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IES FRAY PEDRO DE URBINA. GEO. AND HISTORY DEPARTMENT

ISLAM

Islam is a religion that arose in the seenth !ent"r# in Ara$ia.

Its %o"n&er 'as M"hamma&. He 'as $orn in Me!!a in ()*. +hen he 'as ,*

#ears ol&- he sai& ar!hangel Ga$riel aeare& an& reeale& to him the

!omman&ments o% Allah. Islam is a monotheisti! religion/ 0There is onl# one

go&- Allah- an& M"hamma& is the last o% the rohets1. Men sho"l& s"$mit

to the 'ishes o% Allah 2Islam 3 s"$mission4.+hen he $egan to rea!h the ne' religion in Me!!a man# o% his !o"ntr#men

erse!"te& him. So- in 566 he %le& %rom Me!!a an& too7 re%"ge in Me&ina.

This %light is !alle& the Hi8ra an& is the $eginning o% the M"slim !alen&ar.

From Me&ina he starte& a 'ar an& !on9"ere& Me!!a. On his &eath 25:64

the entire Ara$ian Penins"la 'as "n&er the r"le o% M"slims.Allah;s reelations to M"hamma& an& his see!hes 'ere !olle!te& in a $oo7

!alle& the

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2. - EXPANSION OF ISLAM: PHASES.

a4 On the &eath o% M"hamma& in 5:6 the M"slims ha& !on9"ere& Ara$ia.

$4 The ele!te& or ortho&o> !alihs 25:6?55@4 !on9"ere& the Near East-

Eg#t- Persia an& !entral Asia an& threatene& B#anti"m.

!4 The Uma##a&s 255@?)(*4 %o"n&e& the %irst M"slim nast#. The#

esta$lishe& their !aital in Damas!"s. The# !on9"ere& all o% North A%ri!a-

the I$erian Penins"la an& the Me&iterranean islan&s an& e>ten&e& their

in%l"en!e $# Pa7istan an& In&ia. The# trie& to !on9"er E"roe- $"t 'ere

&e%eate& at Poitiers 2):64.

&4 The A$$asi&s 2)(*?@6(4 'ere a ne' nast# that moe& its !aital to

Bagh&a&. The# e>ten&e& their in%l"en!e $# the Aral Sea an& easternE"roe. It is the erio& o% greatest e!onomi! an& !"lt"ral slen&or o%

Islam. Some areas 2Al?An&al"s- T"nisia- A%ghanistan...4 ro!laime&in&een&en!e.

This so rai& an& ermanent territorial e>ansion is &"e to seeral !a"ses/ Religio"s toleran!e to Ce's- =hristians an& oroastrians. The !hange %or

a#ment o% ta>es an& &eeloe& irrigation intro&"!ing eastern ro&"!ts

2ri!e- !itr"s- %r"it trees- m"l$err#- s"gar !ane ...4.Man# &ominate& eole soon $e!ame %ollo'ers o% M"slim %ashions an&

!"stoms an& most o% them en&e& " !onerting to Islam.

3. - IBERIAN PENINSULA UNDER ISLAM. Al-Andalus.

M"slims !ame to the enins"la in )@@ &"ring Uma##a& =alihate an&remaine& "ntil @,6 'hen the =atholi! ings !on9"ere& Grana&a.

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a4 =on9"est 2)@@?)@4.

In )@@ a small M"slim arm# le& $# Tari9 lan&e& on the enins"la an&

arti!iate& in the Battle o% G"a&alete- 'here he 'as &e%eate& an& 7ille&

the last isigoth 7ing name& Ro&rigo. er# soon M"slims !on9"ere& most o%

the enins"la $e!a"se man# !ities an& man# isigoths no$les re%erre& toagree arti!"lar negotiate& treaties. The goernor o% T"nisia- M"a-

lan&e& 'ith a larger arm# an& soon &ominate& all !ities an& enetrate& in

so"thern Ga"l.

On the enins"la there 'ere mo"ntaino"s northern areas 2"go- Ast"rias-

=anta$ria- Bas9"e =o"ntr#- northern Naarre an& the P#renees4 'ho

resiste& Islami! &omination.

$4 Deen&ent Emirate o% Damas!"s 2)@?)(54.

A%ter the !on9"est o% Damas!"s the Uma##a& !alih aointe& thegoernors 2emirs4 'ho ran Al? An&al"s. D"ring this erio& it too7 la!e the

legen&ar# Battle o% =oa&onga 2)@ or )6,4 that mar7s the $eginning o%the =hristian re!on9"est o% the enins"la. The emir o% =or&o$a troos

$egan their !on9"est o% Fran!e- $"t 'ere &e%eate& $# the Fran7s atPoitiers 2):64.

