics of Magnetic Disks

Cylinders

AccessMechanism

AccessArms

Read/WriteHeads

Disks

Tracks: Concentric circlesfor storing data as magnetizedbits.

Sectors:Portions of a track

Track

28

Introduction

Chapter 1

1.1 What is an operating system1.2 History of operating systems1.3 The operating system zoo1.4 Computer hardware review1.5 Operating system concepts1.6 System calls1.7 Operating system structure

29

Introduction

• A computer system consists of– hardware– system programs– application programs

30

What is an Operating System

• It is an extended machine– Hides the messy details which must be performed– Presents user with a virtual machine, easier to use

• It is a resource manager– Each program gets time with the resource– Each program gets space on the resource

31

History of Operating Systems (1)

Early batch system– bring cards to 1401– read cards to tape– put tape on 7094 which does computing– put tape on 1401 which prints output

32


• First generation 1945 - 1955– vacuum tubes, plug boards

• Second generation 1955 - 1965– transistors, batch systems

• Third generation 1965 – 1980– ICs and multiprogramming

• Fourth generation 1980 – present– personal computers

33


• Structure of a typical FMS job – 2nd generation

34


• Multiprogramming system – three jobs in memory – 3rd generation

35

The Operating System Zoo

• Mainframe operating systems

• Server operating systems

• Multiprocessor operating systems

• Personal computer operating systems

• Real-time operating systems

• Embedded operating systems

• Smart card operating systems

36

Computer Hardware Review (1)

• Components of a simple personal computer

Monitor

Bus

37


(a) A three-stage pipeline(b) A superscalar CPU

38


• Typical memory hierarchy– numbers shown are rough approximations

39


Structure of a disk drive

40


Structure of a large Pentium system

41

Operating System Concepts (1)

• A process tree– A created two child processes, B and C– B created three child processes, D, E, and F

42


(a) A potential deadlock. (b) an actual deadlock.

43


File system for a university department

44


• Before mounting, – files on floppy are inaccessible

• After mounting floppy on b,– files on floppy are part of file hierarchy

45

Metric Units

The metric prefixes

The Computer Continuum 1-46

Chapter 3: Computer Hardware

Components: CPU, Memory, and I/O

What is the typical configuration of a computer sold today?

3-47

Computer Hardware Components

In this chapter:

• How did the computer become known as the stored-program computer?

– Do they all have the same characteristics?

• Memory on chips and memory on magnetic media, how do they differ?

• What do you look for when comparing memory devices?

• How is information moved around within the computer?

• How can you help your computer run better?

3-48

Basic Concepts of Computer Hardware

This model of the typical digital computer is often called the von Neumann computer.• Programs and data are stored in the same memory: primary

memory.• The computer can only perform one instruction at a time.

CPU(Central Processing Unit)

InputUnits

OutputUnits

Primary Memory

3-49

Basic Concepts of Computer Hardware

Input/Output (I/O): Refers to the process of getting information into and out of the computer.• Input: Those parts of the computer receiving information to

programs.

• Output: Those parts of the computer that provide results of computation to the person using the computer.

3-50

Sources of Datafor the Computer

Two types of data stored within a computer:• Original data or information: Data being introduced to a

computing system for the first time.

– Computers can deal directly with printed text, pictures, sound, and other common types of information.

• Previously stored data or information: Data that has already been processed by a computer and is being stored for later use.

– These are forms of binary data useful only to the computer.

– Examples: Floppy disks, DVD disks, and music CDs.

3-51

Input Devices

Two categories of input hardware:• Those that deal with original data.

• Those that handle previously stored data.

3-52

Input Devices

Input hardware: Those that deal with original data.• Keyboard• Mouse• Voice recognition hardware• Scanner• Digital camera

Digitizing: The process of taking a visual image, or audio recording and converting it to a binary form for the computer.• Used as data for programs to display, play or manipulate the

digitized data.

3-53

Input Devices

Connecting Hardware to the computer:• Hardware needs access through some general input/output

connection.

– Port: The pathway for data to go into and out of the computer from external devices such as keyboards.

• There are many standard ports as well as custom electronic ports designed for special purposes.

• Ports follow standards that define their use.

» SCSI, USB: Multiple peripheral devices (chain).

» RS-232, IDE: Individual peripheral devices.

– Peripheral device: A piece of hardware like a printer or disk drive, that is outside the main computer.

