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1111

(OB)(OB)

Individual Behavior inIndividual Behavior in

OrganizationsOrganizations


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FOUNDATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOURFOUNDATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS-ECONOMIC

- SOCIAL NORMS AND CULTURAL VALUES

-POLITICAL

PERSONAL/BIOGRAPHICAL FACTORS AGE, GENDER, EDUCATION,

MARITAL STATUS, NO. OF DEPENDENTSABILITIES

(BIOLOGICAL HEREDITY, NERVOUS SYSTEM)

ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS AND

RESOURCES

PHYSICAL FACILITIES, ORGANIZATION-STRUCTURE

LEADERSHIP, REWARD SYSTEM

PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES

PERSONALITY, PERCEPTION,

ATTITUDES, VALUES, LEARNING

PERFORMANCE

INDIVIDUAL

DEVELOPMENT


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Human behavior is like jigsaw puzzles which differ fromHuman behavior is like jigsaw puzzles which differ from

one another.one another.

Each person in an organization has unique behavioralEach person in an organization has unique behavioral

patterns which varies from those of other individual.patterns which varies from those of other individual.

Each such behavior is directed towards the achievementEach such behavior is directed towards the achievementof specific goals.of specific goals.

Human behavior can be understood fromHuman behavior can be understood from threethree differentdifferent

prospective.prospective.a. Traditional Perspective

b. Behavioral Perspective

c. Behavior as an Input-Output System


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a.a. Traditional ProspectiveTraditional Prospective::

>> TheoristsTheorists regardedregarded humanhuman behaviorbehavior asas aa StimulusStimulus--

ResponseResponse (S(S--R)R) processprocess..

>> TheThe stimulusstimulus causescauses aa correspondingcorresponding responseresponse.. (it(it

evokesevokes certaincertain behavioralbehavioral patternspatterns inin anan individual)individual)

>> ThisThis classicclassic SS--RR modelmodel modifiedmodified toto SS--OO--RR modelmodel

(here(here OO representsrepresents organism(desire)organism(desire) // humanhuman beingbeing

whowho interactinteract withwith thethe environment)environment)

>> IndividualIndividual observesobserves thethe surroundingsurrounding environment,environment,imitatesimitates whatwhat othersothers areare doing,doing, avoidavoid doingdoing certaincertain

things,things, andand inin thethe processprocess developdevelop aa certaincertain patternpattern ofof

behaviorbehavior..


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b.b. Behavioral Perspective:Behavioral Perspective:

Here behavioral perspective is explained throughHere behavioral perspective is explained through SS--OO--BB

model.model. SS stands forstands for situationsituation,, OO stands forstands for organismorganismoror individualindividual andand BB stands forstands for behaviorbehavior

IndividualIndividual playsplays aa importantimportant rolerole inin thisthis modelmodel.. BothBoth

physiologicalphysiological andand psychologicalpsychological aspectaspect ofof individualindividualareare takentaken intointo considerationconsideration..

PhysiologicalPhysiological aspectsaspects includeinclude personalitypersonality ofof thethe

individualindividual.. TheThe individualindividual andand thethe situationsituation interactinteract withwith

eacheach otherother..

ThisThis isis calledcalled perceptionperception andand itit becomesbecomes anan integralintegral partpart

ofof thethe individualsindividuals personalitypersonality asas wellwell asas aa partpart ofof hishis

psychologicalpsychological processprocess ii..ee.. learninglearning andand motivationmotivation..


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SinceSince thethe variablesvariables SS && OO interactinteract withwith oneone another,another,

therethere isis significantsignificant interactioninteraction andand thisthis isis responsibleresponsible

forfor howhow aa personperson behavesbehaves..

TheThe finalfinal variablevariable inin thethe modelmodel isis behaviorbehavior (B)(B).. WhichWhich

standsstands for for behavior behavior embracingembracing bothboth overtovert

(unconcealed)(unconcealed) andand covertcovert (concealed)(concealed) responsesresponses..

AccordingAccording toto behavioralbehavioral scientists,scientists, therethere existsexists aa twotwo--

wayway relationshiprelationship betweenbetween thethe variablesvariables OO && BB..

