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On|oshj  Isbd` Uonbjn Oboshj Vm` 8 Bm" < \o{uoacos 3;44 > 75 ! :4 

75

Ndijdb On|{osjaobud` M{ujad|j Ia`dg \e Njbljs Djs Uj{o _beos \gmu

|ocdhdj _{dzd [oadbfddudb [muob|j D`jsdb Gode Sobedg

\bdsxm edb \dgje

[smhsda \uej Uonbjn Nmbvos|j Oboshj [m`juonbjn Bohosj \oadsdbh

I`" [smf" \edsum, \G Uoacd`dbh \oadsdbh Fdw"';35* 8583<:6 O!adj` 9 [dnxm]?8Kzdgmm"lm"je  

 DC\USDN 

Uidb udad edsj {obo`jujdb jbj ded`dg aobhndij |oldsd on|{osjaobud` m{ujad|j ia`dg |e njbljs djs 

uj{o beos|gmu aoadbfddundb oboshz d`jsdb |bhdj gode sobedg" Uidb ng|| bun aobenbh uidb

udad uos|ocu ded`dg ao`dnndb sondzd|d ameo` njbljs djs uj{o beos|gmu eobhdb coscdhdj ia`dg |e,

ao`dnndb sondzd|d ameo` d`jsdb |bhdj, ao`dnndb {obhijdb ndsdnuosj|ujn njbosid njbljs djs eobhdb

vdsjdc`o ia`dg |e, edb ao`dnndb dbd`j|j| gd|j` {obhijdb" [obo`jujdb ejdxd`j eobhdb sondzd|d ameo`

|d`sdb uoscnd eobhdb nsdb `ocds <; la, ujbhhj 5;la, edb ameo`!ameo` njbljs djs uj{o beos|gmu 

cosejdaouos :; la eobhdb ia`dg |e 7, 4;, edb 43 cdg" Ameo`!ameo` uos|ocu ej{d|dbh {ded |d`sdb

uocnd edb ej`dnndb ij njbosid njbljs djs" [dsdaouos zdbh ejns ed`da {obhijdb ded`dg gode edb

eocju d`jsdb, {udsdb edb ums|j {msm| njbljs" \oedbh {dsdaouos zdbh ejuobundb edb aos{dndb vdsjdc`o

ed`da {obo`jujdb ded`dg ia`dg |e" Edud!edud {obhijdb ejm`dg bun aobed{dundb edzd gjesm`jn 

d`jsdb, edzd aondbjn njbljs djs, edb ofj|job|j njbljs djs" Edud gd|j` {obhm`dgdb ej{didbhndb ed`da hsdfjn 

ndsdnuosj|ujn nosid njbljs djs" Dbd`j|j| ej`dnndb eobhdb ldsd aoacdbejbhndb njbosid njbljs |oldsd

ej|nsj{ujf" Gd|j` ij aobbinndb cdgxd njbljs djs eobhdb ia`dg |e 43 cdg aoaj`jnj njbosid zdbh

 {d`jbh cdjn eobhdb ofj|job|j 7:,68 /"

Ndud Nblj9 njbljs djs beos|gmu, ia`dg |e, ofj|job|j njbljs djs  

4" [OBEDG_@_DB

Nsj|j| oboshj zdbh ejnobd` |oldsd

jbuosbd|jmbd` |ocdhdj ‐[odn Mj`‑ zdbhej|ocdcndb m`og no`dbhnddb cdgdb cdnds

ajbzdn, uo`dg aobemsmbh {oaosjbudg bun 

aobhdacj` nocjidndb ej cjedbh oboshj dbudsd

`djb ao`d`j No{{so| Bmams 5< udgb 4::4

uobudbh nmb|osvd|j oboshj, No{{so| Bmams

4; udgb 3;;? uobudbh {obhgoadudb oboshj"

No{{so| jbj aobhj|zdsdundb {os`bzd |ohosd

aobhoacdbhndb edb aobosd{ndb |acos

oboshj uoscdsndb hbd aobhsdbhj

nouoshdbubhdb uosgded{ cdgdb cdnds fm|j`"

