3. from personality traits to election prediction – an ... · social media research 2000-2013 0...
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3. From personality traits to
election prediction – an overview of current
approaches in social media research
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Weller, K. (2015). Accepting the challenges of social media research. Online Information Review, 39(3), 281-289. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/OIR-03-2015-0069
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2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
YouTube
Blogs
Wikis
Foursquare
MySpace
Number of publications per year, which mention the respective social media platform‘s name in their title. Scopus Title Search. http://kwelle.wordpress.com/2014/04/07/bibliometric-analysis-of-social-media-research/
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Model organisms in social media research?
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism#/media/File:Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_(aka).jpg
Tufekci, Z. 2014. Big Questions for Social Media Big Data: Representativeness, Validity and Other Methodological Pitfalls. In Proceedings of the Eighth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM).
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Reasons?
Accessibility
Legal framework
Ethical framework
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The social media research landscape
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Social media research – some insights from bibliometrics
Scopus
Web of Science
Google Scholar
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457,000
4,991 19,440
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Scopus 21,000 titles from more than 5,000 international publishers, 20,000 peer-
reviewed journals (including 2,600 open access journals), 390 trade publications, 370 book series, 5.5 million conference papers
(TITLE-ABS-KEY("social media") OR TITLE-ABS-KEY("social web") OR TITLE-ABS-KEY("social software") OR TITLE-ABS-KEY("web 2.0")) AND PUBYEAR > 1999
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Social media research 2000-2013
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1000
2000
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4000
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2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
No. of publications (Scopus)
Scopus search, conducted March 2014: (TITLE-ABS-KEY("social media") OR TITLE-ABS-KEY("social web") OR TITLE-ABS-KEY("social software") OR TITLE-ABS-KEY("web 2.0")) AND PUBYEAR > 1999
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Scopus: 2000-2013 by country
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
United States
United Kingdom
Germany
Australia
China
Spain
Canada
Italy
France
Taiwan
Netherlands
South Korea
Finland
Austria
Japan
Greece
India
Singapore
Switzerland
Hong Kong
Ireland
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Scopus: 2000-2013 by subject area
10650; 36%
5542; 19%
2384
2288
2151
1535
773
772
65
Computer Science
Social Sciences
Engineering
Medicine
Business, Management and Accounting
Mathematics
Arts and Humanities
Decision Sciences
Psychology
Nursing
Economics, Econometrics and Finance
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Health Professions
Environmental Science
Earth and Planetary Sciences
Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Physics and Astronomy
Materials Science
Multidisciplinary
Neuroscience
Immunology and Microbiology
Chemical Engineering
Veterinary
Dentistry
Chemistry
Energy
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Scopus: 2000-2013 popular keywords
Social networks (897), Social network (657)
User interfaces (1,007)
Social networking (online) (2,291)
Facebook (847)
Knowledge management (860)
Web services (869) Information systems (810)
Twitter (667)
Semantics(765), Semantic Web(669)
Communication(650)
Information technology (639)
E-learning (623), Students(579) Education(520) Teaching (504)
Scopus search, conducted March 2014: (TITLE-ABS-KEY("social media") OR TITLE-ABS-KEY("social web") OR TITLE-ABS-KEY("social software") OR TITLE-ABS-KEY("web 2.0")) AND PUBYEAR > 1999
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Social Media Research: Topics
Political communication / elections Activism Popular culture, memes Brand communication, marketing Journalism (incl. agenda setting, citizen journalism, TV
backchannel) Crisis communication, disaster response Scholarly communication Language And many more
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WoS
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WoS: 2000-2013 by year
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
WoS publications
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Scopus and WoS: 2000-2013 by year
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
WoS
Scopus
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WoS: 2000-2013 by research areas
1157; 24%
835; 17%
586; 12%
583; 12%
492; 10%
328; 7%
234; 5%
212; 5%
199; 4%
168; 4%
COMPUTER SCIENCE
INFORMATION SCIENCE LIBRARY SCIENCE
BUSINESS ECONOMICS
COMMUNICATION
EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
ENGINEERING
PSYCHOLOGY
HEALTH CARE SCIENCES SERVICES
SOCIAL SCIENCES OTHER TOPICS
SOCIOLOGY
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Google Scholar
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What is being studied – in the social sciences?
