3D printingThe Manufacturing Revolution

Team CrocsFernando ComengeIrina GruzdevaDirk NuberMax SauvageauFrancisca Zanoguera

Download Product Data• From CAD files

Customize to your own preference

Send information to a (desktop or shop floor)machine

Object manufactured in the machine

WHAT IS “3D PRINTING” OR “ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING”?3D printing is an additive method to manufacture objects, in contrast with traditional methods which are subtractive. This, together with the fine resolution of 3D printers, allow to build objects that could not exist otherwise.

HOW DOES IT WORK?

In 3D printing materials (metal and ceramic powders, thermoplastics, alloy metals, paper, plaster, etc.) are thinly layered to build the object as determined by cross-sections of a 3D computer model.

WHAT CAN BE MANUFACTURED WITH 3D PRINTING?Product is build layer by layer (from 4 microns to 10 millimeters thick), allowing to:

Build all sizes of objects Build highly complex objects

Technology

Additive technologies Base materials

Selective laser sintering (SLS) Thermoplastics, metals powders, ceramic powders

Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) Almost any alloy metal

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) Thermoplastics, eutectic metals

Stereolithography (SLA) Photopolymer

Laminated object manufacturing (LOM)

Paper, foil, plastic film

Electron beam melting (EBM) Titanium alloys

Powder bed and inkjet head 3d printingPlaster-based 3D printing (PP)

Plaster, Colored Plaster

Current technology options

CUSTOMER (Professional or Domestic)

3D MODELLING SOFTWARE COMPANIES

• Creation of CAD files

3D PRINTING SERVICES COMPANIES

• Focus: hobbyists, designers, engineers, inventors, artists

• Customized and on-demand products

3D PRINTERS COMPANIES• Focus: hobbyist, educational, industry

• sell of raw materials FINAL PRODUCT

CUSTOMI ZED

IN-HOUSE

OUTSOURCED

The Players

B2B B2C

Architects and Development

Modeling

End Use Parts Manufacturing

Industrial and Mechanical Design

& Prototyping

Automobile Industry

In-house Design (ornamental

subjects).

Art and Fashion, Jewelry Design .

Academics and Education

Medicine and Stomatology

Design Industries

Current B2B & B2C applications

Additive vs. traditional subtractive manufacturing implies: o Just-in-timeo Less/no inventoryo Order in bulko Economies of scale disappear, everything becomes customizableo Reduces waste, moulding residualo No need for assembly (complex pieces are built already assembled)o Manufacturing becomes local

o Opportunities as much for mature companies (HEwlett-Packard, Canon, Kodak) to rejuvenate operationso Disruptive for actual players like AMZN: no need to get spare parts delivered at homeo Disruptive for home improvement stores: big push for DIYo Each part of object can be just catalogued instead of mass produced: when part breaks user goes on maker

website, enters makes & models of machines, types in serial number of broken part, obtains the blue print, uploads in the printer, "prints" the new part, then install the new part. Or even just print a new machine!

Business impactIMPACT ON MANUFACTURING PRACTICES

vs

IMPACT ON CURRENT BUSINESS MODELS

2012

3D printing can bypass most of the manufacturing value chain

Design

• Impossible designs become possible

Material sourcing

• “Printable” materials become more valuable

• New businesses sell ready-for-print materials

Prototyping

• Faster product cycles

• Labor and materials cost reductions

Manufacturing

• Economies of scale become less relevant

• Labor costs reduction (manufacturing and assembly)

Distribution

• Distribution is bypassed once everyone can print at home

The manufacturing revolution

Online design store

3D printing will make manufacturing costs go down dramatically:• Reduces need for assembly as complex, fully-assembled designs can be printed directly• Eliminates prototyping costs and initial set up costs• Eliminates material spoilage (as compared to subtractive methods)• Reduces inventories• Eliminates distribution costs

Supply Chain Revolution

NEW

OLD

A world full of 3D printers

From To Consequences

Macroeconomics

• Manufacturing delocalization to emerging countries.

• High transaction costs.

• Manufacturing becoming fully local and automated.

• Emerging countries will need to find other income sources.

• International tensions?

Value chain

• Value in manufacturing and distribution.

• Customization is expensive.

• Value in raw materials, design, high-tech products and services.

• Customization is cheap.

• Manufacturing and distribution companies will have to quickly adapt or will disappear.

Technology

• Innovation restricted to professionals with access to prototyping technology.

• Open source innovation. • Online communities co-

developing new product and technologies.

• Major technological leap forward.

• Major applications and innovations that we cannot imagine today.

Information

• Go shopping to choose objects.

• Lot of time spent physically moving from shop to shop.

• Online search for designs (find a needle in a haystack).

• Time spent browsing designs online.

