• 30 January1933Hitler appointed 30 January1933Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany.Chancellor of Germany.

• 28 February1933Suspension of 28 February1933Suspension of freedoms of speech, assembly, freedoms of speech, assembly, press, and other basic rights. press, and other basic rights.

• 20 March1933First concentration 20 March1933First concentration camp opens at Dachau. 1 camp opens at Dachau. 1 April1933Nazi-organized boycott of April1933Nazi-organized boycott of Jewish-owned businesses. Jewish-owned businesses.

• 7 April1933Jews excluded from 7 April1933Jews excluded from government employment, including government employment, including teaching jobs at all levels. teaching jobs at all levels.

• 14 July1933New law provides basis 14 July1933New law provides basis for forced sterilization of for forced sterilization of handicapped persons, Gypsies, and handicapped persons, Gypsies, and Blacks. Blacks.

October1934First major wave of October1934First major wave of arrests of homosexuals throughout arrests of homosexuals throughout Germany. Germany. 16 March1935Military conscription 16 March1935Military conscription introduced.introduced. April1935Many Jehovah's Witnesses April1935Many Jehovah's Witnesses arrested throughout Germany. arrested throughout Germany. 15 September1935Anti-Jewish racial 15 September1935Anti-Jewish racial and citizenship laws issued at and citizenship laws issued at Nuremberg. Nuremberg. 7 March1936German troops march 7 March1936German troops march unopposed into the Rhineland.unopposed into the Rhineland. 16 July1936Some 800 Gypsies 16 July1936Some 800 Gypsies interned near Berlin.interned near Berlin. 1 August1936Summer Olympics begin 1 August1936Summer Olympics begin in Berlin.in Berlin.

Drifting Towards WarDrifting Towards War

League of Nations is weak. League of Nations is weak. WHY????WHY????•3 countries that pose the 3 countries that pose the

greatest threat to peace are all greatest threat to peace are all members-Germany, Italy, and members-Germany, Italy, and JapanJapan

•Two of the other strongest Two of the other strongest nations were not members (US nations were not members (US and Soviet Union)and Soviet Union)

•Burden of the League falls to Burden of the League falls to Britain and France-both still Britain and France-both still hurting from Depression/WW1 hurting from Depression/WW1

Rise of DictatorshipsRise of Dictatorships

• Japanese militarists and cult of Japanese militarists and cult of the emperor in Japanthe emperor in Japan

• Mussolini in ItalyMussolini in Italy

• Hitler in GermanyHitler in Germany

• Stalin in the USSRStalin in the USSR

• All of these places abandon All of these places abandon collaborative, democratic collaborative, democratic leadership aside for leadership aside for totalitarianismtotalitarianism

JapanJapan

• Attempts at democracy – all men can Attempts at democracy – all men can vote for members of the Diet – a vote for members of the Diet – a legislative bodylegislative body

• Emperor – figure-head leader, Emperor – figure-head leader, symbol, descended from the Sun symbol, descended from the Sun Goddess Amaterasu Goddess Amaterasu

Problems for JapanProblems for Japan

• Devastating earthquake in 1923 – Devastating earthquake in 1923 – 140,000 victims140,000 victims

Japan, as a new industrial country Japan, as a new industrial country still heavily dependent on exportstill heavily dependent on exportearnings for financing its imports earnings for financing its imports of essential fuel and raw of essential fuel and raw materials, wasmaterials, washit hard too. The Japanese silk hit hard too. The Japanese silk industry, an export staple, was industry, an export staple, was alreadyalreadysuffering from the advent of suffering from the advent of artificial silk-like fibers produced artificial silk-like fibers produced by Westernby Westernchemical giants. Now luxury chemical giants. Now luxury purchases collapsed, leading to purchases collapsed, leading to severesevereunemployment and, again, a unemployment and, again, a crucial political crisis.crucial political crisis.

Between 1929 and 1931, the value Between 1929 and 1931, the value of Japanese exports plummeted by of Japanese exports plummeted by 5050percent. Workers' real income percent. Workers' real income dropped by almost one-third, and dropped by almost one-third, and there were over three million there were over three million unemployed. Depression was unemployed. Depression was compounded by bad harvests in compounded by bad harvests in several regions, leading to rural several regions, leading to rural begging and near-starvation.begging and near-starvation.