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Scopus: Social sciences 2000-2013
5,542
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Scopus: 2000-2013
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
Scopus total
Scopus social sciance
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0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
United StatesUnited Kingdom
AustraliaSpain
CanadaGermany
ChinaNetherlands
ItalyTaiwan
SwedenFinlandFrance
Hong KongNew Zealand
SingaporeSouth Korea
GreeceIndia
AustriaTurkey
DenmarkMalaysia
BrazilIreland
SwitzerlandBelgium
IsraelPortugal
South AfricaJapan
RomaniaNorwayMexicoEstonia
HungaryNigeria
Colombia
Scopus: 2000-2013
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Scopus: 2000-2013
Article; 3858; 70%
Conference Paper; 983; 18%
Review; 301; 5%
Article in Press;
135; 2%
Editorial; 61; 1%
Book Chapter; 57; 1%
Conference Review; 53; 1% Note; 37; 1%
Short Survey; 36; 1%
Letter; 10; 0%
Book; 9; 0%
Erratum; 2; 0%
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Scopus: 2000-2013 popular keywords (social science)
Web 2.0(1,466) Social media(1,364) Internet(552) World Wide Web(448) Social networking (online)(300) Students(277) E-learning(275) Facebook(248) Teaching(226) Information systems(213) Twitter(210) Human(199) Humans(196) Education(188)
Communication(179) Social software(177) Technology(177) Article(172) Social networking(170) Social networks(167) Social Media(166) Engineering education(160) Research(149) Knowledge management(137) Blogs(131) Higher education(128) Information technology(119) Social network(119) Web services(119)
Social Networks(101) Learning(96) User interfaces(96) Collaborative learning(95) Collaboration(94) Websites(91) Social networking sites(90) Wiki(86) Libraries(84) Methodology(84) Curricula(77) Innovation(77) Learning systems(74) Marketing(74) Blogging(73) Design(71) Male(71) Academic libraries(70) Virtual reality(70) Female(68) Privacy(68)
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Top journals (social science papers)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Information Communication and Society
Public Relations Review
Econtent
Profesional De La Informacion
Proceedings of the Asist Annual Meeting
New Media and Society
First Monday
Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences
18th Americas Conference on Information Systems…
Cutting Edge Technologies in Higher Education
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Examples: top cited papers and topics
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Top cited papers (more than 100 citations)
Authors Title Year Source title Cited by
Boulos, M.N.K., Wheeler, S. The emerging Web 2.0 social software: An enabling suite of sociable technologies in health and health care education 2007
Health Information and Libraries Journal 304
Adamic, L., Adar, E. How to search a social network 2005 Social Networks 208
Greenhow, C., Robelia, B., Hughes, J.E.
Learning, teaching, and scholarship in a digital age: Web 2.0 and classroom research: What path should we take now? 2009 Educational Researcher 166
Xiang, Z., Gretzel, U. Role of social media in online travel information search 2010 Tourism Management 146
Wheeler, S., Yeomans, P., Wheeler, D.
The good, the bad and the wiki: Evaluating student-generated content for collaborative learning 2008
British Journal of Educational Technology 117
Waters, R.D., Burnett, E., Lamm, A., Lucas, J.
Engaging stakeholders through social networking: How nonprofit organizations are using Facebook 2009 Public Relations Review 116
Ajjan, H., Hartshorne, R. Investigating faculty decisions to adopt Web 2.0 technologies: Theory and empirical tests 2008
Internet and Higher Education 114
Ritzer, G., Jurgenson, N. Production, Consumption, Prosumption: The nature of capitalism in the age of the digital 'prosumer' 2010
Journal of Consumer Culture 113
Marwick, A.E., Boyd, D. I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience 2011 New Media and Society 111
Maness, J.M. Library 2.0 theory: Web 2.0 and its implications for libraries 2006 Webology 110
Bertot, J.C., Jaeger, P.T., Grimes, J.M.