3-54

Input Devices

Connecting Hardware to the computer: (continued)• Hardware needs software on the computer that can service the

device.

– Device driver: Software addition to the operating system that will allow the computer to communicate with a particular device.

3-55

Input Devices

Common Basic Technologies for Storing Binary Information:• Electronic

• Magnetic

• Optical

3-56

Input Devices

Electronic Circuits• Most expensive of the three forms for storing binary

information.

• A flip-flop circuit has either one electronic status or the other. It is said to flip-flop from one to the other.

• Electronic circuits come in two forms:

– Permanent

– Non-permanent

3-57

Input Devices

Magnetic Technology• Two parts to most of the magnetic forms of information

storage:

– The medium that stores the magnetic information.

• Example: Floppy disk. Tiny spots on the disk are magnetized to represent 0s and 1s.

– The device that can “read” that information from the medium.

• The drive spins the disk.

• It has a magnetic sensing arm that moves over the disk.

• Performs nondestructive reading.

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Input Devices

Optical• Uses lasers to “read” the binary information from the

medium, usually a disc.

– Millions of tiny holes are “burned” into the surface of the disc.

– The holes are interpreted as 1s. The absence of holes are interpreted as 0s.

3-59

Input Devices

Secondary Memory Input Devices• These input devices are used by a computer to store

information and then to retrieve that information as needed.

– External to the computer.

– Commonly consists of floppy disks, hard disk drives, or CD-ROMs.

• Secondary memory uses binary.

– The usual measurement is the byte.

• A byte consists of 8 binary digits (bits). The byte is a standard unit.

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Input Devices

The four most important characteristics of storage devices:• Speed and access time

• Cost / Removable versus non-removable

• Capacity

• Type of access

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Input Devices

Speed (Access time) - How fast information can be taken from or stored onto the computer memory device’s medium.• Electronic circuits: Fastest to access.

– 40 billionths of a second.

• Floppy disks: Very slow in comparison.

– Takes up to 1/2 second to reach full speed before access is even possible.

3-62

Input Devices

Cost• Megabyte: A Million bytes.

• Gigabyte: A billion bytes.

• Two parts to a removable secondary storage device:– The cost of the medium. (Cheaper if bought in quantity)

– The cost of the drive.

Examples: Cost for drive Cost for medium

Floppy drive (1.4MB) 59.00 .50

Zip 100 (100 MB) 99.00 10.00

CD-WR (650 MB) 360.00 and up 1.00

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Input Devices

Capacity - The amount of information that can be stored on the medium.

Unit Description Approximate Size

1 bit 1 binary digit1 nibble 4 bits1 byte 8 bits 1 character1 kilobyte 1,024 bytes 1/2 page, double spaced1 megabyte 1,048,576 bytes 500,000 pages

1 million bytes1 gigabyte 1,073,741,824 bytes 5 million pages

1 billion bytes1 terabyte 1 trillion bytes 5 billion pages

3-64

Input Devices

Type of Access– Sequential - Obtained by proceeding through the storage

medium from the beginning until the designated area is reached (as in magnetic tape).

– Random Access - Direct access (as in floppy and hard disks).

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Primary Memory

Primary storage or memory: Is where the data and program that

are currently in operation or being accessed are stored during use. • Consists of electronic circuits: Extremely fast and expensive.

• Two types:

– RAM (non-permanent)

• Programs and data can be stored here for the computer’s use.

• Volatile: All information will be lost once the computer shuts down.

– ROM (permanent)

• Contents do not change.

3-66

The Central Processing Unit

The Central Processing Unit ( CPU)• Often referred to as the “brain” of the computer.

• Responsible for controlling all activities of the computer system.

• The three major components of the CPU are:1. Arithmetic Unit (Computations performed)

Accumulator (Results of computations kept here)

2. Control Unit (Has two locations where numbers are kept)

Instruction Register (Instruction placed here for analysis)

Program Counter (Which instruction will be performed next?)

3. Instruction Decoding Unit (Decodes the instruction)

• Motherboard: The place where most of the electronics including the CPU are mounted.

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Output Devices

Output units store and display information (calculated results and other messages) for us to see and use.• Floppy disk drives and Hard disk drives.

• Display monitors: Hi-resolution monitors come in two types:

– Cathode ray tube (CRT) - Streams of electrons make phosphors glow on a large vacuum tube.

