.30-06 Springfield

“30.06” redirects here. For the “30.06 sign” in Texasgun law, see Gun laws in Texas § 30.06 signage.

The .30-06 Springfield cartridge (pronounced “thirty-aught-six” or “thirty-oh-six”), 7.62×63mm in metric no-tation and called ".30 Gov't '06” by Winchester,[3] wasintroduced to the United States Army in 1906 and laterstandardized; it remained in use until the early 1980s.The ".30” refers to the caliber of the bullet, and the “06”refers to the year the cartridge was adopted—1906. Itreplaced the .30-03, 6mm Lee Navy, and .30-40 Kragcartridges. (The .30-40 Krag is also called the .30 U.S.,.30 Army, or .30 Government.) The .30-06 remained theU.S. Army’s primary rifle and machine gun cartridge fornearly 50 years before being replaced by the 7.62×51mmNATO (commercial .308 Winchester) and 5.56×45mmNATO, both of which remain in current U.S. and NATOservice. It remains a very popular sporting round, withammunition produced by all major manufacturers.

1 History

Many European militaries at the turn of the 20th cen-tury were in the process of adopting service rounds loadedwith pointed spitzer bullets: France in 1898, Germany in1905, Russia in 1908, and Britain in 1910,[4] so when itwas introduced in 1903, the .30-03 service round loadedwith a 220-grain (14 g) round-nose bullet and achievinga muzzle velocity of 2,300 ft/s (700 m/s) was quicklyfalling behind the ongoing technical evolution.[5]

For these reasons a new case was developed with a slightlyshorter neck to fire a spitzer flat-based 150-grain (9.7 g)bullet that had a ballistic coefficient (G1 BC) of approxi-mately 0.405 and achieved a muzzle velocity of 2,700 ft/s(820 m/s) and muzzle energy of 2,428 ft·lbf (3,292 J). Itwas loaded with Military Rifle (MR) 21 propellant andits maximum range was approximately 3,409 yd (3,117m). The M1903 Springfield rifle, introduced alongsidethe earlier .30-03 cartridge, was quickly modified to ac-cept the new .30-06 Springfield cartridge, designated bythe US military as theM1906. Modifications to the rifleincluded shortening the barrel at its breech and resizingthe chamber, so that the shorter ogive of the new bul-let would not have to jump too far to reach the rifling.Other changes included elimination of the troublesome“rod bayonet” of the earlier Springfield rifles.Experience gained in World War I indicated that other

nations’ machine guns far outclassed American onesin maximum effective range. Additionally, before thewidespread employment of light mortars and artillery,long-range machine gun “barrage” or indirect fires wereconsidered important in U.S. infantry tactics.[6] For thesereasons, in 1926, the Ordnance Corps developed the .30M1 Ball cartridge loaded with a new Improved MilitaryRifle (IMR) 1185 propellant and 174-grain (11.3 g) bul-let with a 9° boat tail that had a higher ballistic coeffi-cient of roughly 0.494 (G1 BC),[7] that achieved a muz-zle velocity of 2,640 ft/s (800 m/s) and muzzle energy of2,692 ft·lbf (3,650 J). This bullet further reduced air re-sistance in flight, resulting in less rapid downrange decel-eration, less lateral drift caused by crosswinds, and signif-icantly greater supersonic and maximum effective rangefrom machine guns and rifles alike. Its maximum rangewas approximately 5,500 yd (5,030 m).[8] Additionally,a gilding metal jacket was developed that all but elimi-nated the metal fouling that plagued the earlier M1906cartridge.Wartime surplus totaled over 2 billion rounds of ammu-nition. Army regulations called for training use of theoldest ammunition first. As a result, the older .30-06 am-munition was expended for training; stocks of .30 M1Ball ammunition were allowed to slowly grow until all ofthe older M1906 ammunition had been fired. By 1936 itwas discovered that the maximum range of the .30 M1Ball ammunition with its boat-tailed spitzer bullets werebeyond the safety limitations of many ranges. An emer-gency order was made to manufacture quantities of am-munition that matched the external ballistics of the earlierM1906 cartridge as soon as possible. A new cartridge wasdeveloped in 1938 that was essentially a duplicate of theold M1906 round, but loaded with IMR 4895 propellantand a new flat-based bullet that had gilding metal jacketand a different lead alloy and weighed 152 grains (9.8g) instead of 150 grains (9.7 g). This 1938 pattern car-tridge, the Cartridge, Caliber .30, Ball, M2 achieved amuzzle velocity of 2,805 ft/s (855 m/s) and muzzle en-ergy of 2,655 ft·lbf (3,600 J). Its maximum range wasapproximately 3,450 yd (3,150 m).[8]