\d`dg |du |acos oboshz uoscdsndbded`dg djs" Ed`da |nd`d nolj` |acos oboshz

djs ej|ocu ajnsmgjesm" [muob|j ajnsmgjesm ej

Jbembo|jd ej{osnjsdndb |oco|ds 56; AV,

|oedbh zdbh uo`dg ejadbfddundb |onjuds 65 A

'Y`ndsbdjb enn, 3;;<*" D`jsdb |bhdj ihd

uosad|n |acos oboshz, bdab {oadbfddudb

d`jsdb |bhdj |ocdhdj |acos oboshz co`a

m{ujaa" Gd` jbj ej|ocdcndb d`jsdb |bhdj

aoaj`jnj gode sobedg" \o`dad jbj d`jsdb

|bhdj gdbzd ejhbdndb |ocdhdj |acos djs

jsjhd|j {ded a|ja noadsd, ejadbd

{obhdacj`db djs |bhdj ejhbdndb {ma{d djs

eobhdb {obhhosdn ao|jb ejo|o` dud cob|jb"

Ej {`d Idxd |oejsj, |acos djs edsj |bhdj!|bhdj zdbh ded ada{ aobhdjsj |onjuds

43;";;; gonuds `dgdb {osudbjdb '[sdcmxm

enn, 3;;<*"

\acos oboshj ajnsmgjesm ed{du

ejadbfddundb eobhdb ldsd aobhcdg oboshj

uos|ocu no ed`da cobun oboshj aondbjn"

Oboshz aondbjn noaejdb ejhbdndb bun 

aobhhosdnndb cocdb |o{osuj hobosdums `j|usjn,

{ma{d, edb `djb!`djb" D`du zdbh cosfbh|j

bun aobhcdg oboshz gjesm`jn djs aobidej

oboshz aondbjn ejnobd` eobhdb uscjb djs"Njbljs djs ded`dg uscjb djs zdbh ejhbdndb

bun aoadbfddundb oboshz d`jsdb gode

sobedg aobidej oboshj aondbjn" Njbljs djs

aos{dndb uscjb nbm zdbh |edg `dad

ujedn ejhbdndb" Gd` jbj ej|ocdcndb ad|jg

asdg edb ao`ja{dg, bdab |oidn nsj|j|

oboshz {oadbfddudb oboshz djs a`dj

ejnoacdbhndb `dhj" [obo`jujdb jbj

ejadn|endb bun aobhoacdbhndb eo|djb

njbljs djs uj{o beos|gmu ao`d`j ndijdb

on|{osjaobud` m{ujad|j ia`dg |e"

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Ndijdb On|{osjaobud` M{ujad|j Ia`dg \e Njbljs Djs … '\bdsxm & \dgje*

7?

Ejgdsd{ndb gd|j` ndijdb ed{du aobemsmbh

noacd`j {oadbfddudb oboshz d`jsdb |bhdj

aobhhdbujndb ao|jb!ao|jb coscdgdb cdnds

ajbzdn"

Njbljs djs, ejnobd` ihd |ocdhdj smed

djs 'xduosxgoo`*, |edg |oidn `dad ejhbdndbm`og adb|jd" Ujedn ejnoudgj {oboa njbljs

djs jbj, bdab njbljs djs uj{o beos |gmu

ejnobd`ndb m`og Vjusvj| {ded udgb 38 \A

'Eobbz A, 3;;5*" [ded dxd`bzd njbljs djs

ejhbdndb bun aobhdbhndu djs bun 

no{os`db jsjhd|j, noaejdb bun {obhhosdn 

{ded ao|jb {obhhj`jbh hdbea"

[osnoacdbhdb jbe|usz zdbh {o|du {ded dcde

{osuobhdgdb aobjbhndundb {obhhbddb njbljs

djs" Uosldudu `ocjg edsj ?;;; `mnd|j

aobhhbdndb njbljs djs bun no{os`dbjbe|usz {ded dcde 44 'Hmsjbh M, 3;;5*"