AllAll thethe variablesvariables interactinteract withwith andand influenceinfluence oneone anotheranother..


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SS--OO--B Model for understanding individual behavior inB Model for understanding individual behavior in

organizationorganization

SITUATION (S)

__________________

Stimulus

Environment

ORGANISM (O) /

INDIVIDUAL__________________

Physiological

processes

Cognitive

process

Psychologicalprocesses

BEHAVIOR (B)

____________________

Responses

Patternof

behavior


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c.c. Behaviorasan InputBehaviorasan Input--Output SystemOutput System::

HumanHuman behaviorbehavior isis viewedviewed asas aa systemsystem modelmodel withwith anan

inputinput--outputoutput arrangementarrangement..

(stimuli(stimuli inin thethe formform of of inputsinputs areare processedprocessed andand

convertedconverted intointo outputoutput // responses)responses)

TheThe inputinput--outputoutput modelmodel alsoalso providesprovides anan insightinsight intointo

variousvarious otherother processesprocesses associatedassociated withwith behaviorbehavior..

TheThe centralcentral processingprocessing regionregion inin whichwhich thethe stimulistimuli areare

processedprocessed intointo responsesresponses isis responsibleresponsible forfor cognitioncognition

(perception)(perception)


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The process system includes perception and otherThe process system includes perception and other

related processes such as;related processes such as;

* thinking * reasoning * problem* thinking * reasoning * problem--solvingsolving

* decision* decision--makingmaking

NoteNote::

> Cognition (perception) refers to the act of knowing.> Cognition (perception) refers to the act of knowing.

> Knowing represents knowledge> Knowing represents knowledge

> Knowledge precedes (come before) behavior> Knowledge precedes (come before) behavior

> Apart from cognition/perception, the central processing> Apart from cognition/perception, the central processing

region is also responsible for storage of informationregion is also responsible for storage of information

and that is known as memory.and that is known as memory.


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BEHAVIOUR AS INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT SYSTEMSBEHAVIOUR AS INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT SYSTEMS

INPUTS

EVENTS-EXPERIENCES

-INFORMATION

-STIMULI

PROCESS-COGNITIVE

-AFFECTIVE

OUTPUTS

-DECISIONS-STORAGE

IN MEMORY

-RESPONSE

PERSONALITY, MOTIVATION, PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT


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Let us find out various components of inputLet us find out various components of input--outputoutput

systemsystem

Inputs:Inputs:>> ThisThis refersrefers toto differentdifferent stimulistimuli receivedreceived fromfrom

environmentenvironment thatthat refersrefers toto inputsinputs inin thethe formform of of

informationinformation aboutabout anyany eventsevents..

>> SuchSuch informationinformation isis convertedconverted toto aa patternpattern basedbased onon

thethe pastpast experienceexperience andand itsits relevancerelevance // importanceimportance..

>> Thereafter,Thereafter, itit isis organizedorganized withinwithin thethe centralcentral processingprocessing

regionregion inin suchsuch aa wayway thatthat itit leadsleads toto coherentcoherent resultsresults..

>> ThusThus thethe inputsinputs areare responsibleresponsible forfor thethe behaviorbehavior ofof anan

individualindividual inin thethe inputinput--outputoutput systemsystem..


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ProcessingProcessing::

InformationInformation receivedreceived inin thethe formform ofof inputsinputs isis sentsent toto thethe

centralcentral processingprocessing regionregion byby thethe receptorsreceptors..

InformationInformation isis arrangedarranged inin aa logicallogical andand meaningfulmeaningfulmannermanner..

TheThe personalitypersonality traitstraits of of anan individualindividual andand hishis

experienceexperience effecteffect thethe processprocess ofof thisthis arrangementarrangement ofof

informationinformation..


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AfterAfter thethe inputinput havehave beenbeen arranged,arranged, thinking,thinking,

reasoning,reasoning, oror problemproblem solvingsolving takestakes placeplace inin thethe

cognitivecognitive (perception)(perception) regionregion..