Ultranationalist SolutionsUltranationalist Solutions• Ultranationalists – extremists who Ultranationalists – extremists who

wanted the glory of Japan at all costswanted the glory of Japan at all costs• Government became more Government became more

conservativeconservative• People reminded of their obligations to People reminded of their obligations to

obey emperor and governmentobey emperor and government• Schools reinforced thisSchools reinforced this• Talk of building an empire (think back Talk of building an empire (think back

to mercantilism) to obtain resources to mercantilism) to obtain resources and have more markets to sell goodsand have more markets to sell goods

• Talk of military glory, bushido – the Talk of military glory, bushido – the spirit of the samuraispirit of the samurai

Japan invades ChinaJapan invades China

•1931—puppet gov’t in Manchuria 1931—puppet gov’t in Manchuria controlled by Japanesecontrolled by Japanese

•1937 (what is going on in China?) 1937 (what is going on in China?) shots exchanged between Chinese shots exchanged between Chinese Nationalists and JapanNationalists and Japan

•Chiang-Kai Shek has a million men, Chiang-Kai Shek has a million men, but they are beaten by Japan’s but they are beaten by Japan’s modern equipment with easemodern equipment with ease

What is a genocide?What is a genocide?

The systematic and The systematic and planned extermination of planned extermination of an entire national, racial, an entire national, racial, political, or ethnic group.political, or ethnic group.

Rape of NankingRape of Nanking

•Chinese cities fall quicklyChinese cities fall quickly

•Nanking has up to 200,000 Nanking has up to 200,000 citizens executed in 6 weeks-citizens executed in 6 weeks-400,000 in a year400,000 in a year

•Chinese fight onChinese fight on

•Warning—the next few slides are Warning—the next few slides are graphic—turn away if you likegraphic—turn away if you like

The HORRORThe HORROR•Poured gasoline and people and Poured gasoline and people and

shot them so they flickered like shot them so they flickered like candlescandles

•Cut out eyeballs and then Cut out eyeballs and then burned them aliveburned them alive

•Poured acid on themPoured acid on them

•Castrated men and beat women Castrated men and beat women in the pelvic region until they in the pelvic region until they dieddied

The HORRORThe HORROR• Children were skewered and tossed Children were skewered and tossed

into boiling waterinto boiling water

• Mass rape—over 20,000 women and Mass rape—over 20,000 women and then brutally killedthen brutally killed

• Medical tests on Chinese Medical tests on Chinese performed-injected with bacteria, performed-injected with bacteria, fetuses cut from women, bubonic fetuses cut from women, bubonic plague released in certain areas, plague released in certain areas, people put into pressure chambers people put into pressure chambers until their eyes would pop outuntil their eyes would pop out

Prisoners were used to practice the bayonet

In 1982, Japan tried to remove mention of the massacre from their textbooks, since they say that the event was “not historically well established”-Japan has still not apologized for these events

How do we lose track of these things?

Fascists Come to Power in Fascists Come to Power in ItalyItaly

• Italy in a depression after WWIItaly in a depression after WWI

• Mussolini promised order and Mussolini promised order and prosperityprosperity

• Introduced “fascism”Introduced “fascism”

• Fascism: dictatorship, Fascism: dictatorship, centralized control of private centralized control of private enterprise, repression of enterprise, repression of opposition, and extreme opposition, and extreme nationalismnationalism

• Used “Black Shirts” to impose Used “Black Shirts” to impose his rule.his rule.

• Invades EthiopiaInvades Ethiopia

• Makes a pact with HitlerMakes a pact with Hitler

Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini

• Il-Duce – Title of Il-Duce – Title of MussoliniMussolini

• Wanted to turn the Wanted to turn the Mediterranean into Mediterranean into an Italian lakean Italian lake

• Reminded Italians of Reminded Italians of their great historytheir great history

• What famous What famous ancient empire was ancient empire was based out of Italy?based out of Italy?

EthiopiaEthiopia•Mussolini attacks Ethiopia to Mussolini attacks Ethiopia to begin his quest for an begin his quest for an “empire”“empire”

•Tanks, guns, planes, gas vs. Tanks, guns, planes, gas vs. old rifles and spearsold rifles and spears

•A test of A test of collective securitycollective security —but nobody stops it—but nobody stops it

“It is us today. It will be you tomorrow”

Haile Selassi

Axis powersAxis powers•Germany, Italy, and Japan Germany, Italy, and Japan

form the Axis Powersform the Axis Powers

•Hitler and Mussolini says Hitler and Mussolini says Europe will rotate around the Europe will rotate around the alliance formed between Rome alliance formed between Rome and Berlinand Berlin

Civil War in SpainCivil War in Spain•Weak democracy from 1931-Weak democracy from 1931-

19361936•Army calls for a fascist gov’t and Army calls for a fascist gov’t and

is led by is led by General Francisco FrancoGeneral Francisco Franco

•3 years of civil war before aid 3 years of civil war before aid from Germany and Italy turns from Germany and Italy turns the tidethe tide

•He rules through 1975He rules through 1975

Remember these restrictions Remember these restrictions set by Treaty of Versailles? set by Treaty of Versailles?

