3 rd european conference and exhibition on inland terminals, paris, october 22-23 2008 transport...
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33rdrd European Conference and Exhibition on Inland European Conference and Exhibition on Inland Terminals, Paris, October 22-23 2008Terminals, Paris, October 22-23 2008
Transport Trends and Inland Transport Trends and Inland HubsHubs
Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Associate ProfessorDept. of Global Studies & GeographyHofstra UniversityNew York, USA
Type and Function of Inland TerminalsType and Function of Inland Terminals
Satelliteterminal
Load center
Transmodalterminal
Type Function
Satellite terminal Close to a port facility. Accommodate additional traffic and serve functions that have become too expensive at the port. Container transloading.
Freight distribution cluster / load center
Access regional markets (production and consumption). Intermodal, warehousing, and logistics functions. Linked with logistics parks and free trade zones.
Intermodal / Transmodal facility
Link large systems of freight circulation either through the same mode (e.g. rail-to-rail) or through intermodalism (e.g. rail-to-truck).
A Favorable Environment for Inland PortsA Favorable Environment for Inland Ports
Containerized Trade
Strong growth (China effect)Containerization of supply chains.Long distance hinterland transportation.
Trade Imbalances
Imbalanced flows and shipping rates.Load centers for empties on backhauls to ports.
Gateway Congestion
Limitations for terminal expansion.Higher port charges and lower dwell times.Problematic local and terminal gate access.
Governance Terminal operators.Value capture.Environmental constraints (Nimbyism).Political support (policy).
Global Containerized Trade: Prepare to be Global Containerized Trade: Prepare to be DisappointedDisappointed
An Ongoing Intermodal IntegrationAn Ongoing Intermodal IntegrationPotential Divergence: Bubbles, Trade andPotential Divergence: Bubbles, Trade and
ContainerizationContainerization
Container yard, Port of Yantian, ChinaContainer yard, Port of Yantian, China
Intermodal Integration is Moving InlandIntermodal Integration is Moving Inland
Containerization of Maritime Transport SystemsContainerization of Maritime Transport Systems
Containerport
Containerization of Inland Transport SystemsContainerization of Inland Transport Systems
Intermodalterminal
PendulumServices
Intermodal and Transmodal OperationsIntermodal and Transmodal Operations
Corridor
Offshorehub
InlandPort
Gateway
World Container Traffic, 1980-2008. Reaching Peak World Container Traffic, 1980-2008. Reaching Peak Growth?Growth?
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Mill
ion
TE
U
Divergence
Adoption Acceleration Peak Growth Maturity
1966-1992
1992-2002
2002-2010(?)2010(?) -
The Global Economy is ShockedThe Global Economy is Shocked
West Texas Intermediate, Monthly Nominal Spot Oil Price (1946-2008)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Jan-
46
Jan-
48
Jan-
50
Jan-
52
Jan-
54
Jan-
56
Jan-
58
Jan-
60
Jan-
62
Jan-
64
Jan-
66
Jan-
68
Jan-
70
Jan-
72
Jan-
74
Jan-
76
Jan-
78
Jan-
80
Jan-
82
Jan-
84
Jan-
86
Jan-
88
Jan-
90
Jan-
92
Jan-
94
Jan-
96
Jan-
98
Jan-
00
Jan-
02
Jan-
04
Jan-
06
Jan-
08
Gold StandardGold StandardFirst Oil ShockFirst Oil Shock
Second Oil ShockSecond Oil Shock
Third Oil ShockThird Oil Shock
A B C
21
The Current Trend is Strongly Deflationary…The Current Trend is Strongly Deflationary…
01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,0009,00010,00011,00012,000
Baltic Dry Index, Monthly Value, 2004-2008
Complete BreakdownComplete Breakdown