\ojsjbh eobhdb cosnoacdbhbzd eo|djb

njbljs djs, ajbdu jbe|usz uosgded{ d`du jbj

aobld{dj {bldnbzd {ded dcde 4:" Ej

Jbhhsj| uosed{du <;";;; njbljs djs cosm{osd|j

{ded udgb 47?;, ej Js`dbejd 6"5;;, edb ej

Iosadb `ocjg edsj 5;";;; 'A``os H, 3;;5*"

Dxd` dcde 3; uonbm`mhj njbljs djs a`dj

ejujbhhd`ndb eobhdb ejuoandbbzd ao|jb

cob|jb edb ejo|o` zdbh coscdgdb cdnds

ajbzdn" No`ocjgdb ao|jb jbj ded`dg nd{d|jud|edzd zdbh idg `ocjg co|ds" Njbljs djs a`dj

ej ajbduj noacd`j |ouo`dg nsj|j| oboshz

ajbzdn" Eo|djb njbljs djs noaejdb

ejnoacdbhndb noacd`j"

Njbljs djs Y{{jbhos 'ej{duobndb m`og

Y{{jbhos 477<* zdbh uo`dg cosm{osd|j |oidn 

4776 ejij noacd`j {ded udgb 4:8: ejUolgbjld` _bjvos|juz Iosadb" [obhijdb

ej`dnndb bun aobobundb `di d`jsdb edb

edzd mu{u {ded {udsdb 5,7? s{a" [obhijdb

{ded eocju 4,57 a

<

 -| edb <,4 a

<

  -| ejed{dundbofj|job|j njbljs djs aobld{dj 8; / bun 

T-Tadw1 ;,? edb 84 / bun T-Tadw1 4

'A``os H & Nd{{osu N, 3;;5*"

Njbljs Y{{jbhos aoa{bzdj

cosejdaouos smed 6,? a edb `ocds 3,< a

ejhbdndb bun aoacdbhnjundb `j|usjn,

aoadbfddundb coed ujbhhj idug 4 a ed{du

aobhgd|j`ndb 3; nX eobhdb ofj|job|j umud`

8; /" Gjbhhd udgb 3;;4 uo`dg uos{d|dbh 4?

gzesmxduu bju eobhdb {obhhosdn njbljs

Y{{jbhos" Eobhdb gode cosvdsjd|j 4 “ 3,3 a,

{mxos mu{u zdbh ejgd|j` aobld{dj 5!5? nX

'A``os H & Nd{{osu N, 3;;3*"

Smed ja{`| ded`dg njbljs djs eobhdb

|e coscobun {`du sdud ejhbdndb bun 

d`jsdb |bhdj gode sobedg ' yosm gode-vosz `mx

gode*" Njbljs iobj| jbj aoaj`jnj no`ocjgdb{ded eo|djb zdbh `ocjg |oeosgdbd

ejcdbejbhndb iobj| `djbbzd edb ujedn 

aoaos`ndb cdbhbdb |j{j`, |ogjbhhd ujedn 

aoscdg cobun d|`j |bhdj" Uscjb uj{o jbj

a`dj ejij udgb 3;;? bun aobed{dundb

ndsdnuosj|ujn eo|djb dbudsd `djb edzd mu{u,

|{ooe, ofj|job|j umud`, |osud coed noed`dadb

d`jsdb {ded cdhjdb g` ad{b gj`js 'Ugo

\|udjbdc`o Oboshz So|odslg Hsm{, 3;;?*

N`d|jfjnd|j Njbljs DjsNjbljs djs uo`dg njud noudgj |oidn 

  idadb edg`, njbljs djs ded`dg |d`dg |du

ao|jb gjesm`j| uosud zdbh njud noudgj edb

uo`dg ejhbdndb |oidn idadb edg`" [ded

ad|d ju njbljs djs uo`dg cdbzdn ejcdu eobhdb

aobhhbdndb ndz, |oidn ejnoudgjbzd

{oscoeddb dbudsd oboshj {muob|jd` edb oboshj

njboujn zdbh ujedn io`d|, ejadbd ofj|job|j

zdbh ejgd|j`ndb edsj njbljs djs jbj ujedn cohju

ujbhhj" Eobhdb {osnoacdbhdb j`a uonbjn 

gjesm`j|, edb eobhdb cdgdb zdbh cds, cobun homaousj zdbh cds, oboshj no`dsdb zdbh

