3- minerals.pdf
TRANSCRIPT
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Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
MineralsCE 312 Engineering Geology and Seismology
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Professor (Asst.), Tenure Track
Earthquake Engineering CenterUET Peshawar, KP
PAKISTANE-Mail: [email protected]
September 22, 2014
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
What is a Mineral?
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
A mineral is a naturally occurring substance, Solid and stable at room temperature, Representable by a chemical formula, Usually abiogenic, and Has an ordered atomic structure.
A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes (IMA, 1995).
It is different from a rock, It is an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals, and It does not have a specific chemical composition.
The exact definition of a mineral is under debate, Especially with respect to the requirement of a valid species be
abiogenic, and To a lesser extent with regards to it having an ordered atomic structure.
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Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Minerals Occurrence
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
There are about 4,900 known mineral species; Over 4,660 of these have been approved by the International
Mineralogical Association. The silicate minerals compose over 90% of the Earths crust.
The diversity and abundance of mineral species is controlled by the Earths chemistry. Silicon and oxygen constitute approximately 75% of the Earths
crust.
Minerals are distinguished by various chemical and physical properties. Differences in chemical composition and crystal structure
distinguish various species, and These properties in turn are influenced by the minerals
geological environment of formation.
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Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Minerals Characteristics
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
Changes in the temperature, pressure, and bulk composition of a rock mass cause changes in its mineralogy;
A rock can maintain its bulk composition, But as long as temperature and pressure change, its
mineralogy can change as well.
Minerals can be described by various physical properties, Which relate to their chemical structure and composition.
Common distinguishing characteristics include Crystal structure and habit, hardness, lustre, diaphaneity,
colour, streak, tenacity, cleavage, fracture, parting, and specific gravity.
More specific tests for minerals include reaction to acid, magnetism, taste or smell, and radioactivity.
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Rocks, Ores, Gems
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
A rock is either an aggregate of one or more minerals, or not composed of minerals at all.
In rocks, some mineral species and groups are much more abundant than others; These are termed the rock-forming minerals.
Overall, around 150 minerals are considered particularly important.
Most of the Minerals are silicates, Feldspars, Micas, Amphiboles, Pyroxenes, Olivines, and Calcite
Ores are minerals that have a high concentration of a certain element, typically a metal.
Gems are minerals with an ornamental value, and are distinguished from non-gems by their beauty, durability, and usually, rarity.
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
The Chemistry of Minerals
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
The abundance and diversity of minerals is controlled directly by their chemistry, In turn dependent on elemental abundances in the Earth.
The majority of minerals observed are derived from the Earths crust.
Eight elements account for most of the key components of minerals, due to their abundance in the crust. Oxygen, silicon, aluminium, iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium and
potassium. These eight elements, summing to over 98% of the crust by weight. Oxygen composes 46.6% of the crust by weight, and silicon accounts
for 27.7%.
The minerals that form are directly controlled by the bulk chemistry of the parent body. For example, a magma rich in iron and magnesium will form mafic
minerals, such as olivine and the pyroxenes.
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Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Main Drivers
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
Changes in temperature and pressure, and composition alter the mineralogy of a rock sample. Changes in composition can be caused by processes such as
weathering or metasomatism (hydrothermal alteration).
Changes in temperature and pressure occur when the host rock undergoes tectonic or magmatic movement into differing physical regimes.
Changes in thermodynamic conditions make it favourable for mineral assemblages to react with each other to produce new minerals; It is possible for two rocks to have an identical or a very similar
bulk rock chemistry without having a similar mineralogy.
This process of mineralogical alteration is related to the rock cycle.
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Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Major Physcial Properties
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
A mineral can be identified by several physical properties.
Some of the minerals can only be classified by more complex optical, chemical or X-ray diffraction analysis.
Physical properties applied for classification include, Crystal structure and habit, Hardness, Lustre, Diaphaneity, Colour, Streak, Cleavage and fracture, and Specific gravity.
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Colour and Streak
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Colour and Streak - Pseudochromatic
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Cleavage, Parting, Fracture and Tenacity
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Mohos Hardness Scale
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
Mohs Scale of Hardness Devised by an Austrian
mineralogist Friedrich Mohs in 1822.
A ability of a mineral to scratch another. Place ten minerals in order:
from soft (1) to hard (10) A mineral can scratch
minerals with low number but not minerals with high number.
