3. materi genetik edit
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BAHAN GENETIK
![Page 2: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
GENETIC MATERIALSThe genetic material is consisted of :
Chromosomes
Genes
called as NUCLEOPROTEIN
reside along the chromosome
![Page 3: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Eukaryotic Chromosomes
• Located in the nucleus
• Each chromosome consists of a single molecule of DNA
and its associated proteins The DNA and protein complex found in eukaryotic
chromosomes is called chromatin 1/3 DNA and 2/3 protein
• Complex interactions between proteins and nucleic acids
in the chromosomes regulate gene and chromosomal function
![Page 4: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Double helix DNA
![Page 7: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Fungsi DNA
• Autokatalitis (replikasi sendiri)• Heterokatalitis (transkripsi menjadi RNA)
![Page 8: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Asam Ribonukleat (RNA)
• RNA merupakan benang tunggal• RNA mengandung gula ribosa• RNA mengandung pirimidin Urasil (U) sebagai
pengganti Timin• Molekul lebih pendek drpd molekul DNA• Fungsi dalam sintesis protein
![Page 12: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
JUMLAH KROMOSOM
Jumlah kromosom• Jumlah kromosom dasar dari suatu spesies disebut
GENOM, merupakan satu set kromosom (x). • Contoh : jagung (diploid, 2n=2x=20; genom = x=10)
kentang (tetraploid, 2n=4x=48, genom = x = 12)
• Setiap sel somatik (2n) mengandung setengah jumlah kromosom yang diwariskan dari tetua betina (n) dan setengah jumlah kromosom dari tetua jantan (n)
• Contoh : jagung (diploid, 2n=2x=20; gamet : n = x = 10) kentang (tetraploid, 2n=4x=48; gamet : n = 2x = 24)
![Page 18: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
KROMOSOM Trillium erectum
TERMASUK TANAMAN DIPLOID, TRIPLOID ATAU TETRAPLOID?
BERAPA GENOM TANAMAN TERSEBUT?
BERAPA JUMLAH KROMOSOM PADA GAMET TANAMAN TERSEBUT?
![Page 19: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Karyotype Tanaman Bawang Merah
TERMASUK TANAMAN DIPLOID, TRIPLOID ATAU TETRAPLOID?
BERAPA GENOM TANAMAN TERSEBUT?
BERAPA JUMLAH KROMOSOM PADA GAMET TANAMAN TERSEBUT?
![Page 20: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
STRUKTUR KROMOSOM• The essential part of a chromosome is
a single very long strand of DNA. This DNA contains all the genetic information for creating and running the organism.
• The DNA is supported and neatly packaged by proteins bound to it. At different times, these proteins cause the DNA to be spread out like spaghetti in a bowl, or tightly condensed into the X-shaped chromosomes we can see in the microscope.
• Each chromosome has a central constricted region called a centromere that serves as an attachment point for the machinery of mitosis.
![Page 21: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Chromatin structure
From Miller & Therman (2001) Human Chromosomes, Springer
Compacts DNA ~ 10,000 X
![Page 22: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
MORPHOLOGY OF CHROMOSOME
![Page 23: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
MORPHOLOGY OF CHROMOSOME
• Individual chromsomes are recognized by arm lengths
p, short armq, long arm
• Individual chromsomes are recognized by centromere position
metacentricsub-metacentricacrocentrictelocentric
![Page 24: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• Individual chromsomes are recognized by arm lengthsp, short armq, long arm
![Page 25: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
A model of centromere structure
![Page 26: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Individual chromsomes are recognized by centromere position
![Page 27: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Karyotype
The representation of entire metaphase chromosomes in a cell, arranged in order of size and other characteristics
![Page 28: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
From Miller & Therman (2001) Human Chromosomes, Springer
IDEOGRAM • Diagramatic representation of a karyotype
![Page 29: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Chromosome in general (size, shape and number)
- Diploid organisms = 2n- Two copies of autosomes with sex chromosomes- diploid organisms have two cell-types somatic cells = body’s cells germ cells = gametes
- human bodies ~= 1014 cells many cell divisions => mitosis
- sexual reproduction require haploid (n) cells => meiosis
Human chromosomes = 22 pairs of autosomes + sex chromosome (XX or XY)
![Page 31: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
DNA
DNA Replication
RNA PROTEIN
Transcription
Translation
CENTRAL DOGMAFrancis Crick, 1958
![Page 32: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
FUNGSI DNA dan RNA• DNA sebagai bahan keturunan, merupakan
“blue print” atau cetak biru • RNA :
• mRNA menerima kode-kode informasi dari DNA dan membawanya ke tempat sintesis protein
• tRNA mengenal dan menggerakkan nukleotida basa dari sekitar sel ke ribosom untuk sintesis protein pada mRNA
• rRNA membentuk bagian dari ribosom dan bertindak sebagai pengikat pada ribosom
![Page 36: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
TRANSKRIPSI, TRANSLASI dan SINTESIS PROTEIN
• TRANSKRIPSI adalah sintesis RNA dengan cetakan DNA, hanya satu pita DNA yang disalin
• TRANSLASI adalah proses pembacaan susunan nukleotida pada mRNA dan sintesis rantai asam amino untuk membentuk molekul protein
• SINTESIS PROTEIN
![Page 37: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
SINTESIS PROTEIN• mRNA adalah pita ribonukleotida tunggal, terdiri dari triplet-triplet
(codon=kodon) yang memberi kode untuk asam amino tertentu. Ribosom melekat pada mRNA. tRNA membawa asam amino tertentu ke ribosom.
• Ribosom bergerak sepanjang mRNA untuk memastikan bahwa antikodon tRNA berpasangan dengan kodon dari mRNA. Ketika antikodon melekat pada kodon, asam amino melekat pada rantai protein yang sedang dibentuk.
• Susunan asam amino dalam molekul protein ditentukan oleh susunan triplet (kodon) tadi pada mRNA. Pada saat ribosom bergerak sepanjang tRNA, asam amino terangkai dengan pola tertentu untuk membentuk molekul protein tertentu.
![Page 38: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
TYPES OF RNA• mRNA contains codons which code for amino acids.
![Page 39: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
DNA
![Page 40: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
TRANSCRIPTION
![Page 42: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
REMOVAL OF INTRONS
![Page 43: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: 3. Materi Genetik Edit](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062300/55cf997f550346d0339dacae/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
GENE EXPRESSIONDNA
RNA
PROTEIN
CELL EFFECT TISSUE
ORGANISM
POPULATION
BIOSPHERIC PHENOTYPE