3 viscosity measurements and sae j300...9lvfrvlw\ uhiuhvkhu 9lvfrvlw\ uhvlvwdqfh wr iorz +ljkhu...

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III. Viscosity and Engine Oils – and why it matters to all base oil demand sectors

Amy Claxton, CEOMy Energy Consulting and Training

Agenda

18 February 2020 Viscosity Measurements and Engine Oils 2

• The technical details of viscosity – what is it, and what do those numbers mean for base oils?

• Putting it all together: SAE J300 engine oils

• Why engine oil specs matter to ALL base oils

Viscosity refresher

• Viscosity = resistance to flow

• Higher viscosity = greater resistance to flow

Group IS150N

Group IS325N

Group IS650N

Group ISolvent150BS

• Thicker, higher viscosity fluids flow more slowly

• Higher viscosity = thicker film boundary for protecting metal parts from scoring or being damaged


Viscosity – but at what temperature?

• Viscosity of a fluid changes with temperature (…the definition of VI…!)

• Fluids become “runny” or decrease in viscosity at hotter temperatures

• Fluids become “thicker” or increase in temperature at colder temperatures

• You must specify a temperature when you quote a viscosity … otherwise it is meaningless


You were already specifying a temperature but didn’t know it …

DistillateName

Paraffinic base oil name Corresponds to base oil viscosity (SSU @ 100F or cSt @ 100C)

light 100 solvent neutral “100SN” (~ 100 SSU, 4 cSt)

mid 150 solvent neutral “150SN” (~ 150 SSU, 5 cSt)

heavy 500 (or 600) solvent neutral “500SN” (~ 500 SSU,10 cSt)

resid Bright Stock, BS150, or SEBS (~ 2500 SSU, ~ 30 cSt)

Base oil fractions

De-asphaltin

g

“DAO”

Deasphalted Oil

Light

Mid

Heavy

Vacuum residuum


• Temperature is built into the ATSM test method for viscosity in SSU or cSt

Viscosity – but at what pressure?

• Viscosity of a fluid will change with pressure (shear stress) – the thicker the fluid, the less it will deform or change with pressure

• You must include a pressure when you quote a viscosity; otherwise it is meaningless


• Viscosity can be described as a “dynamic” viscosity (stand alone, relative to itself) or as a “kinematic” viscosity (relative to a standard density scale defined by water)

Water at 20 °C has a dynamic viscosity of 1.00 cP

Water at 20 °C has a kinematic viscosity of 1.00 cSt.

You were already accounting for pressure too …

DistillateName

Paraffinic base oil name Corresponds to base oil viscosity (SSU @ 100F or cSt @ 100C)

... Because SSU and cSt are kinematic viscosity measurements with pressure relative to water built into the scale

Light

Mid

Heavy

Vacuum residuum


• Pressure is built into the ATSM test method for viscosity in SSU or cSt

Base oils must perform over a wide range of conditions

• Base oils must flow and protect machinery at extreme high and low temperatures

• … and at high and low pressures within the environment as well as between sliding parts


Base oil viscosity testing is performed via ASTM laboratory tests

• The ASTM test will specify exact temperatures, pressures, length of time, and type of equipment

• Viscometers come in all shapes and sizes


Four primary viscosity tests used to predict fluid behavior in varying conditions

10

Low T / High P

Cold Cranking Simulator Viscosity (CCS)

High T / High P

High Temperature/High Shear Viscosity (HTHS)

Mini-Rotary Viscometer Viscosity (MRV)

Low T / Low P

Kinematic Viscometer Viscosity (KV)

High T / Low P

Temperature

Pre

ssu

re (

Sh

ea

r)

Not measured in refineries except kinematic vis; measured in finished oil after additives are incorporated

18 February 2020 Viscosity Measurements and Engine Oils

CCS Viscosity: Low temp viscosity at high pressure

11

• Cold cranking simulator test (CCS): low temp, high pressure (shear)

- Oil resistance to flow is responsible for the majority of drag put on an engine starter during cranking – think “engine startability”

• CCS (ASTM D5293) correlates with engine speed during low temperature cranking – dynamic viscosity quoted in centipoise (cP)


MRV Viscosity: Low temp viscosity at low pressure

12

• Mini-rotary viscometer test (MRV): low temp, low pressure (shear)

• Low temperature pumpability used to address air-binding and flow problems during initial cold engine start

• ASTM D4684 used to replicate low pressure, low temperature conditions; measured in cP


HTHS Viscosity: High temp viscosity at high pressure

13

• HTHS – high temperature and high pressure (shear) test – ensures adequate viscosity on piston ring surfaces and cylinder walls seal combustion chamber – tracks oil film thickness