• No ANSCHLUSS (unification) between No ANSCHLUSS (unification) between Germany and Austria in the futureGermany and Austria in the future

• Germany is not permitted to send Germany is not permitted to send soldiers into the RHINELAND, even soldiers into the RHINELAND, even though this territory is within their though this territory is within their boundaries – too close to Franceboundaries – too close to France

RHINELANDRHINELAND

• In 1935, In 1935, Hitler will Hitler will violate the violate the Treaty of Treaty of Versailles by Versailles by remilitarizing remilitarizing the the Rhineland.Rhineland.

GERMANY

FRANCE

BELGIUM

The final steps to warThe final steps to war•Austria is annexed by GermanyAustria is annexed by Germany

—breaking the anschluss—once —breaking the anschluss—once again ignored by France and again ignored by France and BritainBritain

•Munich Conference—1938Munich Conference—1938

•Hitler demands the SudetenlandHitler demands the Sudetenland

•Look back to page 700Look back to page 700

What argument did Hitler What argument did Hitler make for wanting the make for wanting the Sudetenland?Sudetenland?

The final steps to warThe final steps to war•On the brink of war as France and On the brink of war as France and

Britain want to protect Britain want to protect Czechoslovakia , Hitler calls for the Czechoslovakia , Hitler calls for the Munich ConferenceMunich Conference

•Hitler promises Neville Chamberlain Hitler promises Neville Chamberlain (prime minister of England before (prime minister of England before Winston Churchill) that the Winston Churchill) that the Sudetenland will be his last requestSudetenland will be his last request

Sudeten Germans Greeting Sudeten Germans Greeting Hitler with fascist saluteHitler with fascist salute

•"My good friends, for the "My good friends, for the second time in our history, second time in our history, a British Prime Minister has a British Prime Minister has returned from Germany returned from Germany bringing peace with bringing peace with honour. I believe it is honour. I believe it is peace for our time... peace for our time... Go home and get a nice Go home and get a nice quiet sleep."quiet sleep."

Discuss the meaning of this cartoon. Discuss the meaning of this cartoon. Include historical references.Include historical references.

• "Britain and France had to choose "Britain and France had to choose between war and dishonour. They between war and dishonour. They chose dishonour. They will have chose dishonour. They will have war." war."         - From Churchill’s speech in         - From Churchill’s speech in House of Commons about Munich House of Commons about Munich settlement (1938) settlement (1938)

Drifting Toward War ReviewDrifting Toward War Review

• Who were the Axis Powers and their Who were the Axis Powers and their leaders?leaders?

• What did they have in common?What did they have in common?

• What is appeasement?What is appeasement?

• Give three examples of appeasement.Give three examples of appeasement.

• What happened during the Munich What happened during the Munich Conference? What piece of land were Conference? What piece of land were they discussing? What was the they discussing? What was the outcome?outcome?

•How can ordinary people play How can ordinary people play a role when their country is a role when their country is under Iraq? under Iraq?

•Consider the role of the Consider the role of the insurgents (rebels) in Iraq.insurgents (rebels) in Iraq.

•Write down three steps that Write down three steps that they can take in your notes.they can take in your notes.

BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg• ““Lightning war” Lightning war” • Spear-head Spear-head

movementmovement – bypass – bypass enemy strong points enemy strong points and go through weak and go through weak pointspoints

• AirplanesAirplanes – damage – damage enemy air force enemy air force before they can take before they can take off, bombing off, bombing strategic locations, strategic locations, machine gunning machine gunning people – causing people – causing terror and confusionterror and confusion

BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg• Rapidly advancing tank groups – best Rapidly advancing tank groups – best

trained soldiers and commanderstrained soldiers and commanders

• Precision bombing by Precision bombing by LuftwaffeLuftwaffe (German (German air force), included dropping elite air force), included dropping elite paratroopers behind enemy linesparatroopers behind enemy lines

• Paratroopers captured bridges before the Paratroopers captured bridges before the enemy could destroy themenemy could destroy them

• Radio – tanks and airplanes equipped with Radio – tanks and airplanes equipped with it, connection back to German High it, connection back to German High Command – Command –

• 1940, French High Command was not 1940, French High Command was not equipped with radio.equipped with radio.

Blitzkrieg’s QualitiesBlitzkrieg’s Qualities• FlexibilityFlexibility – German commanders could – German commanders could

alter movements on the spot – target alter movements on the spot – target weaker areas and avoid strongerweaker areas and avoid stronger

• Possible because of better technologyPossible because of better technology• Initiative and surpriseInitiative and surprise – Speed and – Speed and

intensity of the attack overwhelmed intensity of the attack overwhelmed enemyenemy

• Tanks, aircraft, and radioTanks, aircraft, and radio• Strong leaders, well-trained and Strong leaders, well-trained and

experienced soldiers, and great experienced soldiers, and great weapons – overwhelming German weapons – overwhelming German victoriesvictories

Weaknesses of BlitzkriegWeaknesses of Blitzkrieg

• At this pace, Germany should have At this pace, Germany should have won the war. Why does blitzkrieg not won the war. Why does blitzkrieg not win the war?win the war?