ejgd|j`ndb edb ofj|job|j edsj njbljs djs ed{du

ejujbhndundb" \dad gd`bzd |o{osuj ao|jb d{

edb uscjb djs, njbljs djs uo`dg ejnoacdbhndb

`ocjg `dbiu zdju ng||bzd ej bohdsd Iosadb

edb \xjuyos`dbe" Uonbm`mhj uobudbh njbljs djs

jbj ed{du ejld{dj {ded ofj|job|j edb cdgdbuoscdjn {ded dxd` dcde 3;"

Njbljs djs aos{dndb |dsdbd bun 

aobhcdg oboshj djs aobidej oboshj aondbjn 

cos{d ums|j {ded {msm| njbljs" Ded cocosd{duj{o njbljs djs zdju 9

4"  Njbljs djs beos|gmu

Njbljs djs beos|gmu conosid cj`d djs

zdbh aobhd`js, aobhgdbuda ejbejbh |e

zdbh uos`oudn {ded cdhjdb cdxdg edsj njbljs

djs" Njbljs djs uj{o beos|gmu ujedn 

aoa{bzdj udacdgdb nobubhdb edsj

gode"Uj{o jbj lmlmn ej{d|dbh {ded {osdjsdb

edbhnd` {ded edosdg zdbh sdud" Uj{o jbj

ej|ocu ihd eobhdb ‑Vjusvjdb‑" Ej|jbj d`jsdb

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On|oshj  Isbd` Uonbjn Oboshj Vm` 8 Bm" < \o{uoacos 3;44 > 75 ! :4 

76

djs cos`dxdbdb eobhdb dsdg |e zdbh

aoauds"

Hdacds 4" Njbljs djs uj{o beos|gmu

3"  Njbljs djs mvos|gmu

Njbljs djs mvos|gmu conosid cj`d djs

zdbh aobhd`js idug no ed`da cdhjdb |e!

|e |j|j cdhjdb dud|, edb ndsobd hdzd cosdu

djs smed njbljs cos{uds" Njbljs djs mvos|gmu

ded`dg njbljs djs zdbh {d`jbh cdbzdn 

ejhbdndb ejcdbejbhndb eobhdb iobj| njbljs

djs zdbh `djb"

Hdacds 3" Njbljs djs uj{o mvos|gmu

<"  Njbljs djs csod|u|gmu

Njbljs djs Csod|u|gmu aos{dndb

{os{dedb dbudsd uj{o mvos|gmu edb beos|gmu

ej`jgdu edsj oboshj zdbh ejuosjadbzd" Idsdn 

ujbhhj idugbzd ujedn ao`ocjgj ejdaouos

njbljs, dsdg d`jsdb djs zdbh aobhhosdnndbnjbljs djs ej|onjuds |ac {msm| edsj njbljs

djs" Njbljs djs iobj| jbj aoa{oscdjnj njbosid

edsj njbljs djs uj{o beos|gmu"

Hdacds <" Njbljs djs uj{o csod|ugmu

Nosid [msm| Njbljs Djs 

Hdacds 5" Njbljs djs uj{o beos|gmu

Njbljs djs beos|gmu aoadbfddundb

oboshj njboujn edsj d`jsdb djs |bhdj bun 

aoacdbhnjundb hobosdums `j|usjn" Hdzd zdbh

uosidej {ded |ocdg c`deo {ded njbljs djs

ed{du eju`j|ndb 9

F 1 ;,?   τ Le    D V s 3……""""'4*

'Imbo|, Y" 3;;?*

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Ndijdb On|{osjaobud` M{ujad|j Ia`dg \e Njbljs Djs … '\bdsxm & \dgje*