Using ICTs to create a culture of transparency: E-government and social media as openness and anti-corruption tools for societies 2010
Government Information Quarterly 109
Beldarrain, Y. Distance education trends: Integrating new technologies to foster student interaction and collaboration 2006 Distance Education 109
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Top cited papers: topics
1. Email analysis; Online communities; Small world experiment; Social networks
2. Classroom research; Computers and learning; Educational reform; Instructional technologies; Research methodology; Technology
3. Internet marketing; Online tourism domain; Search engine; Social media; Travel information search
4. Facebook; Nonprofit organizations; Social media; Social networking
5. Decomposed theory of planned behavior; Emerging technologies; Factor analysis; Faculty adoption; Faculty perceptions; Web 2.0
6. Consumption; Facebook; Prosumption; Social networking sites; Web 2.0
7. audience; context; identity; micro-celebrity; self-presentation; social media; Twitter
8. Blog; Library 2.0; Mashup; RSS; Social network; Streaming media; Tagging; Web 2.0; Wiki
9. E-government; ICT; Social media; Transparency
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Examples: Topics by years
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Topics 2012 (keywords used more than ten times)
Social media(418), Web 2.0(272), Internet(107), Social networking (online)(84), Information systems(73), Social Media(72), Human(68), Humans(68), World Wide Web(67), Facebook(62), Students(61), Article(57), Twitter(56), E-learning(50), Social networks(45), Engineering education(43), Communication(38), Social network(35), Research(34), Teaching(33), Social networking(31), Education(30), Methodology(30), Female(29), Male(29), Social Networks(29), Higher education(27), Technology(26), Information technology(25), Adult(24), Learning(21), Collaboration(20), Knowledge management(20), Psychological aspect(20), Social networking sites(20), Academic libraries(19), Collaborative learning(19), Social Networking(19), Websites(19), Blogging(17), Learning systems(17), Marketing(17), United States(17), User-generated content(17), Wiki(17), Blogs(16), Surveys(16), Innovation(15), Libraries(15), Mass media(15), Social sciences computing(15), YouTube(15), New media(14), Privacy(14), Public relations(14), University(14), Computer aided instruction(13), Content analysis(13), Microblogging(13), Motivation(13), Public diplomacy(13), Student(13), Universities(13), Egypt(12), Informal learning(12), Online learning(12), Social movements(12), Young Adult(12), Blog(11), Canada(11), Data mining(11), Democracy(11), GIS(11), Media role(11), Nursing education(11), Participation(11), Personal learning environment(11), Social learning(11), Social software(11), Virtual reality(11), Web services(11)
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Topics 2013 (keywords used more than ten times)
Social media(512) , Web 2.0(171), Internet(134), Facebook(99), Twitter(96), Social networking (online)(76), Communication(50), Social Media(50), Social network(49), Human(47), World Wide Web(47), Humans(43), Article(36), Students(35), Social networking(34), Social networks(34), Teaching(33), E-learning(28), Information technology(27); Higher education(26), Politics(26), Education(24), Marketing(24), Research(24), Technology(24), Mass media(23), Methodology(23), Male(22), Public relations(22), Privacy(21), Female(20), Media role(20), Social networking sites(20), Computer aided instruction(19), Academic libraries(18), Engineering education(18), Knowledge management(18), United States(18), YouTube(18), Blog(17), Media(17), Blogs(16), Collaboration(16), Industry(16), Libraries(16), Social software(16); Websites(16), Wiki(16), Adult(15), Arab Spring(15), Commerce(15), Learning(15), New media(15), Activism(14), Collaborative learning(13), Ethics(13), GIS(13), Gender(13), Journalism(13), Participation(13), Youth(13), Blogging(12), Content Analysis(12), Data mining(12), Interactivity(12), Library 2.0(12), Psychological aspect(12), Social Networks(12), Surveys(12), China(11), Information systems(11), Political participation(11), Tools(11), Web services(11)
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Examples: Topics by platforms
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Facebook in case studies
Egypt
Students (impression management)
Education
Health (alcohol, tobacco, depression)
Protests
Sociality, connectivity
Cultural differences
Dating, intimacy, emotional disclosure
Customers
Games
African American users
Gender
Language use
Music industry
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Twitter in case studies Elections (prediction)
Public debate
Activism
Non-profit organizations
Journalists
Agenda setting
Government
E-learning, classroom, academic libraries
Individual pesonality
Literacy
Geo-corpora
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YouTube in case studies
Government
Education
Medical education
Promotion, marketing (Tobacco marketing)
Libraries
Arab spring
Fan culture
Media economy
Politics
Online protests
Tourism
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Blogs in case studies
eGovernment Politics, Protests Education (language education) Music industry Customers/ marketing Travel, tourism Journalism Writers and audiences Discursive analysis Adolescent bloggers Blogshops, art & design, creativity Libraries Blogs and podcasts Health and daily life
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Wikipedia in case studies
Education
Speech acts (language analysis)
Collaboration
Libraries
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Elections
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Highly cited
Larsson A.O., Moe H. (2012). Studying political microblogging: Twitter users in the 2010 Swedish election campaign. New Media and Society, 14(5), 729-747.