• Short term, good weather and roads Short term, good weather and roads – Poland, France, and Yugoslavia– Poland, France, and Yugoslavia

• Not good for long-term – Why not?Not good for long-term – Why not?

• It relies extensively on machines. It relies extensively on machines. What do machines require? What What do machines require? What happens to machines over time?happens to machines over time?

Shortcoming of Blitzkrieg – Shortcoming of Blitzkrieg – Soviet Union invasionSoviet Union invasion

• Germans advance to Moscow winning Germans advance to Moscow winning many victories.many victories.

• Distances too long to effectively transport Distances too long to effectively transport suppliessupplies

• Machines run out of fuel or breakdown – Machines run out of fuel or breakdown – Germans did not plan out logistics (ex. Germans did not plan out logistics (ex. How to get parts to the front to repair How to get parts to the front to repair machines)machines)

• Russia’s poor roads and bad weather Russia’s poor roads and bad weather affect blitzkrieg’s effectiveness affect blitzkrieg’s effectiveness

• German army overextendedGerman army overextended

• Where would you attack? Where would you attack?

• From which location do you think the From which location do you think the French and British were expecting French and British were expecting the attack? the attack?

• Through which Through which territory does territory does the German the German advance?advance?

• Why was this a Why was this a surprise to the surprise to the French?French?

• What do you What do you notice about the notice about the upper arrow?upper arrow?

Dunkirk Evacuation – May – Dunkirk Evacuation – May – June 1940June 1940

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/DUNKIRK1940.jpg

The Miracle of DunkirkThe Miracle of Dunkirk• Missed opportunity for German Army – Missed opportunity for German Army –

Hitler orders the assault delayed for three Hitler orders the assault delayed for three days days

• Relied on Luftwaffe to finish off Allied Relied on Luftwaffe to finish off Allied forces – a favor to his friend Hermann forces – a favor to his friend Hermann Goering, commander of LuftwaffeGoering, commander of Luftwaffe

• Not all bombs exploded – sunk into the Not all bombs exploded – sunk into the sandsand

• Had German relied on tanks and infantry, Had German relied on tanks and infantry, Allies could not have escaped.Allies could not have escaped.

• Over 300,000 Allied troops escape to Over 300,000 Allied troops escape to Britain, live to fight another dayBritain, live to fight another day

Dunkirk EvacuationDunkirk Evacuation• All available British naval vesselsAll available British naval vessels

• Many boats were non-military (fishing Many boats were non-military (fishing boats, pleasure boats) and piloted by boats, pleasure boats) and piloted by civilianscivilians

• Consider of the bravery of the Consider of the bravery of the common people involved – the common people involved – the important role they could play in important role they could play in helping their nation and the side of helping their nation and the side of rightright

• Winston Churchill referred to the event Winston Churchill referred to the event as a “miracle of deliverance.”as a “miracle of deliverance.”

France FallsFrance Falls

• June 22, 1940 – French leaders sign June 22, 1940 – French leaders sign surrender documents in the same surrender documents in the same railroad car in which the Germans railroad car in which the Germans signed the armistice ending World signed the armistice ending World War I – symbolic significance. Hitler War I – symbolic significance. Hitler was in his glory.was in his glory.

• Why did he do this? Why did he do this?

• Why were he and Germany so bitter? Why were he and Germany so bitter?

Southern Zone also Southern Zone also known as Vichy France known as Vichy France after its capital.after its capital.

The French Did Not Completely The French Did Not Completely Give UpGive Up

• Charles de Gaulle led French government Charles de Gaulle led French government in exile from Britain.in exile from Britain.

• Brave citizens became spies and provided Brave citizens became spies and provided valuable information to Allied forces valuable information to Allied forces which would help on D-Day. which would help on D-Day.

• French resistance used guerilla warfare.French resistance used guerilla warfare.

• Some French families hid Jews. Some French families hid Jews.

• Many French people felt no other choice Many French people felt no other choice but to cooperate with the Germans.but to cooperate with the Germans.

ReviewReview• What is blitzkrieg? What is blitzkrieg? • What was the name of the German air What was the name of the German air

force? What was its role in blitzkrieg?force? What was its role in blitzkrieg?• How did the German army conquer How did the German army conquer

France?France?• Why was Dunkirk a miracle for the Why was Dunkirk a miracle for the

Allies?Allies?• How was France politically reorganized How was France politically reorganized

after surrendering to Germany?after surrendering to Germany?• How did common people make a How did common people make a

difference?difference?

America Goes to WarAmerica Goes to War

• How do you feel when someone goes How do you feel when someone goes back on his word? back on his word?