HoweverHowever additionaladditional informationinformation isis processedprocessed inin thethe

centralcentral cognitivecognitive regionregion beforebefore outputoutput cancan bebe

generatedgenerated inin thethe formform ofof anan individualsindividuals decisiondecision..

OutputsOutputs::

** WhenWhen stimulistimuli areare processedprocessed inin thethe centralcentral processingprocessingunits,units, variousvarious signalsignal areare generatedgenerated thatthat areare eithereither

displayeddisplayed throughthrough physicalphysical movementsmovements oror verbalverbal

expressionexpression ofof thoughtsthoughts..


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Note:Note:

a.a. The output that is generated is stored in the memoryThe output that is generated is stored in the memory

of the individual and act as a guide for future action.of the individual and act as a guide for future action.

b.b. The type of input generated is also influenced byThe type of input generated is also influenced by

various environmental situations i.e.various environmental situations i.e.

> temperature> temperature

> humidity> humidity

> noise level> noise level

c. The motivational process does involve inputc. The motivational process does involve input--outputoutput

process and provide a psychological base for theprocess and provide a psychological base for the

individuals behavior.individuals behavior.


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Motivation a basis for InputMotivation a basis for Input--Output system:Output system:

> An individual is continuously exposed to various kinds> An individual is continuously exposed to various kinds

of stimuli and his response in terms of output dependsof stimuli and his response in terms of output dependson his motivational level.on his motivational level.

Note:Note: This forms the basis of the inputThis forms the basis of the input--output system.output system.

Motivation can be broadly classified into two types:Motivation can be broadly classified into two types:

a. Primary or Physiological Motivationa. Primary or Physiological Motivation (it refers to lower(it refers to lower

level of motivation)level of motivation)

b. Secondary or Sociob. Secondary or Socio--psychological Motivationpsychological Motivation (it refers(it refers

to higher level of motivation)to higher level of motivation)


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WHY INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOURWHY INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

DIFFERS?DIFFERS?

IT DEPENDS ON ONESIT DEPENDS ON ONES

ABILITYABILITY


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RegardlessRegardless ofof howhow motivatedmotivated youyou are,are, youyou cantcant bebe

exactlyexactly likelike anotheranother personperson..

StrengthsStrengths andand WeaknessesWeaknesses inin termsterms ofof abilityability makesmakes

oneone relativelyrelatively superiorsuperior oror inferior inferior toto othersothers inin

performingperforming certaincertain taskstasks oror activitiesactivities..

AbilityAbility defersdefers fromfrom personperson toto personperson butbut itit dependsdepends onon

howhow oneone usesuses thethe knowledgeknowledge.. AbilityAbility refersrefers toto onesones

capacitycapacity toto performperform variousvarious taskstasks..

AbilitiesAbilities areare mademade upup ofof twotwo setssets ofof factorsfactors::

AA.. IntellectualIntellectual AbilitiesAbilities

BB.. PhysicalPhysical AbilitiesAbilities


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AbilityAbility


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Dimension of Intellectual AbilityDimension of Intellectual Ability

Dimension Description Job Example

Number

Aptitude

Ability to do speedy & accurate

arithmetic

Accountant: Computing the sales

tax on a set of items

Verbal

comprehension

Ability to understand what is read

or heard & the relationship of

words to each other

Plant Manager: Following

corporate policies on hiring

Perceptual

speed

Ability to identify visual similarities

& differences quickly & accurately

Fire Investigator: Identifying clues

to support a charge of arson

Inductive

reasoning

Ability to identify a logical

sequence in a problem & then

solve the problem

Market Researcher: Forecasting

demand for a product in the next

time period

Deductive

reasoning

Ability to use logic & assess the

implications of an argument

Supervisor: Choosing between two

different suggestions offered by

employees

Spatial (space)

visualization

Ability to imagine how an object

would look if its position in apace

were changed

Interior Decorator: Redecorating

an office

Memory Ability to retain & recall past

experience

Salesperson: Remembering the

names of customers


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Physical AbilityPhysical Ability