– Liquid crystal display (LCD) - A flat panel display that uses crystals to let varying amounts of different colored light to pass through it.

• Developed primarily for portable computers.

3-68

Output Devices

Audio Output Devices• Windows machines need special audio card for audio output.

• Macintosh has audio playback built in.

• Audio output is useful for:

– Music

• CD player is a computer.

• Most personal computers have CD players that can access both music CDs and CD-ROMs.

– Voice synthesis (becoming more human sounding.)

– Multimedia

– Specialized tasks (i.e.: elevator’s floor announcements)

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Output Devices

Optical Disks: CD-ROM and DVD• CD-ROM (Compact Disk - Read Only Memory)

– By its definition, CD-ROM is Read Only.

– Special CD drives “burn” information into blank CDs.

• Burn: A laser is used to “burn” craters into the surface to represent a binary 1.

• Two main types of CDs:

» CD-R (Compact Disk - Recordable)

» CD-WR (Compact Disk - ReWritable)

– It takes longer to write to a CD-R than a hard drive.

– Special software is needed to record.

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Output Devices

DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)• Allows up to 17 gigabytes of storage (from 4.7 GB to 17 GB).

• Compatible with older CD-ROM technology.

• The four versions of the DVD:

3-71

Output Devices

Storage Requirements: How much storage capacity is needed for…

• One keystroke on a keyboard. 1 byte (8 bits)• One page single-spaced document. 4.0 K• Nineteen pages formatted text. 75 K• One second of high-fidelity sound. 95-110 K• Complete word processing program. 8.4 MG

Storage Capacity: How much data can be stored on…• One inch of 1/2 in. wide magnetic tape. 4 K• One 3 1/2” floppy disk, high density. 1.4 MG• One Compact Disk. 650 MG• One DVD. up to 17 GB

3-72

Moving InformationWithin the Computer

How do binary numerals move into, out of, and within the computer?• Information is moved about in bytes, or multiple bytes called

words.

– Words are the fundamental units of information.

– The number of bits per word may vary per computer.

– A word length for most large IBM computers is 32 bits:

3-73


Bits that compose a word are passed in parallel from place to place.

• Ribbon cables: – Consist of several wires,

molded together.– One wire for each bit of

the word or byte.– Additional wires

coordinate the activity of moving information.

– Each wire sends information in the form of a voltage pulse.

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Example of sending the word WOW over the ribbon cable

• Voltage pulses corresponding to the ASCII codes would pass through the cable.

3-75

Packaging the Computer

The many physical forms of the general purpose computer:

• All follow general organization:

– Primary memory

– Input units

– Output units

– Central Processing Unit

• Grouped according to speed, cost, size, and complexity.

Super Computers

Mainframe Computers

Minicomputers

Microcomputer

Palmtop Computer

Calculator

Fast Expensive Complex Large

Slow Cheap Simple Small

The Computer Continuum 3-76

Software Tools for Maintaining Your Computer Hardware

Utility Programs exist that can help diagnose and solve computer hardware problems.

• Four major problem areas where utility programs are helpful:

– Finding and fixing problems.• Testing Input/Output peripherals.

• Testing RAM, motherboard, video cards.

• Recovering deleted files or fixing damaged disks.

– Improving computer performance.• De-fragmenting a disk (Packs all files closer together).

– Preventative maintenance.

– Troubleshooting.• Locates incompatible programs.

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The Pencil and Paper Computer

Parts of a typical General-purpose Computer:

CPU (Central Processing Unit)1. Arithmetic Unit (Computations performed)

Accumulator (Results of computations accumulated here)

2. Control UnitInstruction Register (Instruction placed here for analysis)Program Counter (Which instruction will be performed next?)


InputUnits Output

Units

Memory Devices

5-78


Parts of the Pencil & Paper Computer (a conceptual computer):

CPU (Central Processing Unit)1. Arithmetic Unit (Computations performed)

Accumulator-14 bits long (largest number is

4095) 2. Control Unit (Analyzes and performs instructions)

Instruction Register Program Counter - Next instruction found where?


InputUnit:

Pencil

OutputUnit:

Paper

Memory Devices

5-79

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

5-80


The Pencil & Paper Instruction Format:• Operation Code (Opcode) - Dictates action by Pencil &

Paper Computer.

• Operand (Argument) - The address of a position in memory.