78

Ejadbd F  ded`dg hdzd {ded |ocdg cd`eo

dud |e, τ  ded`dg ad||d iobj| djs, Le  

ded`dg Lmofj|job mf ej|lgdsho, D ded`dg @d|

c`deo zdbh uoslo`{ djs, edb V s   ded`dg

nolo{dudb so`dujf"

@d|db |ocdg c`deo zdbh uoslo`{ejed`da djs uobubzd coscdg!cdg ndsobd

c`deo ju cos{uds eobhdb {|du smud|jbzd

zdju {msm|" _bun {os{jbedgdb |ocdg c`deo

bun |oldsd aduoaduj|bzd ded`dg edsj {m|j|j

vosujnd` ed`da djs aobidej :; eosdidu {ded

  {m|j|j dxd`" Ijnd η1 co|dsbzd |eu dbudsd

{|du njbljs eobhdb {os{jbedgdb c`deo zdju

edsj η1; aobidej η1 η 4 'noujnd |ocdg c`deoa`dj aobjbhhd`ndb djs* gjbhhd η1 η@'noujnd

|ocdg c`deo aobjbhhd`ndb djs {obg*"

Hdacds ?" C`deo noujnd |ocdg c`deouoslo`{ ed`da djs

_bun aobobundb co|dsbzd d'w*, njud ed{du

aobhhbdndb uomsj usjhmjbmaousj zdju9

Lm| η 1 EsdfuU 9 d'w*"""""""""""""""""""""""""""'3*Idej , d'w* 1 EsdfuU 9 lm| η"""""""""""""""""' <* 

Ijnd d'w* ≥ @!e, noujnd |ocdg c`deo

ad|jg uoslo`{ {obg adnd `d|db |ocdg

c`deo ed{du eju`j|ndb 9

 D'w* 1 e  f"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'5*

Xd`d{b |eu η aobjbhndu uosgded{

η4 'noujnd |ocdg c`deo a`dj aobjbhhd`ndb

djs* adnd d'w* dndb cosudacdg co|ds edb

`d|db |ocdg c`deo zdbh uoslo`{ dndb

cosnsdbh, eobhdb nodeddb eoajnjdb ed{du

eju`j|ndb sa| 9

 D'w* 1 '@!'d'w** f"""""""""""""""""""""""""'?*

Ejadbd d'w* ded`dg idsdn vosujnd` edsj {|du

njbljs djs no {osanddb djs, z ded`dg idsdn edsj {|du njbljs djs no ibh c`deo, EsdfuU

ded`dg idsdn edsj {|du njbljs djs no

{osanddb djs, @ ded`dg Idsj!idsj njbljs djs, e

ded`dg uocd` c`deo, edb  f  ded`dg `ocds c`deo"

Nolo{db so`dujvo 'Vs* ed{du ejuobundb

cosed|dsndb hdacds ej cdxdg jbj"

Hdacds 6" Ejdhsda nma{mbob nolo{dudb

d`jsdb aobacn c`deo

_bun aobhoudgj co|dsbzd Vl ed{du

njud noudgj eobhdb aobhhbdndb uomsj

usjhmbmaousj eobhdb cosed|dsndb hdacds 6,

ed{du eju`j|ndb 9

 |jb η 1 m{{ 9 gz{ 

|jb':;! η* 1 V djs 9 V lV l 1 V djs  |jb':;! η* 

V l 1 V djs  lm| η"""""""""""""""""""" 6*

Edb,

Vc 1 V djs    {""""""""""""""""""""""""""'8*\ogjbhhd,

V s  1 V l! V cV s 1 'V dj s  |jb':;! η**!'V djs    {*"""'7*

Ejadbd Vc ded`dg nolo{dudb c`deo, Vl 

ded`dg nma{mbob nolo{dudb {ded c`deo, edb

{ ded`dg |ocdg nmb|udbud"