• Correlates with engine wear developed during high temperature cranking and measured in centipoise (cP) at 150°C (ASTM D4683)


Kinematic Viscosity: High temp viscosity at low pressure

14

• Kinematic viscosity (KV) - high temp, low pressure (shear)

• Used to ensure full film or hydrodynamic viscosity to minimize engine wear

- Measured in centistokes (cSt) at 100°C (ASTM D445)


Refiners and marketers quote base oils in kinematic viscosityMetric System - cSt

Kinematic viscositiesImperial System - SSUKinematic viscosities

• SSU in the Imperial system

• cSt in the metric system


Agenda





J-300 engine oil classification system

• Most engine oils are blends of different viscosity base oils with VI improver and pour point depressant to meet viscometric properties at low and high temperatures

- The term “multi-grade” refers to the oil’s ability to meet low & high temp / pressure specs

- The “W” refers to low temperature “winter” characteristics (not “weight”!)

- Monograde engine oils are a single number and do not contain VI improvers

• The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) developed a viscosity-basedlabeling system for engine oils in 1911 called “J-300”

- used globally, many revisions over the years


J300 specs are met with unique base oil and additive formulations

• Additive companies develop additive packages, formulate sample oils, and run massive test programs

• Additive companies along with oil companies and finished lubricant formulators have R&D programs to develop engine oils

Infineum

Oronite

Afton

dozens of others

Chemtura Lubrizol

Evonik Rohmax


Current SAE J-300 engine oil viscosity grades

Viscosity Grade

Cold Cranking Simulator (cP)

MRV TP-1 (cP) Cold Temp Pump

Kin Vis @ 100°C,

(cSt)

High Temp Shear Vis @ 150°C (cP)

0W < 6200 @-35°C < 60,000 @ -40°C > 3.8 --

5W < 6600 @-30°C < 60,000 @ -35°C > 3.8 --

10W < 7000 @-25°C < 60,000 @ -30°C > 4.1 --

15W < 7000 @-20°C < 60,000 @ -25°C > 5.6 --

20W < 9500 @-15°C < 60,000 @ -20°C > 5.6 --

25W <13000 @ -10°C < 60,000 @ -15°C > 9.3 --

20 -- -- 5.6 - 9.3 > 2.6

30 -- -- 9.3 - 12.5 > 2.9

40 -- -- 12.5 - 16.3 > 2.9*

40 -- -- 12.5 - 16.3 > 3.7**

50 -- -- 16.3 - 21.9 > 3.7

60 -- -- 21.9 - 26.1 > 3.7


• Values measured with additives and base oil except kinematic viscosity – base oil only

Example: viscosities of a 5W-30 engine oil

Viscosity Grade

Cold Cranking Simulator (cP)

MRV TP-1 (cP) Cold Temp Pump

Kin Vis @ 100°C,

(cSt)

High Temp Shear Vis @ 150°C (cP)

0W < 6200 @-35°C < 60,000 @ -40°C > 3.8 --

5W < 6600 @-30°C < 60,000 @ -35°C > 3.8 --

10W < 7000 @-25°C < 60,000 @ -30°C > 4.1 --

15W < 7000 @-20°C < 60,000 @ -25°C > 5.6 --

20W < 9500 @-15°C < 60,000 @ -20°C > 5.6 --

25W <13000 @ -10°C < 60,000 @ -15°C > 9.3 --

20 -- -- 5.6 - 9.3 > 2.6

30 -- -- 9.3 - 12.5 > 2.9

40 -- -- 12.5 - 16.3 > 2.9*

40 -- -- 12.5 - 16.3 > 3.7**

• Must meet all “5W” and “ 30” viscosities – or it’s not a 5W-30 … !


Qualifications for API SAE certified engine oils

• In addition to meeting viscosity requirements on SAE J300 chart, oils are rigorously tested in certified laboratories worldwide


• “Bench tests” are run by chemists to certify oils meet all required physical and chemical properties

• “Engine tests” are run by engineers to certify oils meet all engine test procedure limits

- engine tests are run for a specified length of time

- engines are torn down and evaluated for wear

Example: GF-5 bench tests – GF-6 coming

Bench Tests GF-4 vs. GF-5 Test ProcedureFRESH OIL VISCOMETRICS (J300)

0W-40, 5W-40 & 10W-40 changed from 2.9 to 3.5 cp minimum at 150 C

HTHS

CATALYST COMPATIBILITYPhosphorus, mass % max

Mass % maximum set at 0.08% wt D4951

Sulfur Content, mass % max

0.5% wt maximum for all vis grades except 10W-30 which is 0.6% wt maximum

D4951 OR D2622

Phosphorus Volatility New to GF-5 ILSAC/OIL approved test method, test length and calculation; specification has yet to be determined