Jungherr A., Jurgens P., Schoen H. (2012). Why the pirate party won the German election of 2009 or the trouble with predictions: A response to tumasjan, A., sprenger, T. O., sander, P. G., & welpe, I. M. "predicting elections with twitter: What 140 characters reveal about political sentiment". Social Science Computer Review, 30(2), 229-234.
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Spotlight twitter and elections
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10
20
30
40
50
60
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Twitter and elections (Scopus and Web of Science)
Weller, K. (2014). Twitter und Wahlen: Zwischen 140 Zeichen und Milliarden von Tweets. In: R. Reichert (Ed.), Big Data: Analysen zum digitalen Wandel von Wissen, Macht und Ökonomie (pp. 239-257). Bielefeld: transcript.
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Year of election
Name of election Country/region No. of papers (2013)
Date of election
2008 40th Canadian General Election Canada 1 14.10.2008
2009 European Parliament election, 2009 Europe 1 07.06.2009
2009 German federal election, 2009 Germany 2 27.09.2009
2010 2010 UK general election United Kingdom 4 06.05.2010
2010 South Korean local elections, 2010 South Korea 1 02.06.2010
2010 Dutch general election, 2010 Netherlands 2 09.06.2010
2010 Australian federal election, 2010 Australia 1 21.08.2010
2010 Swedish general election, 2010 Sweden 1 19.09.2010
2010 Midterm elections / United States House of Representatives elections, 2010 USA 4 02.11.2010
2010 Gubernational elections: Georgia USA 1 02.11.2010
2010 Gubernational elections: Ohio USA 1 02.11.2010
2010 Gubernational elections: Rhode Island USA 1 02.11.2010
2010 Gubernational elections: Vermont USA 1 02.11.2010
2010 2010 superintendent elections South Korea 1 17.12.2010
2011 Baden-Württemberg state election, 2011 Germany 1 27.03.2011
2011 Rhineland-Palatinate state election, 2011 Germany 1 27.03.2011
2011 Scottish parliament election 2011 Scotland 1 05.05.2011
2011 Singapore’s 16th parliamentary General Election Singapore 1 07.05.2011
2011 Norwegian local elections, 2011 Norway 2 12.09.2011
2011 2011 Danish parliamentary election Denmark 2 15.09.2011
2011 Berlin state election, 2011 Germany 2 18.09.2011
2011 Gubernational elections: West Virginia USA 1 04.10.2011
2011 Gubernational elections: Louisiana USA 1 22.10.2011
2011 Swiss federal election, 2011 Switzerland 1 23.10.2011
2011 2011 Seoul mayoral elections South Korea 1 26.10.2011
2011 Gubernational eletions: Kentucky USA 1 08.11.2011
2011 Gubernational elections: Mississippi USA 1 08.11.2011
2011 Spanish national election 2011 Spain 1 20.11.2011
2012 Queensland State election Australia 1 24.03.2012
2012 South Korean legislative election, 2012 South Korea 1 11.04.2012
2012 French presidential election, 2012 France 2 22.04.2012
2012 Mexican general election, 2012 Mexico 1 01.07.2012
2012 United States presidential election, 2012 / United States House of Representatives elections, 2012
USA 17 06.11.2012
2012 South Korean presidential election, 2012 South Korea 2 19.12.2012
2013 Ecuadorian general election, 2013 Ecuador 1 17.02.2013
2013 Venezuelan presidential election, 2013 Venezuela 1 14.04.2013
2013 Paraguayan general election, 2013 Paraguay 1 21.04.2013
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Year of election
Name of election Country/region No. of papers (2013)
Date of election
2008 40th Canadian General Election Canada 1 14.10.2008