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Other Factors

Bodycoordination

Balance

Stamina

Nine Physical AbilitiesNine Physical Abilities

Strength Factors

Dynamicstrength

Trunkstrength

Staticstrength

Explosivestrength

Strength Factors

Dynamicstrength

Trunkstrength

Staticstrength

Explosivestrength Flexibility Factors

Extentflexibility

Dynamicflexibility

E X H I B I T 2-2


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Nine Basic Physical AbilitiesNine Basic Physical AbilitiesStrength Factors

1 Dynamic strength Ability to exert muscular force repeatedly or continuously over

time2 Trunk strength Ability to exert muscular strength using the trunk (particularly

abdominal) muscles

3 Static strength Ability to exert force against external objects

4 Explosive strength Ability to expand a maximum of energy in one or a series of

explosive acts

Flexibility Factors

5 Extent flexibility Ability to move the trunk and back muscle as far as possible

6 Dynamic flexibility Ability to make rapid, repeated flexing movement

Otherfactors7 Body coordination Ability to coordinate the simultaneous actions of different parts

of the body

8 Balance Ability to maintain equilibrium despite forces pulling off

balance

9 Stamina Ability to continue maximum effort requiring prolonged effortover time


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Biographical characteristics

From organizational context main characteristics are;From organizational context main characteristics are;

AgeAge

GenderGender

RaceRace

SocialgroupSocialgroup

MaritalstatusMaritalstatus

Tenureemployeeintheorg.Tenureemployeeintheorg.

ReligionReligion

Biological Foundation (Heredity)Biological Foundation (Heredity)

Sexual Orientation & Gender IdentitySexual Orientation & Gender Identity


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Age:Age: It is opinioned that ;It is opinioned that ;

OlderOlder employeesemployees makemake valuablevaluable contributioncontribution byby virtuevirtue ofof

theirtheir experienceexperience andand soundsound judgmentjudgment..

TheyThey havehave highhigh workwork ethicsethics andand areare qualityquality consciousconscious..

TheyThey areare perceivedperceived;; inflexible,inflexible, unwillingunwilling toto adaptadapt toto newnewtechnologytechnology oror methodmethod ofof workingworking butbut cancan acceptaccept

providedprovided trainingtraining..

HoweverHowever theythey havehave lowerlower raterate of of avoidableavoidable absenceabsencecomparecompare toto youngeryounger generationgeneration whowho tendtend toto absentabsent..

IfIf productivityproductivity isis lessless duedue toto ageage factorfactor theythey areare

compensatedcompensated byby additionaladditional experienceexperience..


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Gender:Gender:It found that;It found that;

There are few differences between men and women onThere are few differences between men and women on

performance. Women also display;performance. Women also display;

. Problem. Problem--solving ability . Analytical skillssolving ability . Analytical skills

. Motivation level . Interpersonal skills and. Motivation level . Interpersonal skills and

. Learning ability. Learning ability

Note: A few differences I.e.Note: A few differences I.e.

> Men are more aggressive but> Men are more aggressive but

>Women are more comply with instructions but more

>Women are more comply with instructions but moreunstable on jobunstable on job higher turnover.higher turnover.

> Absenteeism is more since they cope with family> Absenteeism is more since they cope with family

responsibilities.responsibilities.


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Race:Race:

It relates to racial groups mostly for genetic andIt relates to racial groups mostly for genetic and

anthropological reasons (though it is not widelyanthropological reasons (though it is not widely

encouraged)encouraged)

When it is connected to OB it relates to;When it is connected to OB it relates to;Employment outcomes;Employment outcomes;

-- personal selection decisionspersonal selection decisions

-- performance evaluationperformance evaluation-- paypay

-- workplace discriminationworkplace discrimination

Note: (more visible between African/American situation)Note: (more visible between African/American situation)


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Socialgroup:Socialgroup:

>> ReservationReservation benefitsbenefits areare extendedextended toto certaincertain socialsocial

groupsgroups.. ((%% seatsseats areare reserved)reserved)

>> PreferencePreference givengiven toto categories,categories, recognizedrecognized asas

scheduledscheduled cast,cast, scheduledscheduled tribe,tribe, andand otherother backwardbackward

classesclasses..MaritalMarital statusstatus::

>> MarriedMarried peoplepeople havehave greatergreater responsibilitiesresponsibilities..