Pencil & Paper Instruction

Operation Code(3 BITS)

Operand(5 BITS)

5-81


The Pencil & Paper Instruction Set:• A unique set of commands to be used only when

programming the Pencil & Paper Computer.Opcode English Action taken by command001 ADD Add the contents of the referenced memory location to the

value in the accumulator.010 SUB Subtract the contents of the referenced memory location

from the value found in the accumulator.011 LOAD Load a copy of the value of the referenced memory location

into the accumulator.100 STORE Store a copy of the contents of the accumulator into the

referenced memory location.101 READ Read a value from the keyboard and store it at the

referenced memory location.110 PRINT Print the value found at the referenced memory location.111 PJUMP Jump to the referenced memory location if the value of the

accumulator is a positive nonzero number.000 STOP This causes the computer to stop execution of the program.

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Process for writing Pencil & Paper Computer programs:1. Read the problem.

2. Determine the algorithm.

– Break the problem down into steps.

– What will be needed as input?

– What will be needed to be computed?

– What is the desired output?

3. Write an outline of the steps.

4. Write the program.

5. Trace through the program.

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Problem: Write a program that sums 2 numbers read in from the “user.”

2. Determine the algorithm.• Input: Read in 2 numbers.• Computations: Add the two numbers together.• Output: Print out the sum of the 2 numbers.

3. Outline:• Read in 2 numbers.• Add the 2 numbers.• Print the Sum.

4. Write the program.

5-84


Problem: Write a program that sums 2 numbers read in from the “user.”

Program:READ NUM1

READ NUM2

LOAD NUM1

ADD NUM2

STORE SUM

PRINT SUM

STOP

Memory:

Accumulator:

Output:

Num1 Num2 Sum

Trace the program.

5-85


Problem: Write a program that prints the counting numbers from 5 down to 1.

ONE: 1COUNT: 5START: PRINT COUNT

LOAD COUNTSUB ONESTORE COUNTPJUMP STARTSTOP

Memory:

Accumulator:

Output:

Count One

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The fetch and execute cycle:

Start Program at the desired location.

Fetch an instruction from program memory at current program counter location

Increment counter to next locationin the program memory.

Execute the instruction whichwas just fetched.

Stop

Is theInstruction the STOP

Instruction?

YES NO

Chapter 4

Installing and Using Windows 9x

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You Will Learn…

• About the different versions and architecture of Windows 9x

• How to install and use Windows 9x

• How to install hardware and applications with Windows 9x

• How to manage hard drives, floppy disks, and memory with Windows 9x

• How to get help from Microsoft

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Windows 9x Versions and Architecture

• Windows 95

• Windows 95 Service Release 2 (SR2)

• Windows 98

• Windows 98 Second Edition (SE)

• Windows Me (Millennium Edition)

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How Windows 98 Differs from Windows 95

• Basically the same OS Same core components Same fundamental services to software, hardware, and user

• Added features and tools FAT32 Support for USB and DVD New system tools to monitor and improve system

performance New hardware support Additional Web tools

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Windows Me

• Does not include option to boot to DOS command prompt in the Start menu

• Does not allow real-mode device drivers and TSRs to be loaded from Config.sys and Autoexec.bat

• New troubleshooting tools System Restore System File Protection

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Windows 9x Architecture

• Core components Shell

• User component• Graphics Device Interface (GDI)

Kernel

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Virtual Machines

• Set of resources made available to an application through predefined application programming interface calls (APIs)

• Multiple logical machines within one physical machine

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• Modular approach divides functions into separate program groups; makes each component easier to update and implement

• Components of Windows 9x Virtual Machine Manager (VMM) Installable File System (IFS) manager Configuration Manager Win32 Driver Model (WDM) driver manager

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Windows 9x

• Supports 16-bit drivers, but best to use32-bit drivers Faster Can be stored in extended memory Can be dynamically loaded Can share data with other 32-bit applications;

better designed; make better use of OS resources

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Contents of Windows 9x CD

• Files for: Installing the OS Customizing configuration of OS Configuring and optimizing the desktop Network administration Diagnosing and troubleshooting system errors File management

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Preparing for Installation: Hardware Requirements

Windows 95 Windows 98

Processor 486DX, 25 MHz or higher

486DX, 66 MHz or higher

RAM 4 MB (8 MB recommended)