2 Firearms

In military service, the 30-06 was used in the bolt-actionM1903 Springfield rifle, the bolt-action M1917 Enfieldrifle, the semi-automatic M1 Garand, the M1941 John-son Rifle, the Famage Mauser, the Browning Automatic

1

2 3 PERFORMANCE

Rifle (BAR), and numerous machine guns, including theM1917 and M1919 series. It served the United States inboth World Wars and in the Korean War, its last majoruse being in Vietnam. Large volumes of surplus brassmade it the basis for dozens of commercial and wildcatcartridges, as well as being extensively used for reloading.In 1908 the Model 1895 Winchester lever-action riflebecame the first commercially produced sporting riflechambered in 30-06. It is still a very common roundfor hunting and is suitable for large game such as bison,Sambar deer, and bear, when used at close to mediumranges.Ballistically, the 30-06 is one of the most versatile car-tridges ever designed. With “hot” handloads and a riflecapable of handling them, the .30-06 is capable of per-formance rivaling many “magnum” cartridges. On theother hand, when loaded more closely to the original gov-ernment spec, .30-06 remains within the upper limit offelt recoil most shooters consider 'tolerable' over multi-ple rounds, unlike the magnums, and isn't unnecessar-ily destructive of meat on game such as deer. Withappropriate loads, it is suitable for any small or largeheavy game found in North America. The .30-06’s powerand versatility (combined with the availability of surplusfirearms chambered for it and demand for commercialammunition) have kept the round as one of the most pop-ular for hunting in North America.

3 Performance

The .30-06 cartridge was designed when shots of 1,000yards (900 m) were expected. In 1906, the originalM1906 .30-06 cartridge consisted of a 150 grains (9.7g), flat-base cupronickel-jacketed-bullet. After WWI,the U.S. military needed better long-range performancemachine guns. Based on weapons performance reportsfrom Europe, a streamlined, 173 grains (11.2 g) boattail,gilding-metal bullet was used. The .30-06 cartridge, withthe 173 grains (11.2 g) bullet was called Cartridge, .30,M1 Ball. The .30-06 cartridge was far more powerfulthan the smaller Japanese 6.5×50mm Arisaka cartridgeand comparable to the Japanese 7.7×58mmArisaka. Thenew M1 ammunition proved to be significantly more ac-curate than the M1906 round.[9]

In 1938, the unstained, 9.8 grams (151 gr), flat-base bul-let combined with the .30-06 case became the M2 ballcartridge. The M2 Ball specifications required 2,740feet per second (840 m/s) minimum velocity, measured78 feet (24 m) from the muzzle.[10] M2 Ball was thestandard-issue ammunition for military rifles and ma-chine guns until it was replaced by the 7.62×51mmNATO round for the M14 and M60. For rifle use, M2Ball ammunition proved to be less accurate than the ear-lier M1 cartridge; even with match rifles, a target groupof 5 inches (130 mm) diameter at 200 yards (180 m) us-ing the 150-grain (9.7 g) M2 bullet was considered opti-

mal, and many rifles performed less well.[9] The U.S. Ma-rine Corps retained stocks of M1 ammunition for use bysnipers and trained marksmen throughout the SolomonIslands campaign in the early years of the war.[11] Inan effort to increase accuracy some snipers resorted touse of the heavier .30-06 M2 armor-piercing round, apractice that would re-emerge during the KoreanWar.[12]Others sought out lots of M2 ammunition produced byDenver Ordnance, which had proved to be more accu-rate than those produced by other wartime ammunitionplants when used for sniping at long range.[13] Commer-cially manufactured rifles chambered in .30-06 are pop-ular for hunting.