>>

TheyThey preferprefer steadysteady jobjob theythey areare steadstead andand reliablereliable..>> TheyThey taketake fewerfewer leavesleaves ofof absenceabsence andand mostlymostly havehave

jobjob satisfactionsatisfaction..

NoteNote:: (effect(effect ofof divorces,divorces, widowhood,widowhood, andand moremore modernmodern trendstrends ii..ee..

livelive--inin relationshipsrelationships onon performanceperformance yetyet toto bebe studied)studied)


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Tenureintheorg:Tenureintheorg:

This is studied to understand the relationship betweenThis is studied to understand the relationship between

a persons productivity and his tenure within ana persons productivity and his tenure within anorganization.organization.

It is observed that people having vast experience in anIt is observed that people having vast experience in anorganization likely to be more productive & satisfied.organization likely to be more productive & satisfied.

Persons tenure in the previous organization is thePersons tenure in the previous organization is the

best way of predicting whether he is likely to stay forbest way of predicting whether he is likely to stay forlong in the present job.long in the present job.


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Religion:Religion:

This has a significant contribution in OBThis has a significant contribution in OB..

InIn mostmost countries,countries, lawlaw prohibitsprohibits employersemployers fromfrom

discriminatingdiscriminating againstagainst employeesemployees basedbased onon their their

religionreligion..

ManyMany opinionsopinions andand judgmentsjudgments onon thisthis frontfront--differsdiffers fromfrom

countrycountry toto countrycountry..

ThereThere hashas beenbeen aa strongstrong opinionopinion onon thisthis issueissue andand

differentdifferent attitudeattitude towardstowards differentdifferent religionreligion inin differentdifferent

countrycountry..


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Biological Foundation: (Heredity)Biological Foundation: (Heredity)

TheThe processprocess byby whichwhich characteristicscharacteristics areare givengiven fromfrom aa

parentparent toto thethe childchild throughthrough thethe genesgenes..

HeredityHeredity determinesdetermines characteristicscharacteristics traitstraits suchsuch asas;;> physical stature> physical stature

> gender> gender

> temperament> temperament

> muscle composition & reflexes> muscle composition & reflexes

> energy level and> energy level and

> biological rhythms> biological rhythms


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HereditaryHereditary traitstraits areare determineddetermined byby individualindividual ancestor'sancestor's

biological,biological, physiological,physiological, andand psychologicalpsychological makeupmakeup..

TheThe combinationcombination ofof inheritedinherited traitstraits ofof aa personperson asas wellwell asas

certaincertain environmentalenvironmental factorsfactors givegive riserise toto uniqueuniquebehavioralbehavioral patternpattern inin anan individualindividual..

ThisThis behaviorbehavior isis thethe individualsindividuals responseresponse asas hehe triestries totoadjustadjust toto thethe environmentalenvironmental conditionsconditions..


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SexualSexual OrientationOrientation && GenderGender IdentityIdentity::

InIn mostmost countriescountries lawlaw hashas nono discriminationdiscrimination againstagainst

employeesemployees onon sexualsexual orientationorientation andand inin somesome therethere isisantianti--discriminationdiscrimination policypolicy andand somesome ignoreignore itit..

SomeSome companiescompanies implementimplement policiespolicies toto protectprotect gaygay

rightsrights etcetc..SomeSome companiescompanies offeroffer domesticdomestic partnerpartner benefitsbenefits forfor gaygay

couplecouple;; AmericanAmerican express,express, IBM,IBM, MorganMorgan Stanley,Stanley,

Motorola,Motorola, WalWal--MartMart etcetc..

SomeSome areare againstagainst domesticdomestic partnerpartner benefitsbenefits ratherrather nonnon--

discriminationdiscrimination clausesclauses forfor gaygay employeesemployees..

SuchSuch situationssituations dodo havehave effecteffect onon OBOB..


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Ability-JobFit

The AbilityThe Ability--Job FitJob Fit

EmployeesEmployees

AbilitiesAbilities

Jobs AbilityJobs Ability

RequirementsRequirements


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References and summery

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