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Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States, 10Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States, 11University of Florida School of Medicine, Boca Raton, FL, United States, 12Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, Grafton, MA, United States, 13Cornell University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States

Human babesiosis is a tick-borne malaria-like illness that generally resolves without complication after administration of atovaquone and azithromycin or clindamycin and quinine. Although failure of antibiotic therapy to clear Babesia microti parasitemia and associated symptoms in immunocompromised hosts has been reported, the pathogenesis, clinical course, and optimal treatment regimen remain uncertain. We used a case-control strategy to compare the immunologic status, clinical course, and treatment of 14 immunocompromised subjects who suffered morbidity or death following persistence of Babesia microti infection despite repeated courses of anti-babesial antibiotics with those of 46 case controls who cleared infection after a single course of standard anti-babesial therapy. All of the case subjects were immunosuppressed at the time of acute babesiosis compared to fewer than 10 percent of controls. Most subjects experiencing persistent babesiosis suffered from hematologic malignancies and were asplenic or had received immunosuppressive therapy shortly before initial babesial illness. The cases were more likely than control subjects to require hospital admission and to suffer hematologic, pulmonary, and renal complications from acute or relapsed babesiosis. Three case subjects died of complications related to their babesial infection. Resolution of persistent disease occurred in 11 patients after 3 to 10 courses of therapy and administration of a final antimicrobial regimen for at least 2 weeks after babesia were no longer seen on thin blood smear. In conclusion, immunocompromised patients infected by B. microti are at risk for the development of refractory babesiosis despite a course of standard anti-babesial therapy. In order to overcome persistent disease and achieve cure, such patients require an extended course of antimicrobial therapy, generally administered for at least 2 months, including 2 weeks of therapy beyond the time piroplasms are no longer detectable on blood smear.

�046clinical features of the human bartonellosis (acute carrion’s disease) in the northern forest of peru

paul e. pachas�, Jorge A. Chancafe2, Deysi Medina2, Zoila Villegas3, Lucinda Troyes3, Nelson Solorzano4, Manuel Cespedes5, Elizabeth Anaya5, Victor Arenas2, Bertha Granda2, Alexander Canelo3, Luis A. Suarez-Ognio1

1General Directorate of Epidemiology-Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru, 2San Ignacio Health Center, Cajamarca Department, Peru, 3Jaen Directorate of Health, Cajamarca Department, Peru, 4Caraz Hospital, Ancash Department, Peru, 5National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru

Carrion’s Disease is a reemerging disease in Peru with a broad clinical spectrum. Coinfections and superinfections are frequent, but this has been poorly investigated in endemic area. Our aim is to describe the clinical features of the acute Carrion’s Disease (ACD) in the Northern forest of Peru as well as the coinfections. A cohort study was performed in the San Ignacio Health Center, Cajamarca department, located in the North forest of Peru, between July 2004 and June 2005. All patients with fever, without known source of infection and without previous antibiotic treatment, who turned to the San Ignacio Health Center, were enrolled. During the first consultation, a clinical-epidemiological survey was run and blood samples for culture, thin and thick smear, hematologic and biochemistry analysis, serological tests for infection by Leptospira, Brucella, Salmonella typhi and paratiphy were taken. People with positive blood culture to Bartonella were considered as ACD. From 476 enrolled 87 were cases of ACD. The median age of the cases was 14 years old (4 months - 82 years) and 52,3% were male; the main symptoms were general malaise 97,7%, headache 89%, arthralgias 78,2%, chills 75%, hyporexia 74%, myalgias 64,4%, abdominal pain 61%, dizziness 45,9%, cough 45,9%, conjunctival injection 35%, retroocular pain 26,4%,

vomits 23% and diarrhea 21%. The main signs were hepatomegaly 19%, conjunctival pallor 17,2%, petequiae 11% and splenomegaly 8%. The main coinfections were leptospirosis 16,7% (8/48), rickettsiosis 4% (2/49) and P. vivax malaria 1,2%. The median of hemoglobin was 12,5 g/dl (5.8-16.1). Sensitivity of blood smear was 29,8%. Only 5.5% were inpatients and the fatality rate was 0%. In conclusion, unspecific symptoms are the most reported and retroocular pain is described for the first time in ACD. The conjunctival pallor was unusual and the main coinfections are leptospirosis, rickettsiosis and malaria. The blood smear has a low sensitivity for diagnostic of ACD.

�047reduction of infant mortality: lessons from ceará state, northeastern braZil (�995-2002)

anastacio q. sousa�, Francisca M. Andrade2, Telma B. Queiroz3, Maria P. Martins3, Richard L. Guerrant4

1Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil, 2UNICEF, Fortaleza, Brazil, 3Secretariat of Health of Ceara State, Fortaleza, Brazil, 4University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States

Infant mortality (IM) remains a very important public health problem worldwide. Substantial reductions in IM were observed in the state of Ceará, northeastern Brazil, after the implementation of a state wide program. Ceará is one of most underprivileged states in the region in terms of natural resources and had a high infant mortality; 80/1,000 live births in 1994. The IM was associated with the lack of exclusive breast-feeding, insufficient prenatal care, inadequate water supplies, poor sanitation, and illiteracy of mothers. The state ministry of health implemented the following measures: 1) It increased the number of community health workers (CHW). Each CHW visited 100 families monthly, provided health and nutrition education, referred pregnant women for prenatal care and sick persons to the health unit, taught water chlorination and supplied chlorine, and collected health data. 2) It greatly expanded implementation of Family Health Teams of one nurse, one physician, and 10 CHWs for every 1,000 families. 3) A major breast feeding campaign was launched. It included a) training all health professionals on the importance and practice of breast feeding and b) using postal workers to deliver information to pregnant women encouraging prenatal care and breast-feeding. 4) Kangaroo Mother Care was initiated to provide supplemental care for underweight infants. 5) Human breast milk banks were created in maternity centers. 6) Prizes were awarded to child-friendly hospitals where 100% of babies delivered were breast-fed exclusively up to 6 months. From 1995-2002 IM rate in Ceara decreased from 80 to 25/1000, a 68% reduction; exclusive breast-feeding (up to 6 months) increased from 38% to 64%, an increment of 68%; and prenatal care increased from 68 to 90%, an increment of 32%. While incentivized breast feeding and other aspects of the program were directly responsible for decreased IM, successful implementation of the program was dependent on political will and cooperation among multiple agencies.

�048identification of developmentally reGulated Genes in entAmoebA histolyticA

Gretchen m. ehrenkaufer, Upinder SinghStanford University, Stanford, CA, United States

Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite and the second leading cause of parasitic death worldwide. There are two stages in the life cycle: a trophozoite that causes disease and a cyst form that transmits disease. Encystation is necessary for transmission of the parasite to new hosts, hence, blocking encystation would prevent spread of the disease. Unfortunately, research into the regulation of this developmental process has been severely hampered by the lack of an in vitro system of encystation in E. histolytica. We used E. histolytica clinical isolates, which contain cysts and a whole-genome microarray-based expression profiling to examine the transcriptomes of E. histolytica cysts and trophozoites.

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We identified that ~15% of the 9,938 annotated amebic genes are developmentally regulated (672 cyst-specific genes and 767 trophozoite-specific genes). Among the cyst-specific genes included potential signal transducing genes such protein kinases and G-protein coupled receptors, which may play a role in the regulation of the developmental program. In order to identify the molecular signature that initiates the encystation program, we are functionally characterizing a Myb-domain containing gene, which was upregulated in cysts. We have confirmed that the homologue of this gene is upregulated in Entamoeba invadens cysts suggesting a potential conserved function in Entamoeba development. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that overexpression of the Myb-domain gene in E. histolytica trophozoites initiates a transcriptional profile consistent with encystation, including expression of cyst wall genes. Studies to identify the promoter motifs bound by the Myb protein are underway. This work will help to delineate the molecular basis of stage conversion in Entamoeba histolytica and lead to potential therapeutic measures against the cyst form of the parasite.

(ACMCIP Abstract)

�049cysteine protease activity in schistosomA mAnsoni resistant and susceptible biomphAlAriA glAbrAtA snails

Jocelyn c. myers�, Wannaporn Ittiprasert1, Andre’ Miller1, Clarence M. Lee2, Matty Knight1, Nithya Raghavan1

1Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, MD, United States, 2Howard University, Washington, DC, United States

A strong body of evidence exists for a role of hydrolytic enzymes in the defense of mollusks against invading parasites. It has been shown that the levels of these enzymes are elevated in Biomphalaria glabrata snails following exposure to pathogens such as parasitic helminths. The innate immune response of B. glabrata to Schistosoma mansoni is mediated both by the cellular (hemocytes) and plasma (hemolymph) components of the snail’s internal defense system (IDS). In response to the invading parasite, the IDS is triggered within a short period post-exposure. This results in encapsulation of the parasite, where the action of hydrolytic enzymes released from the hemocytes and hemolymph may facilitate the death of the parasite. In the present study, SDS-page gelatin zymology was used to qualitatively determine proteolytic enzyme activity in resistant (BS-90 and LAC strains) and susceptible (NMRI strains) pre- and post- exposure to S. mansoni. Results indicated that protease activity was higher in parasite resistant compared to susceptible snails with most activity residing in the posterior, hepatopancreas, region. Enzyme activity corresponded to a complex high molecular weight smear (>220 to 66kDa) that was inhibited by the cysteine protease inhibitor E64. Because parasite exposure was found to affect the levels of cysteine protease activity in the snail, a cDNA library was made from the hepatopancreas from which several cysteine protease encoding transcripts were identified. One of these transcripts encoded the full-length cDNA for the cysteine protease, cathepsin B. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence analysis of the snail cathepsin B gene showed significant matches to schistosome and vertebrate (human and mouse) orthologues. In B. glabrata, Cathepsin B was found to occur as a single-copy gene. Genetic variation in the Cathepsin B locus in resistant and susceptible snails was investigated by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and results revealed the occurrence of polymorphisms between these snails. Real-time Reverse Transcriptase (RT)-PCR was used to determine the regulation of the Cathepsin B transcripts in resistant and susceptible snails pre-and post exposure to miracidia. Results consistently showed that up-regulation of Cathepsin B occurs shortly after parasite exposure of resistant but not susceptible snails.

(ACMCIP Abstract)

�050identification of immediate response - Genes dominantly expressed in biomphAlAriA glAbrAtA snails upon exposure to schistosomA mAnsoni infection

wannaporn ittiprasert�, Andre Nathaniel Miller1, Vish M. Nene2, Najib M. El-Sayed3, Jocelyn Celeste Myers1, Matty Knight1

1Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, MD, United States, 2Institute of Genome Sciences and Development of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, 3Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States

Intermediate snail hosts of parasitic infections are an integral part of the transmission of intractable chronic diseases such as schistosomiasis. An understanding of the snail host-parasite relationship at the molecular level is probably the best chance for the identification of novel tools that will help block parasite development in the snail. Non-self responses in Biomphalaria glabrata towards parasite infection depend on an innate defense system. This system is characterized by an immediate early response against miracidia that eliminates the parasite. In this study, we focused on the identification of immediate response-transcripts that may be involved in miracidia destruction before they develop into sporocysts. Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was used to reveal the up-regulation of dominantly expressed transcripts in either resistant (LAC) or susceptible (NMRI) snails 5 hrs post exposure to Schistosoma mansoni. SSH cDNA libraries were also constructed from parasite- exposed juvenile resistant (BS-90) and susceptible (NMRI) snails. One thousand nine hundred and twenty Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) were generated from these libraries and clustered. We identified 41 dominantly expressed genes from parasite-exposed susceptible snails. These included transcripts encoding antioxidant, cell structure/signaling, immune related, metabolic/mitochondrial, transduction/translation and various enzymes. From the resistant snail-specific SSH libraries, ESTs generated included 25 genes that were up-regulated in these parasite-exposed snails. These included a similar repertoire of gene transcripts as those found in the susceptible parasite-exposed snails. Real time PCR was used to verify the specificity of transcription in resistant and susceptible snails at different times post- exposure. Immediate defense response genes were identified from the resistant snail. These included cytidine deaminase and 2 defense-related transcripts that were dramatically up-regulated shortly after exposure. Similarly, results showed that several receptor-encoding transcripts, including lectin-like receptor, low density lipoprotein receptor and receptor for protein kinase C, were significantly up-regulated in exposed susceptible but not in resistant snails. Differences in the relative expressions of the SSH transcripts identified in resistant and susceptible snails pre-and post exposure will be discussed.

(ACMCIP Abstract)

�05�anti-transmission dna vaccine for schistosomiasis Japonica in china

akram a. da’dara�, Li Yuesheng2, Tie Xiong2, J. Zhou2, Gail M. Williams3, Donald P. McManus4, Feng Zheng5, Xinling Yu2, Donald A. Harn1

1Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States, 2Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yue Yang City, China, 3University of Queensland, Herston, Australia, 4Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Australia, 5National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, China

Despite intensive control efforts, schistosomiasis remains an endemic, zoonotic disease of major public health importance in China. In the marsh and lake regions of China, water buffalo account for approximately 75% of disease transmission. In addition to acting as the major reservoir,

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infected water buffalo often experience poor growth and weight gain compared to non-infected animals. Thus, interventions which reduce schistosome infection in buffalo will be beneficial to buffalo health and aid in reducing disease prevalence in humans. In this regard, a mathematical model predicted that an anti-fecundity vaccine which reduces fecal egg output in water buffalo by 40-45% in conjunction with praziquantel treatment will significantly lead to reduction in transmission of schistosomiasis. In this study, we tested the ability of four schistosome-DNA vaccine constructs to reach these levels in water buffalo. The DNA vaccine constructs encode the glycolytic enzyme triose phosphate isomerase (SjCTPI) or the tetraspanin 23 kDa integral membrane protein (SjC23) or the same antigens fused to the N-terminus end of the bovine heat shock protein 70 (SjCTPI-Hsp70 and SjC23-Hsp70). We found that compared to buffalo vaccinated with the control plasmid DNA (pVAX), vaccination with SjCTPI-Hsp70 or SjCTPI plasmids reduced worm burdens by 51.2% and 41.5% respectively and importantly, fecal miracidial-hatching was reduced by 52.1% and 33.2% respectively. Vaccination with SjC23-Hsp70 and SjC23 plasmids reduced worm burdens by 50.9% and 45.5% respectively and fecal miracidial-hatching by 52.0% and 47.4%. Thus both the SjCTPI-Hsp70 and SjC23-Hsp70 plasmid DNA vaccines exceeded the level of protection predicted by the mathematical model to significantly reduce transmission of schistosomiasis in the lakes and marsh regions of China. These data support the use of either of these two vaccines in a field-based intervention to determine if vaccination of buffalo will reduce transmission of schistosomiasis in China.

(ACMCIP Abstract)

�052a dna vaccine encodinG a sand fly salivary yellow related protein (lJm��) confers protection aGainst challenGe with leishmAniA mAjor in the presence of lutzomyiA longipAlpis salivary Gland homoGenate

luiz f. oliveira, Regis B. Gomes, Shaden Kamhawi, Clarissa Teixeira, Dia-eldin Elnaiem, Jesus G. ValenzuelaNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States

Sand fly salivary proteins are injected in the host skin during blood meal and they act helping the feeding process by counteracting the coagulation and inflammatory cascades. Moreover, immune responses to sand fly bites or salivary gland homogenate from Phlebotomus papatasi were previously shown to confer protection against Leishmania major infection. The correlates of protection were a delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response with a Th1 profile in the presence of interferon γ. In order to identify a salivary protein from Lutzomyia longipalpis that induces a DTH response and potentially protect against Leishmania infection, we cloned in the mammalian expression vector VR2001-TOPO, the 17 transcripts encoding the most abundant Lu. longipalpis salivary proteins. We found two molecules, LJM11 (44 kDa salivary protein) and LJL143 (33 kDa salivary protein), that induced a DTH response in C57BL/6 mice. Since, there is no model to test protection to visceral leishmaniasis in mice; we tested if vaccination with these two plasmids could protect mice against L. major in the presence of Lu. longipalpis saliva. Mice vaccinated intradermally, three times, in the ear with 5ug of the purified plasmid LJM11 were protected against the L. major infection. No apparent protection was observed with LJL143 or other antibody producing salivary proteins. Evaluation of the immunological mechanisms of protection with the expressed recombinant LJM11 protein is underway. This functional genomic approach based on DNA immunization and identification of plasmids producing a cellular immune response allowed us to narrow down the number of potential vaccines candidates and the identification of a protective molecule from the salivary gland of this sand fly.

(ACMCIP Abstract)

�053multiply parasitiZed erythrocytes are associated with increased severity of malaria

lindsey turnbull�, Nicholas Connors1, Karl Seydel2, Danny Milner3, Linda Kalilani4, Miriam Laufer5, Christopher Plowe5, Terrie Taylor2

1Blantyre Malaria Project, Blantyre, Malawi, 2College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States, 3Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, 4University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi, 5University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States

The ability of Plasmodium falciparum to invade host erythrocytes efficiently contributes to the severity of disease caused by this, the most lethal of the human malaria species. Observations from the Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Paediatric Research Ward in Blantyre, Malawi suggest malaria patients with high numbers of erythrocytes with multiple parasites (EMPs) are more severely ill. We examined pretreatment thin smears from children with cerebral malaria (n=56) and uncomplicated malaria (n=98). For each slide the number of ring stage parasites per erythrocyte was counted and the peripheral parasitemia was calculated. Normally distributed data were analyzed using t-tests for continuous variables and chi-squared tests for categorical variables. In children with cerebral malaria and in those with uncomplicated malaria, there was a positive correlation between numbers of EMPs and parasitemia (r2=.48 vs.37, respectively). After controlling for parasitemia, the difference between the groups remained significant. The mean percentage of EMPs was higher for cerebral malaria patients than for uncomplicated patients (5.5 vs. 3.0, p<.001). More cerebral malaria patients had erythrocytes infected by three or more ring stage parasites than uncomplicated patients (39% vs. 12%, p<.001). The mean percentage of EMPs was higher for cerebral patients with a fatal outcome (28/56) than those who survived (28/56) (6.8 vs. 4.3, p<.05). In conclusion, our data suggest a strong relationship between the number of EMPs and the severity of malaria illness. The biological basis of this phenomenon remains to be elucidated but may involve degree of anemia, intensity of sequestration or a distinct parasite phenotype. In vitro data relating to these possibilities will be presented.

�054in utero selection at the flt� locus in a malaria-endemic area

atis muehlenbachs�, Michal Fried2, Jeff Lachowitzer2, Theonest K. Mutabingwa3, Patrick E. Duffy2

1University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, 2Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States, 3National Institute of Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania

Placental malaria (PM) is a major cause of neonatal mortality, but its effect on pregnancy loss is less clear. Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFLT1) is secreted by fetal cells of the placenta into the maternal circulation during PM of first-time mothers, and may be related to preeclampsia. We hypothesize that fetal FLT1 genotype may differentially promote survival for the fetus of first versus later pregnancies. Maternal and infant samples were provided by Tanzanian women aged 18 to 45 years delivering at the Muheza Designated District Hospital. Genomic DNA was extracted from filter paper or from frozen blood pellets. Genotypes from 1159 individuals were obtained. The genotype frequency of infants differed by maternal parity, but maternal genotype did not. The difference between infant genotype frequency persisted after correcting for maternal genotype. Reported miscarriages were most common in first time mothers who were homozygous, corresponding with the likelihood of having a homozygous fetus. Homozygous infants born to PM-positive first-time mothers had the highest prevalence of low birth weight. In conclusion, the data suggest that FLT1 homozygous offspring are at a selective disadvantage in first-time mothers in malaria endemic areas. Maternal malaria may exert selective pressure in utero at the FLT1 locus through pregnancy loss. This is

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the first identification of a malaria resistance gene that confers protection in utero.

�055ip-�0, apoptotic and anGioGenic factors associated with mortality outcomes in cerebral malaria patients in india

Vidhan Jain1, Nana Wilson2, Henry Armah3, Jon E. Tongren4, Pradeep K. Joel5, Mrigendra P. Singh5, Avinash C. Nagpal5, A. P. Dash5, Venkatachalam Udhayakumar6, Neeru Singh5, Jonathan K. stiles2

1National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Jabalpur, India, 2Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States, 3University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States, 4Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States, 5National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Jabalpur, India, 6Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States

We conducted a prospective study in Jabalpur, India to assess the burden of neurological outcomes associated with cerebral malaria was conducted. The goal of this study was to understand the immunopathological mechanisms involved in cerebral malaria and to identify peripheral biomarkers (cytokines, growth factors, ligands, etc.) implicated in malaria severity that may be utilized to predict prognoses of severe CM cases in India. The central hypothesis is that altered levels of interferon γ inducible protein (CXCL10), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 and 2 (sTNFR1, sTNFR2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGFbb) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of CM patients are predictive for neuronal injury, cognitive impairment and mortality associated with CM. We comparing different malaria groups (healthy controls [HC], mild malaria [MM], cerebral malaria survivors [CMS], and cerebral malaria non-survivors [NSCM]) and investigated the immunological profiles of various biological mediators (IL-1, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12 (p70), IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, Eotaxin, Fas-ligand [Fas-L], soluble Fas [sFas], FGF basic protein, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IP-10, MCP-1 (MCAF), MIP-1α, MIP-1β, PDGF bb, RANTES, TNF-α, sTNFR 1, sTNFR 2, TGF-β, and VEGF) in order to understand the role of immune factors which influence progression to severe outcomes associated with CM. Our findings suggest potential roles for IP-10, apoptotic factors and angiogenic factors in the cerebral malaria associated outcomes in Indian patients. The potential use of these results in establishing a prediction rule for CM prognosis is discussed.