Coping with ImbalancesCoping with Imbalances
Transport FlowsTransport FlowsTransport RatesTransport Rates
Inland Ports and RepositionningInland Ports and Repositionning
NS Rutherford Inland Terminal, PennsylvaniaNS Rutherford Inland Terminal, Pennsylvania
Containerized Cargo Flows along Major Trade Containerized Cargo Flows along Major Trade Routes, 1995-2006 (in millions of TEUs)Routes, 1995-2006 (in millions of TEUs)
4.0
5.2
5.6
7.2
8.8
10.2
12.4
12.4
13.9
3.5
3.3
3.3
3.9
3.9
4.1
4.2
4.4
4.6
2.8
3.5
4.5
5.9
6.1
7.3
8.9
10.8
12.5
2.3
2.7
3.6
4.0
4.2
4.9
5.2
5.5
5.8
1.2
1.3
2.2
2.7
1.5
1.7
1.7
2.1
2.3
1.4
1.7
2.9
3.6
2.6
2.9
3.2
3.8
3.9
0 10 20 30 40
1995
1998
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Asia-USA
USA-Asia
Asia-Europe
Europe-Asia
USA-Europe
Europe-USA
Maritime Freight Rates (Nominal USD per TEU), 1993-Maritime Freight Rates (Nominal USD per TEU), 1993-20072007
$0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
1993-4
1994-2
1994-4
1995-2
1995-4
1996-2
1996-4
1997-2
1997-4
1998-2
1998-4
1999-2
1999-4
2000-2
2000-4
2001-2
2001-4
2002-2
2002-4
2003-2
2003-4
2004-2
2004-4
2005-2
2005-4
2006-2
2006-4
2007-2
Asia - US
US - Asia
Asia - EuropeEurope - Asia
Geographical Levels of Empty Container Geographical Levels of Empty Container Repositioning Repositioning
HinterlandHinterland
ForelandForeland
Inter-Regional Repositioning
(inland)
Global Repositioning
Inter-RegionalRepositioning
(coastal / fluvial)
Port Depot / Inland terminal Freight Distribution Cluster
RegionalRepositioning
Cargo Rotation
Monthly Container Traffic Handled by the Port of Los Monthly Container Traffic Handled by the Port of Los Angeles, 1995-2008 (TEU)Angeles, 1995-2008 (TEU)
Terminalization and Inland PortsTerminalization and Inland Ports
Trimodal Container Terminal, Willebroek, BelgiumTrimodal Container Terminal, Willebroek, Belgium
Economies of Scale: A Hard Pill to SwallowEconomies of Scale: A Hard Pill to SwallowTerminalization and Supply ChainsTerminalization and Supply Chains
Extended Distribution CentersExtended Distribution Centers
The Largest Available Containership, 1970-2007 (in The Largest Available Containership, 1970-2007 (in TEUs)TEUs)
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Hinterland Logistics: The Realm of the “Last Mile” Hinterland Logistics: The Realm of the “Last Mile” (or the “First Mile”)(or the “First Mile”)
GatewayGatewayInland Inland
TerminalTerminalDistributionDistribution
CenterCenter
Capacity
Frequency
CorridorCustomerCustomer
“Last Mile”
Segment
GLOBALGLOBAL HINTERLANDHINTERLAND REGIONALREGIONAL LOCALLOCAL
Shipping Network
MassificationMassificationMassificationMassification AtomizationAtomizationAtomizationAtomization
Terminalization in a Supply Chain ContextTerminalization in a Supply Chain Context
GatewayGateway
Offshore HubOffshore Hub
BottleneckBufferDistribution center (outbound / inbound)Inland containerized goods flowInland non-containerized goods flowMaritime container flow
Foreland (First Mile)Foreland (First Mile)
Hinterland (Last Mile)Hinterland (Last Mile)
GatewayGateway
SuppliersSuppliers
CustomersCustomersExtended Distribution Center
Extended Gate
Port regionalization and the creation of a Regional Load Center Network
Inland Inland TerminalTerminal
Supply Chain Terminalization: Import Flows to the Supply Chain Terminalization: Import Flows to the HinterlandHinterland
■ Bottleneck and buffer-derived terminalization• Port regionalization:
• Regional load center network.• Extended gate:
• Development of inland terminals.
• Extended distribution center:• The terminal as a
warehousing unit.