Winchester .30-06 cartridge

From left to right 9.3×62mm, .30-06 Springfield, 7.92×57mmMauser, 6.5×55mm and .308 Winchester

Current .30-06 factory ammunition varies in bullet weightfrom 7.1 to 14.3 grams (109.6 to 220.7 gr) in solid bul-lets, and as low as 3.6 grams (55.6 gr) with the use of asub-caliber bullet in a sabot. Loads are available with re-duced velocity and pressure as well as increased velocityand pressure for stronger firearms. The .30-06 remains

3

Eight .30-06 cartridges loaded to an en bloc clip for the M1Garand

one of the most popular sporting cartridges in the world.Many hunting loads have over 3,000 foot-pounds (4,100J) of energy at the muzzle and use expanding bullets thatcan deliver rapid energy transfer to targets.

The table above shows typical muzzle velocities availablein commercial 30-06 loads along with maximum 30-06muzzle velocities reported by several reloading manualsfor common bullet weights. Hodgdon, Nosler, and Barnesreport velocities for 24 inches (610 mm) barrels. Hor-nady and Speer report velocities for 22 inches (560 mm)barrels. The data are all for barrels with a twist rate of1 turn in 10 inches (250 mm) which is needed to sta-bilize the heaviest bullets. The higher muzzle velocitiesreported by Nosler for 165 grains (10.7 g) and heavierbullets use loads employing a slow-burning, double-basepowder (Alliant Reloder 22).The newer 7.62×51mm NATO/.308 Winchester car-tridge offers similar performance to standard military.30-06 loadings in a smaller cartridge. However, thegreater cartridge capacity of the .30-06 allowsmuchmorepowerful loadings if the shooter desires.

4 Recoil

One reason that the 30-06 has remained entrenched asan extremely popular round for so long is that the car-tridge is at the upper limit of power that is tolerable tomost shooters.[20][21] Recoil energy (Free recoil) greaterthan 20 foot-pounds force (27 J) will cause most shoot-ers to develop a serious flinch, and the recoil energy ofan 8 pounds (3.6 kg) rifle firing a 165 grains (10.7 g)30-06 bullet at 2,900 feet per second (880 m/s) is 20.1foot-pounds force (27.3 J). Recoil shy shooters can optfor lighter bullets, such as a 150 grains (9.7 g) bullet. Inthe same 8 pounds (3.6 kg), a 150 grains (9.7 g) bul-let at 2,910 feet per second (890 m/s) will only gener-ate 17.6 foot-pounds force (23.9 J) of recoil energy.[22]

Young shooters can start out with even lighter bullets suchas the 110, 125 or 130 grains (7.1, 8.1 or 8.4 g).

5 Cartridge dimensions

.30-06 Springfield cartridge dimensions. All sizes in inches

The .30-06 Springfield has a 68.2 grains (4.43 ml ) H2Ocartridge case capacity. The exterior shape of the casewas designed to promote reliable case feeding and extrac-tion in bolt action rifles and machine guns alike, underextreme conditions.

⌀ R1 12,01⌀ E1 10,39⌀ P1 11,96

⌀ P2 11,20

⌀ H1 8,63

⌀ H2 8,63

⌀ G1 7,85

f 0,38R 1,24

e 0,84E 3,16

L1 49,49

L2 53,56

L3 63,35S 67,25

L6 84,84

beta35,00°

delta36,00°

alpha35° 00' 00,0"

r1 min 1,27

r2 2,54

unit : mm

.30-06 SpringfieldmaximumC.I.P. cartridge dimensions.All sizes in millimeters.Americans defined the shoulder angle at alpha/2 = 17.5degrees. According to the Commission InternationalePermanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives(C.I.P.) the common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is254 mm (1 in 10 in), 4 grooves, Ø lands = 7.62 mm (.30in), Ø grooves = 7.82 mm (.308 in), land width = 4.49mm (.1768 in) and the primer type is large rifle. Accord-ing to the official C.I.P. guidelines, the .30-06 Springfieldcase can handle up to 405 MPa (58,740 psi) piezo pres-sure. In C.I.P.-regulated countries, every rifle cartridgecombination has to be proofed at 125% of this maxi-mumC.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. The

4 6 U.S. MILITARY CARTRIDGE TYPES

8x64mm S is probably the closest European ballistic twinof the .30-06 Springfield.

6 U.S. military cartridge types

Note: .30-06 cartridges are produced commercially withmany different bullets and to a number of different spec-ifications.

• Armor Piercing, M2 : This cartridge is usedagainst lightly armored vehicles, protective shelters,and personnel, and can be identified by its black bul-let tip. Bullet is flat base, weight 163-168 grains.Defense against the M2 projectile by name is oneof the performance standards for Type IV body ar-mor.[23]

• Armor Piercing Incendiary, T15/M14 andM14A1: This cartridge may be substituted for theM2 armor piercing round and is normally employedagainst flammable targets. The tip of the bullet iscolored with aluminum paint. The M14A1 featuredan improved core design and incendiary charge.