(ACMCIP Abstract)

�056suppression of macrophaGe miGration inhibitory factor (mif) in children with severe malarial anemia: role of monocyte acquisition of hemoZoin

Gordon a. awandare�, Yamo Ouma2, Collins Ouma2, Tom Were2, Richard Otieno2, Christopher Keller3, Gregory Davenport1, James Hittner4, John Vulule5, Robert Ferrell6, John Michael Ong’echa2, Douglas Perkins1

1University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Pittsburgh, PA, United States, 2University of Pittsburgh/KEMRI Laboratories of Parasitic and Viral Diseases, Kisumu, Kenya, 3Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, United States, 4Department of Psychology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, United States, 5Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya, 6University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Human Genetics, Pittsburgh, PA, United States

Severe malarial anemia (SMA), caused by Plasmodium falciparum infections, is one of the leading causes of childhood mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Although the molecular determinants of SMA are largely undefined, dysregulation in host-derived inflammatory mediators

influences disease severity. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an important regulator of innate inflammatory responses that has recently been shown to suppress erythropoiesis and promote pathogenesis of SMA in murine models. To examine the role of MIF in the development of childhood SMA, peripheral blood MIF production was examined in Kenyan children (aged <3 years, n=357) with P. falciparum malarial anemia. All children in the study were free from bacteremia and HIV-1. Since deposition of malarial pigment (hemozoin) contributes to suppression of erythropoiesis, the relationship between MIF concentrations and monocytic acquisition of Hz was also examined in vivo and in vitro. Circulating MIF concentrations declined with increasing severity of anemia and significantly correlated with peripheral blood leukocyte MIF transcripts. MIF concentrations in peripheral blood were not significantly associated with the reticulocyte production. Multivariate regression analyses, controlling for age, gender and parasitemia, further revealed that elevated levels of pigment-containing monocytes (PCM) was associated with SMA and decreased MIF production. In addition, PCM levels were a better predictor of hemoglobin and MIF concentrations than parasite density. Additional experiments in malaria-naïve individuals demonstrated that hemozoin caused both increased and decreased MIF production in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in a donor-specific manner, independent of apoptosis. However, PBMC MIF production in children with acute malaria progressively declined with increasing anemia severity. Results presented here demonstrate that acquisition of hemozoin by monocytes is associated with suppression of peripheral blood MIF production and enhanced severity of anemia in childhood malaria.

�057impact of artmisinin-based combination therapy on malaria transmission in mali

bakary fofana, Adama Dao, Cheick Omar Kone, Bakary Sidibe, Sekou Toure, Sekou Koumare, Demba Dembele, Abdoulaye Toure, Ogobara K. Doumbo, Abdoulaye A. DjimdeUniversity of Bamako, Bamako, Mali

Most African countries have now changed their first line treatments from monotherapies to Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). ACTs are known to decrease the rate of gametocyte carriage and gametocyte density in a treated population. However, the impact of ACT treatment on gametocyte infectivity and malaria transmission is still debatable. During a randomized controlled Phase IV trial in Bougoula-Hameau, Mali, we compared the infectivity of post-AS/AQ, AR-L and AS/SP to Anopheles gambiae. Patient with uncomplicated malaria were randomised to one of the three treatment arms and followed for 28 days. Gametocyte carriage was assessed by microscopy before and after treatment. Whenever gametocytes were found, starved mosquitoes were direct-fed and kept in laboratory for 8 days. The presence of oocysts was determined and the number estimated by dissection on day 8 post feeding. Before any treatment 12% (n= 728) of mosquitoes were oocyst positive at day 8. After treatment we found that 34% (n= 224), 28% (n=288) and 8% (n=602) of mosquitoes were oocyst positive at day 8 in the AS/AQ, AR-L and AS/SP arms, respectively. AS/AQ and AR-L significantly increased gametocyte infectivity (p< 0.0001) while AS/SP significantly decreased gametocyte infectivity (p = 0.01). This data show that the impact of ACT treatment on malaria transmission and spread of resistance may vary from one ACT to the other.

�058blood Group o protects aGainst severe plAsmodium fAlcipArum malaria

J. Alexandra Rowe1, Anne-Marie Deans1, Mahamadou A. Thera2, Kirsten E. Lyke3, Abdoulaye K. Kone2, dapa a. diallo2, Ahmed Raza1, Oscar Kai4, Kevin Marsh4, Christopher V. Plowe3, Joann M. Moulds5

1University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, 2University of

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Bamako Faculty of Medicine, Bamako, Mali, 3University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, 4KEMRI/Wellcome Laboratories, Kilifi, Kenya, 5Lifeshare Blood Center, Shreveport, LA, United States

Malaria has been a major selective force on the human population, and several erythrocyte polymorphisms have evolved that confer resistance to severe malaria. Plasmodium falciparum rosetting, a parasite virulence phenotype associated with severe malaria, is reduced in blood group O erythrocytes compared to groups A, B and AB, but the contribution of the ABO blood group system to protection against severe malaria has received little attention. We hypothesised that blood group O may confer resistance to severe malaria via the mechanism of reduced rosetting. In a case-control study of 670 Malian children, we found that blood group O was present in only 22% of severe malaria cases compared to 40-45% of healthy controls and uncomplicated malaria cases. Blood group O was associated with a 66% reduction in the odds of developing severe malaria compared to the non-O blood groups (odds ratio (OR) 0.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.21-0.54, P<0.0005). In the same sample set, P. falciparum rosetting was reduced in parasite isolates from blood group O children compared to the non-O blood groups (P= 0.003, Kruskal Wallis test). A second study of 144 Kenyan children also showed that group O was associated with reduced rosetting (P= 0.0001) and protection against severe malaria (OR 0.37; 95% CI 0.17-0.80, P<0.05). This work highlights the importance of P. falciparum rosetting as a pathogenic factor in severe malaria, and suggests that the selective pressure imposed by malaria may contribute to the variable global distribution of ABO blood group types.

�059α+-thalassaemia provides a haematoloGical advantaGe aGainst malaria

Freya J. Fowkes1, Stephen J. Allen2, Angela Allen2, Michael P. Alpers3, David J. Weatherall2, Karen p. day�

1New York University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Parasitology, New York, NY, United States, 2The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, 3Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea

The heritable haemoglobinopathy α+-thalassaemia is caused by the reduced synthesis of α-globin chains that constitute normal adult haemoglobin. Individuals homozygous for α+-thalassaemia have an increased number of microcytic erythrocytes that contain less haemoglobin than those of normal genotype. α+-Thalassaemia homozygosity confers considerable protection against severe malaria, as well as severe non-malaria. We investigated whether a haematological advantage may explain these observations. A number of haematological parameters as well as acute phase protein levels were determined in a cohort of Papua New Guinean children who had previously demonstrated the protective effect of α+-thalassaemia. Here we show that the erythrocyte profile associated with α+-thalassaemia would be a haematological benefit during the significant erythrocyte loss that occurs in acute malaria. This may contribute substantially to the protection of α+-thalassaemia homozygous children against severe malaria anaemia.

�060modelinG the distribution of the host-seeKinG nymphal ixodes scApulAris ticKs in the usa usinG climate and landscape predictors

maria diuk-wasser�, Gwenael Vourc’h2, Anne Gatewood1, Paul Cislo1, Roland Geerken1, Sarah Yaremych-Hamer3, Michelle Rowland4, Roberto Cortinas5, Jean Tsao3, Uriel Kitron4, Joseph Piesman6, Durland Fish1

1Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States, 2Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), St. Genes Champanelle, France, 3Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States, 4University of

Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States, 5University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States, 6Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States

Human Lyme disease risk in the eastern United States is dependent on the abundance of nymphal Ixodes scapularis ticks infected with Borrelia burgdorferi, since nymphs represent the only important stage for transmission to humans. While many studies have estimated local and regional I. scapularis density, there has never been a large-scale study using a common, standardized methodology. To develop a nationwide spatial Lyme disease risk model, we designed a four-year survey of I. scapularis covering its known geographic range. Here we report results for tick density, for the first three years. The density of host-seeking I. scapularis nymphs was measured by drag sampling of closed-canopy deciduous forest habitats in 304 sites spaced among 95 two-degree quadrants covering the USA, east of the 100th meridian. Thirty of those sites were resampled in subsequent years. Within each site, one thousand meters were sampled along five transects, 3-6 times during the summers of 2004-2006. We used a logistic regression model to predict the probability of finding a nymph in a site based on climate, landscape and altitude. Climate variables included monthly maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation and vapor pressure deficit. We also derived the magnitude and phase of the annual temperature cycle, and the magnitude of vapor pressure deficit, using Fourier transformation. Landscape variables included the proportion of forest in an 8 km area surrounding the sampling site. The variables in the best fitting model were altitude and the magnitude and phase (quadratic) of the annual minimum temperature cycle. Model sensitivity and specificity were 71.1% and 72.5%, respectively. The model delineates two areas with high probability of host-seeking nymphal I. scapularis presence in the Northeast and Upper Midwest and correctly predicts the absence of nymphs in most of the Southern sites. Negative sites that where predicted positive could represent areas of future I. scapularis expansion.

�06�immunity to saliva at the ticK-host interface: identification of ixodes scApulAris salivary proteins elicitinG a cellular immune response

Jennifer m. anderson�, Nathan J. Miller2, Thomas N. Mather2, Jerrold M. Ward1, Jesus G. Valenzuela1

1National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States, 2University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States

Tick saliva contains pharmacologically active ingredients that enable and enhance blood feeding. In susceptible hosts, such as guinea pigs, exposure to saliva confers resistance to ticks. Tick resistance may have a protective effect against transmission of tick borne diseases, such as Lyme disease, yet the immunological mechanisms involved in tick resistance have not been thoroughly elucidated. Ixodes scapularis saliva consists of at least 25 different families of proteins containing over 470 individual proteins. Using a reverse antigen screening approach, whereby guinea pigs were sensitized to I. scapularis and then challenged intradermally with 72 individual salivary specific DNA plasmids, we identified 9 salivary gland proteins that induced a statically significant cellular recall skin response based on redness, induration and histological analysis. This reverse antigen screening approach, which identifies molecules that produce a delayed skin response, a surrogate of cellular immunity, was validated using the corresponding recombinant proteins produced in mammalian cells. As observed during normal tick feeding, basophils and eosinophils were the major cellular infiltrate at the inoculation site. Six of the nine skin response inducing DNA plasmids belong to a protein family characterized by cysteine framework and a lysine rich basic tail and shares homology with a known tick salivary anti-coagulant. In addition to cellular recruitment, this group of proteins elicits an antibody response in tick sensitized guinea pigs as measured by western blot. When vaccinated with a combination of the six basic tail DNA plasmids, guinea pigs showed higher levels of tick resistance than control animals. With this approach we have identified tick salivary proteins that produce a strong cellular immune response in the

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skin of animals. Furthermore, the immune response generated by these tick salivary proteins appears to play an important role in resistance to tick feeding.

�062methodoloGical considerations in describinG the population dynamics of deer ticKs on white-footed mice

elissa v. Klinger�, Ivo M. Foppa2, Heidi K. Goethert1, Sam R. Telford1

1Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States, 2Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, United States

Studying the population dynamics of deer ticks (Ixodes dammini) is facilitated by counting subadults infesting white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), which serve as unbiased sampling devices. Typical summary statistics for infestation include the mean number of larvae or nymphs infesting the average mouse. Because macroparasites are usually overdispersed, such a parametric summary statistic as the mean and standard deviation is poorly representative. We sought to develop alternative methods for representing the population dynamics of deer ticks on white-footed mice in space and time. Mice were trapped over 8 transmission seasons (1994-2001) on two geographically separated 0.4 ha grids on Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts, where Lyme disease incidence is among the greatest reported for the U.S. Demographic information and counts of identified tick larvae and nymphs were recorded for each individual animal (N=1133). More than half of all mice were uninfested during the typical nymphal or larval activity months. The mode for nymphs infesting each mouse was 2 or fewer but 2.5% of mice served as host for more than 10, that is, a small number of mice may function similar to “super-spreaders” in that they are heavily parasitized while the majority of mice carry a low to moderate tick burden. Total expected productivity of a trapping grid during a transmission season, estimated by the area under the curve of a scatterplot of individual infestations by epidemiological week was more predictive of the subsequent year’s infestations than was measuring the association between mean infestations of larvae of one year and that of nymphs during the next. Alternative methods that describe the intensity as well as heterogeneity of tick parasitism may provide us with more realistic parameters to use for predictive models of Lyme disease transmission.

�063identification of a natural focus of tularemia transmission usinG Gis mappinG of infected dermAcentor vAriAbilis

heidi Goethert, Sam TelfordTufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, N. Grafton, MA, United States

During the last 7 years, Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts has experienced a prolonged epizootic of tularemia due to Francisella tularensis tularensis (Ftt). Although the mode of perpetuation remains undescribed, our previous work on the island has implicated dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis (Dv), as a critical element. Using variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis, we have shown that Ftt on MV is highly diverse, indicative of long-standing transmission on the island. It may be that such diversity is maintained by enzootic transmission of Ftt in small isolated natural foci of transmission. To examine this hypothesis, we sought to map the location of ticks testing positive for Ftt to determine whether such ticks cluster together in putative foci. Using a handheld GPS unit, we mapped 86 waypoints along 3 transects approximately 3400m total in length in a field site on MV that has sustained a high prevalence of infection since 2002. From 2004-2006 questing ticks were collected at each waypoint by flagging. Ticks were tested for evidence of Ftt in pools of 6 by PCR targeting the FopA gene. Ticks from positive pools were then retested

individually. VNTR analysis was done on individual ticks using 4 loci. We identified an area along the transects, approximately 180m long, where PCR positive ticks appeared to cluster. Of 5106 ticks collected during this study; 27% (1383) of these were collected from this section. However, a disproportionately large percentage of ticks testing positive for Ftt, 54% (110 of 204 total), derived from this small area. VNTR analysis showed that most, 83.8% (171), of the positive ticks harbored one of 2 dominant haplotypes. These two types were distributed throughout our field site. However, of the 33 uncommon haplotypes, 81.8% clustered together in this one section. We conclude that this 180m transect represents a natural focus and is likely to be a source of genetic diversity for Ftt.

�064ehrlichioses in cameroon

lucy m. ndipUniversity of Buea, Buea, Cameroon

Ehrlichia are tick-transmitted obligately intracellular gram negative bacteria of medical and veterinary importance. Two species, Ehrlichia chaffeensis and E. ewingii cause human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (HME) and ehrlichiosis ewingii, respectively, two emerging and life-threatening human zoonoses. They are transmitted primarily by the Lone Star tick, Amblyomma americanum, in the United States. E. canis is the globally distributed cause of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) and is transmitted by the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. E. canis has also been isolated from a human while E. chaffeensis and E. ewingii, also cause serious disease in canines. E. ruminantium causes cowdriosis, an economically important disease of cattle in Africa. Reports describing the prevalence of E. ruminantium in Cameroon are available; however, the presence of other ehrlichial agents is only being investigated. Recent molecular and serological evidence suggest that E. chaffeensis is also found in areas where A. americanum is not indigenous suggesting that ehrlichial agents could be maintained and transmitted by different reservoirs and tick vectors respectively. A study was designed to determine the prevalence of Ehrlichia spp. (E. canis, E. chaffeensis and E. ewingii) in human, dogs and tick populations in Cameroon. Results indicate that in addition to E. canis and E. ruminantium, E. chaffeensis and E. ewingii, agents of important emerging zoonosis circulate in Cameroon. R. sanguineus was identified as a probable vector of E. canis, E. chaffeensis or E. ewingii with a possibility of simultaneous infections This study also identifies E. chaffeensis as a prevalent but unrecognized cause of undifferentiated febrile illness in Cameroonian patients. These findings offer conclusive evidence that multiple Ehrlichia species are present in Cameroon and identify R. sanguineus ticks as a primary vector of Ehrlichia species with the potential to transmit these previously unrecognized zoonotic agents to humans Cameroon.

�065risK of spotted fever Group ricKettsia infection to u.s. military personnel

Ju Jiang1, Paul C. Graf1, Ellen Y. Stromdahl2, allen l. richards�

1Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States, 2US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Edgewood Area of Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States

This report describes an investigation to characterize the risk of spotted fever group rickettsia (SFGR) infection to U.S. military personnel by evaluating: 1) 10,000 sera from military members for the presence of antibodies to SFGR by a Rickettsia rickettsii antigen adsorbed ELISA and 2) 1,399 ticks removed from individuals presenting to medical clinics on military bases throughout the country for the presence of rickettsiae by genus- and species-specific real-time PCR assays. It was ascertained that 6.0% (597/10,000) of military personnel sera tested were positive for SFGR-specific antibodies. This SFGR seroprevalence is similar to that reported from a previous study performed on pre- and post-deployment sera collected from 865 military personnel during Operation Desert Storm

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(9.8%) and on sera collected from U.S. civilian populations (4-10%). In the second part of the study it was determined that of 808 Dermacentor variabilis and 220 Amblyomma americanum ticks evaluated none were identified as having Rickettsia rickettsii the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). However, 47 of the 808 (5.8%) D. variabilis were infected with rickettsiae and 17 (2.1%) of these were R. montanensis, and one (0.1%) was R. felis. The other 29 (3.6%) rickettsiae were not identified further to the species level. Of 44 pools containing 5 A. americanum individuals/pool 35 pools (87.5%) were positive for R. amblyommii and no other SFGR. Moreover, 246 (66%) of 371 additional A. americanum ticks tested were positive for R. amblyommii. The high prevalence of antibody to SFGR among U.S. military personnel and the high prevalence of SFGR infected ticks recovered from humans detected in this study suggests that U.S. military personnel are at risk of infection with SFGR but the risk of infection solely due to R. rickettsii appears to be low. This conclusion is especially important in light of the recent reports of the previously thought to be non-pathogen R. parkeri causing SFGR disease in military personnel.

�066human antibody-reactive epitopes on the conserved 47 Kda antiGen of orientiA tsutsugAmushi and their similarity to epitopes on human serine protease

Hua-Wei Chen1, Hui Wang1, Gregory A. Dasch2, wei-mei ching�

1Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States, 2Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States

Scrub typhus is an acute, febrile disease caused by infection with Orientia tsutsugamushi. One of its immunodominant antigens is a conserved 47 kDa protein, a homologue of heat shock protein HtrA. To identify the human antibody-reactive epitopes on this antigen, a series of overlapping decapeptides encompassing the whole Karp strain protein were synthesized by solid phase pin technology. A modified ELISA was used to measure the immunoreactivity of sera from scrub typhus patients to each of the peptides. All of the five patient sera tested reacted with peptides located near the N-terminus and from amino acid 377 to the C-terminus. Two peptide clusters and three peptide clusters were identified near the N-terminus and C-terminus, respectively. The reactivity of each serum toward the central part of the protein was highly patient specific. This central part (aa 85-235) exhibited a high degree of sequence homology with human serine protease11. Collectively, 10 peptide epitopes were identified in this region. Previously we constructed a DNA vaccine plasmid expressing the conserved 47 kDa antigen of Karp strain (pKarp47) which provided 70-100% homologous protection, 80% protection against three antigenically unrelated strains, only partial protection against three other strains and no protection against another ten strains in a mouse challenge model. Although immunized mouse sera did not react with the recombinant human protease11, the identification of peptide epitopes with sequence homology to human protein has raised concern about possible autoimmune responses if this antigen were used as a vaccine candidate. Elimination of the central part of the 47 KD antigen to avoid introducing potential cross-reactive epitopes may enhance the safety of the vaccine candidate.

�067artemisinin derivatives accumulate within diGestive vacuole-associated neutral lipid bodies in plAsmodium fAlcipArum

carmony l. hartwig�, Andrew S. Rosenthal2, John D’ Angelo2, Gary. H. Posner2, Roland A. Cooper1

1Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States; 2Department of Chemistry and Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States

Artemisinin (ART) is one of the most valuable antimalarials currently available. The activity of ART against Plasmodium is due to cleavage of the endoperoxide bridge by ferrous heme iron predominantly located in the parasite digestive vacuole (DV). This reaction initiates the formation of cytotoxic ART intermediates that may alkylate heme and proteins. To provide further insight into the targets of ART, we used microscopic imaging to study the cellular distribution of novel fluorescent ART derivatives in living malaria parasites. Exposure of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes to the trioxane derivative (12C) resulted in rapid accumulation of fluorescence within neutral lipid bodies (NLBs) associated with the DV exterior. Pre-treatment of cultures with ART demonstrated a 75% decrease in total accumulation of 12C signal within NLBs. In contrast, pre-treatment with deoxydihydroartemisinin (DeoxyART), an inactive derivative lacking the endoperoxide, had little effect on 12C localization. Additionally, application of a fluorescent deoxy-dimer derivative (DeoxyASR) failed to produce NLB-associated fluorescence, confirming necessity of the endoperoxide pharmocophore for the observed drug accumulation. TLC analysis of parasite lipid extracts following exposure to ART and ART derivatives supported peroxidation, as opposed to alkylation, of lipids. This was confirmed in parasites through microscopic evaluation using an oxidation sensitive lipid probe. In the parasite DV, NLs associate with heme and promote hemozoin formation. We propose that ART activated by heme iron within this NL environment may increase heme-catalyzed peroxidation of these vital cellular components. This process could be essential to the antimalarial capability of ART and its derivatives.