GatewayGateway
Offshore HubOffshore Hub
GatewayGateway
SuppliersSuppliers
CustomersCustomers
Inland Inland TerminalTerminal
11
22
33
Container Transloading: A Strong Vector of Container Transloading: A Strong Vector of TerminalizationTerminalization
Cause Outcome
Consolidation Transferring the contents of smaller containers into larger containers (e.g. three maritime 40 foot containers into two 53 foot domestic containers). Cost savings (number of lifts). Time delays.
Weight compliance Transferring the contents of heavy containers into loads meeting national or regional road weight limits.
Palletizing Placing loose (floor loaded) containerized cargo unto pallets. Adapting to local load units (e.g. europallet).
Demurrage Handing back containers to owner (maritime shipping or leasing company) by transferring its contents into another load unit (e.g. domestic container).
Equipment availability
Making maritime containers available for exports and domestic containers available for imports. Trade facilitation.
Supply chain management
Terminal and transloading facility as a buffer. Delay decision to route freight to better fulfill regional demands. Perform some added value activities (packaging, labeling, final assembly, etc.)
Automated Transfer Management System for Truck-Automated Transfer Management System for Truck-Rail TransfersRail Transfers
Supply Chains and Inland Terminals
■ JVC Belgium (EDC) + TCT Belgium (EG)• Four day rule.• Free time Rotterdam (5 days).• Free time TCT Belgium (21 days).• Full containers at TCT; part of stock to JVC Belgium.
Governance and Inland TerminalsGovernance and Inland Terminals
Terminal Operators and Value CaptureTerminal Operators and Value CaptureOperations and Life CycleOperations and Life Cycle
Containerization of CommoditiesContainerization of Commodities
Uiwang Inland Container Depot, South KoreaUiwang Inland Container Depot, South Korea
Commodity Chain
The Value Capture Process along Commodity ChainsThe Value Capture Process along Commodity Chains
Port Holding
Port
Aut
horit
y Maritime Services
Inland Services
Port Services
Horizontal Integration
Vertical Integration
Maritime ShippingMaritime Shipping
Port Terminal Operations
Port Terminal Operations
Inland Modes and TerminalsInland Modes and Terminals
Distribution Centers
Distribution Centers
Offshorehub
InlandPortPort
Inland Terminals: Operations and Added ValueInland Terminals: Operations and Added Value
CoreCore(Operations)(Operations)
Infrastructure Modal access (dock, siding, road), unloading areas
Equipment Intermodal lifting equipment, storing equipment
Storage Yard for empty and loaded containers
Management Administration, maintenance, access (gates), information systems
AncillaryAncillary(Added (Added Value)Value)
Trade facilitation Free trade zone, logistical services
Distribution centers Transloading, cross-docking, warehousing, light manufacturing, temperature controlled facilities (cold chain)
Storage depot Container depot, bulk storage
Container services Washing, preparation, repair, worthiness certification
Inland Terminal Life CycleInland Terminal Life Cycle
TrafficTraffic
Stage 1Stage 1 Stage 2Stage 2 Stage 3Stage 3
Planning Maturity DeclineGrowth
Stage 4Stage 4
Setting
Stage 5Stage 5
Subsidies / InvestmentsSubsidies / Investments
Operationsbegin
Concept
ProfitProfit
Bulk and Containerized Commodity ChainsBulk and Containerized Commodity Chains
Bulk Commodity ChainBulk Commodity Chain
Containerized Commodity ChainContainerized Commodity Chain
Consolidationcenter
PortSupplier Customer
Inland Terminal
Containerport
PendulumServices
Point-to-Point
ComplementarityComplementarity
26
Inland Terminals: Is the Trend our Friend?Inland Terminals: Is the Trend our Friend?
Intermodal Integration (Positive)Intermodal Integration (Positive)Energy Prices (Somewhat Positive)Energy Prices (Somewhat Positive)
Collapse of Asset Inflation Bubbles (Very Negative)Collapse of Asset Inflation Bubbles (Very Negative)Containerization of Commodities (Positive)Containerization of Commodities (Positive)
Container waiting to be loaded, Shenzhen, ChinaContainer waiting to be loaded, Shenzhen, China