• Ball, M1906 : This cartridge is used against per-sonnel and unarmored targets, and can be identifiedby its silver-colored bullet. The M1906 has a 9.7 g(150-grain) projectile and flat base. Its jacket is acupro-nickel alloy which was found to quickly foulthe bore.

• Ball, M1: The M1 has an 11.2 g (173-grain), nine-degree boat-tailed projectile designed for aerody-namic efficiency. Though it had a lower initial ve-locity, velocity and energy were greater at longerranges due to its efficient shape. The jacket materialwas changed to gilding metal to reduce fouling.

• Ball, M2: With a 9.8 g (152-grain) bullet based onthe profile of theM1906, this cartridge incorporatedthe gilding-metal jacket of the M1 projectile com-bined with a slightly heavier, pure-lead core. It hada higher muzzle velocity than either of the earliercartridges.

• Blank, M1909: This cartridge is used to simulaterifle fire. The cartridge is identified by having nobullet, and by a cannelure in the neck of the casewhich is sealed by red lacquer. This is still a cur-rent cartridge for ceremonial M1 Garands. ModernM1909 are rose crimped blanks, but they have thesame designation.[24]

• Dummy, M40: This cartridge is used for training.The cartridge has six longitudinal corrugations andthere is no primer.

• Explosive, T99: Development of a cartridge thatcontained a small explosive charge which more ef-fectively marked its impact. Often referred to as an

“observation explosive” cartridge, the T99was neveradopted.

• Frangible, M22: The bullet disintegrates uponstriking a hard or armored target, leaving a pencil-like mark to indicate a hit during gunnery practice.The cartridge is identified by a green bullet tip witha white ring to the rear of the green color.

• High Pressure Test, M1: The cartridge is used toproof test 30-06 rifles and machine guns after man-ufacture, test, or repair. The cartridge is identifiedby stannic-stained (silvered) cartridge case.

• Incendiary, M1917: Early incendiary cartridge,bullet had a large cavity in the nose to allow the ma-terial to more easily shoot forward on impact. As aresult, the M1917 had a tendency to expand on im-pact. The M1917 had a blackened tip.

• Incendiary, M1918: Variant of the M1917 witha normal bullet profile to comply with internationallaws regarding open-tipped expanding bullets.

• Incendiary, M1 : This cartridge is used against un-armored, flammable targets. The tip of the bullet ispainted blue.

• Match, M72: This cartridge is used in marksman-ship competition firing, and can be identified by theword “MATCH” on the head stamp.

• Tracer, M1: Tracer for observing fire, signaling,target designation, and incendiary purposes. TheM1 has a red tip.

• Tracer, M2: Tracer for observing fire, signaling,target designation, and incendiary purposes. Has ashort burn time. The M2 originally had a white tip,but then switched to a red tip like the M1.

• Tracer, T10/M25: Improved tracer over M1/M2.Designed to be less intense in terms of brightnessthan either the M1 or M2 tracers. The M25 had anorange tip.

• Rifle Grenade Cartridges, M1, M2, and M3/E1:These cartridges are used in conjunction with theM1 (for the M1903 rifle), M2 (for the M1917 ri-fle), and the M7 series (for the M1 rifle) grenadelaunchers to propel rifle grenades. The cartridge hasno bullet and the mouth is crimped. The differ-ences between the three cartridges have to do withthe powder charge and the subsequent range of thelaunched grenade. The M3E1 featured an extendedcase neck.[25][26] The Grenade Blanks were issued indouble-rowed 10-round cartons, usually as part of aset with the M13 metal Grenade Launcher Assort-ment ammo can.[27]

5

7 U.S. military firearms using the.30-06 cartridge

View from the turret of an M67 “Zippo”. On the right is amounted M1919 Browning machine gun with an attached boxof linked .30-06 ammunition.

• M1903/M1903A3 bolt-action rifle using Mauser-licensed stripper clips.

• M1917 Enfield rifle, loading from Mauser-stylestripper clips.

• Gatling gun: Some U.S. Gatling guns were re-chambered for .30-06.

• Model 1909Machine Rifle: The Benét–Mercié lightmachine gun was chambered for .30-06.