2009 European Parliament election, 2009 Europe 1 07.06.2009
2009 German federal election, 2009 Germany 2 27.09.2009
2010 2010 UK general election United Kingdom 4 06.05.2010
2010 South Korean local elections, 2010 South Korea 1 02.06.2010
2010 Dutch general election, 2010 Netherlands 2 09.06.2010
2010 Australian federal election, 2010 Australia 1 21.08.2010
2010 Swedish general election, 2010 Sweden 1 19.09.2010
2010 Midterm elections / United States House of Representatives elections, 2010 USA 4 02.11.2010
2010 Gubernational elections: Georgia USA 1 02.11.2010
2010 Gubernational elections: Ohio USA 1 02.11.2010
2010 Gubernational elections: Rhode Island USA 1 02.11.2010
2010 Gubernational elections: Vermont USA 1 02.11.2010
2010 2010 superintendent elections South Korea 1 17.12.2010
2011 Baden-Württemberg state election, 2011 Germany 1 27.03.2011
2011 Rhineland-Palatinate state election, 2011 Germany 1 27.03.2011
2011 Scottish parliament election 2011 Scotland 1 05.05.2011
2011 Singapore’s 16th parliamentary General Election Singapore 1 07.05.2011
2011 Norwegian local elections, 2011 Norway 2 12.09.2011
2011 2011 Danish parliamentary election Denmark 2 15.09.2011
2011 Berlin state election, 2011 Germany 2 18.09.2011
2011 Gubernational elections: West Virginia USA 1 04.10.2011
2011 Gubernational elections: Louisiana USA 1 22.10.2011
2011 Swiss federal election, 2011 Switzerland 1 23.10.2011
2011 2011 Seoul mayoral elections South Korea 1 26.10.2011
2011 Gubernational eletions: Kentucky USA 1 08.11.2011
2011 Gubernational elections: Mississippi USA 1 08.11.2011
2011 Spanish national election 2011 Spain 1 20.11.2011
2012 Queensland State election Australia 1 24.03.2012
2012 South Korean legislative election, 2012 South Korea 1 11.04.2012
2012 French presidential election, 2012 France 2 22.04.2012
2012 Mexican general election, 2012 Mexico 1 01.07.2012
2012 United States presidential election, 2012 / United States House of Representatives elections, 2012
USA 17 06.11.2012
2012 South Korean presidential election, 2012 South Korea 2 19.12.2012
2013 Ecuadorian general election, 2013 Ecuador 1 17.02.2013
2013 Venezuelan presidential election, 2013 Venezuela 1 14.04.2013
2013 Paraguayan general election, 2013 Paraguay 1 21.04.2013
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Participation
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#egypt
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#Egypt / Arab spring
Role of Facebook during #egypt?
Tufekci Z., Wilson C. (2012). Social Media and the Decision to Participate in Political Protest: observations From Tahrir Square. Journal of Communication, 62(2), 363-379.
Newspapers vs. Social media
Hamdy N., Gomaa E.H. (2012). Framing the Egyptian Uprising in Arabic Language Newspapers and Social Media. Journal of Communication, 62(2), 195-211.
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Activsm
#occupy:
Juris J.S. (2012). Reflections on #Occupy Everywhere: Social media, public space, and emerging logics of aggregation. American Ethnologist, 39(2), 259-279.
Indonesia:
Lim M. (2013). Many Clicks but Little Sticks: Social Media Activism in Indonesia. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 43(4), 636-657.
Spain:
Gonzalez-Bailon S., Borge-Holthoefer J., Moreno Y. (2013). Broadcasters and Hidden Influentials in Online Protest Diffusion. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(7), 943-965.