_bun bj`dj  {'nmb|udbud* {osudad nd`j

ejnoandndb m`og Dbumjbo [dsobu {ded udgb

485; zdbh uo`dg aoa{osnobd`ndb cdgxd

bun bj`dj m{ujaa bj`dj  { deobhdb l,

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On|oshj  Isbd` Uonbjn Oboshj Vm` 8 Bm" < \o{uoacos 3;44 > 75 ! :4 

77

eobhdb edzd mu{u edb jb{u uo`dg ejnoudgj

eobhdb ofj|job|j ded`dg edzd mu{u ejcdhj

eobhdb edzd jb{u, adnd bun bj`dj  { 

ejuoandb 4-< edb ofj|job|j adn|jaa <</"

Ums|j {ded {|du njbljs djs ed{du eju`j|ndb

sa| 9 A'η* 1 F    @ovosDsa""""""""""""""""':*

Ejadbd @ovosDsa ded`dg idsdn {|du njbljs

djs no {|du `d|db c`deo zdbh uoslo`{ djs"

Cosed|dsndb amaob ums|j uos|ocu nosidnjbljs djs ed{du u`j|ndb |ocdhdj,

Xmsn embo 1 3 ∮

 ew…'4;*

Nosid |ocdg c`deo dbudsd η 1 ; edb η 1

η@, |ogjbhhd bun {os|daddb ejdud| bun 

  cdud|db jbuohsd` ded`dg η 1; edb η 1 η@"

Ejndsobdndb bj`dj nosid umud` c`deo {ded |du

njbljs djs ed`da {obhnsdbbzd ujedn aobhhbdndb {dsdaouos eosdidu, adnd bun 

co|dsdb eosdidu ed{du ejcdg uos`ocjg edg`,

|ogjbhhd {os|daddbbzd ed{du eju`j|ndb 9

Umud` Xmsn Embo 1 B   Xmsn Embo 

'ϋ-47;"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""'44*

Ejadbd Umud` Xmsn Embo ded`dg

Nosid umud` c`deo edb B ded`dg Ia`dg c`deo"

_bun {osgjubhdb ia`dg c`deo {ded |ocdg

njbljs djs ujedn uosed{du {os|daddb zdbh

ejhbdndb bun aobobundb ia`dg c`deo,

bdab eoajnjdb ia`dg c`deo ed{duejuobundb ao`d`j on|{osjaobud`" 

3" AOUMEO [OBO@JUJDB

[obo`jujdb ejdxd`j eobhdb sondzd|d

ameo` |d`sdb uoscnd eobhdb nsdb `ocds

<; la, ujbhhj 5;la, edb ameo`!ameo` njbljs

djs uj{o beos|gmu cosejdaouos :; la eobhdb

  ia`dg |e 7, 4;, edb 43 cdg" Ameo`!

ameo` uos|ocu ej{d|dbh {ded |d`sdb uocnd

edb ej`dnndb ij njbosid njbljs djs" [dsdaouos

zdbh ejns ed`da {obhijdb ded`dg gode edbeocju d`jsdb, {udsdb edb ums|j {msm| njbljs"

\oedbh {dsdaouos zdbh ejuobundb edb

aos{dndb vdsjdc`o ed`da {obo`jujdb ded`dg

  ia`dg |e" Edud!edud {obhijdb ejm`dg

bun aobed{dundb edzd gjesm`jn d`jsdb, edzd

aondbjn njbljs djs, edb ofj|job|j njbljs djs"

Edud gd|j` {obhm`dgdb ej{didbhndb ed`da

hsdfjn ndsdnuosj|ujn nosid njbljs djs"

Hdacds 8" Eo|djb njbljs djs ia`dg |e 7, 4;, edb 43 cdg

Hdacds 7" Eo|djb ameo` |d`sdb bun ij nosid njbljs djs

djs

d`jsdb

Njbljs djs

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On|oshj  Isbd` Uonbjn Oboshj Vm` 8 Bm" < \o{uoacos 3;44 > 75 ! :4 

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