24 MB (32 MB recommended)

Hard disk storage

40 to 45 MB 140 to 315 MB

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Types of Installations

• Clean install May need to change boot order in CMOS Comes on a set of floppy disks or on a CD

• Upgrade install

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Installing 9x as an Upgrade

• Verify hard drive space

• Run ScanDisk and antivirus software

• Save configuration files (Windows 3.x)

• Check Config.sys and Autoexec.bat for potential problems

• Disable TSRs that might cause problems

• Verify network connection is working

• Create rescue disk (from Windows 95 to 98)• Put swap file on drive compressed with protected-mode

software

• Decide whether to use FAT16 or FAT32

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Installation Process from Setup Screen

• Setup options Typical Portable Compact Custom

• Begins in real mode; switches to protected mode• Records information in log files

Setuplog.txt Detlog.txt Detcrash.log

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Customizing Setup

• Information about the installation can be stored in information files (.inf), then used to do an automatic, hands-free installation

• Can add switches to Setup.exe command that starts the setup process

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Switches for Setup Command

104/33continued…

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Windows 9x Installations Problems and Solutions

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Configuring Windows 9x Startup with Msdos.sys

• Msdos.sys contains several parameters that affect how OS boots AutoScan, BootMulti, BootWin, BootGUI,

BootMenu, BootMenuDefault, BootMenuDelay, BootKeys, BootDelay, Logo, Drvspace, DoubleBuffer, Network, BootFailSafe, BootWarn, LoadTop

• To edit Msdos.sys, first change file attributes

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Downloading and Installing Updates for Windows 9x

• Access Microsoft Web site by clicking Windows Update on Start menu

Keystroke Shortcuts in Windows

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Managing the Windows 9x Desktop

• Make applications automatically load at startup

• Create shortcuts to files and applications User clicks an icon to load software

• Make environment more user-friendly

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File Attributes

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Installing Hardware with Windows 9x

• Adding new hardware

• Installing 16-bit and 32-bit device drivers

• Plug and Play support

• Installing and using device drivers under Windows9x Use Add New Hardware Wizard Select from a list of devices to use a Windows driver or

click Have Disk to use your own drivers

• View and change current device drivers from the Control Panel

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Installing a CD-ROM Drive with Windows 9x

• Most manufacturers assume that Windows will provide 32-bit drivers and ship accompanying floppy disk only with 16-bit drivers

• Use 16-bit drivers if hard drive has failed and you are booting from the rescue disk Rescue disk created in Windows 98 automatically includes

16-bit drivers Rescue disk created in Windows 95 does not automatically

include 16-bit drivers, but you can add them

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Plug and Play Hardware Installations

• Criteria System BIOS must be PnP All hardware devices and expansion cards must be

PnP-compliant OS must support PnP (eg, Windows 9x) A 32-bit device driver (VxD) must be available

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Installing Applications in Windows 9x

• Preparing for software installation Check available resources Protect original software Back up registry and system configuration files

• Performing software installations Use Add/Remove Programs icon from Control Panel After installation is complete and software is working,

update backup copies of:• Autoexec.bat• Config.sys• System.ini• Win.ini• Registry

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Installing Applications in Windows 9x

• Troubleshooting software installations Delete all files and folders under \Windows\Temp Look at Readme.htm hypertext file in \Windows

directory

• Supporting DOS applications under Windows 9x Use Properties feature of DOS program file, which will:

• Create an individual PIF file for the program file• Serve as the PIF editor

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Real Mode vs. Virtual Real Mode

• An OS that supports protected mode can allow a 16-bit program that is written to work in real mode to run in virtual real mode

• In virtual real mode, the program “thinks” that: It is the only program running It has all memory available to it It accesses data using a 16-bit data path

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Memory Management with Device Drivers in Windows 9x

• Major improvements New level of 32-bit protected mode drivers Frees up more conventional and upper memory; no

longer uses Smartdrv.exe or Share.exe

• Managing memory for 16-bit drivers

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Windows 9x Swap File

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Virtual Machine Manager (VMM)

• Manages memory paging, which involves swapping blocks of memory stored in RAM to the hard drive

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Chapter Summary

• How Windows 9x is structured and used

• How Windows 9x works with various software programs and hardware devices

3 computer hardware and fundamentals edited for 1st sem

Technology

central processing unit

virtual real mode

referenced memory location

hard disk drives

instruction decoding unit

paper computer problem

generation fourth generation

storing binary information