• M1917 Chauchat: The US used a mix of Chauchatsin .30-06 and 8 mm Lebel.

• Lewis gun: The US used a limited amount of Lewisguns chambered in .30-06 in both WWI andWWII.

• M1917 Machine Gun water-cooled

• M1919 Machine Gun, M37 Machine gun, andAN/M2 Aircraft machine gun. All air cooled ma-chine guns feeding from belts

• M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle, loading from de-tachable magazines.

• Marlin machine gun: Similar to the Colt–Browningmachine gun ('Potato Digger'), but without 'digger'piston, and used mainly on aircraft.

• M1 Garand, loading in a Mannlicher-type en blocclip.

• M1941 Johnson Rifle, feeding from a 10-round in-ternal rotary magazine, loading from stripper clips.

• M1941 Johnson LMG, feeding from magazine.

8 See also

9 ReferencesNotes

[1] “Federal Cartridge Co. ballistics page”. Archived fromthe original on 22 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-21.

[2] “Accurate Powder reload data table” (PDF). Archivedfrom the original (PDF) on 20 March 2009. Retrieved2009-02-09.

[3] Gun Digest Shooter’s Guide to Rifles Wayne van Zwoll, p186

[4] “Cartridge Specifications and Chronology”. Retrieved 26October 2014.

[5] “The .30-06 Springfield Cartridge”. TheM1Garand Rifle.Retrieved 26 October 2014.

[6] George, John (Lt. Col.), Shots Fired in Anger, NRA Press(1981), pp. 402–403

[7] “M118 History - Sniper Central”. Retrieved 26 October2014.

[8] FM 23-10 Basic Field Manual: U.S. Rifle Caliber .30,M1903, 20 September 1943 page 212

[9] Dunlap, Roy, Ordnance Went Up Front, Samworth Press(1948), p. 303 ISBN 978-1-884849-09-1

[10] U.S. Army (April 1994), Army Ammunition Data Sheets:Small Caliber Ammunition (PDF), Technical Manual, TM43-0001-27, page 5-9

[11] George, John (Lt. Col.), Shots Fired In Anger, NRAPress(1981), p. 409

[12] Rocketto, Hap, Biography: William S. Brophy, CivilianMarksmanship Program http://clubs.odcmp.com/cgi-bin/distinguishedStory.cgi?distID=6674

[13] George, John (Lt. Col.), Shots Fired In Anger, NRA Press(1981), pp. 81, 428, 434-435

[14] http://www.federalpremium.com/products/rifle.aspx ac-cessed 15 May 2010

[15] Hodgdon Powder Company, Cartridge Load Recipe Re-port, 3/27/2010, data.hodgdon.com

[16] Speer Reloading Manual Number 12, 1994, Blount, Inc.,Lewiston, ID. pp. 286-294.

[17] Hornady Handbook of Cartridge Reloading, Fourth Edi-tion, 1991, Hornady Manufacturing Company, Grand Is-land, NE. pp. 343-350.

6 9 REFERENCES

[18] Nosler ReloadingGuideNumber Four, 1996, Nosler, Inc.,Bend OR. pp. 322-329.

[19] Barnes Reloading Manual Number 2-Rifle Data, 1997,Barnes Bullets, Inc., American Fork, UT. pp. 381-386.

[20] Barnes, Frank C., Cartridges of the World (Kindle Edi-tion), 2009, Frank C. Barnes and Krause Publications,Chapter 2, Location 375

[21] Kim Lockhart. “30-06 Springfield:". Retrieved 26 Octo-ber 2014.

[22] “Rifle Recoil Table”. Retrieved 26 October 2014.

[23] “Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor NIJ Standard-0101.06” (PDF). NIJ Standards. United States Depart-ment of Justice. July 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-13.

[24] Use of M1909 blanks in M1 rifles.

[25] “Gary’s U.S. Infantry Weapons Reference Guide - .30Caliber (.30-06 Springfield) Ammunition”. Archivedfrom the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-21.

[26] “An Introduction to Collecting .30-06”. Archived fromthe original on 19 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-21.

[27] US Grenade Cartridges by Bill Riccia copyright March2004

Bibliography

• C.I.P. CD-ROM edition 2003

• C.I.P. decisions, texts and tables (free current C.I.P.CD-ROM version download) (ZIP and RAR for-mat)

7

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