�068a larGe retroposon family is involved in the reGulation of Gene expression in the protoZoan

michaela müller, Fréderic Bringaud, Annie Rochette, Martin Smith, Elodie Ghedin & Barbara PapadopoulouInfectious Diseases Research Center, CHUL Research Center, Department of Medical Biology, Laval University, Quebec, Canada

Leishmania are unicellular parasites that exist in two developmental stages: free-living promastigotes in the alimentary tract of a sandfly vector and intracellular amastigotes residing in phagolysosomes of mammalian macrophages. These developmental stages display distinct morphologic and metabolic characteristics, consistent with a highly regulated level of differential gene expression, which is central to the parasite’s intracellular survival. In Leishmania stage-regulated gene expression is often mediated by sequences within 3’-untranslated regions (3’UTRs), since these parasites have lost the ability to regulate transcription initiation. Using in-silico screening and bioinformatic analyses, we have recently identified two new families of widespread extinct retroposons (more than 2000 in the Leishmania genome), LmSIDER1 (short interspersed degenerated retroelements) and LmSIDER2, that are predominantly located within 3’-untranslated regions of Leishmania mRNAs. We investigated the regulatory potential of these elements, using microarray analyses, reporter gene assays and polysome profiling studies and found that members of the LmSIDER1 family are associated with stage-specific translational regulation by enhancing binding of SIDER1-containing mRNAs to highly translating polyribosomes. Interestingly, members of the LmSIDER2 retroposons are also involved in the regulation of gene expression, however, they act on the level of mRNA stability and promote destabilization of SIDER2-bearing mRNAs. Microarray analysis combined to actinomycin D assays indicate that several SIDER2-containing Leishmania transcripts are low abundant and short lived, suggesting a common mechanism to regulate multiple genes in a coordinated manner. The considerable expansion of SIDERs within 3’UTRs and their role in regulating gene expression support that Leishmania have recycled and probably expanded these elements to fulfill critical regulatory functions. We are currently investigating the mode of action of these widespread retroposons and the underlying molecular mechanisms that govern developmental gene regulation in this important human pathogen.

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�069the toxoplasma Gondii ortholoGue of tic20 (tgtic20) is essential for protein import, apicoplast bioGenesis and parasite survival

Giel van dooren�, Cveta Tomova2, Swati Agrawal1, Bruno Humbel2 and Boris Striepen1

1University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States, 2Electron Microscopy and Structural Analysis, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Apicomplexan parasites contain a plastid organelle called the apicoplast. The apicoplast is a validated drug target that likely functions in several essential metabolic pathways. The majority of apicoplast proteins are nuclear-encoded, and must be directed to the apicoplast following translation. Apicoplast-targeted proteins typically have an N-terminal signal peptide that likely directs co-translational import into the ER. A second N-terminal domain known as a transit peptide then directs targeting of apicoplast proteins from the ER into the apicoplast stroma. Although the features of apicoplast transit peptides have been studied in some detail, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of protein targeting to the apicoplast, in particular how proteins cross the four delineating membranes of the organelle. We have mined the T. gondii genome for proteins known to be involved in protein import into plant plastids. Here we describe a T. gondii orthologue of the plant Tic20 protein, which forms part of the translocon of the inner chloroplast membrane (Tic) complex in plants. We demonstrate that TgTic20 is a membrane-spanning protein of approximately 20 kDa that localises to the inner apicoplast membrane. We have generated an inducible TgTic20 knock-out strain. We show that TgTic20 is essential for parasite growth, and that disruption of this gene leads to defects in protein import into this organelle, and subsequent defects in apicoplast biogenesis. Our results suggest that TgTic20 likely functions in protein import into the apicoplast. In the absence of apicoplast protein import, most apicoplast functions will be disabled, and we are now in the process of further characterising this apicoplast protein import mutant to gain an understanding into the functions of this organelle.

�070elonGation factor �a mediates the specificity of mitochondrial trna import in t. brucei

eric aeby, Nabile Bouzaidi-Tiali, Fabien Charrière, Mascha Pusnik, André SchneiderDepartment of Biology/Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland

Mitochondrial tRNA import is widespread in eukaryotes. Yet, the mechanism that determines its specificity is unknown. The T-stem nucleotide pair 51:63 is the main localization determinant in tRNAs of Trypanosoma brucei. In the cytosol-specific initiator tRNAMet this nucleotide pair is identical to the main anti-determinant that prevents interaction with cytosolic elongation factor (eEF1a). Here we show that ablation of cytosolic eEF1a, but not of initiation factor 2, inhibits mitochondrial import of newly synthesized tRNAs well before translation or growth is affected. tRNASec is the only other cytosol-specific tRNA in T. brucei. It has its own elongation factor and does not bind eEF1a. However, a mutant of the tRNASec expected to bind to eEF1a is imported into mitochondria. This import requires eEF1a and aminoacylation of the tRNA. Thus, for a tRNA to be imported into the mitochondrion of T. brucei it needs to bind eEF1a and it is this interaction that mediates the import specificity.

�07�a role for irf-7 in reGulatinG the intracellular fate of leishmAniA donovAni

rebecca phillips�, M. Svensson2, P. Kaye1

1Immunology and Infection Unit, Department of Biology, University of York and the Hull York Medical School, York, United Kingdom, 2Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, F59 Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden

Leishmania donovani infects a broad range of host cells, including monocytes, dendritic cells and, a variety of tissue- and microenvironment-specific macrophages and stromal cells. In spite of evident host cell heterogeneity, little is known about the outcome of infection of specific groups or the underlying mechanisms involved. To begin to address this question, we performed comparative genome-wide expression analysis and identified differential activation of the type I IFN cascade in cell lines that differed in their capacity to support L. donovani infection. The transcription factor IRF-7 is critically involved in the regulation of Type 1 interferon gene expression and triggering of IFNα/β production following challenge with many pathogens. As such, IRF-7 acts as a key regulator of innate immunity and subsequent adaptive responses. To test the hypothesis that regulation of IRF-7 may underlie the cell-specific responses to L. donovani, and confirm our initial analysis, quantitative RT-PCR analysis was performed. RAW264 macrophages, which maintain intracellular amastigotes over an extended period of time, accumulated minimal Irf-7 mRNA over a 12-48h period post infection (p.i.). In contrast, amastigote burden was significantly reduced in the stromal macrophage cell line (14M1.4) and this cell mounted a robust and infection dose-dependent Irf-7 response, detected from 12h p.i., Comparative analysis of intracellular amastigote division by CFSE dilution indicated that the response of 14M1.4 cells was likely to be leishmanicidal rather than leishmanistatic. Confocal microscopy revealed that IRF-7 protein is localised in the cytoplasm of uninfected 14M1.4 cells and co-localises with the adaptor protein MyD88 in punctuate vesicular organelles. By 48h p.i., MyD88 and IRF-7 dissociate, as IRF-7 is translocated to the nucleus and also appears to be recruited to amastigote-containing phagosomes. In addition to identifying a potential basis for host cell permissiveness to L. donovani infection, these findings suggest the possibility of MyD88-independent, IRF-7- dependent signal transduction from the Leishmania phagosome. Further studies to test this possibility are underway.

�072presence of an il-7rαhi memory cd8+ t cell population durinG persistent trypAnosomA cruzi infection

lisa m. bixby, Juan M. Bustamante, Matthew H. Collins, Rick L. Tarleton

University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States

Trypanosoma cruzi establishes a persistent infection in mice despite a potent and highly focused T. cruzi-specific CD8+ T cell response. Chronic intracellular infections are known to significantly impact the phenotype and function of host memory CD8+ T cell responses and these changes are thus of interest in T. cruzi infection. The IL-7Rα chain is one of the early memory markers modulated by persistent antigen. CD8+ T cells responding to persistent pathogens generally fail to express IL-7Rα while those targeting cleared pathogens upregulate IL-7Rα. We examined IL-7Rα expression on parasite-specific CD8+ T cells during chronic T. cruzi infection in mice using MHC class I tetramers to identify CD8+ T cells specific for immunodominant and subdominant parasite epitopes. While the majority of splenic T. cruzi-specific CD8+ T cells fail to express IL-7Rα, between 15 and 30% expressed this receptor during the chronic phase of infection. These IL-7Rαhi antigen-specific CD8+ T cells were also capable of producing IFN-α following peptide restimulation. Additionally, purified IL-

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7Rαhi CD8+ T cells from chronically infected mice were better maintained following transfer into naïve mice than their IL-7Rαlo counterparts, suggesting that a stable central memory CD8+ T cell population capable of antigen-independent survival may be present in an environment where antigen persists. This population of central memory T cells likely comprise a subset of parasite-specific cells which have not recently encountered antigen and thus can preserve long-term T cell memory in situations where antigen is cleared - such as after successful drug treatment. Indeed, we have shown that a T. cruzi-specific CD8+ T central memory population emerges in mice cured with the drug benznidazole. These results suggest that long-term T cell memory can be maintained even in the face of antigen persistence during T. cruzi infection. Retention of such a memory population could have implications for long-term protection in individuals successfully treated with benznidazole.

�073characteriZation of the apiap2 dna-bindinG proteins in plAsmodium fAlcipArum

erandi K. de silva�, Jasdave S. Chahal1, Ilsa León1, Andrew Gehrke2, Martha L. Bulyk2, Manuel Llinás1

1Department of Molecular Biology & Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States, 2Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Harvard/MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology; Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States

The mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation in apicomplexan parasites remain poorly understood. In addition, genome sequence data has revealed a dearth of specific transcription factors in Apicomplexa. Conserved regulatory sequence motifs that are sufficient for gene expression in Plasmodium have been poorly characterized and their cognate DNA-binding proteins remain unknown. We have initiated the characterization of the role of a predicted family of putative transcriptional regulators – the Apicomplexan AP2 proteins (ApiAP2) in Plasmodium development. ApiAP2 proteins contain AP2 domains homologous to the second largest family of transcriptional regulators in plants. Plant AP2 proteins play key roles in development and response to environmental stress. ApiAP2 proteins in P. falciparum show stage-specific gene expression patterns spanning the 48-hour intra-erythrocytic development cycle (IDC). We hypothesize that the ApiAP2 proteins may be the master regulators responsible for the coordination of gene expression throughout the IDC. Using a high-density protein-binding DNA microarray, we have assayed the DNA binding properties of AP2 domains from several ApiAP2 proteins. Our results demonstrate that isolated AP2 domains from ApiAP2 proteins in Plasmodium bind unique and highly specific DNA sequences found only in Apicomplexa. Furthermore, we have computationally examined the 5’ upstream region of all plasmodium genes, and find that sequence motifs bound by our ApiAP2 proteins are significantly enriched in genes sharing similar stage-specific gene expression. These genes likely represent potential downstream targets of our ApiAP2 proteins. This study provides the first example of Plasmodium proteins that specifically bind DNA and lays the foundation for exploring the role of ApiAP2 proteins during development. AP2 proteins may prove to be ideal anti-malarial targets, as they have no counterparts in mammalian systems.

�074polyadenylation stabiliZes translationally-competent mrnas in trypanosome mitochondria

ronald d. etheridge, Inna Aphasizheva and Ruslan AphasizhevDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States

Polyadenylation is a ubiquitous mechanism regulating mRNA stability, although the functions of the poly(A) tail are phylogenetically divergent and may vary between cellular organelles. In human mitochondria poly(A) tails stabilize mRNAs, whereas in plant mitochondria and chloroplasts

polyadenylation serves as a degradation signal. We have identified the trypanosomal mitochondrial poly(A) polymerase, termed kPAP1, as a protein homologous to terminal uridylyl transferases (TUTases). kPAP1 is a developmentally regulated gene that is essential for mitochondrial function. The inhibition of kPAP1 expression results in loss of both the short (~20 nts) and long (~120-250 nts) poly(A) tails, followed by the rapid decay of non-edited and edited mRNAs. The stability of pre-edited transcripts, however, is unaffected by the lack of poly(A) tails. The uridine insertion/deletion editing directed by a single guide RNA is sufficient to switch the function of the pre-existing poly(A) tail from a neutral to a stabilizing signal. In the mitochondrial extract, kPAP1 exists as part of high-molecular weight complexes that interact with the 20S editosome and RNA Editing TUTase 1 (RET1). The recombinant kPAP1 and the affinity-purified kPAP1 complex are capable of adding only short A-tails to synthetic RNA substrates, but not the long poly(A) tails reported in vivo. We further demonstrate direct involvement of RET1 into mRNA processing via contribution to the synthesis of a unique 3' end structure. In our model, kPAP1 synthesizes a short poly(A) tail thereby creating a platform for the recruitment of RET1 and possibly other factors. A long (A/U) heteropolymer of ~ 100 nucleotides in length is then added to the short A-tail of fully edited mRNAs by the concerted action of RET1 and kPAP1.

�075a conserved basic Groove on aldolase mediates mic2 cytoplasmic tail and f-actin bindinG

G. lucas starnes, Miguel St-Jean, Jurgen Sygusch & L. David SibleyWashington University, St. Louis, MO, United States

Apicomplexan parasites rely on actin-based motility to drive host cell invasion. To power motility, actin filaments must be coupled to surface adhesions in the thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) family. This crucial linkage is provided by the glycolytic enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase. Prior investigations have demonstrated aldolase forms a critical bridge between actin filaments and the short, acidic, cytoplasmic tail of the adhesin. By virtue of its key role in glycolysis, aldolase is a highly conserved enzyme at the levels of sequence, structure, and function. Based on published crystal structures, we developed a molecular homology model of Toxoplasma gondii aldolase and identified a large, basic, surface-exposed groove along each monomer of the tetrameric enzyme. Guided by this model, we selectively mutated several charged residues to alanine. The basic residues identified in the current study are conserved in the Plasmodium falciparum aldolase and, based on co-crystallization studies, have been implicated to participate in the association with the C-terminus of TRAP. Homology modeling supports a similar interaction between aldolase and the MIC2 C-terminus. We tested this model using biochemical analysis, investigating three critical functions of aldolase: substrate catalysis, binding to the C-terminal tail of MIC2 and interaction with F-actin. Our studies reveal the aldolase binding surface for the MIC2 tail overlaps with the enzyme active site, yet adhesin binding and substrate catalysis can be separated as two distinct sub-domains on the surface of aldolase. In contrast, the interactions between aldolase and F-actin and the MIC2 tail appear to be completely overlapping. These findings identify specific mutations that will allow dissection of the role of aldolase in bridging to TRAP-adhesins in vivo.

�076identification of a Gpi-anchored theileriA surfAce protein potentially involved in cytoKinesis

Gongda Xue1, Martina Peyer1, conrad von schubert�, Pascal Hermann1, Peter Bütikofer2, Adrian Hehl3, Dirk Dobbelaere1

1Vetsuisse Faculty, Division of Molecular Pathology, University of Bern, Switzerland, 2Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland, 3Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Switzerland

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The apicomplexan protozoal parasites Theileria parva and Theileria annulata cause diseases in cattle known as East Coast Fever and tropical Theileriosis. Sporozoites invade leukocytes where they develop into a syncytial schizont, which resides freely in the cytosol and activates anti-apoptotic pathways and continuous host cell proliferation. Parasite and host cell cytokinesis are synchronized and the parasite appears to use the mitotic spindle apparatus to ensure its distribution over the two daughter cells. Recently, we have identified a parasite gene encoding a 34 kDa GPI-anchored protein (gp34) that may be involved in this process. Antibodies raised against gp34 label the schizont surface. When expressed in HeLa cells, gp34 localizes to the plasma membrane. Ectopical expression of soluble forms of gp34, revealed cell cycle-dependent co-localization with M phase structures (spindle poles, spindle microtubules and midbody) and also provoke host cell multinucleation in Theileria-infected macrophages. Induction of multipolar spindles in Theileria-transformed cells confirmed a spindle pole association of the parasite. We used GST-gp34 fusion proteins in pull-down experiments to screen for proteins known to be associated with M phase structures. Among the interacting proteins are γ-tubulin, Plk1 as well as important components of the chromosomal passenger complex and the central spindlin complex. We could demonstrate that gp34 functions as an in vitro substrate for Plk1 and GST-gp34 was found to bind in vitro translated forms of Plk1. These findings are strengthened by the observation that endogenous and ectopically expressed Plk1 localize to the parasite surface in a cell-cycle dependent manner. Taken together, these findings point towards a potential role for Theileria gp34 in the host-parasite interactions during host cell mitosis and cytokinesis.

3�0

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A-�Important Note: The number(s) following author name refers to the abstract number.

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Author Index

AA-nuegoonpipat, Atchareeya

107Abanobi, Okwuoma C. 100Abbassy, Magda M. 61Abdelhamid, Mohamed 731Abdukhalilova, Gulnara K. 744Abdul Rahman, Sohayati 954Abdulla, Maha-Hamadien 292Abdulla, Salim 95, 342, 529, 537,

633, 676, 830Abel, Jason A. 614Abo-Shehada, Mahmoud 64,

397Aboi, Madaki J. K. A. 494Abot, Stephen 304Abraham, David 89Abrams, Jerry 102Abu Ayyash, Luma 402, 889Abudho, Bernard 310Achan, Jane 705Acharya, Deepak B. 92Achee, Nicole L. 60, 63, 332, 583Acholonu, Alex D. W. 280Acosta, Luz 70, 335Acuna-Soto, Rodolfo 732Adam, Ishag 635Adama, Soumahoro 496Adams, A. P. 278Adams, David P. 498Adedapo, Aduragbenro D. A.

99, 4�4Adedeji, Ahmed A. 88, 527Adegbola, Richard 384Adelman, Zach N. 643Adema, Coenraad M. 285, 299,

�029Ademowo, George O. 547Ademowo, Olusegun G. 155,

179, 495Adeyefa, Christopher A. O. 994Adimi, Farida 185Adjei, Ohene 388, 389Adjei, Samuel 504, 637Adjuik, Martin 103Adler, Adam J. 62Adu, Festus D. 994Aeby, Eric �070Afolabi, Bangmboye 692Agawo, Maurice O. 598Agbenyega, Tsiri 651Agbor, Jean Pierre 1027Ager, Arba L. 173, 174, 822Agnamey, Patrice 634, 717Agnandji, Selidji 10Agola, Eric L. 336Agrawal, D. 378Agrawal, N. 378Agrawal, Swati 1069Aguiar, Joao C. 217, 574

Aguiar, Marli 997Aguilar, Patricia V. 927, 994Aguilar-González, Sonia 272Aguinaga, Juan G. 371Aguirre, A. Alonso 467Ahamed, Shakil 966Ahmed, Be-Nazir 281, 955Ahmed, R. 341Ahmed, Sabeena 609Ahn, Myoung-Hee 607Ahn, Sun-Young 157Ahn, Yvonne 680Ahouidi, Ambroise D. �02�Aide, Pedro 8, 9, 306, 572Aiki-Raji, Comfort O. 994Aimaku, Christopher O. 179Aitken, Elizabeth 808Ajariyakhajorn, Chuanpis 2Ajayi, Ikeoluwapo O. 404, 406,

407Akaki, Mayumi 366Akanbi, Mathew O. 547Akanbi, Olusegun M. �55Akanmori, Bartholomew D. 192,

195, 198Akhwale, Willis 338, 339, 351,

546Akida, Juma A. 842Akinsola, Adebayo 384Akinyi, Sheila 806Akkoclu, Gulgun 900Akman-Anderson, Leyla 977Ako, Berenger A. 496Akogbeto, Martin 230, 621Akpogheneta, Onome 302Akter, Selim 636Al-Ali, Faiza M. 79Al-Ani, Mohammad S. Ahmad.

91Al-Shelahi, Fatima A. 79Alaii, Jane 339Alam, Mohammad T. 201, 528,

877Alangaden, George 719Alarcon-Chaidez, Francisco J. 62Albanese, Chris 146Albers, Anna 389Albonico, Marco 180Albright, Rebecca G. 659Alcantara, Leda 380Aldstadt, Jared 264Alera, Maria Theresa 760Alessiani, Mario 73Alexander, Neal 358Alger, Jackeline 787Ali, Ehsan 77Ali Khan, Wasif 636Alibert, Sandrine 818Alisjahbana, Bachti 766Alkeilani, Maysaa 91Allan, Sandra A. 254Allary, Marina 367

Allen, A. 207Allen, Angela 1059Allen, Linda 929Allen, Stephen J. 1059Allicock, Orchid M. 6�6Allison, Geneve 609Almela, Maria J. 511, 826Almendares, Olivia 787Almeras, Lionel 238Almirón, Walter R. 398Alonso, E. 511Alonso, Pedro L. 8, 9, 306, 572Alpers, Michael P. 1059Alpha, Adamou 1022Alphonsus, Kal 422Altamura, Louis A. 6�2Althabe, Fernando 787Aluma, Simon 96Aluvihare, Chana 240Alvarez, Angela 512, 513Alvarez, Jorge I. 34Aly, Ahmed S. I. 364Ama-Moor, Vicky 717Amador, Domingo 787Amador, Juan Jose 110Ambrosio, Javier R. 273Amemasor, Solomon 637Amengo-Eteego, Seeba 726Ampudia, Elizabeth 577Anantapreecha, Surapee �07Ananth, Cande 703Anaya, Elizabeth 1046Anders, Robin 300, 551, 554Anderson, John F. 263, 590, 646Anderson, Jennifer M. �06�Anderson, Karen S. 823Anderson, Michelle 643Anderson, Robert 41Andersson, Neil 645Andrade, Christy C. 660Andrade, Francisca M. 1047Andreadis, Theodore 257, 263,

282, 602Andrews, Kathy T. �65Andrzejewski, Christopher 501,

638Angele, Olivier 81Angov, Evelina �2, 161, 215,

219, 220Angulo-Barturen, Iñigo 512, 513Annan, Zeinab 38Ansong, Daniel 637Anstead, Gregory M. 739Anstey, Nick 354, 486, 544, 701Anthony, Gabriel A. 720Anthony, Robert 983Anto, Francis �03, 597, 746Antonelli, Lis R. V.. 312Antonio-Nkondjio, Christophe

872Anumudu, Chiaka 193, 524Anyamba, Assaf 989

Anyona, Samuel B. 578Anyorigiya, Thomas 103Apara, A.U. 280Aphasizhev, Ruslan 1074Aphasizheva, Inna 1074Apiwathnasorn, Chamnarn 232Aponte, John J. 8, 9, 306, 572Aponte, Samanda 837Appawu, Maxwell A. 597Apperson, Charles 402, 589, 889Aradaib, Imad 372Arai, Meiji 208Arai, Satoru 958Arama, Charles 324Aranda, Miguel 738Araujo Castillo, Roger V. 19,

683, 728Araz, Engin 431Arboleda, Margarita 758Arcos-Teran, Laura 400Ardelli, Bernadette F. 776Arenas, Victor 898, 1046Arévalo, Jorge 475Arevalo-Herrera, Myriam 43Arguello, D. F. 112Arias, Jose 738Arias, Patricia 33Ariey, Frederic 811, 831Arlian, Larry 433Armah, George E. 439, 746Armah, Henry 804, 1055Armando, Gonzalez 33Armien, Blas 28, ��8, 764Armijos, Veronica 459Armstrong, Adam 905, 906Armstrong, Philip M. 257, 263,

282Arnathau, Céline 38Arnold, Shannon 965Aronson, J.F. 278Aronson, Naomi E. 379Arostegui, Jorge 645Arriens, Sandra 785Arrigo, N.C. 278Arrigo, Nicole C. 6�5Arriola, C. Sofia 30Arrospide, Nancy 972The ART Costing Study Team

704Arterburn, Jeffery 923Arvay, Melissa 439Arvelo, Wences 17Asante, Kwaku P. 726Asare, Kwaku 804Asgary, Ramin G. 408Asghar, Rai 678Ashley, Elizabeth 974Ashorn, Per 808Ashraf, Mohammad 149Ashraf, Yusra Pervaiz 678Asmah, Richard H. 746Asnis, Deborah 77, 813, 902

A-2 Important Note: The number(s) following author name refers to the abstract number.