!4 In&een&ent Emirate o% =or&o$a 2)(5?6*4.

In )(* the last Uma##a& !alih 'as &e%eate& an& &ie&. A$"l A$$as 'ill $e

the ne' !alih- the 'hole Uma##a& %amil# 'as m"r&ere& e>!et %or A$&?al?Rahman an& his mother. The# %le& %rom Mi&&le East an& too7 re%"ge in Al?An&al"s. He &ominate& all !ities an& ro!laime& In&een&ent Emir o%

=or&o$a $rea7ing all oliti!al ties 'ith the ne' A$$asi& nast#.

He !reate& a o'er%"l ermanent mer!enar# arm#- organie& a !entralie&

a&ministration in =or&o$a- %o"n&e& the mint an& set " a ministr# o%

%inan!e %or the !olle!tion o% ta>es.

D"ring the emirate irrigation 'as &eeloe& in the area o% An&al"sia-

eante an& the E$ro alle#- he also !reate& a o'er%"l mer!hant %leet

$ase& in Alge!iras- romote& the &eeloment o% l">"r# han&i!ra%ts to $ee>orte& an& &omesti! tra&e %lo"rishe&.

Most o% the o"lation !onerte& to Islam 2m"la&es4- $"t in the !ities it

!ontin"e& to e>ist a large gro" o% =hristians 2Moara$i!4 'ho a&ote&

M"slim !"stoms an& %ashions. The Ce's 7et their o'n neigh$orhoo&s an&

s#nagog"es an& a!hiee& great so!ial imortan!e &"e to the &eeloment o%

me&i!ine an& $an7ing.

The In&een&ent Emirate 'as oliti!all# a t"r$"lent erio&- there 'ere

%re9"ent "risings o% !ities- religio"s minorities- r"lers an& no$les.

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&4 The =alihate o% =or&o$a 26?@*:(4.

A$&?al?Rahman III $en Uma##a& s"!!ee&e& his gran&%ather in @6. The

"risings o% !ities- no$les- Moara$i! an& m"la&es ha& 'reste& o'er %rom

the emir- 'ho r"le& onl# =or&o$a. The ne' emir reorganie& the arm# an&

&e%eate& all his enemies insi&e the emirate an& &roe the northern=hristian 7ing&oms to 'ith&ra'. +hen he %elt strong he &ominate& North

A%ri!a an& therea%ter tra&e $et'een East an& E"roe an& $et'een A%ri!a

an& E"roe asse& thro"gh Al?An&al"s.

In 6 he ro!laime& !alih himsel%. =or&o$a $e!ame the largest 2it is

$eliee& that 6**-*** inha$itants4- ri!hest an& most in%l"ential !it#

in E"roe. i$raries- "niersities- me&i!al s!hools- s!hools o% translators

'ere !reate&- so that all E"roean s!holars !ame to =Jr&o$a.

The mint minte& gol& !oins 2&inars4 an& siler 2&irhams4 'hi!h 'ere

a!!ete& in all E"roean !o"ntries an& een imitate& to this &a#.He intro&"!e& imroements in !ra%ts hiring the $est !ra%tsmen in the

'orl& an& or&ering them to sere as tea!hers 2sil7 in Grana&a- leather in=or&o$a- glass in Seille- tiles in aragoa4.

The B#antine Emire- the Hol# Roman 2Germani!4 Emire- the A$$asi&=alihate an& the Poe ha& ermanent am$assa&ors in =or&o$a .

In art- A$&?al?Rahman III e>ten&e& the =or&o$a mos9"e an& $"ilt the !it#?ala!e o% Me&ina ahara.

Alha7en II s"!!ee&e& his %ather. He 'as a !"lt"re& !alih- also religio"san& in %aor o% negotiating $e%ore 'ar. He maintaine& an& een e>an&e&the e!onomi! an& !"lt"ral o'er. He $"ilt the most $ea"ti%"l art o% the

Mos9"e o% =or&o$a.

His son Hisham II s"!!ee&e& his %ather $eing @@ #ears ol&. So- his t"tor

A$" Amir- 7no'n $# =hristians as Almanor- r"le& in his name. Almanor-

religio"s an& militarist %anati!- romote& the !reation o% a large arm# o%

mer!enaries Ber$ers an& Slas 2E"roeans4 'ho &e%eate& the =hristian

7ing&oms o% the enins"la an& North A%ri!an enemies. Militar# sen&ing an&religio"s intoleran!e 'ill $e the !a"se o% the e!onomi! &e!line o% the

!alihate. Almanor &ie& on !amaign in @**6. Both his sons as the !alih

himsel% 'ere "na$le to maintain the "nit# o% the !alihate. In @*:@ the

!alihate 'as &ii&e& into n"mero"s %ie%&oms.