SEQUENCE IIIGB

WEARPhosphorus, mass % min

Same as GF-4 0.06% wt

D4951

OIL CONSUMPTIONNoack Volatility Same as GF-4 D5800GCD Distillation Same as GF-4 D6417


Example: N. American engine tests; ACEA has similar tests

Engine Test GF-4 vs. GF-5 Test Procedure

High Temperature Deposits

TBD Limit for Weighted Piston Deposit (WPD) under discussion

SEQUENCE IIIG

Oil Thickening Same as GF-4 SEQUENCE IIIG

Sludge and Varnish TBD Limits for Average Engine Sludge increased from 7.8 in GF-4 to 8.0 in GF-5. Limits for Rocker Arm Cover Sludge are under discussion

SEQUENCE VG

Oil Screen Clogging Oil Screen Clogging limit set at 15% SEQUENCE VG

Valve train Wear Same as GF-4 SEQUENCE IVA

Bearing Corrosion Same as GF-4 SEQUENCE VIII

Used Oil Aeration New to GF-5 GM indicated need; if adopted, limit must be determined

EOAT (ASTM D6894)

Fuel Economy New to GF-5 Proposed specifications issued by ILSAC

SEQUENCE VID


What’s Next? You put too many engineers in a room

• SAE EOVC (Engine Oil Viscosity Classification) Task Force

- developing a new SAE J300 category

- includes new, lighter viscosity engine oil grades with HTHS properties below current minimums


• New low viscosity engine oils must be formulated with Group III, Group III+, Group IV (PAO) and Group V (POE, PIO)

• New grade is 0W-16 (not 0W-15) due to concerns over mix-ups with 15W-xx grades

• New naming convention reduces the 2nd number number by 4 (future will be 0W-12, 8,4); the numbers have no inherent meaning

WE LOVE ACRONYMS: SAE EOVC TF

• API Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System API 1509 seventeenth edition (138 pages)

Recommended Reading

• American Chemistry Council Petroleum Additives Product Approval Code of Practice (137 pages)

• Lubricant Test Monitoring System ASTM Test Monitoring Center Requirements for Engine Test Stand Laboratory Calibration (219 pages)


… War and Peace … Complete Works of Shakespeare …

Agenda





Remember: half of base oils go into some type of engine oil

Sources: My Energy Databases, Fuchs Lubricants, Kline & Company

Demand by Sector

17 February 2020 Base Oil Demand 27

• Refiners make base oils with properties historically set to meet engine oil specifications (most stringent; largest sector)

What if I don’t care about making base oils for engine oils?

• Global base oil refinery viscosity grades and quality standards were developed by large base oil manufacturers and licensed worldwide

• All other market sectors conform to the exact same base oil qualities

• Refiners make 3-4 base grades

• Intermediate grades blended

• Same grades for all customers

• Refiners must meet the most stringent properties of the largest market segment … which is the engine oil market


Base oil quality: set by engine oil requirements

• Do you mean that refinery base oil properties like VI, viscosity, volatility, and pour point are actually set to meet engine oil requirements?

• Yes

• Do you mean that tires, cosmetics, metalworking fluids and everybody else conforms to engine fluid qualities?

• Yes

• What if my application doesn’t need that same VI, saturates, color, etc?

• Too bad


Objectives / Agenda

• Did we learn anything?


Viscosity refresher

• Viscosity = resistance to flow

• Higher viscosity = greater resistance to flow

Group IS150N

Group IS325N

Group IS650N

Group ISolvent150BS

• Thicker, higher viscosity fluids flow more slowly

• Higher viscosity = thicker film boundary for protecting metal parts from scoring or being damaged


Four primary viscosity tests used to predict fluid behavior in varying conditions

32

Low T / High P

Cold Cranking Simulator Viscosity (CCS)

High T / High P

High Temperature/High Shear Viscosity (HTHS)

Mini-Rotary Viscometer Viscosity (MRV)

Low T / Low P

Kinematic Viscometer Viscosity (KV)

High T / Low P

Temperature

Pre

ssu

re (

Sh

ea

r)

Not measured in refineries except kinematic vis; measured in finished oil after additives are incorporated


SAE J-300 engine oil specs set today’s base oil quality specs

• Engine oil specifications will continue to be the focus of most base oil refining investments

Finished Lubricant Demand by Sector


Thank you


3 viscosity measurements and sae j300...9lvfrvlw\ uhiuhvkhu 9lvfrvlw\ uhvlvwdqfh wr iorz +ljkhu...

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