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Asoala, Victor 597Assis, Juliana d. 482Assmar, Mehdi 474Astete, Helvio 623Astete, H. 930Atibu, Joseph 703Atkinson, Peter A. 945Atuguba, Frank 103Aubry, Maite 449Audcent, Tobey A. 427Auguste, Albert J. 616, 688Auld, Andrew 736Auliff, Alyson 187Avendaño, Adrian 894Avery, Mitchell A. 639, 862Avery, Melissa F. 890Avery, Thomas 654Aviles, William 86, 110Avril, Marion 49, 580Awandare, Gordon 20, 200, 321,

548, 549, 694, 707, �056Awes, Abdulkadir A. 546Awinie, Elizabeth 726Awobode, Henrietta O. 193Awobusuyi, Jacob O. 651Awono-Ambene, Parfait 38, 872Ayala, Diego �027, 1035Ayala, Marta 797Ayala, Virgilio 403Ayala-López, Aurimar �09, 458Ayanful, Ruth 211Aybar, Viterbo 30Ayede, Idowu 193Azab, Mohamed A. 9�4

BB, Bernadin 496Ba, Yamar 466Babu, Subash 666Babur, Cahit 431Bacellar, Olivia 312Bacon, David J. 203, 4�6, 475,

525, 526Badiane, El-Hadji 935Badusche, Marlis 949Bagayoko, Mamadou W. 508,

856Bage, Jose T. 476Baggett, Henry 327, 329, 330,

331, 908, 911, 915Bagheri, Farideh 474Bai, Ying 330, 331, 908Baja, Abdullah 676, 830Bakare, Adekunle A. 621Baker, Anthony 713Baker, Joanne 187Baker, Murray 692Baker, Virginia S. 692Balabaskaran, Praveen 855, 857,

859Balakathiresan, Nagaraja

Sethuraman 946Balbino, Valdir Q. 397

Balcaitis, Stephanie 580Balcioglu, Cuneyt 791Balderrama, M 1001Baldwin, Carson 125Balkan, Suna 974Balkin, E. Asher �39Ballou, Ripley 8, 9, 10, 218, 572,

578Balmaseda, Angel 25, 110, 645,

684Balogun, Tunde 88, 527Balsitis, Scott 6, 116, ��7Bamgboye, Afolabi 99, 406, 407Banania, Glenna 304Banda, Cesar A. 541Bandi, Claudio 389Banfield, Christine E. 297Baniecki, Mary Lynn 652, 935,

821Banu, Shakila 281, 955Barban, Veronique 443Barbe, Jacques 818Barbollat, Laetitia 973Barbosa, Arnoldo 9Barbosa-Solomieu, Valérie 44�,

455Baret, Eric 818Barillas-Mury, Carolina 39, 243,

885, 941, 1037Barker, Christopher M. 584Barker, Robert 652Barnett, Adrian G. 290Barnor, Jacob S. 275Barnwell, John 338, 339, 806Barón, Olga 886Barre, Jerome 7�6Barennes, H. 1005Barrett, Alan D. T. 660Barron, Eduardo A. 29Bart, Jean-Mathieu 377Barth, Erin N. 555Barthel, Robert V. 76Bartholomay, Lyric C. 953Bartkovjak, Marian 7��Barzaga, Naile 813Basáñez, María-Gloria 385, 772,

773Basler, Christopher F. 927, 994Bassat, Quique 8, 572Bassirika, Issiaka 496Bastos, Melissa S. 697Bates, Paul 792Bathini, Nagendrababu 63Baton, Luke A. 40Batsa, Linda 388, 389Battelli, Giorgio 73Batty, Kevin T. 50�, 638, 1007Baus, Esteban G. 400Bausch, Daniel G. 186, 259Bayard, Vicente 118Bayat, Babak 44Bayoh, M N. 587, 595Bayoh, Nabie �036Beach, Raymond 175Beasley, David W. C. 660

Beatty, Mark E. 768Beatty, P. Robert 6, 116, 117Beaty, Barry 641, 892, 893, 932Bebell, Lisa 340, 706Becerra-Artiles, Aniuska 24Beck, Hans-Peter 973Becker-Dreps, Sylvia I. 228Beckett, Charmagne ��5Beckham, Simone 433Beckius, Miriam 715Beerntsen, Brenda 490, 493,

798, 861Beeson, James G. 300, 301, 550,

551, 552, 554Beesoon, Sanjay 690Begum, Ramie H. 202Behets, Frieda 228Behr, Charlotte 195, 198Bei, Amy K. �63, 1021Beier, John C. 894, 1026Bejarano, Zulma 837Belizán, José 787Bell, David J. �003Bell, Jeffrey A. 880, 883Bell, Christine E. �75Beltran, Manuela 756Beltrán-Alzate, Juan C. 78Benante, John Paul 63Benitez, Jesus 796Benjamin, Seleena 897Bennett, Adam 177, 184, 560Bennett, Corey J. 661Bennett, Kent 1008Bennett, Shannon N. 958Bennuru, Sasisekhar 665Bergel, Eduardo 787Bergman, Lawrence W. 802Bergmann-Leitner, Elke S. 12,

�6�, 215, 220Berman, Josh �00�Bern, Caryn 627, 786Bernabe, Antonio 680Bernal, Maruja 750Bernal, Oscar 974Bernard, Kristen A. 659, 661Bernard, Nicholas 301Bernhard, Sonja 476Bernhardt, Scott A. 64�Berrada, Zenda L. 50Bertholet, Sylvie 141Besansky, Nora J. 1027, 1035Bessoff, Kovi 756Bethel, Jeffrey 469Betley, Beverly A. 517Beverley, Stephen M. 630Bhalla, Ashish 432Bharti, Praveen K. B. 20�Bhattacharjee, Apurba K. 63,

503, 656, 817, 819Bhoi, Sanjeev 410, 742Bhonsle, Jayendra B. 656, 817Bia, Frank 1045Biddle, Andrea K. 228Bilenge, Constantin M. Mia. 476Bin Nisar, Yasir 678

Binka, Fred 439, 746Birnbaum, Ron A. 63�Birren, Bruce W. 162, 368Biru, Estifanos 700, 849Bishar, Rima 741Bixby, Lisa M. �072Björkman, Anders 837Black, Carla L. 307, 3�0Black, William C. 232, 625, 626,

641, 867, 1038Blackley, Shanley 3Blair, Carol D. 231, 279, 455, 641Blair, Patrick 681, 766Blaney, Joseph E. �24, 347Blank, Lydia R. 96Blanton, Elizabeth 15Blanton, Ronald 296Blaze, Marie 356Blazes, David L. 19, 104, 683,

728, 903Bledzka, Alicja 781Block, Karla 345Bloland, Peter B. 529, 633, 676,

830Blum, Lauren 933Boakes, Eve 773Boakye, Daniel A. 386, 596Bob Sakha, Ndeye 831Bockarie, Moses 358Bodhidatta, Ladaporn 744Boelaert, Marleen 481, 794Boggiatto, Paola M. �42Boivin, Jean-Francois 383Boivin, Michael J. 695Bojang, Kalifa 1004Bolaji, Olayinka M. 88, 527Bolarte, Jose 104, 728Bolás-Fernández, Francisco 273Bomlitz, Larisa 708Bond, Vincent 804Bonelo, Anilza 759Boni, Maciej 532Bonjardim, Cláudio A. 450Booker, Michael L. 824Boonpradit, Pornsiri 107Boonti, Thum 586Bopp, Cheryl 15Boppana, Venkata D. 62Bora, Hema 528Borad, Anoli J. 609Borchert, Nadine 985Borrini, Katty 627Borrmann, Steffen 651Borrow, Ray 384Borstnik, Kristina 653Bosch, Irene 24Bosio, Christopher 867, 9�2, 993Botero, Sebastian 983Boufana, Belchis 71Bounlu, Khanthong 104Bourgoin, Catherine 238Bourguinat, Catherine 776Boussinesq, Michel 773, 776Bouzahzah, Boumediene �46Bouzaidi-Tiali, Nabile 1070

A-3Important Note: The number(s) following author name refers to the abstract number.

www.astmh.org

Bowen, Anna �7Bowen, Richard A. 660Bowman, D. D. 399Bowman, Natalie M. 786Boykin, David 605Bradamantis, Florelle 81Bradley, David J. 42Braga, Érika M. 697Braga-Neto, Manuel B. 748, 753Braig, Henk R. 318Branch, OraLee H. 203, 727, 847,

850Brando, Clara 45Brandon, Michelle C. 234Brandt, Jef 33Brandt, Walter 48Brasky, K. M. 278Brasov, Ioana 483Brasseur, Philippe 634, 717, 1005Brater, D. C. 520Brattig, Norbert 362, 389, 985Brault, Aaron C. 660Braunstein, Vicki L. 146Bravo, Carmen 513Brega, Sarah 973Breiman, Robert 15, 619Brelsfoard, Corey L. 437Breman, Joel G. 224, 534Breña, Judith P. 38�Brengues, Cécile 230Brennan, Patrick J. 78Brent-Kirk, Afiya 12, 219Brewer, Christina M. 880Breysse, Patrick N. 962Briceno, Ireneo 583Briceno, Marnie R. 827, 828Bridges, Mickey 55Brieger, William 178Brindley, Paul J. 289, 1010Bringaud, Fréderic 1068Brinning, Douglas 928Britch, Seth 262, 989Brito, Cristiana F. Alves. 568, 570Brito, Gerly A. C. 748Brito, João R. M,. 745Bronzan, Rachel 530Brooks, Mohammed 535Brown, Charles 211Brown, Emily M. 998Brown, Heidi 256, 602Brown, Joe 53Brown, James F. 298Brown, Jessica M. 944Brown, Mark R. 947Brown, Ryan P. 642Brown, Vincent 725Bruder, Joseph T. 11, 48, 304,

581Bruhn, Kevin W. �50, 631Brun, Reto 605Brunetti, Enrico 72, 73, 74, 373,

374Bryant, Bart 23�Bryant, Juliet E. �Buathong, Rome 960

Buchy, Philippe 26Buck, Gregory A. 440Bucyibaruta, Blaise 734Buekens, Pierre 473, 787Buetikofer, Peter 1076Buguliskis, Jeff 531Bührlen, Martina 637Bujard, Hermann 194Bulla, Lee A. 825, 887Buluma, Robert 546Bulyk, Martha 1073Bundy, Don A. P. 133Bungiro, Richard 628Burbelo, Peter B. 135Burdan, L 544Burga, Rosa 750Burgess, Steven J. 655Burgess, Timothy 115, 681, 766Burkhard, Peter 45Burkom, Howard 104Burkot, Thomas R. 464, 890Burnette, W N. 102Burns, Jr., James M. 320, 802Burri, Christian 476Busch, Wibke 637Büscher, Philippe 481Bustamante, Dulce M. �2�, 403Bustamante, Juan M. 669, 1072Butler, Ashley 125Butman, Bryan T. 48Buttaro, Caitlin 1014Büttner, Dietrich W. 389Büttner, Marcelle 389Buzetti, Wilma A. Starke. 482Bwanika, John B. 96Byarugaba, Justus 352Bystryn, Jean-Claude 46

CCable, Richard G. 1044Cabrera, Lilia 749, 786Caccone, Adalgisa 872Cafferata, María Luisa 787Caffrey, Conor R. 292, 293Cahill, John 405Cajal, Silvana 89Caldeira, Roberta L. 294Calderon, Carmen 35Calderon, Maritza C. 749Calderon-Arguedas, Olger 894Calderon-Martinez, Jose

Joaquin 893Calderwood, Stephen 18, 609Calisher, Charles H. 932Calvert, Amanda E. 1Calvo, Sarah 489Cama, Vitaliano 266Camacho-Nuez, Minerva 106Camargo, Simone 333Camino, I. 511Campanella, Richard 1034Campbell, Grant L. 1043Campbell, Robert K. 477

Campos, Cornelio 118Canelo, Alexander 738, 1046Canfield, Craig J. 173, 174Cantin, Beth Ann 782Cantin, Greg T. 370Cao, Q.T. 207Cao-Lormeau, Van-Mai 449Capeding, Maria Rosario 344Cappello, Michael 628Caram, Mariana 28, 350, 764Caray, C. 930Carcamo, Alvaro 645Carcamo, Cesar 206Cardenas, Rocio 1000Cardinal, Marta V. 394Cardona, William 886Cardona-Castro, Nora M. 78Caridha, Diana 502Carlo, Joelle M. 1032Carlone, George 384Carlos, Daniela C. 137Carlson, Jonathan O. 625Carlton, Jane 850Carr, Kathleen W. 618Carr, Roxanne 90Carrington, Christine V. F.. 616,

688Carrión, R. 930Carrion, Jr., R. 278Carroll, Darin S. 6�4, 991Carroll, Ryan W. 807Carter, Terrell 10Carvalho, Edgar 312Carvalho, Eunice B. 748Carvalho, Edgar M. 283, 380Carvalho, Luzia H. 570Carvalho, Omar S. 294Carvalho-Queiroz, Claudia 291Casares, Sofia 581Casseb, Samir M. 755Castañeda, P. 511Castelan-Martínez, Osvaldo D.

188Castellanos, Alejandro 6�0Castellanos, Angélica M. 57�Castellanos-Cuervo, Paula 400Castelletto, Michelle L. 984Castelli, Federica 374Castellini, Meryl 53�Castillo, Leticia 28, 764Castillo, Rafael 269, 270, 271,

272Castillo, Yesenia 33Castillo-Bocanegra, Rafael 273Castro, Fanny 884Castro, Ibraim C. 748, 752Castro, Luiza A. 931Castro, Marcia C. 227, 261, 845,

848, 85�Castro, Nina 266Castro, Neviton 283Castro, Xochitl 403Cator, Lauren J. 253Causer, Louise 338, 339Cavasini, Carlos E. 697

Ceballos, Leonardo A. 394Celermajer, David 486Centeno, Ruth 884Cernetich-Ott, Amy 802Cerqueira, Gustavo 286Cersovsky, Steven 1008Certain, Laura K. 827, 828Cespedes, Manuel 1046Cetina-Trejo, Rosa C. 465Cevallos, William 328Chagas Júnior, Adenizar 98Chahal, Jasdave 1073Chai, Jong-Yil 567, 608, 840Chaisri, Urai 604Chaki, Prosper 41, 227, 845, 848Chakravarty, J. 378Chalé-Balboa, Wilberth G. 151,

152Chambers, Eric W. 890Champagne, Donald E. 393, 642,

947Chan, Adeline S. T. 483Chan, Joanne 995Chan, Teik-Chye 434Chan Thap, Lon 934Chanama, Sumalee 107Chancafe, Jorge A. 738, 1046Chand, Gyan �83Chanda, Pascalina 87, 355, 539,

543, 569, 674Chandra, Prafulla K. 247Chandrasekar, P. H. 719Chandre, Fabrice 230Chang, Gwong-Jen. J. 127Chang, Moh Seng 26, 350Chang, Wonsuk 653Chantha, Ngan 28, 764, 897Chao, Chien-Chung 434, 436Chapilliquen, Fernando 884, 898Chareonviriyaphap, Theeraphap

586Charlebois, Edwin D. 705, 706Charles, Marie 708Charriere, Fabien 1070Charron, Brigitte 716, 717Charurojpakorn, Chulaluck 515Chattopadhyay, Suchismita 434Chauhan, Chitra 874Chauhan, Kamalesh R. 63Chauhan, Virander S. 222, 566Chaurasia, R. G. 182Chaves, Luis F. 999Checchi, Francesco 974Checkley, Anna M. 356Chelimo, Kiprotich 303, 556Chen, Chien-Shien 921Chen, Huiyuan 3Chen, Honggen 290Chen, Hua-Wei 436, 1066Chen, Jun Hu 840Chen, Jessica 959Chen, Li-Kuang 127Chen, Lan 345Chen, Nanhua 187, 970Chen, Ping 48

A-4 Important Note: The number(s) following author name refers to the abstract number.

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Chen, Wei-June �26Chenet, Stella M. 203, 525Cheng, Pei L. 631Cheng, Qin 187, 563, 829, 970Cherry, Sara 990Cheun, Hyeng-Il 267Chiang, Jannifer O. 123, 131Childs, James 256Chille, Masunga M. 842Chimpeni, Phillips 1003Chimutete, Mutale 355Ching, Wei-Mei 434, 436, �066Chiodini, Peter L. 356Chiou, Shyan-Song �27Chipeta, James 355Chirwa, Brian 841Chisenhall, Daniel M. 470Chishimba, Sandra 229, 938Chitnis, Chetan E. 191, 306Chitnis, Nakul 67�Chizema, Elizabeth K. 539Cho, Pyo-Yeon 267Cho, Pyo Yun 284Cho, Shin-Hyeong 538Chokephaibulkit, Kulkanya 2Chong, Curtis R. 961Chotivanich, Kesinee 515Chotmongkol, Verajit 428Chou, Tom 205Chouaibou, Mouhamadou S.

865Chowdhurry, Fahima 18Chowdhury, Imtiaz A. 281Chretien, Jean-Paul �04, 415,

438, 989Christensen, Bruce M. 953Christianson, Diane 1045Chu, Yong-Kyu 923, 929Chuang, Ching-Kai 126Chuang, Ilin 11, 304, 58�Chuang, Ting-Wu 599Chukwuocha, Uchechukwu M.

�00, 413, 420Chung, Dong Hoon 923Chuquiyauri, Raul 541Churcher, Thomas S. 385, 773Chuxnum, Teerasak 911Chwaya, Hababu 180CIETNicaragua Dengue Group

645Cislo, Paul 1060Cisneros, Alejandro 106Cissé, Guéladio 729Claborn, David 583Claps, Guillermo L. 398Clardy, Jon 652, 821, 824Clark, Eva 727Clark, Gary G. 65Clark, Kathryn 102Clark, Tamara D. 675Clegg, J.B. 207Clem, Rollie J. 231, 279Clements, David 305Clennon, Julie 896Coberly, Jacqueline 104

Coetzee, Maureen 591Cogswell, Frank B. 509, 639Cohen, Joe 8, 9, 10, 44, 218, 572,

578Cohen, Justin M. 999Colborn, J. M. 856Colborn, James M. 9�3Cole, Dana 59Cole-Tobian, Jennifer 159Colebunders, Robert 937Coleman, Morton 1045Coleman, Russell E. 185, 401,

444, 483Coler, Rhea N. 141Colley, Daniel G. 307, 310, 664Collin, Nicolas 391, 98�Collins, Matthew H. 1072Collins, William E. 509Coloma, Josefina 86, 645Colon, Candimar 754Comer, James A. 281, 955Comte, Eric 722, 974Conn, Jan E. 249, 882Connor, Elizabeth B. 428Connors, Nicholas 530, 1053Conroy, Andrea 799Conway, David 197, 210, 302,

696, 812Cook, Joseph 129Cook, Joseph A. 901, 958Cook, Peter E. 979Cooper, Margarethe 266Cooper, Roland 1067Copeland, Curtis C. 751Coppage, Myra 3Coppens, Isabelle 647Coppi, Alida 505Corbel, Vincent 230Cordoba, Liliana 249Cordova-Benzaquen, Eleazar

627, 786Cornejo del Carpio, Juan G. 627,

786Corran, Patrick 302, 696Corre, Sandra 214, 831Correa, Margarita M. 249Correa-Oliveira, Rodrigo 291Correnti, Jason M. 1010Cortinas, Roberto 1060Cosio, Gabriela 632Costa, Carlos 391Costantini, Carlo 1027, 1035Coudeville, Laurent 349Coulibaly, Aliou 508, 856Coulibaly, Cheick 242Coulibaly, Drissa 14Coulibaly, Karim 409Coulibaly, Mamadi 186, 259Coulibaly, Michel E. 952Coulibaly, Yaya 952Courtenay, Orin 792Coutinho, Bruna P. 745, 752, 753Coutinho-Abreu, Iliano V. 64,

397Cowman, Alan F. 300, 550

Cox, Jonathan T. 590Crabtree, Mary B. 1Craft, Noah 150, 631Craig, Philip S. 71Creek, Tracy 16, 17Crespo Ortiz, Maria del Pilar 654Crevat, Denis 443, 454Crill, Wayne D. 127Crockett, Maryanne 920Cronstein, Bruce N. 311Cropp, Bruce 460Crosby, Seth D. 362, 779Crow, Emily T. 309Crowley, Michael R. 847Crozier, Sarah 812Cruz, Ana C. R. 123, 131Cruz, Karyn 884Cubillas, Luis 884Cui, Liwang 545Cummings, Richard D. 334Curatola, Antonino G. 680Curns, Aaron 439Curtis, Kurt C. 777Curwen, Rachel 296Custers, Jerome H. 44Cutler, Stephen J. 639Cutrera, Ana Paula 67Cuzin-Ouattara, Nadine 846Cysticercosis Working Group in