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e4 Tai%a ing&oms 2@*:@?@6,4.

The Tai%a 7ing&oms !ontin"e& to maintain e!onomi! roserit# ese!iall#

%or the great !ra%tsmanshi an& irrigate& agri!"lt"re- $"t 'ere "na$le to

sto the a&an!e o% the armies o% the =hristian 7ing&oms o% the north.

T'o North A%ri!an emires assiste& Tai%a 7ing&oms in tr#ing to halt thea&an!e o% the =hristians/ the Almorai&s 2KI !ent"r#4 an& the Almoha&s

2KII !ent"r#4. The &e%eat o% the latter in as Naas &e Tolosa 2@6@64

allo'e& =hristians to !on9"er all M"slim territories e>!et Grana&a.

%4 Moorish ing&om o% Grana&a 2@6:?@,64.

Mohamme& i$n Nasr %o"n&e& the M"slim 7ing&om o% Grana&a- 'hi!h

in!l"&e& the roin!es o% Grana&a- Malaga- Almeria an& most art o% Caen

an& =a&i. He lea&e& assal o% the 7ing o% =astile- 'hom he ha& to a#

hea# ta>es an& hel in !ase o% 'ar.Grana&a $e!ame the last re%"ge o% M"slims. Its !ities thrie& $# mastering

the Strait o% Gi$raltar an& tra&e 'ith North A%ri!a.The Nasri& $"ilt one o% the 8e'els o% h"manit#/ the Alham$ra in Grana&a.

The last Moorish S"ltan 'as !alle& Boa$&il 0The ittle0.

. - MUSLIM ART IN THE !ORLD AND IN Al-Andalus.

M"slims la!7e& an ar!hite!t"ral tra&ition themseles an& there%ore too7

a&antage o% e>isting artisti! st#les in the !on9"ere& areas- a&ating themto ne' nee&s. The most imortant mon"ments are Islami! mos9"es-%ortresses an& ala!es.

The mos9"e al'a#s !onsists o%/ a !o"rt#ar& 'ith %o"ntains %or a$l"tions

'here 'orshiers 'ash $e%ore ra#ers.

Insi&e- a ra#er room that en&s in a 'all- the 9i$la- %a!ing Me!!a .

In the !enter o% the 9i$la it is "s"all# a small !hael- the mihra$- %a!ing

'here the imams &ire!te& the ra#er.

The atio is "s"all# s"rro"n&e& $# a 'all an& has a to'er- the minaret-

'here the m"ein !all to ra#er.The %ortresses 'ere militar# %orti%i!ations. Some o% them 'ere !onerte&

into resi&ential ala!es an& !ities 2Al8a%eria o% aragoa- Al!aar o%

=or&o$a an& Alham$ra in Grana&a4 .

The ar!h re%erre& $# enins"lar M"slims is the horseshoe. ater- the# 'ill

$e more &e!orate&- as olilo$e or !rosslin7e&.

The $"il&ings are "s"all# lintels een i% the# ma7e small nere &omes.

The

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'ith st"!!o an& laster !oering 'alls- a"lte& an& !eilings. The# also "se&

the Ara$i! s!rit 2"%i!4 to &e!orate !aitals an& %riees.

On the enins"la imortant mon"ments stan& o"t as the Mos9"e o%

=or&o$a- the Giral&a an& the Torre &el Oro in Seille- the !ita&el ala!e o%Al8a%eria in aragoa an& the Alham$ra in Grana&a.

The Alham$ra in Grana&a is a set !onsisting o% a %ortress an& seeral

ala!es $"ilt along @,than& @(th!ent"ries. It is a !omle> o% $"il&ings 'here

the !o"rt#ar&s- gar&ens an& %o"ntains are !om$ine& 'ith the most

ela$orate& an& ro%"se &e!oration o% the entire M"slim art.

A"TIVITIES.

=oloring the ma o% the srea& o% Islam in its &i%%erent hases.

=oloring a ma o% Al? An&al"s &"ring the !alihate an& another one &"ring

the eleenth !ent"r#.

De%ine !on!ets /M"slim

Sharia

!alihemirPatio o% a$l"tions

m"ein

!r"sa&e

Ma7e $iograhies o% A$&Lal?Rahman III an& Boa$&il 0El =hi!o0.

Ma7e a s"mmar# o% the M"hamma&s li%e !omi!.

=omment an An&al"sian art'or7.