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Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Mohos Hardness Scale
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Mohos Hardness Scale
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Lustre and Diaphaneity
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Crystal Structure and Habit
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Specific Gravity
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
Specific gravity refers to the density of a mineral i.e. mass per unit volume.
The specific gravity of a mineral can be measured in a laboratory, provided the crystal is not too small.
The specific gravity is given by the relation,
where W1 is the weight of the mineral grain in air, and W2 is the weight in water.
The specific gravity of a mineral is estimated as
=W1
W1 W2
Low 2.2 4.0, included silicates, carbonates, sulphates and halides Medium 4.5 7.5, include metallic ores such as sulphides and oxides High > 8.0, include native metallic elements such as pure copper, gold and
silver
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Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Miscellaneous
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
Transperancy How clearly an object can be seen through a crystal. Transparent, Subtransparent, Translucent, Subtranslucent, Opaque
Reaction with Acid A drop of cold 10% dilute HCl put on certain minerals causes reaction. In calcite CaCO3, bubbles of carbon dioxide make the acid froth (foam),
and In some sulphide ores, hydrogen sulphide is produced.
Tenacity How the mineral deforms when it is crushed or bent. Brittle, Flexible, Elastic, Malleable, Sectile, Ductile.
Magnetism Its a very conspicuous property of minerals. Magnetite exhibits this property strongly.
Taste Halite, NaCl, is table salt; its potassium-bearing counterpart, sylvite, has a pronounced bitter taste.
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Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Mineral Classification
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Tectosilicates
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Phyllosilicates
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Inosilicates
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Cyclosilicates
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Sorosilicates
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Orthosilicates
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Native Elements
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Sulfides
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Oxides
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Halite
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Carbonates
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Sulfate
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Phosphate
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Spatial Trend
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
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Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Overview
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
Pakistan is endowed with significant mineral resources and emerging as a very promising area for exploration of mineral deposits.
Based on available information, countrys more than 600,000 sq-kms of outcrop area demonstrates varied geological potential for metallic/non-metallic mineral deposits.
Exploration by government agencies as well as by multinational mining companies and various regional geological surveys, conducted have confirmed potential for metallic minerals, Copper, gold, silver, platinum, chromites, iron, lead and zinc. Industrial minerals: multi-coloured granite, marble and other
dimensional stones of high quality.
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Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Overview
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
The major production is of coal, rock salt, and other industrial and construction minerals.
The value addition is mainly concentrated in five principal minerals, Limestone, coal, gypsum, sulphur, crude oil, and natural
gas
The current contribution of mineral sector to the GDP is about 0.50%
It is likely to increase considerably on the development and commercial exploitation for, Saindak and Reco Diq copper deposits, Duddar Zinc lead,
Thar coal and Gemstone deposits
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Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Major Minerals
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Major Minerals
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Major Minerals
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Major Minerals
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Major Minerals
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Major Minerals
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Major Minerals
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
-
Minerals
Dr. Naveed Ahmad
Presentation Contents
Basic Definition
What is a Mineral?
Minerals Occurrence
Minerals Characteristics
Rocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals Chemistry
The Chemistry of Minerals
Main Drivers
Physical Properties ofMinerals
Major Physical Properties
Colour and Streak
Cleavage, Parting, Fractureand Tenacity
Mohos Hardness Scale
Lustre and Diaphaneity
Crystal Structure and Habit
Specific Gravity
Miscellaneous
Minerals Classes
Mineral Classification
Major Classes
Minerals Resources ofPakistan
Q & A
Q & A
CE-312 Engineering Geology and Seismology Course Instructor Dr. Naveed Ahmad, EEC, UET Peshawar
Many Thanks for Your Attention
Questions & Answers
See You in The Next Class
Basic DefinitionWhat is a Mineral?Minerals OccurrenceMinerals CharacteristicsRocks, Ores, Gems
Minerals ChemistryThe Chemistry of MineralsMain Drivers
Physical Properties of MineralsMajor Physical PropertiesColour and StreakCleavage, Parting, Fracture and TenacityMoho's Hardness ScaleLustre and DiaphaneityCrystal Structure and HabitSpecific GravityMiscellaneous
Minerals ClassesMineral ClassificationMajor Classes
Minerals Resources of PakistanQ & A