Peru 30, 31, 371Czesny, Beata 518Czokajlo, Darek 68, 402, 585,

889

DD’Acremont, Valerie 337D’Alessandro, Umberto 206,

833, 937, 1005D’Angelo, John 1057D´Arcádia, Rosane R. 697D’Ombrain, Marthe C. 301da Fonseca, Flavio Guimaraes

991da Nóbrega, Aglaêr A. 793da Silva, Alexandre J. 810da Silva, Eliana V. P. 123, 131,

755da Silva, Érika V. S.. 137da Silva-Nunes, Mônica 697Da’Dara, Akram A. �05�Dabiré, Kounbobr R. N. 24�Dabo, Abdoulaye 324Dabod, Elijah 159Dada-Adegbola, Hannah O. 179,

495Dadzie, Samuel 597Dahlbäck, Madeleine 49Dai, Bui 94Daily, Johanna P. 162, 368, 369,

489, 734, 935Dale, James 382, 917Dalvi, Rahul 630Daly, Thomas M. 802

Dama, Souleymane 421, 712, 835

Damon, Inger K. 614, 991Daniels, Rachel 204Danko, Janine 115Dantur Juri, María J. 398Dao, Adama 588, 1022, 1057Dao, Hoang Thi Nhu 456Dao, M.T. 207Dao, Nguyen V. H. 94Daou, Modibo 324Dara, Antoine 712Dardick, Kenneth 1045DaRe, Jeana T. �8�Das, Manoj K. 528, 877Das, Pradeep 85, 624Das, Suchismita 978Dasch, Gregory A. 1066Dasgupta, Tina 823Dash, Aditya P. 182, 183, 194,

202, 341, 528, 535Dash, A P. 1055Dash, Paban K. 6�7Daszak, Peter 467, 954, 956, 995Dave, Kirti 483Dave, Sonia 483Davenport, Gregory 20, 200,

321, 353, 548, 549, 694, 707, 1056

David, Makindi 809David, Ryan 405Davies, Stephen 293, 295, 297,

309, 311Davila, Santiago 400Davis, A. P. 314Davis, Derek 187Davis, Larry 663Davis, Margarett 16, 17Davis, Timothy M. E. 181, 1007Davis-Rivers, Andrea N. 440Dawson, Harry 983Day, Karen P. 649, �059Day, Tim A. 953Dayal, A 90de Bosch, Norma 24de Jesus, Amelia R. 283de Koning, Harry 516de la Garza, M. 278De La Vega, Patricia 217de Luise, Cynthia 517de Monbrison, Frédérique 968,

973de Oliveira, Ana 363De Paula, Sérgio O. 757de Vlas, Sake J. 359De-Cozar, Cristina 171Dea-Ayuela, Maria A. 273Deans, Anne-Marie 702, 1058Debatis, Michelle 629Debrah, Alexander Y. 388, 389deBruyn, Becky 874DeCaprio, David 162DeGaetano, Arthur 265Deininger, Susanne 197DeJong, Randall 1037

A-5Important Note: The number(s) following author name refers to the abstract number.

www.astmh.org

Dejsirilert, Surang 915Del Cid, Jaime 787del Rosal, Marina 826Delgado, Richard C. 206della Torre, Alessandra 871Delphine, Aldebert 553Delroux, Karine 646Dembele, Benoit 952Dembele, Demba 421, 492, 835,

1057Demir, Samiye 791Demoitié, Marie-Ange 8, 10, 12,

44, 572Deng, Haiyan 514, 639Denis de Senneville, Laure 238Denlinger, David L. 233Dennull, Richard A. 820Dent, Arlene E. 556DeOlivera, Ana 781DeRocher, Amy 647Dery, M. A. 416Desai, Megnha 535Desai, Manish A. 895Desai, M. R. 341Desai, Prashant V. 862Descloux, Elodie 449DeSilva, Erandi �073Desruisseaux, Mahalia S. 805Desta, A. 718Dev, Vas 877Devi, Sangeeta 566Devine, Gregor J. 623Di Paolo, Adriana 89Dia, Ibrahima 466Diabate, Abdoulaye 588, �022Diakite, Souleymane 384Diallo, Abdallah 952Diallo, Boubacar 508Diallo, Dapa A. 14, �058Diallo, Mawlouth 466Diallo, Souleymane 326Diarra, Issa 324Dias, Sajani 191Diassiti, Angelina 920Diawara, Aissatou �33Díaz, André 30Diaz, A. 957Diaz, Francisco J. 446DiBlasi, Michael 891Dickason, John 1045Dicko, Alassane 13, 14, 421, 492,

651Dicko, Adama 409Dicko, A 710Dicko, Yaya 717Diemert, David 13Dieng Sarr, Moussa 935Diet, Tran V. 452Dieye, Alioune 214Diffenbaugh, Noah S. 657Diggs, Carter 11, 48, 304, 581DiGiacomo, Giuseppina 158Dillon, Gary 296Dimaano, Efren 119Dimech, George S. 997

Dimopoulos, George 40, 640, 943, 978

Dinguirard, Nathalie �030Dinkel, Anke 372Diouf, Ababacar 13, 48, 425Diraviyam, Karthikeyan 1002Dituvanga, Ndinga D. 476Diuk-Wasser, Maria A. 256, 602,

�060Djikeng, Appolinaire 286Djimde, Abdoulaye A. 14, 42�,

492, 635, 712, 835, 1057Djogbenou, Luc 230Djouaka, Rousseau F. 621Do, Q.A. 207Dobaño, Carlota 306Dobbelaere, Dirk A. 1076Dobler, Gerhard 463, 904Dobson, Andrew P. 956Dobson, Stephen L. 437Dodean, Rosie 822Dodoo, Daniel 192Doerner, Frank 722Dohn, Anita L. 138Dohn, Michael N. �38Dokomajilar, Christian 340, 423,

706Dolo, Husseini 952Dolo, Ibrahim 508Dominguez-Galera, Marco 893Doms, Robert W. 612, 990Donelson, John E. 144Dong, Carolyn 369, 489Dong, John 345Dongier, Pierre 383Dongus, Stefan 26�, 848Donnelly, Christl 349Donnelly, Martin 865Donner, Marie-Noelle 44Donovan, Michael J. 670Doolan, Denise L. 11, 48, 304,

581Doorley, Sara 408Dorabawila, Nelum 334Dorfman, Jeffrey R. 580Dorji, Tandin 113Dorsey, Grant 93, 340, 675, 705,

706, 1005Dosoo, David K. 726Dotson, Ellen M. 67, 394Doty, Jeffrey B. 932Douglas, Jessica 785Doumbia, Mama N. 326, 740Doumbia, Seydou 409, 510, 710,

868Doumbo, Ogobara K. 13, 14,

324, 421, 492, 635, 712, 835, 1057

Dow, Geoffrey S. 357, 502Dow, Steven 993Dowell, Scott F. 330, 331, 908Dozie, Ikechi N. S. 100Dozie, Ikechukwu N. S. 4�3, 420Drake, Lesley J. 133Drescher, Axel W. 261

Duah, Nancy O. 302Dubey, Mohan L. 52�Dubois, Marie-Claude 8, 10, 44,

572Dubois, Patrice M. 44Dubovsky, Filip 8, 9, 572Duc, Hoang M. 644Ducatez, Mariette M.F. 682Duffull, Steve 486Duffy, Patrick E. 322, 580, 1054Duggal, Priya 964Dujardin, Bruno 481Dujardin, Jean-Pierre 394Duke, Brian O. L. 776Dumas, Rafaele 344Dumontiel, Eric �5�, �52, 787Duncan, Elizabeth H. 12, 161,

215, 220Dung, Nguyen Minh 452, 1042Dunham, Eleca J. 616, 688Dunn, John 260Dunstan, SJ 207Duong, Socheat 26Duong, Veasna 26Dupressoir, Anne 466, 689Dupuis, Alan P. 467Duraisingh, Manoj T. 163, 1021Durand, Patrick 38Durbin, Anna P. 213, 347Duriseti, Sai 488Durvasula, Ravi 624Dusfour, Isabelle C. 60, 583Dushoff, Jonathan 956Dutra, Walderez O. 312, 3�6Dutta, Sheetij 303Dvorak, James A. 487Dzinjalamala, Fraction K. 530,

834, 969

EEampokalap, Boonchuay 327,

329Easterbrook, Judith 277Ebel, Gregory D. 129, 66�Ebringer, Andrew 187Echevarria, Leonor 663Echeverry, Diego 837Edelman, Robert 216Eder, Gerald 122Edgil, Dianna M. 768Edoh, Dominic 192Edstein, Michael D. 94, 173, 174Edwards, Camille 186, 259Egah, Daniel 692Egger, Joseph R. 447Egyir, Beverly 2��Ehrenkaufer, Gretchen M. �048Eigege, Abel 422Eisele, Thomas P. �77, 184, 560Eisen, Lars 58, 888, 892, 893Eisen, Rebecca J. 58Eisenberg, Joseph N. S. 51, 52,

328, 895

Eitoku, Chiho 575Ejigsemahu, Yeshewamebrat

700, 849Ekanayake, Sajeewane 444Ekgatat, Monaya 911Ekloh, William �98Eksi, Saliha 5�8El Setouhy, Maged 360, 361El-Aassar, E M. 79El-Hossary, Shaaban 61, 64, 397El-Kamary, Samer 73�El-Mohamady, Hanan I. 905El-Sayed, Najib 286, 1033, 1050Elamin, Mohamed 372Eldridge, Bruce F. 584Elie, Cheryl 384Elizondo, Douglas 25Elizondo-Quiroja, Darwin 892,

893Elliman, Jennifer 771Elling, Berty F. 529, 537Ellis, Ruth D. 213Ellis, William 650Elmendorf, Heidi G. 967Elnahas, Ayman 372Elnaiem, Dia-Eldin 69, 391, 396,

981, 1039, 1052Emerson, Ginny 991Emerson, Paul 700, 849Endeshaw, Molla 1002Endeshaw, Tekola 700, 849Endy, Timothy 763, 767Eng, Jeffrey L. K. 386Enright, Bill 48Epstein, Judith E. 11, 43, 2�6Epstein, Jonathan H. 954, 956Erdman, Laura 632Eren, Hasan 788Erexson, Cindy 1017Erickson, Sara M. 953Ernst, Kacey C. 814, 853Ertabaklar, Hatice 148, 788, 791Ertug, Sema 148, 788Escalante, Ananias A. 203, 860,

971, 972Escobedo, K. 930Escombe, A. Roderick 680Escueta, Aleyla S. 564Esmat, Gamal 731Espinosa, Avelina 965Espinosa, Benjamin J. 747, 750,

928Espinoza, Yrma 381Espinoza Zegarra, Nereyda 747Esposito, Joseph 274Essamia, Fabian 651Essbauer, Sandra 463Essel, Kofi 899Esteves, Gabriela 98Etang, Josiane 865Etheridge, Ronald 1074Etouna, Joachim 1035Ettestad, Paul 663Ettling, Betty F. 95Evans, Carlton A. 680

A-6 Important Note: The number(s) following author name refers to the abstract number.

www.astmh.org

Evans, James E. 649Evans, Sandra 435Eversole, Rob R. 387, 982Ewing, Dan 345Eyamba, Albert 770Eyangoh, Sarah 722Eza, Dominique 930Ezedinachi, Emmanuel 651

FFaccioli, Lúcia H. F.. 137Fagbenro-Beyioku, Adetayo F.

523Fairfax, Keke C. 628Fairlie, David P. 165Falade, Catherine O. �79, 404Falade, Cathrine O. 495, 547Falta, Michael T. 316Fantappie, Marcelo R. 1032Farah, Omar 619Farfan-Ale, José A. 465, 893Farias, Kleber J. S. 931Farid, Hoda A. 360, 361Farnon, Eileen C. �043Farrar, Jeremy 22Farrar, J.J. 207Farrar, Jeremy 452Faruque, Abu S. G. 18Fatoumata, Dicko-Traore 712Faucette, Laurence 1017Faulde, Michael 463Favata, Mike 415Fawaz, Emad 64, 397Fawole, Funmi 99Faye, Babacar 717Faye, Ousmane 409, 466, 710Feagin, Jean E. 647Febles, Taynet T. 77Fegan, Gregory 554Fehintola, Fatai A. 88Feikin, Daniel 15, 619Feng, Carl G. 667Feng, Gaoqian 808Feng, Zheng 290Fenton, Michael E. 76Ferdig, Michael T. 160, 854, 939Ferguson, David J. 604Ferguson, Heather 593Fernandes, Liselle 693Fernández, Alejandra 512, 513Fernandez, Miguel 19, 683Fernandez, Roberto 898Fernandez-Salas, Ildefonso 626,

893Fernández-Velasco, D. Alejandro

271Ferreira, Marcelo U. 697Ferrell, Robert 200, 321, 548,

1056Ferrer, Santiago 5�2Ferrer-Rodriguez, Ivan 836Ferro, Cristina 797Fidock, David A. 505, 940

Field, Hume E. 954, 956Figueira, Claudio P. 98Fikrig, Erol 590, 646Filice, Carlo 72, 73, 374Filipe, João A. 773Filler, Scott 704Fillinger, Ulrike 41, 41, 227, 261,

845, 848, 851Filone, Claire Marie 990Fimmers, Rolf 389Findlow, Helen 384Finney, Olivia 197, 696Firbas, Christa 687Fischer, Kerstin 362, 785Fischer, Marc 1041Fischer, Peter U. 362, 785, 777,

985Fish, Durland 256, 602, 1060Fisher, Cynthia 329Fisk, Tamara 331Fisk, Tamara L. 908Fitzpatrick, Nicole 110Flannery, Brenden 21Fleischer, Bernhard 949Flores, Diana 6, 117Flores-Flores, Luis F. 465Flores-Mendoza, Carmen 884Flores-Suarez, Adriana E. 626Florey, Lia S. 699Florin, David 623, 866, 884Fofana, Bakary 421, 492, 835,

�057Fogako, Josephine 559Folarin, Onikepe A. 88, 524, 527Foley, Desmond H. 88�Fonseca, Benedito A. L. 120,

450, 757, 76�, 93�Fonseca, Dina 875Fontenille, Didier 38, 238, 1027,

1035Fontenot, Andrew P. 316Fontes, Cor J. Fernandes. 568Foppa, Ivo M. 600, 1045, 1062Forbes, Wayne M. -. �32Ford, Karen 692Ford, Robert 692Formenty, Pierre 989Formica, Alessandra 122Fornadel, Christen M. 250, 591,

879, 896Fornasini, Gianfranco 1009Forrat, Remi 344Forsyth, Simon J. 290Foster, Woodbridge A. 1026Foster, Stanley O. 175Fottrell, E 718Fouda, Genevieve Giny 425Fowkes, Freya J. I. 1059Fowler, Elizabeth V. 563Fox, LeAnne M. 678Fox, Matthew P. 678Foxman, Betsy 328Frace, Mike 991Fraga, Lucia A. O. 291, 293, 311Francis, Filbert 842

Francis, Susan 580Franco, Jose R. 476Franco-Paredes, Carlos 796, 1000Franz, Alexander 441, 455, 1038Fraser, Malcolm J. 1010Freed, Brian 316Freitas, Daniel 997Frempong, Margaret T. 596Freundlich, Joel S. 505Fried, Michal 322, 580, 1054Friedman, Jennifer 70Frolov, Ilya V. 658Frosch, Matthias 375Fryauff, David 61, 597Fujita, Wendy 998Fukuda, Mark 218, 430, 565,

636, 832, 863, 934Fuller, Douglas O. 894Furman, Richard R. 1045Fusaï, Thierry 238, 818Fusch, Christoph 803

GGad, Adel M. 360, 36�, 1040Gaither, Amber D. 834Galagan, James E. 162, 368, 579Galinski, Mary R. 806Galler, Ricardo 98Gallup, Jack 315Gálvez-Buccollini Abanto, Juan

A. 723Gambhir, Manoj 909Gamboa, Dionicia 206Gamboa-Leon, Rubí 787Gamo, Francisco-Javier �7�Gandhi, Deepika 90Ganesan, Suresh 858, 859Ganeshan, Harini 304Ganley-Leal, Lisa M. 664Gao, Qi 970Gaona, Heather W. 656, 8�7Garcez, Lourdes 792Garcia, Hector 31, 33Garcia, Hector H. 29, 30, 35, 371Garcia, Héctor H. 903Garcia Bustos, José-Francisco

171, 505Garcia-Miss, Maria 151García-Pérez, Adolfo 512Garcia-Rejon, Julian 465, 465,

893Gardella, Catalina E. �06Gardiner, Donald L. 165Gardner-Santana, Lynne C. 959Gardon, Jacques 776Gargallo, Domingo 511, 512,

513, 826Garges, Eric 1008Garnett, Geoff 349Garrido, Fàtima 28, 764Garrison, Laurel E. 59Garuti, Helena 512, 513Garver, Lindsey S. 943

Gasasira, Anne F. 705, 706Gascot, Edalish 836Gatakaa, Hellen 554Gates, Casey 368Gatewood, Anne 1060Gatlin, Michael R. 307Gatraud, Paul 505Gatti, Simona 72Gatton, Michelle L. 563, 829,

970Gaur, Upasna 630Gause, William 983Gavidia, Cesar M. 29, 371Gay, Cyril G. 412Gaydos, Joel C. 438Gaye, Oumar 634, 717, 1004Gazzinelli, Giovanni 291Gba, Bernadin 496Gbotosho, Grace O. 88, 524, 527Gbotosho, Sola 404Gebre, Teshome 700, 849Gebregeorgis, Elizabeth M. 573Geerken, Roland 1060Gehrke, Andrew 1073Geissbühler, Yvonne 41, 227,

845, 848Gelfand, Jeffrey A. 1045Genco, Francesca 72Genet, Asrat 700Genov, Jordan 373Genton, Blaise 337, 973Gerena, Lucia 170, 415, 503,

656, 817Gerrets, Rene P. 529Getachew, A. 7�8Getis, Arthur 264Getrtraud, Regula 97Gettayacamin, Monthip 218,

503Getz, Tony 580Gewurz, Ben 1045Ghabour, Sylvia 905Gharib, Sina A. 1018Ghedin, Elodie 1068Ghosh, Kashinath 3�8, 480, 624Ghosh, Mousumi 142Gibble, Joan 196Gibbons, Peter L. 501Gibbons, Robert V. 2, 113, 429,

763, 765, 767, 760Gibson, Gabriella �023Gibson-Corley, Katherine N. �43Gicheru, Nimmo 554Gil, Ana I. 903Gil, Pedro 837Gill, Jeff 584Gilman, Robert H. 29, 30, 31,

33, 266, 541, 627, 680, 749, 786, 866

Gimite, Dereje D. �49Gimnig, John E. 587, 595, 1036Gingrich, John B. 875Ginsberg, Michele 469Giraudoux, Patrick 71Girault, Lang 466, 689

A-7Important Note: The number(s) following author name refers to the abstract number.

www.astmh.org

Giron, Luis Israel 787Girouard, Autumn S. 96�Gitau, Evelyn N. 485Gitawati, Retno 486Githure, John I. 248, 1026Gittleman, John 995Glanfield, Amber 308Glass, Gregory E. 108, 277, 896,

959Glass, Jonathan 104Glass, Roger I. 439Gnémé, Awa 846Go, Rodrick 507Goade, Diane 129, 663Gobert, Geoffrey N. 287, 289,

1010Goethert, Heidi K. 901, 1062,

�063Goetz, Sue 994Goetz, Scott J. 467Goff, Jay 992Goff, Tami 196Goh, Li Ean 651Goka, Bamela Q. 195, 198Goldin, Robert 452Golemanov, Branimir 373Gollob, Kenneth J. 3�2, 316Gomes, Regis B. 69, 39�, 396,

981, 1039, 1052Gomes-Ruiz, Alessandra C. 120,

450Gomez, Andres 467Gomez, Rosa 852Gomez, Tangni 25Gómez, Vanesa 512, 513Gomez-Benavides, Jorge 957Gomez-Carro, Salvador 893Gomez-de-las-Heras, Federico

171Gomez-Escobar, Natalia 197,

2�0, 812Gomez-Machorro, Consuelo 874Gonçalves, Lígia A. �0�9Goncalvez, Ana P. 457Gong, Hong Fei 265, 592Góngora, Rafael 797Gonzaga, Victor E. 903Gonzales, Armando E. 29, 30,

31, 35Gonzales, Joseph M. 160, 939Gonzalez, Alcides 110González, Bárbara 836González, Gloriene 836Gonzalez, Jesus 332Gonzalez, Rodrigo 1022Gonzalez-Cerdas, Rodrigo 876Gonzalez-Ceron, Lilia 852Gonzalvez, Guillermo 30, 31Goodin, Douglas 929Goodman, Catherine 499Goodrich, Raymond P. 606Gopi, P G. 666Gopinath, Shankar P. 32Gordon, Aubree 25, 684Gordon, Scott 332

Gore Saravia, Nancy 797Gorman, Ann Marie 461Gose, Severin 49Goshu, Samrawit 518Gosi, Panita 863Goto, Yasuyuki �4�Gottstein, Bruno 97, 377, 963Gotuzzo, Eduardo 986Gouagna, Louis C. 1026Goudsmit, Jaap 44Gould, Fred 946Govella, Nicodem 4�, 227, 845,