• Information search services needed more than ever (e.g. Google).

• Those companies now also know what we own/make.

Tomorrow…

We will travel in 3D printed, transparent airplanes…

…and will live in 3D-printed houses with 3D-printed furniture

… and in 3D-printed cars…

Everyone will be able to play on a Stradivarius…

…and finding replacement organs will not be a problem any more

• Economies:– economic value of things produced in 3D printers. – economy of scale for printers? – Additional step e.g. production of titanium powder– Slow and complicated process – low level of automation

• Next automation step in manufacturing– Job losses: Labor intense steps rationalize (e.g. foundries)– Training of workers in new fields (3D modeling, rendering,

programming)– Assembly remains as is (e.g. cars) but with changes

• Complex and perfectly accurate structures reduce e.g. weight but also don't leave margins for errors.

• Need for completely new fields of material sciences: find printable materials which replace conventional materials with same characteristics

• Challenge: Shift from conventional modeling to software modeling: Different requirements, loss of “touchy feeling”

• Loss of artistic areas of modeling: need for computer design know-how• Resistance of conventional manufacturing industry

Challenges and limitations

• Health impact – fine powders

• New and unknown characteristics of materials: – Material science unknown– Durability, strength, hardness?– Quality control in complex structures

• Weapons: no limits?• Ethical issues: organ printing• New levels of Piracy: patent right violations of designs and

products • Security:

– Can everybody produce any key. Are locks safe at all any more?

– Current example: skimming of ATM's with 3D printed tools– Identity theft: finger print scanners or retina scans. Accurate

imitations possible?

Risks

Conclusions

o 3D-printing will change the world at least as much as the Internet has changed it

o The current manufacturing business model will soon become obsolete which will imply: o important disruptions to the economy of emerging countries and therefore to

the world economyo manufacturing will go local again

o The democratization of manufacturing will stimulate major leaps forward in technology:o as more people will have easy access to design and experimentation (open-

source manufacturing)o additive manufacturing brings the possibility to create new material structures

that were previously not possible o new applications/consequences that we cannot yet imagine today

o As the world starts to change, major business opportunities will arise

Appendix

Company Price range FocusProduct

lineMax build size (in) Website

$10,000 - $80,000Hobbyist, Educational, Industry

11 models 21.7" x 15.5" x 11.8" http://printin3d.com

$15,000 - $30,000Educational, Industry

5 models 10" x 10" x 12"http://dimensionprinting.com

$35,000 - $100,000 Industry 6 models 28.3" x 14.9" x 14.9"http://www.eos.info/en/home.html

$20,000 - $60,000Educational, Industry

9 models 19" x 15" x 8" http://objet.com

$800 - $2,500 Hobbyist 2 models10.75" x 10.75" x 7.25"

http://bitsfrombytes.com

$1,300 - $2,500 Hobbyist 1 model 3.8" x 4.3" x 4.5" http://makerbots.com

$800 - $1,500 Hobbyist 3 models 5.5" x 5.5" x 5.25" http://pp3dp.com

$2,500 - $6,500Educational, Industry

4 models 36" x 24" x 36" http://fortus.com

$1,100 - $1,400 Hobbyist 2 models 8" x 8" x 5.5" http://botmill.com

$16,000 - $21,000Educational, Small Business

2 models 8" x 6" x 6"http://uprint3dprinting.com

3D PRINTER BRANDS

Source: https://3dprinterhub.com

3D SOFTWARE

Company PricePower

VersatilitySupport

# File Formats

OS Compatibility

Website

$3,500 Top-of-the-lineDocumentation, Forum, 3rd Party Tutorials

38 Windows, Machttp://usa.autodesk.com/3ds-max

$300-$1000 Very strong Wiki, Blog 30Windows, Mac (beta)

http://www.rhino3d.com

Free - $100 ModerateForum/Blog, Free Tutorials

2Windows, Mac, Linux/Wine

http://sketchup.google.com

Free Basic-ModerateStrong Community

18Windows, Mac, Linux, Free BSD

http://www.blender.org

$4000-$6000

Top-of-the-lineExtensive Documentation

36Windows, Mac, Linux

http://usa.autodesk.com/autocad/

$200 ModerateFree tutorials, paid support

standard .STL

Window, Mac (w/emulator)

http://www.alibre.com

Free Basic FAQsstandard .STL

Browser-basedhttps://tinkercad.com

Free Basic Communitystandard .STL

Browser-basedhttp://www.3dtin.com

Source: https://3dprinterhub.com

Information sources

http://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2012/07/11/airbus-explores-a-future-where-planes-are-built-with-giant-3d-printers/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-15007018http://www.3dprinter.net/a-printable-house-in-the-forests-of-denmarkhttp://www.explainingthefuture.com/bioprinting.html