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eGovernment Overview
Bertot J.C., Jaeger P.T., Hansen D. (2012). The impact of polices on government social media usage: Issues, challenges, and recommendations. Government Information Quarterly, 29(1), 30-40.
Citizen sourcing
Nam T. (2012). Suggesting frameworks of citizen-sourcing via Government 2.0. Government Information Quarterly, 29(1), 12-20.
EU
Bonson E., Torres L., Royo S., Flores F. (2012). Local e-government 2.0: Social media and corporate transparency in municipalities. Government Information Quarterly, 29(2). 123-132.
Mexico
Picazo-Vela S., Gutierrez-Martinez I., Luna-Reyes L.F. (2012). Understanding risks, benefits, and strategic alternatives of social media applications in the public sector. Government Information Quarterly, 29(4), 504-511.
Social media use by government officials:
Kavanaugh A.L., Fox E.A., Sheetz S.D., Yang S., Li L.T., Shoemaker D.J., Natsev A., Xie L. (2012). Social media use by government: From the routine to the critical. Government Information Quarterly, 29(4), 480-491.
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Health
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Personality
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Personality
E.g. Combining Big Five personality tests with Facebook data.
Big Five personality traits can be predicted from the public information they share on Facebook.
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Golbeck, J., Robles, C., & Turner, K. (2011). Predicting personality with social media (p. 253). ACM Press. http://doi.org/10.1145/1979742.1979614
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Filter bubbles and homophily
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Ongoing topics
Learning / education marketing
target audience / user studies
Journalism / mass media
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Disappearing?
crisis communication metadata
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Predictions
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Google Flu Trends
“In short, the initial version of GFT was part flu detector, part winter detector.“
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Lazer, D., Kennedy, R., King, G., & Vespignani, A. (2014). The parable of Google Flu: Traps in big data analysis. Science, 343(6176), 1203-1205.
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Unemployment
Nikolaos Askitas / Klaus F. Zimmermann, Google Econometrics and Unemployment Forecasting, Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit IZA DP No. 4201. June 2009. Daten: Google
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Elections
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Metaxas, P. T., Mustafaraj, E., & Gayo-Avello, D. (2011, 9-11 Oct. 2011). How (not) to predict elections. Paper presented at the Privacy, security, risk and trust (passat) conference, Boston, MA. Doi: 10.1109/PASSAT/SocialCom.2011.98
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Others
• Eurovision Song Contest winners
• Box Office Revenue
• Stock market
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Sentiment analysis
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Sentiment Analysis
Mainly based on dictionaries such as LIWC or ANEW
Dodds, P. S., & Danforth, C. M. (2010). Measuring the Happiness of Large-Scale Written Expression: Songs, Blogs, and Presidents. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11(4), 441–456. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-009-9150-9
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Sentiment Analysis
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Bakliwal, et al. (2013). Sentiment Analysis of Political Tweets: Towards an Accurate Classifier. In Workshop on Language Analysis in Social Media (LASM 2013), Atlanta, Georgia, US. Retrieved from: http://www.mpi-sws.org/~cristian/LASM_2013_files/LASM/pdf/LASM06.pdf
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Conclusions 3
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Lesson learned
„Social media research“ is not a coherent research field. Influences from lots of different disciplines. Some disciplines are still isolated, not all equally advanced in technical tasks.
Comparability across different studies is difficult.
Topics emerge and disappear again.
Challenge of keeping track of what is going on – across disciplines.
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If you have time to read 3 papers…
Lazer, D., Kennedy, R., King, G., & Vespignani, A. (2014). The parable of Google Flu: Traps in big data analysis. Science, 343(6176), 1203-1205.
Metaxas, P. T., Mustafaraj, E., & Gayo-Avello, D. (2011, 9-11 Oct. 2011). How (not) to predict elections. Paper presented at the Privacy, security, risk and trust (passat) conference, Boston, MA. Doi: 10.1109/PASSAT/SocialCom.2011.98
Zimmer, M., & Proferes, N. (2014). A topology of Twitter research: disciplines, methods, and ethics. Aslib Journal of Information Management, 66(3), 250–261.
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