848Govil, Dhwani 274, 991Gowda, D. Channe �020Gowda, Kalpana 48Graczyk, Thaddeus K. 961, 962Graf, Paul C. F. 438, 1065Graham, Sean 926Grais, Rebecca 722Granda, Bertha 1046Grande, Tanilu 206Grandesso, Francesco 725Granger, Don 486Grant, Alan J. 244Grant, Dorsey 423Gratias, Kambau M. Deo. 476Graves, Patricia 700, 849Graves-Abe, Katie 708Graviss, Edward A. 32Gray, Darren J. 290Gray, Ronald L. 96Green, Sharone 453, 765, 767Greenaway, Christina 383Greenbaum, Doron 49�Greenberg, Robert M. 288, �03�Greene, Jennifer 695Greenhouse, Bryan 675Greger, Stephanie 631Gregory, Robin 187Greif, Gisela 963Grieco, John P. 63, 60, 583Griffing, Sean M. 971, 972Griffith, Matthew 714, 715Grigorov, Nikola 373Grijalva, Mario J. 400Grimberg, Brian T. 809Grinstein, Sergio 632Grisolia, Antonella 72, 73, 374Gross, Tiffany 643Grube, Marcus 803Gruener, Beate 375Gu, Weidong 246, 248, 252Guerin, Philippe J. 974Guerrant, Richard L. 440, 745,

748, 751, 752, 753, 1047Guerena-Burgueno, Fernando

6�8Guiguemdé, Robert Tinga 651,

790, 833Guillard, Bertrand 81Guimarães, Luiz H. S. 312, 380Guindo, Ando B. 14Guindo, Boubacar 868Gulinello, Maria 805

Gunes, Koray 148Gunning, Robin 433Gunsaru, Bornface 655Guo, Jiagang 290Gupta, Lalita 39, 243, 941, 1037Gupta, Nimesh 617Gupta, Raj K. 63Gupta, Shaili 1045Gupta, Vineet 4�0, 742Gurarie, David E. 540Gurary, Alexandra 23Gurley, Emily 281, 933, 955, 1041Gürtler, Ricardo E. 67, 392, 394Guthmann, Jean-Paul 974, 1005Gutiérrez, Lina A. 249Gutman, Julie R. 422Gutteridge, Clare E. 8�9Guyer, Craig 926Gwadz, Bob 1022Gyang, Fredrick N. 195Gyapong, John O. 386

HHa, Tran Thi Ngoc 456Haake, David 98Habbema, J D. F. 359, 676Habomugisha, Peace 770Hadi, Azam 514Hadisoemarto, Panji F. 766Haertle, Sonja 10Haesler, Barbara 97Hafy, Zen 766Haidara, Fadima C. 384Hailemariam, Afework T. 849,

891Hall, Eric R. 750Hall, Martin J. R. 79Halpin, Kim 954Halstead, Scott B. 767Halvorsen, Jake G. 1040Hamainza, Busiku 355, 539, 569Hamarsheh, Omar Y. M. 864Hamel, Mary 338, 339, 351, 546,

1036Hamer, Davidson H. 535Hammad, Ragaa E. 361Hammond, Samantha 86Han, Eun Taek 840Hanafi, Hanafi A. 6�, 64, 397,

401Handunnetti, Shiroma M. 191Hanelt, Ben 299, 1029Hannah, Michele F. 555Hanshoaworakul, Wanna 960Hanson, Christopher 124Hanson, Kevin 102Hanssen, Eric 654Happi, Christian T. 88, 404, 524,

527Haque, Rashidul 636, 964, 966Haralambou, George 77Harker, Brent 874Harn, Donald A. 1051

Harrell, Robert A. 240Harrington, Laura C. 66, 265,

592Harris, Eva 6, 25, 86, 110, 116,

117, 684Harris, Jason B. �8Harris, Juliana V. �89Harrison, Lisa 628Hartl, Daniel L. 368Hartman, Barry 1045Hartmann, Chris 992Hartmann, Katherine 703Hartmann, Wiebke 949Hartwig, Carmony 1067Harty, Ronald N. 611Hashem, Mohamed 731Hashimoto, Caryn 305Haskell, Jacquelyn N. 631Hassan, Hassan K. 880, 926Hassan Sharifah, Syed 954Hassanali, Ahmed 1026Hastings, Ian M. 936Hatabu, Toshimitsu 564Hatch, Douglas 997Hau, Tran P. 644Hauer, M. C. 878Havlir, Diane 705, 706Hawela, Moonga 569Hawkes, Clifton 379Hawkes, Michael T. 920Hawkins, Vivian N. 533Hawley, William A. 736, 736Hayakawa, Toshiyuki 564Hayes, Curtis 115, 346, 444Hayes, Daniel J. 497Hayes, Edward B. 473Haynes, J. D. �0�5Hazir, Tabish 678Heady, Tiffany N. 656, 817Hehl, Adrian 1076Heiman, Donald F. 1045Heintz, John 181Heinz, Franz X. 687Heinz, Michael 362Helmers, Andrew �64Helmy, Hanan 360, 361Hemingway, Janet 621Hemphill, Andrew 75, 376, 605,

963Henipavirus Ecology Research

Group (HERG) 954, 956Henn, Matthew 25Henry, Maud 818Hensley, Lisa 992Henson, Mike 473Heppner, D. Gray 12, 44, 218,

578Hermann, Pascal 1076Hernandez, Carlos 645Hernandez, Jean N. 727, 850Hernandez, Roger 381Hernández-Campos, Alicia 269,

270, 271, 273Hernández-Campos, Maria A.

272

A-8 Important Note: The number(s) following author name refers to the abstract number.

www.astmh.org

Hernández-Luis, Francisco 269, 270, 272, 273

Herrera, Flor 867Herrera, Socrates 43Herrera Camino, Andres 747Herreros, Esperanza 826Hess, Lindsey 653Hesse, September 804Hibberd, Patricia L. 609Hickey, Patrick W. 445Hidalgo-Martinez, Ana C. 465Higazi, Tarig B. 363Higgs, Stephen 613, 658, 730Hightower, Allen 546, 587, 619Higuita, Edwin A. 446Hill, David 1045Hillesland, Heidi 624Himley, Stephen 55Hinckley, Alison F. 473Hinnebusch, B. J. 912Hinrichs, Dave 822Hira, Parsotam R. 79Hirsch, Damien 517Hisamori, Daisuke 484Hiser, Ashley F. 56Hittner, James B. 353, 694, 707,

1056Ho, Walter 305Hoang, Long T. 4Hoang Le, Nguyen 644Hocart, Simon J. 639Hochbein, Roselyn 1043Hodgson, Abraham 103Hodson, Cheryl 655Hoel, David 61, 64, 397, 401Hoerauf, Achim 388, 389, 785Hoffman, Marshall M. 819Hoffman, R. L. 399Hoffman, Stephen L. 216Hoffmann, Erika H. E. 697Hoke, Charles H. 102Holder, Anthony 193Hole, D G. 594Hollingdale, Michael R. 158Holloway, Brian 274Holman, David 345Holmes, Edward C. 616, 688Holt, Deborah 433Holt, Robert D. 959Homira, Nusrat 28�, 955Homma, Akira 98Hong, Sung-Jong 284Hope, Andrew 129Hopkins, Heidi 93, 340, 343Horton, Ashley A. 242, 1024Hospenthal, Duane 714, 715Hossain, Jahangir 1041Hossain, M. J. 281, 933, 955Hotez, Peter 987Hottel, Hannah 125Hou, Min 70Houde, Nathan 368Hougard, Jean-Marc 230House, Brent L. 2�7House, Susan 242

Howell, Katherine 550Howgate, James 464Hsiao, Chia-Hung Christine �44Hsu, Bing-Mu 92�Huallpa, C. 957Huaman, A. 930Huaman, Moises 19Huang, Claire Y. 1, 114, 471Huang, Ling 71Huang, Mingbo 804Huang, Shuhui 573Huang, Yeufang 779Huayanay, Leandro 381Hubbard, Alan 51, 52, 328Hübner, Marc P. 948Huddler, Donald P. 656, 817Huddleston, Beth 260Hudson, Thomas H. 502, 656,

817Hue, Nguyen D. 94Huertas, Mariela 837Huggel, Katja 333Huggins, John 992Hughes, Dyfrig A. 1003Hughes, Mark T. 932Hugo, Leon E. 979Hui, George 305Hulit, James 146Humbel, Bruno 1069Hume, Jen 226, 876Hunja, Carol W. 578Hunsperger, Elizabeth 472, 756Hunt, Richard H. 591Hunter, Gabrielle C. 749Huong, Vu Ti Que 443, 456Hurtado, Northan 725Hurwitz, Ivy 624Husain, Sohail 628Hussain, Waqar 678Hussaini, Isa 753Hutchinson, Rob 594Hutson, Christina L. 614Huy, Rekol 26Hyatt, Alex 954

IIadarola, Michael J. 135Iamsirithaworn, Sopon 960Ibadova, Gulnara A. 744Ibarguen, Dario 837Ibrahim, Mohamed 887Ide, Charles 982Idowu, Dare O. 524Ilboudo-Sanogo, Edith 846Ilett, Kenneth F. 501, 638, 1007Ilika, Amobi L. 620Imade, Godwin 692Imrie, Allison 23Intapan, Pewpan M. 428Irawati, Dyah 681Irfan, Seema 679Iriko, Hideyuki 574Isaacson, J. 519

Isaacson, Jeffrey D. �72Ishengoma, Deus 842Isoe, Jun 235, 236, 975, 976Ito, Akira 72, 375Itoh, Sonoyo 72, 375Ittiprasert, Wannaporn �033,

1049, �050Iwagami, Moritoshi 564Iwuagwu, Francis O. 420Iya, Daniel 692Iyiola, Yemisi 404

JJacob, Benjamin 248Jacobs Jr., William R. 505Jacobus, David P. 173, 174, 505Jacobus, Laura R. 173, 174Jacquemot, Catherine 195Jacquerioz, Frederique A. �86,

259Jadav, Suresh 384Jafari, Seyed M. 919Jaffe, Donald R. 517Jago, Jeffrey D. 501, 638Jain, S. K. 222Jain, Vidhan 194, 1055Jairungsri, Aroonroong 2Jamaluddin, Abdul Aziz 954Jambou, Ronan 831James, Mark 787Jarilla, Blanca 70Jarman, Richard G. 2, 113, 618,

760, 763, 765, 767Jaron, Peter 15Jarrett, Clayton O. 912Jaworowski, Anthony 693Jayakumar, Asha 670Jayantasri, V. 666Jeffery, Jason A. L. 644Jei, Fei 142Jennings, Cameron V. 1021Jentes, Emily S. 186, 259Jenwithisuk, Rachaneeporn 5�5Jeronimo, Selma M. 313Jerzak, Greta V. S. 661Jiang, Daojun 777Jiang, Ju 1065Jiang, Lubin 488Jiang, Lei 939Jilma, Bernd 687Jiménez, Elena 5��Jimenez, Juan 3�Jimenez, Victor 507Jimenez, German 175Jiménez-Díaz, Belén 512, 5�3Jin, Lizhong 239Jin, Ling 574Jin, Xia 3, 457Jin, Yamei 37Jitpimolmard, Suthipun 428Jiz, Mario 70, 335Jobe, Ousman 3�9Jochim, Ryan 391, �039

Joel, Pradeep K. 1055Johansson, Michael �08John, Chandy C. 695, 814, 853Johnson, Armead 425Johnson, Barbara W. 128Johnson, C. E. 278Johnson, Dawn 177, 184Johnson, Jacob D. 650, 656, 817,

820Johnson, Jeff R. 370Johnson, Karen 268Johnson, Reed F. 611Johnson, Stephanie T. 1044Johnson, Wesley O. 584Johnston, Dean 46Johnston, Stephanie P. 810Johnston-Gonzalez, Richard 886Jones, Douglas 143Jones, Douglas E. 142, 315Jones, Franca 750Jones, Jeffrey G. 4��Jones, Jeffrey L. �0�, 134Jones, Kate 995Jones, LeeAnn 67Jones, Lahna 650Jones, Malcolm 308Jones, Matthew J. 467Jones, Tim F. 260Jongsakul, Krisada 934Jongwutiwes, Somchai 542, 545Jonsson, Colleen 923, 929Joos, Charlotte 214Jorakate, Possawat 327, 329,

911, 915Jordan, Stephen J. 847Joshi, Durga M. 429Joshi, Hema 202Ju, Jung-Won 267Juarez, Marisa 89Juliano, Jonathan J. 8��Juma, Vera 676, 830Juncansen, Camlia 697Jung, Yoon-Jae 157

KK’Ogal, Amos 707Kaba, Stephen A. 45Kabalo, Abel 355Kabanywanyi, Abdunoor M.

633, 676, 830Kabeya, Alain M. 476Kabir, Mamun 966Kabiru, Ephantus W. 1026Kabyemela, Edward R. 322Kachur, S. Patrick 21, 95, 342,

499, 529, 537, 633, 676, 830Kaewpan, Anek 327, 915Kafwani, Mzungu 153Kagaayi, Joseph 96Kahigwa, Elizeus 21Kahn, Ashraful 18Kahnberg, Pia 165Kai, Oscar 1058

A-9Important Note: The number(s) following author name refers to the abstract number.

www.astmh.org

Kain, Kevin C. 164, 632, 799, 920, 1018

Kalanarooj, Siripen 763, 765Kalanidhi, A. P. 114Kalayanarooj, Siripen 453Kale, Oladele 406, 407Kalilani, Linda 5�9, 808, 1053Kalinna, Bernd H. 1010Kaltenböck, Astrid 122Kalyango, Joan 93Kam, Adele 682Kamal, Michael 369Kamal, Sherin A. 361Kamanga, Aniset 896Kambale, Wilson 340Kamdem, Colince D. �035Kamgno, Joseph 776Kamhawi, Shaden 64, 69, 395,

396, 397, 981, 1052Kaminski, Robert 750Kamugisha, Mathias L. 842Kamya, Moses R. 93, 340, 675,

705, 706Kanbara, Hiroji 789Kande, Victor 481Kane, Anne V. 609Kaneko, Osamu 574Kang, Mi-Ae 56�Kang, Young-A 538Kang’a, Simon 850Kango, Mabvuto 355Kannady, Khadija 41, 227, 261,

845, 848, 851Kano, Shigeyuki 208, 564kanobana, Kirezi 33Kaplan, Jenifer 277Kaplan, Ray M. 988Kappe, Stefan H. I. 319, 364Kapre, Subash 384Karagenc, Tülin 788Karamagi, Charles 93Karanja, Diana M. S. 307, 310,

336, 664Karema, Corine 734Karim, Coulibaly 710Karim, Mohammad M. 609Kariuki, Michael M. 490, 493,

798, 86�Kariuki, Simon 338, 339, 971Kariuki, Tom 296Karl, Stephan 809Karnataki, Anuradha 647Karnchaisri, Kriangkrai 542Karunajeewa, Harin A. 181,

�007Karyana, M 354, 544, 701Kasper, Jacob M. 1013Kastens, Will 358Kasumba, Irene N. 873Kasymbekova, Kalya 925Katabarwa, Moses N. 770Katebe, Cecelia 844Katkowsky, Steven R. 464Kaufusi, Pakieli H. 468Kaur, Harparkash 499

Kauth, Christian W. 194Kawai, Hiroyuki 55Kawai, Vivian 786Kawazu, Shin-ichiro 208Kay, Brian H. 644, 979Kayange, Noel 1003Kaye, P. 1071Kazura, James W. 358, 556, 695Ke, Hangjun 859Keating, Joseph 177, �84, 259,

560Kebaier, Chahnaz 37, �56Kebede, Asnakew 891Keiser, Jennifer 376Keita, Mahamadou M. 326, 382,

917Keita, Mamadou M. 326, 508,

712, 740Keita, Somita 409, 7�0Kekitiinwa, Adeodata 705Keller, Christopher 321, 549,

694, 1056Keller, Thomas 692Kelley, James 460Kelly, Jane X. 655, 822Kelly, Rosmarie 464Kemisetti, Sumathi 902Kenangalem, Enny 354, 486,

544, 701Kendino, Gideon 187Kengluecha, Ampornpan 515Kennedy, Allison C. 355Kent, Rebekah J. 250, 462, 879Kerce, Jerry 464Kern, Peter 375Kerr, Caron 520Khabiri, Alireza 474Khalambaheti, Thareerat 863Khalid, Nabila 79Khan, Rasheda 281, 933Khan, Tariq A. 902Khan, Wasif A. 609Khandelwal, N. 432Khatib, Rashid A. 95, 529, 537Khawar, Nadeem 678Khieu, Virak 26Khodiev, Aybek V. 744Khusmith, Srisin 863Kiang, Richard �85Kiechel, Jean-René 506, 1006Kifude, Carolyne M. 578Kiggundu, Moses 706Kihonda, Japhet 41Killeen, Gerry 41, 95, 227, 261,

537, 672, 845, 848, 851Kilpatrick, A. Marm 467, 657Kim, Andrea 17Kim, Chang-Hyun 1040Kim, Hyo-Jin 567, 608Kim, Jung-Yeon 267, 538Kim, Jeong-Su 538Kim, Tong Soo 267, 284, 538Kim, Tae Im 284Kim, Young-A 157Kim, Yeon-Joo 538

Kimber, Michael J. 953Kimmel, Rhonda 303Kindermans, Jean-Marie 974Kines, Kristine J. 289, 1010King, Chwan-Chuen 105King, Christopher L. 153, 296,

301, 551, 552, 803King, Christopher 304King, Christopher C. 159King, Charles H. 461, 540, 699King, C. R. 11, 48King, Russell 583King, Richter C. 581Kinney, Richard M. 1, ��4, 471,

660Kinsey, J. 730Kinyanjui, Sam 550Kioko, Elizabeth N. 598Kippes, Christopher 461Kiprotich, Chelimo 557Kiptui, Rebecca 546Kirby, Matt 258Kirchhoff, Louis V. 478Kirsch, Philipp 68, 402, 585, 889Kissinger, Patricia 473Kiszewski, Anthony E. 891Kitagawa, Beatriz Y. 997Kitchen, Lynn W. 102Kitron, Uriel 67, 392, 394, 1060Kitua, Andrew Y. 843Klade, Christoph 122, 687Klein, Eili 532Klein, Philipp 637Klein, Pamela W. 555Klein, Sabra 277, 555, 959Klena, John 906Kleshchenko, Yuliya 154, 648Klimov, Alexander 681Kline, Daniel L. �025Klinger, Elissa V. �062Klinger, Jeff 652Klion, Amy D. 390, 952Klungthong, Chonticha 765Knapp, Jenny 377Kneen, Rachel 1042Knepper, Randall G. 599Knight, Matty 1033, 1049, 1050Knols, Bart G. 1024Ko, Albert I. 98Kobbe, Robin 637Kochel, Tadeusz 115, 444, 928,

930, 957Koekemoer, Lizette L. 591Koenraadt, Constantianus J. M.

66, 592Koita, Ousmane A. 508, 510,

639, 856Kolb, Carol 737Kole, Abhisake 952Kolhe, Priti 464Kollaritsch, Herwig 122Komaki-Yasuda, Kanako 208Komar, Nicholas 462Komatsu, Natália T. 697Komisar, Jack L. 1015

Konadu, Peter 389Konate, Siaka 952Kone, Abdoulaye K. 14, 1058Kone, Cheick O. 1057Kongsin, Sukhontha 28, 764Konovalova, Svetlana 48Koonce, Joseph 461Koplowicz, Yelena B. 996Koram, Kwadwo A. 103, 192,

211, 597Korenromp, Eline 937Korir, Cindy C. 806Korir, Jackson C. �99Korten, Simone 949Koru, Ozgur 431, 8�0Kosasih, Herman 681, 766Kose, Sukran 900Kosek, Margaret 541, 866Kosmowski, Andrew 1008Kosoy, Michael 330, 331, 908,

913Kosoy, Olga L. 1043Kotea, Navaratnam 690Kotloff, Karen L. 326, 382, 740,

917Kou, Zhihua 3Koumare, Sekou 1057Kouri, Drew 181, 540Kourouma, Kerfallah 186, 259Kowalewska-Grochowska, Kinga

815Kowuour, Dickens 557Krairojananan, Panadda 515Kramer, Erin 315Kramer, Laura D. 467, 657, 659,

661, 662Krause, Darren R. 563Krause, Peter J. �045Krautz-Peterson, Greice 333Kreishman-Deitrick, Mara 656,

817Kremer, Laurent 505Kremsner, Peter G. 10, 523Krishnegowda, Gowdahalli 1020Krogstad, Donald J. 177, 508,

509, 510, 514, 560, 639, 839, 856

Krolewiecki, Alejandro J. 89Kroon, Erna 991Krudsood, Srivicha 519, 811,

1006Krulak, David 415Kruszon-Moran, Deanna 101,

134Krzych, Urszula 319Ksiazek, Thomas G. 281, 955Kuan, Guillermina 86, ��0, 684Kucerova, Zuzana 147Kuete, Thomas 717Kuhn, Stephanie 473Kuikumbi, Florent M. 476Kulasekara, Bridget 49Kulkarni, Manisha A. 245Kulkarni, Prasad 384Kum-Arb, Utaiwan 218

A-�0 Important Note: The number(s) following author name refers to the abstract number.

www.astmh.org

Kumar, Anil 85Kumar, Ashwani 673Kumar, Nirbhay 40, 325, 1012Kumar, Sanjay 85Kumar, Sanjeev 39, 243, 94�,

1037Kumar, Sanjai 1017Kumar, T. R. Santha 505Kumar, Tripurari 742Kumaran, Paul 666Kumarapperuma, Sidath 923Kumaraswami, V. 666Kumwenda, Taida 938Kun, Juergen F. J. 523Kunert, John 1030Kunz, Susan 975Kuppers, Rudolf 1009Kurane, Ichiro 107, 686Kurtis, Jonathan 70, 322, 335Kuschner, Robert A. 429Kuser, Paula R. 570Kutcher, Simon 644Kuzera, Kristopher 264Kwak, Dong-Hwan 157Kweka, Eliningaya J. 57Kwon, Joon-Wook 538Kwon, Yong-Kuk 994Kyle, Dennis E. 173, 174, 503Kyle, Jennifer L. 6, ��6

LLa Beaud, A. Desiree 46�Labo, Maria N. 995Lacerda, Henio G. 313Lachowitzer, Jeff 1054Lackovic, Kurt 554Lacma, Julio 884LaCrue, Alexis N. 490, 493, 798,

861Lad, Alpana 452Ladd, Aliny B. L. 752Ladd, Fernando V. L. 752Lafontant, Christina 177, 184LaForce, Marc 384Lafuente, Maria-Jose 171Lafuente, Sarah 8, 572Laguna, V. A. 957Lai, Ching-Juh 457Laihad, Ferdinand J. 736Lakwo, Tom 770Lal, Altaf A. 971Lal, Chandra S. 85Lalloo, David G. 1003Lama, Marcel 223Lamb, Erika W. 293, 309Lambert, Lynn 576Lambert, Lynn E. 47Lambson, Bronwen E. 247Lameyre, Valerie 421, 716, 717Lamikanra, Adebayo 741Lammey, Jovitha 1007Lammie, Patrick J. 890, 988Lampah, Daniel 354, 486, 701

Lampman, Richard 1040Lanar, David E. 45, �58, 218,

303, 863Lanata, Claudia F. 903Lancaster, Kathryn 266Lanciotti, Robert S. 1043Lander, Eric S. 162, 368, 369Landis, Sarah 703Laney, Sandra J. �0�4Lang, Jean 344, 443, 451, 454Langdon, Gretchen 70Langerveld, Anna 982Langevin, Stanley A. 660Langhorne, Jean 193Lanteri, Charlotte 650Lanzaro, Gregory C. 1024Laoboonchai, Anintita 832Laras, Kanti 104Larasati, Wita 104LaRocque, Regina 18Larson, Bruce A. 339Lascano, Mauricio S. 400Laserson, Kayla 15, 338, 339,

351, 546Lau, Audrey O. T. 603Laufer, Miriam K. 530, 834, 969,

1053Laughinghouse, Andre 1039Laughlin, Larry 332Laupert, Fernanda 997Laurens, Matthew B. 834Laveen, Janeen J. 1043Law, Angela S. F. 501Lawrence, Kendra 63Lawson, Bernard 388Lawyer, Phillip G. 318, 396Laxminarayan, Ramanan 532Lay, Jenny 438Lazar, Lidia E. 724Le, TL 207Le Anh, Nguyen P. 644Le Bras, Jacques 831Le Roch, Karine 369Leach, Amanda 8, 572, 578Leary, Kevin 520Lebowitz, Jacob 576Lee, Byung-Chul 538Lee, Clarence M. 149, 1049Lee, Eng-Hong 2�2Lee, G.T. 165Lee, Jo Woon Yi 567Lee, Jo Woon Yi 608Lee, Jin-Ju 567, 608Lee, John S. 598Lee, Moses 36, 166Lee, Patricia J. 656, 817Lee, Rebecca 46Lee, Sydney 276Lee, Sunhee 805Lee, Young-Hee 267Leelaudomlipi, Surasak 515Leepin, Angela 605Legorreta-Herrera, Martha �88Legros, Dominique 974

Lehmann, Tovi 226, 588, 876, 945, 1022

Lehner, Claudia �22Leiby, David 196, 606, 1044Leke, Rose Gana Fomban 425,

559Leliwa-Sytek, Aleksandra 649Lell, Bertand �0Lelo, Baliyima 843Lemiale, Laurence 216Lemma, H. 718Lemnge, Martha M. M. 842, 843Lemos, Denise 291Lengeler, Christian 337Lenhart, Audrey 232Lennon, Niall 25Leon, Ilsa 1073Leon, Renato 601Leon, Walter 884Leontsini, Elli 30Lepec, Richard 725Lerdthusnee, Kriangkrai 330Lertora, Juan J. L. 514Lesauvage, Eric 716Lescano, Andres G. 19, 30, 104,

749, 903Lescano, Willy 884Lesho, Emil 395Leszczynski, Sara 1037Letson, William 768Leung, Daniel 3�3Leung, Lawrence W. 927Levasseur, Kathryn 369Levert, Keith 274Levin, Michael 452Levine, Gail L. 11Levine, Myron M. 326, 740Levy, Karen 5�, 52, 328Levy, Marc 995Levy, Michael Z. 627, 786Lewey, Jennifer 734Lewis, Drew 517Lewis, Dorothy E. 610Lewis, Edwin E. 561Lewis, Sheri 104Lewockzo, Kenneth 260Lewthwaite, Penelope 1042Leyva, Rene T. 996Li, Ben-Wen 777, 780Li, Cong 882Li, Chenglong 1002Li, Qigui �67, �68, 169, 170Li, Qianjun 923Li, Robert S. 290Li, Sheng 48Li, Shunyu 284Li, Wenjun 453Li, Xioaming 920Li, Xinshe 1011Li, Yi-Shiuan 105Li, Yuesheng 290Li, Yu 991Li, Yan B. 71Li, Zheng Z. 71Libiszowski, Paul C. 844

Libraty, Daniel H. 5Libreros, Gerardo A. 759Liebman, Katherine 655Liepinsh, Dmitry 558Lievens, Marc 8, 10, 572, 578Lijek, Rebeccah S. 74�Liles, W C. 164, 799, 1018Lilley, Ken 187Lim, Chang k. 686Lim, K.C. 292Lim, Pharath 811Lim, Phawath 831Lima, Aldo A. M.. 745, 748, 752,

753Lima, Danielle M. 757Lima, Flavia L. 482Lima, Jose B. Pereira. 882Lima, Josane R. 313Lima, Jose W. 479Lima, Maria F. 154, 648Limbach, Keith 11, 48, 304, 581Limpawattana, Panita 428Limsalakpetch, Amporn 218Lin, A.J. 650Lin, Enmoore 159, 181, 301,

1007Lindsay, Steve W. 41, 227, 258,

594, 845, 848, 851Linnen, Jeff 348Linser, Paul J. 942Linthicum, Kenneth J. 65, 262,

989Liscum, Kathleen R. 610Little, Mark P. 772Liu, Chung-Ming 105Liu, Canhui 363Liu, Jun 920Liu, Ping 5Llamosas, Monica 29Llanos, Alejandro 206Llergo, Jose-Luis 171Llinas, Manuel 1073Loan, Huynh Thi Kim 456Locke, Emily 48, 812Logue, Christopher H. 993Logvinenko, Tanya 18Lok, James B. 984, �0��Loker, Eric S. 285, 336Lokida, Dewi 68�Lokomba, Victor 703Lompo, Zourata 709, 709Londono, Berlin 177, 560Long, Carole A. 13, 47, 48, 213,

303, 803Longacre, Shirley 214Longstreth, J 519Looareesuwan, Sornchai 506,

519, 811, �004, 1006Lopansri, Bert 486Lopes, Maria Beatriz 753Lopez, Eva 171Lopez, Gaylord 59Lopez, Victor 623, 930Lopez-Lopez, Patricia 152Lopez-Sanchez, Miriam 656, 817

A-��Important Note: The number(s) following author name refers to the abstract number.

www.astmh.org

Lopez-Vallejo, Fabian 27�Lord, Cynthia 121Lorono-Pino, Maria Alba 465,

893Loschen, Wayne 104Lougué, Guekoun 833Louie, Karen L. 659Loukas, Alex 987Lourenço, Elaine V. L.. 137Lovegrove, Fiona E. 799, �0�8LoVerde, Philip T. 286, 291, �032Lovin, Diane 874Lowery, Roy J. 490Lozano, Sonia 511, 826Lozano-Fuentes, Saul 892, 893Lu, Jeff 367Lu, Lydia �6Lu, Liang 691Lubaki, Jean-Pierre F. 476Lubell, Yoel 343Luby, Stephen P. 281, 933, 955,

1041Lucas, Carmen 475, 526Lucchi, Naomi W. �94Lucena, Herene B. 748Lucio-Forster, A. 399Lucke, Andrew 165Luckhart, Shirley 242, 249, 251,

561, 977Lukeman, Ibrahim 637Lukens, Amanda K. �62, 368Lum, Lucy 28, 764Lumsden, Joanne 319Lun, Cheng-Man 299, 1029Luna, Concepción 89Lundstrom, Tammy S. 719Lungu, Christopher 84�Luo, Haiyan 460Luo, Yeung 460Lusingu, John P. A. 842, 843Lutumba, Pascal P. 48�, 794Luxemburger, Christine 349,

443, 451, 454Lyimo, Thomas 2�Lyke, Kirsten E. 14, 216, 324,

1058Lynch, Joseph 461Lynch, Julia A. 445Lyon, Jeffrey A. 12

MMa, Puo-Hua 921MacArthur, John R. 633, 676,

830MacCallum, Fiona J. 550Macedo de Oliveira, Alexandre

338, 339, 972Macete, Eusebio 8, 306, 572Mach, Ondrej 16Machado, Eleuza R. M.. �37Machado, Paulo R. L. 380Machado, Paula R. L. 931Machado, Rosangela Z. 482

Macharia, Stephen 476Maciel, Andressa A. F. L. 748Maciel, Jorge 1012Maciel, Jamilly G. 745MacIntosh, Victor 415Macintyre, Kate 184Mack, B. M. 856Mack, Douglas G. 316Mackenstedt, Ute 372Mackenzie, Charles D. 387, 774,

982MacLeod, William B. 535, 678Madebe, Rashidi 842Madeira, Andreza 997Madison, M. Nia 154, 648Madrid, Teresa M. 299Madyarov, Ruslan S. 744Magill, Alan J. 173, 174, 357,

415, 650, 1008Maguiña, Ciro P. 381Maguire, Jason D. 76Maguire, James H. 627, 786Mahajan, Babita 1017Mahajan, R C. 521Mahande, Aneth M. 57Mahanta, J. 521Mahanty, Siddhartha 213, 952Maharaj, Payal D. 660Mahi, Sushil 432Maillard, Stephan 377Main, Andy J. 646Maina, Geoffrey 336Maiolatesi, Santina 581Maire, Nicolas 671Majam, Victoria 1017Makarem, Mazen 293, 3��Makieya, Eric 794Makkiya, Adil 9�Makoka, Mwai 9�6Malafronte, Rosely S. 697Malaivichitnond, Suchinda 545Malaquias, Luiz Cosme C. 291Malasit, Prida 2Malecela, Ezekiel K. 842Malecela, Mwele 774Malenga, Grace 530Malhotra, Indu �53, 803Malick, Ndiaye 553Malila, Aggrey 633Malkin, Elissa 213, 812Malla, Nancy 521Mallik, Arun K. 789Maloney, Susan 327, 329, 330,

908, 911, 915Mamadou, Diallo A. 553Mammen, Mammen P. 2, 429,

760, 763Manaca, Maria N. 8, 9, 572Manalo, Daria L. 70Manchery, John 432Mancini, Emiliano 87�Mand, Sabine 388, 389Manda, Hortance �026Mandalakas, Anna M. 461Mandalasi, Msano 334

Mandaliya, Kishor 803Mandomando, Inacio 8, 9, 306,

572Mangara, Salif 508Mann, Victoria H. 289, 1010Mannix, Frank �30Manoukis, Nicholas C. 588, 868Manrique, C. 957Mansor, Sharif 506Manuel, Karla R. 438Manya, Ayub 546Maqbool, Sajid 678Mara, Valentina 995Marathe, Chaitra 150Marcet, Paula L. 67, 394Marchena, Loyd 118Marchetti, Elisa 384Mare, Daouda 709Marfo-Debrekyei, Yeboah 388,

389Marfurt, Jutta 973Margolis, Harold S. 26, 768Mariani, Giuseppe 374Marinho, Claudio R. F. 800Markus, Miles B. 22�Marovich, Mary 3�7Márquez-Navarro, Adrián 269Marquino Quezada, Wilmer 972Marra, Peter P. 467Marrama, Laurence 214Marron, Jennifer 347Marrs, Carl 328Marsh, Kevin 300, 550, 554,

1058Marshall, Jonathon C. 872Marshall, John M. 205Marshall, Kristy 713Martensson, A. 1005Martin, Gregory J. 747Martin, Laura B. 47, 2�3, 573,

576Martin, Thibaud 230Martinez, Idali 472Martins, Daniella R. 313Martins, Lívia C. 123, 131Martins, Maria P. S.. 1047Martins-Filho, Olindo A. 291Martinson, Jeremy 321, 548Marty, Francisco 1045Marzouk, Mahmoud M. 79Masanja, Irene 342, 499Mason, Carl J. 744Mason, Peter W. 658Masood, Tahir 678Massey, Holman C. 984Massougbodji, Achille 651Masunge, Japhter 16, 17Masuoka, Penny 332Maswi, Charles 676, 830Mather, Michael W. 855, 857,

858, 859Mather, Thomas N. 1061Mathieu, Els 720Mathisen, Glenn E. 478Matos, David 738

Matson, Ryan 541, 866Matsuda, Shusaku 484Matsumoto, Kotaro 90�Matsunaga, James 98Matthys, Barbara 729Matuschewski, Kai 319May, Jürgen 637May, Karen 803Mayor, Alfredo 306Mazitschek, Ralph 652, 821Mazumdar, Suman 222Mbacham, Wilfred 635Mbewe, Bernard 808Mbogo, Charles M. 248Mboup, Soulyemane 162, 368,

369, 935, 1021McArthur, Julie H. 347McAvin, James 444McBride, Alan J. A. 98McBride, Flavia W. C. 98McCall, Philip 232McCall, Suzanne 714McCalla, Carlo 1045McCallum, Fiona J. 300, 551McCalmont, William F. 650, 656,

817McCann, James 891McCarthy, Anne E. 427McCarthy, James 433McCarthy, Sarah E. 6��McCasland, Michael 12, 2�9McClellan, Holly A. 573McCollum, Andrea M. 97�, 972McComas, Katherine 66McConnell, William 517McCutchan, Thomas 1017McDowell, Mary Ann 64, 395,

397, 670McElroy, Peter 21McGarvey, Stephen T. 70McGee, Charles E. 613, 658McGrath, Andrew 48McGrath, Shannon M. 44McKelvey, Robin 624McKerrow, James H. 292McLain, James D. 618McLaughlin, John R. 68, 402,

585McLeod, John 461McManus, Donald P. 71, 290,

1051McMorrow, Meredith 342McNeil, Yvette 486McRae, Scott 473Mduluza, Takafira 325Mead, Daniel 464Mease, Ryan 12, 2�5Medeiros, Marco 98Medina, Deysi 1046Medina, Sarimar 47Medina-Franco, José L. 271Medlin, Carol A. 737Meeks, Janet 23Meheus, Filip 481, 794Melby, Peter C. 739

A-�2 Important Note: The number(s) following author name refers to the abstract number.

www.astmh.org

Melrose, Wayne 268, 7�3, 771Membi, Christopher D. 163Mendenhall, Ian 886Méndez, Fabián 759Mendez, Juan 480Mendez-Cuesta, Carlos A. 273Mendoza, Alfonso 171, 505Mendoza-Silveiras, José 11, 216,

304, 581Menéndez, Clara 306Menezes, Anisha 235Menezes, Cristiane A. S.. 316Menezes, José A. S. 997Meng, Zhaojing 665Menge, David M. 8�4, 853Mensah, Nathan 103Menten, Joris 937Mentink-Kane, Margaret M. 667Meola, Mark A. 662Meola, Mark M. 657Mercado, Xiomara 472Merino, Emilio F. 850Meroni, Valeria 72Mesesan, Kyeen 1Meshnick, Steven R. 228, 519,

693, 703, 808, 811, 816Mesirov, Jill 369Messerli, Shanta M. 288Mesu, Victor K. Betu. Ku. 476Metenou, Simon 425, 952Metta, Emmy O. 21, 529Mettens, Pascal 44, 218Metwally, Mohamed 731Meya’a, Abanda 722Meyer, Andrew M. 888Meymandi, Sheba K. 478Meza, Rina 750Meza, Yocelinda 750Mharakurwa, Sungano 229, 569,

677, 838, 896, 938Miaka, Constantin 481Michaels, Sarah 1034Michon, Pascal 159, 301, 551,

809Middeldorp, Jaap M. 303Midzi, Nicholas 325Miesfeld, Roger L. 234, 235, 236,

975, 976Miguel, Ihosvani 8�3Mikhail, Nabiel 731Miles, K. 207Milhous, Wilbur K. 173, 174,

357, 4�5, 503, 524, 527, 650, 1009

Militello, Kevin T. 1013Milkowski, Anna 602Miller, André 1033, 1049, 1050Miller, Barry R. 1Miller, David 992Miller, John M. 543, 674, 841,

844Miller, Kathryn 266Miller, Louis H. 13, 47, 213, 488,

573, 576Miller, Mark 383

Miller, Nathan J. 1061Miller, Robert 735Miller, R. Scott 1009Miller, Scott 863Millman, Jessica 8, 9, 572Mills, Anne 343, 936Mills, Lisa A. 96Milner, Dan A. 162, 204, 368¸

1021, 1053Mimori, Tutsuyuki 89Minta, Anna �80Mintwo, Alain F. 476Mintz, Eric 15Miranda, Maria Consuelo 797Miri, Emmanuel S. 422Mis-Avila, Pedro 893Misher, Lynda 49Misiani, E. A. 591Mitamura, Toshihide 564Mitova, Rumiana 373Mitre, Edward 775, 948Mitreva, Makedonka 362, 779,

985Miura, Kazutoyo �3, 213Mkoji, Gerald M. 336Mkulama, Mtawa 229, 838, 938Mlambo, Godfree �0�2Mmbando, Bruno P. 842, 843Mobedi, I. 399Moch, J K. 1015Moguel, Barbara 403Mohamady, Hanan I. 906Mohamed, Abdirahaman 543Mohamed, Ahmed 619Mohamed, Abdirahman 674,

844Mohammed, Hamish 348Mohareb, Emad 925Mohmmed, Asif 222, 566Molaei, Goudarz 257, 602Molina, Margarita 903Molina-Cruz, Alvaro 243, �037Molta, Norman 692Molyneux, Malcolm E. 530, 693,

1003Moncayo, Abelardo C. 260Mondal, Dinesh 964, 966Mondo, Mireille 466, 689Monroy, Carlota 403Monroy-Nicola, Jorge 400Montero-Solis, Ciro 852Montes, Martin 986Montes-Jave, Cecilia 884Monteville, Marshall 925Montgomery, Joel 955Montgomery, Jacqui 1003Montgomery, J. M. 930, 957Montgomery, Phil 368MonThavy, Chea 82Montoya, Manuel 332Montoya, Romeo H. 28, 764Moody, Erin 260Moonga, Hawela 539Moore, Aubrey 402, 585Moore, Brioni R. 501, 638

Moore, Chester G. 888Moore, Lee R. 809Moormann, Ann M. 303, 556,

557Mootha, Vamsi 489Mor, Siobhan M. 426Moraes-Ávila, Sandra L. 697Morales, Maria E. 289, �0�0Moran, Manuel 19, 683Moran, Marjorie 433Morazzani, Elaine 643Moreau, Jean Charle 553Moreno, Elizabeth C. 29�Mores, Christopher N. 125, 470,

582Moretz, Samuel E. 13, 47, 48Morgan, Daniel J. 380Morgan, Rachel 1002Morgan, William 288Morin, Laura-Lee L. 662Moris, Philippe 9Morris, D. 519Morrisey, Joanne M. 365, 857,

858, 859Morrison, Amy 623Morrison, A. C. 930Morrison, Dennis 344Morsy, Zakariya S. 361Morton, James 975Morway, Christina 330, 331, 908Mosher, Aryc 700, 849Mosnier, Joel 818Mota, Maria M. 1019Mott, Robert 1008Mott, Tiffany M. 561Motter, Christi 996Moudy, Robin M. 657, 662Moulds, Joann M. 1058Moulton, Lawrence H. 30Mowlavi, G. R. 399Moyano, Luz Maria 31Mpimbaza, Arthur 352Mpoto, Alfred M. 476Mridha, Liz 517Msangeni, Hamisi A. 842Mshinda, Hassan 261, 676, 848,

851Msiska, Charles 355Mtasiwa, Deo 41, 227, 261, 845,

848, 851Mu, Jianbing 209, 1039Mubi, Marycelina 163Muchiri, Eric M. 153, 699Mucker, Eric 992Muehlenbachs, Atis �054Mueke, Jones M. 595Mueller, Ivo �59, 181, 301, 550,

551, 552, 809, 1007Mueller, Norbert 963Mugyenyi, Cleopatra K. 300, 554Mukabana, Richard 401Mukaka, Mavuto 1003Mukbel, Rami M. 64, 142, 143,

395, 397Mukherjee, Shankar 146

Mukherjee, Sudeshna 260Mukuka, Chilandu 543, 674, 841Mulenga, Musapa 229, 938Mulet, Teresa 512, 513Mullen, Gregory E. 13, 47, 213,

576Muller, Claude P. 682Müller, Ivo 973Muller, Michaela 1068Müller, Pie 865Müller-Myhsok, Bertram 785Munayco, Cesar V. 104, 728Mundaca, Cecilia 104Mundaca, Carmen C. 19, 683,

728Mungai, Peter 153Mungai, Peter L. 699Muniz, Andre Luiz A. 283Muniz, Pascoal T. 697Muñoz, Jorge 348Muñoz, Maria de L. 106Muñoz-Jordán, Jorge 112, 754Munungi, Auguy K. 476Muok, Erick M. O. 310Murcia, Luz Mila 837Murphy, Brian R. 124, 347Murphy, Jittawadee 330Murphy, Jennifer L. 56Murray, Clinton K. 429, 7�4, 7�5Murray, H, W. 378Murtaza, Asifa 678Musa, Dankyau 494Musafiri, Placide 734Musie, Edgar M. 922Muskus, Carlos 249Musset, Lise 940Musuamba, Gertrude 228Mut-Martin, Mirza 151Mutabingwa, Theonest K. 322,

1054Mutai, Beth K. �0�6Mutuku, Francis 587, 595, 1036Mutumanje, Elissa A. 434, 436Muturi, Ephantus J. 248Muvdi, Sandra H. 84Mwakitalu, Esther 774Mwangangi, Joseph M. 248Mwangoka, Grace W. A. �76Mwanza, Mercy 841Mwapasa, Victor 693Mwinzi, Pauline Mwinzi, Pauline N. M. 307, 310,

664Myatt, Mark 722Myers, Jocelyn Celeste 1033,

�049, 1050Myint, Khin S. A. 113, 429Myles, Kevin M. 643Mzayek, Fawaz 5�0, 5�4, 639

NN’Goran, Eliézer K. 729N’Guessan, Raphael 230

A-�3Important Note: The number(s) following author name refers to the abstract number.

www.astmh.org

Na, Byung-Kook 267Na Ayuttaya, Tippawan T. 618Naddaf, S. R. 399Naemkhunthot, Sirirat 107Nagajyothi, Fnu 146Nagao, Yoshiro ���Nagpal, Avinash C. 194, 1055Naguleswaran, Arunasalam 75Nahar, Kamrun 281Nahar, Nazmun 933Najafi, N. 399Najera-Vazquez, Maria del

Rosario 893Nakao, Minoru 72, 375Nakhla, Isabelle 906Nakhlla, Isabelle 905Nakielny, Sara F. 995Nam, Vu S. 644Nanda, Nutan 183Naniche, Denise 9Nankabirwa, Joaniter I. 93Naorat, Sathapana 327, 911Naranjo, Nelson 249Narayan, Rupa 631Nardin, Elizabeth 46Nartey, Helena �92Narum, David L. 49, 213, 576Nascimento, Eliana L. 313Nascimento, Marcia C. 283Nascimento, Renata T. �20Nash, Lisa 651Nash, Oyekanmi 994Nathan, Michael B. 350Natividad, Filipinas 119Navaratnam, Vis 506, 1006Navarrete, Joel 106Navas, Adriana 797Ndao, Momar 815Nde, Pius N. 154, 648Ndeezi, Grace 352, 426Ndhlovu, Micky 355Ndiaye, Daouda 162, 204, 368,

369, 489, 935Ndiaye, Hawa 710Ndiaye, Jean-Louis 7�7Ndiaye, Magueye 689Ndikuyeze, Georges 1037Ndip, Lucy M. �064Ndir, Omar 162, 369, 935, 1021Ndububa, Dennis 651Ndugu, Ibrahim 336Neafsey, Daniel E. 162, 368, 579Nébié, Issa 846Nechmireva, Tamara S. 744Neil, Donald A. 415Neira, Marco 601Nelson, Kara 51, 52Nene, Vish M. 1033, 1050Neres, Rita 800Nerome, Reiko 686Nerurkar, Pratibha V. 460Nerurkar, Vivek R. 460, 468, 958Neto, Armando M. 225Nettel-Cruz, Jose A. 852Neuhaus, Ellen 1045

Neva, Franklin A. 135Nevin, Remington 438Newland, Joseph 47Ng’ang’a, Z. 549Ng’habi, Kija R. �024Ngajilo, Aggrey 633Ngan, Chantha 26Ngasala, Billy 163Ngoa, Nguyen D. 94Ngoenwiwatkul, Yaowaluk 924Ngondi, Jeremiah 700, 849Ngudiankama, Barbara F. 240Nguku, Patrick 619Nguon, Chea 83Nguyen, Andrew 507Nguyen, H.P. 207Nguyen, Megan �96Nguyen, N.Q. 207Nguyen, Ngoc Rang 451Nguyen, Q.H. 207Nguyen, Thi Kim Tien 45�, 454Nguyen, Trong Toan 451, 454Nguyen, Vu 576Nguyen Than, Ha Quyen 22Nguyen Thanh, Hung 22Nguyen Thi, Phuong Dung 22Ngwa, Alfred A. 210Nhampossa, Tacilta 306Nicoll, William S. 158Nieberg, Paul H. 478Nielsen, Carrie 459Niezgoda, M. 957Nikiema, Jean Baptiste 709Nikolajczyk, Barbara 664Niles, Edward G. 1032Nimmannitya, Suchitra 453Nimmo, Graeme 268Nisalak, Ananda 2, 113, 453,

760, 763, 765, 767Nitayapan, Sorachai 618Nithyanandan, Nagercoil 520Njama-Meya, Denise 675Njau, Joseph D. 633Njenga, Kariuki 619Njikap, Adelaide 722Nkrumah, Louis J. 505Nku Imbie, David 228Noedl, Harald 636, 832, 934Nofchissey, Robert A. �29, 663Nogbou, Messoum 496Nogueda-Torres, Benjamina 269Noisakran, Sansanee 2Noor, Abdisalan 546, 546Norris, Douglas E. 229, 250, 59�,

879, 896, 938, 959Norris, Laura C. 879Nosten, François 1005Notsch, John 650Nour El-Din, El-Shaimaa M. 61Novak, Robert J. 246, 248, 252,

1040Novelli, Enrico M. 353Nuchprayoon, Surang 784Nuernberg, Peter 388Nukui, Yoko 686

Nunes, Márcio R. T. 123, 131, 755

Nuñez, Andrea 25, 110Nunez, Gladys 747Nurhayati 766Nutman, Thomas B. 135, 390,

665, 666, 667, 950, 952Nwagwu, Mark 193Nwakanma, Davis 197, 210, 8�2Nwankwo, Lucky 147Nwigwe, Ugonna F. 420Nwoke, Betram E. B. 100, 413Nwuba, Roseangela I. 193Nwugba, Rose-Angela 524Nyaguara, Amek 15Nyakoe, Nancy K. 323Nyame, Anthony K. 334Nyika, Dickson 261Nzarubara, Bridget 675Nzila, Alexis M. 827, 828

OO’Brochta, David A. 240, 945,

946O’Connor, Linda-Lou 875O’Guinn, Monica L. 598O’Leary, Dan 473O’Neal, Seth 380O’Neil, Michael T. 187O’Neill, Scott L. 979O’Reilly, Ciara E. �5O’Reilly, Michael 960O’Riordan, S.P. 207Oakley, Miranda �0�7Oaks, Edwin 750Obadofin, Michael 692Obara, Marcos T. 997Obaro, Stephen 20, 353Obeng-Adjei, George 195, 198Ocampo, Clara 886Ocaña-Mayorga, Sofia 400Ochieng, Benjamin 15Ockenhouse, Christian F. 219Ocran, Anastasia R. �90Odaibo, Alexander B. 155, 193,

547Odunga, Oscar Amos 20, 353Oduola, Ayoade M. J. 524, 527Oduro, Abraham 103Offianan, Toure A. 496Ofori, Michael 192Oguche, Stephen 651Ogutu, Bernhards 12, 219, 735Ohrt, Colin 173, 174, 357, 520,

650Oishi, Kazunori ��9Ojurongbe, Olusola 523Okafor, Christian M. F. �93Okatcha, Tunika I. 839Okebe, Joseph 197, 210Okeke, Iruka N. 741Okoko, Brown 384Okyay, Pinar 788

Oladepo, Oladimeji 406Olayemi, Oladapo 179Oleinikov, Andrew V. 580Oliveira, Bruna B. 752Oliveira, Fabiano 395Oliveira, Francisco M. B. 1032Oliveira, Guilherme 286Oliveira, Luiz F. 69, 396, 1039,

�052Oliveira, Tricia M. 482Olivier, Martin 977Olley, Benjamin 404Olliaro, Piero L. 378, 497, 506,

634, 968, 1005Olorunsogo, Olufunsho O. 524Olsen, Sonja 329Olsen-Rasmussen, Melissa 991Olson, Carol A. 476, 519, 811Olson, Kenneth E. 231, 279, 441,

455, 641, 993, 1038Olson, Victoria A. 614Oluwagbenga, Ogunfowokan

P. 494Olveda, Remigio 335Omar, O. A. 619Omar, Thiaw 553Omariba, Duke 735Ombok, Maurice 587Omer, Rihab A. O. 372Omondi, Amos K’Ogal 353Omosun, Yusuf O. 193Onagan, Mario 708Ong, Sivuth 26Ong’echa, John Michael 20, 200,

321, 353, 548, 549, 694, 707, 1056

Onwuliri, Celestine O. E. 100, 413

Onyona, Phillip 338Ooi, Mong How 1042Opoka, Robert O. 695Opondo, Dorothy 321Orago, Alloys 20, 200, 321, 557Oramasionwu, Gloria E. �78Orengo, Jamie M. 649Oria, Reinaldo B. 745, 748, 752,

753Orlandi-Pradines, Eve 238Oronsaye, Francis 9�0Ortega, Oscar 86, 110, 684Ortiz, Gloria M. 54Osborne, John 274Ose, Kenji 1027, 1035Osei-Atweneboana, Mike Y. 386Osinubi, Omowunmi Y. O. 99Osman, Ahmed 1032Osman, Rashid 619Osorio, Jorge E. 114, 446, 471Osorio, Lyda 837Ospina, Marta C. 446, 758Ostera, Graciela R. 487Oswald, William E. 749, 903Othoro, Caroline 46Otieno, Kephas 338

A-�4 Important Note: The number(s) following author name refers to the abstract number.

www.astmh.org

Otieno, Michael 20, 200, 321, 557

Otieno, Richard 20, 200, 321, 353, 548, 549, 694, 707, 1056

Otieno, Walter 735Otsuki, Hitoshi 208, 575Ou, Ruguang 493, 798, 861Ouattara, Amed 14Ouedraogo, André Lin 846Ouedraogo, Jean-Bosco 423,

424, 682, 709, 833, 835Ouma, Collins 20, 200, 32�, 353,

548, 549, 694, 707, 1056Ouma, Peter 338, 339, 35�Ouma, Yamo 20, 549, 694, 707,

1056Ovleda, Remigio M. 70Owen, Robert 929Owiredu, Williams K. B. A. 596Owusu-Agyei, Seth 651, 726Owusu-Ofori, Ruth 726Oyakhiromen, Sunny 10Özbel, Yusuf 61, 148, 788, 79�

PPablo, Archie O. 70Pachas, Paul E. 738, 898, �046Pacheco, Maria A. 860Pacheco, Robinson 797Padierna-Mota, Cecilia 269Padilla, Carlos 738Padilla, Gabriel 713Padilla-Raygoza, Nicolas 787Paessler, Slodovan 928Page-Sharp, Madhu 1007Pagés, Frederic 238Paik, Ik-Hyeon 653Painter, Heather J. 365, 858, 859Pal, Subhamoy 444Palacios, Ricardo 43Palma, Patricia V. B. 757Palmer, Dupeh R. 445Palys, Tom J. �02Pam, Sunday 692Pandey, Basu D. 789Pandey, Krishna 85Pandey, Kishor 789Panella, Amanda J. 1043Pantenburg, Birte 610Papadopoulou, Barbara 1068Pape, W. J. 888Parashar, Umesh 439Pardo, Edwin H. 759Paredes, Maribel 541Parekh, Falgunee 216Parida, Manmohan 617Park, Daniel J. 162, 204, 579, 368Park, Jae-Won �57Park, Mi-Hyun 267, 538Parker, William 923Parmakelis, Aristeidis 872Parmenter, Cheryl 958Parra, Beatriz 759

Parra, Johanna A. 43Parsons, Michele 15Parsons, Marilyn 647Parulekar, Varsha 384Pasay, Cielo J. 433Pascual, Mercedes 999Passara, F. 957Passos, Sara 380Pastor, Giovanna 750Patarakul, Kanitha 784Patel, Jigar J. 854, 939Patel, Nikki 995Patel, Samir N. 632, 799, 1018Patel, Vishal 652, 824, 1013Patra, Kailash P. 370Patrican, Lisa A. 601Patterson, J. L. 278Patterson, Noelle B. 11, 48, 304,

581Pau, Maria Grazia 44Paulke-Korinek, Maria 122Pearce, Edward J. 1010Pearson, Mark S. 987Pearson, Richard D. 313, 479Pecor, James 598Peel, Bethany A. �40Pelleau, Stephane 83�Pelly, Tom 680Penali, Louis K. 496, 651Penha-Gonçalves, Carlos 800,

1019Penhoat, Kristell 238Pennington, James E. 234, 975,

976Peou, Sok 934Pérez, Gerardo 106Perez, Juan 750, 884Pérez, Ligia del Pilar 837Pérez, Pilar 837Pérez-Guerra, Carmen 109, 458Pergam, Steven 663Perkins, Douglas 20, 200, 321,

353, 548, 549, 694, 707, 1056Perng, Guey 2Perraut, Ronald 8�, 2�4Persson, Kristina E. M. 300, 550Peruski, Leonard 327, 329, 330,

331, 908, 911, 9�5Pesanti, Ed 1045Pesce, John T. 309Pesko, Kendra 121, 582Peters, Jennifer M. 563Petersen, Carolyn 10Petersen, Christine A. 142, 143,

3�5Petersen, Kimberly S. 653Petersen, Lyle 348Peterson, Ingrid 698Peterson, Kristine 964Peterson, Stefan 93Peto, T.E. 207Petri, William A. 964, 966Petritus, Patricia M. 320Pettifor, Audrey E. 228Peyer, Martina 1076

Peyton, David H. 655Pfarr, Kenneth 388, 389, 785Pfeffer, Martin 463Phillips, Rebecca �07�Phoolchareon, Wiput 924Phuc, Ha Van 456Piacentini, Mauro 158Piarroux, Renaud 377Piccinali, Romina V. 394Pichyangkul, Sathit 2�8Pickering, Darren 987Picot, Stéphane 968, 973Pierre, Dorny 33Piesman, Joseph 1060Pilakasiri, Chaiyaphruk 783Pilakasiri, Kajee 783Pilotte, Nils 78�Pimentel, Guillermo 715Pineda, Sandy 403Pinedo-Cancino, Viviana V. 786Pinel, J. 511Piola, Patrice 1004Pion, Sébastien D. 773, 776Piper, Samantha N. 362, 778Piriou, Erwan 303Piscoya, Luis 31Pitmang, Simon 651Pitzer, Kevin 503Plakson, Nicole 643Pletnev, Alexander 124Pletnikov, Mikhail 277Plikaytis, Brian 384Plouffe, David 369Plowe, Christopher V. 14, 324,

421, 492, 530, 834, 969, 1053, 1058

Pochet, Nathalie 369Poddar, Goutam 281Pohlig, Gabriele 476Polhemus, Mark 735Polhemus, Mark E. 578Pollack, Richard J. 244, 89�Polley, Spencer 302Pollissard, Laurence 451Polson, Hannah E. 214Pompeu, Margarida M. 479Ponce, Carlos 787Ponce, Daphne 683Ponce, Elisa 787Pond-Tor, Sunthorn 335Pongponratn, Emsri 604Pongsiri, Montira 72�Pongsuwanna, Yoawapa 960Pongtavornpinyo, Wirichada

936Ponmee, Napawan 939Ponnusamy, Loganathan 589Poo, Jorge Luis 344Porcella, Steve 964Porta, Hirva 569Porten, Klaudia 722Porter, Kevin 115, 345, 346, 444Porto, Aurelia F. 283Portocarrero, Milagrytos 33Posner, Gary H. 653, 1067

Potts, James A. 453Poudiougo, Belco 712Poulakakis, Nikolaos 872Povoa, Marinete M. 882Powell, Jeffrey R. 872Powell, Michael 804Powers, Ann M. 993Pradel, Gabriele 36Pradhan, Anupam 862Pradines, Bruno 238, 8�8Prager, Martín 797Prajapati, Surendra K. 202Prapasiri, Prabda 327, 924Preaud, Jean-Marie 384Premaratne, Prasad H. �9�Premji, Zul 163, 651, 1021Presber, Wolfgang 864Prestwood, Tyler R. 7Preziosi, Marie-Pierre 384Pri-Tal, Benjamin M. 944Price, R N. 354, 486, 544, 701Prichard, Roger K. 133, 386, 776Pridjian, Gabriella 473Prigge, Sean T. 367, 656, 817Prigozhin, Daniil M. 7Proano, Roberto 387Proctor, Melanie C. 606, �044Prue Marma, Aung Swe 636Pruett, Khadeeja 520Puerto, Fernando I. 465Pulliam, Juliet R. C. 956Purcell, Lisa A. 36, 166Purcell, Robert H. 959Purfield, Anne E. 8�6Pusic, Kae 305Pusnik, Mascha 1070Putaporntip, Chaturong 542,

545Puthawathana, Pilaipan 960Putnak, Robert 346Putnam, Shannon 681Puyol, Laura 306Pybus, Oliver G. 616, 688

QQadri, Firdausi 18Qazi, Shamim A. 678Qi, Yumin 871Qian, Feng 576Quaresma, Juarez A. S. 123, 131Quashie, Neils B. 5�6Queiroz, Jose W. 313Queiroz, Nina M. Gual. Pimenta

de. 482Queiroz, Telma B. S. Queiroz, Telma B. S. 479, 1047Quelal, Claudia 837Quelhas, Diana 306Quinn, Matthew 3Quinn, Thomas C. 96Quinnell, Rupert 792Quino, A. H. 416Quiñones, Luz ��2

A-�5Important Note: The number(s) following author name refers to the abstract number.

www.astmh.org

Quinonez, Javier 403Quintó, Llorenç 306Quiroz, Evelia 118Quispe, Jose 19Quispe-Machaca, Victor 627Qvarnstrom, Yvonne 810

RRachaphaew, Nattawan 515Rada, Liliana 796Raghavan, D. 90Raghavan, Nithya 1049Rahman, Mahmudur 281, 955Rai, M. 378Raj, Dipak K. 562Rajan, Latha 733Rajapandi, Thavamani 209Rajatileka, Shavanthi 232Ramalho-Ortigao, Marcelo 64,

395, 397Ramanathan, Roshan �35Ramanathan, Suresh 506, 1006Ramboer, Isabelle 10Ramer-Tait, Amanda 315Ramey, Kiantra I. �47, 804Ramhalo-Ortigao, Marcelo 670Ramirez, Jhon 623Ramirez, Jose L. 640Ramírez, Luis R. 106Ramirez, Ruth E. 758Ramírez-Sierra, Maria J. 151, 152Ramos, Celso 465Ramos, Daphne D. 30Ramos, Mary M. 112Ramos, Simone G. R.. 137Ramos-Avila, Adriana 188Ramsey, Janine M 996, 1038Ramzan, Afroze 678Ramzy, Reda M. R. 360, 361,

1014Rana, Saleem M. -. 522Randeniya, Preethi V. 191Randrianarivelojosia, Milijoana

717Randrianasolo, Laurence 717Ranford-Cartwright, Lisa 516Rangel-Castilla, Leonardo 32Ranson, Hilary 232, 865Rao, P.V. Lakshmana 617Rao, Ramakrishna U. 777, 779Rasgon, Jason L. 870, 878, 980Rasmussen, Sonja 473Rath, Bruno 627Rathod, Pradip K. 939Ratsimbasoa, Arsene 717Raviprakash, Kanakatte 115, 345Raymond, JoLynne 992Rayner, Julian C. 163, 847Raza, Ahmed 1058Razuri, Hugo R. 332Rea, J 1001Read, Amber L. 624Recuenco, S. 957

Reddy, Heather L. 606Reed, Steven G. 141Reeder, John C. 159, 973Reese, Paul B. 132Reeve, David 77�Regev, Aviv 369Regis, David R. ��, 216, 304, 581Regnery, Russell L. 614, 991Reiling, Linda 300, 550Reilly, Heather B. �60Reinbold, Drew D. 820Reis, Mitermayer G. 98Reisen, William K. 459, 584, 601Reiskind, Michael H. 582Reist, Martin 97Reiter, Karine 576Remarque, Ed 192Remich, Shon A. 735Remoué, Franck 238Ren, Xiaoxia 980Renaud, François 38Rendi- Wagner, Pamela 687Rengifo, Graciela 759Rengifo, Silvia 541Renia, Fabrice 81Renom, Montse 8, 9, 572Renslo, Adam 292Renteria, Ivy M. 371Resoulinejat, Mehrnaz 743Ressner, Roseanne 715Restrepo, Berta N. 758Restrepo, Marco 758Reuter, Stefan 375Revolorio, Leonicio 403Reyes, Luisa 138Reyes, Miguel 684Reyes, Maria S. 216Reyes, Sharina 11, 304Reynolds, Kevin A. 817Reynolds, Mindy 335Reynolds, Mary G. 614Reynolds, Steven J. 96Reynoso-Ducoing, Olivia A. 273Rezaeian, M. 399Rezende, Antônio M. R. 568Rhodes, Julia 329Rhorer, Janelle 379Riarte, Adelina 89Ribeiro, Antônio Augusto C.

M.. 752Ribeiro, Isabela 497Ribeiro, Jose M. 665, 876Rice, Janet 259Richard, Patrice 81Richards, Allen L. 434, 438, �065Richards, Frank O. 422, 700, 770,

849Richards, Jean M. 627Richards, Jack S. 300, 550, 551Richardson, Jason H. 401, 598,

989Richie, Thomas L. 11, 43, 48,

216, 217, 304, 4�2, 581Ricklefs, Stacy M. 964

Rieckmann, Karl H. 173, 174, 187

Riehle, Michael A. 944Riehle, Michelle M. 876Rienthong, Somsak 327Riley, Eleanor 197, 696Ringwald, Pascal 968Rios, M. 416Rios, Melisa 837Riscoe, Mike 822Ritzhaupt, Larry 5�7Rivera, Aidsa 112Rivera, Pilarita T. 564Rivera, Yisel A. 472Rizvi, Mushahid A. 202Robays, Jo 481Robbins, Gillian E. 477Roberts, Donald R. 60Roberts, Reneè N. 490, 798, 861Robich, Rebecca M. 244, 690,

891Robinson, Amara L. 543, 674Robinson, Jaimie S. �28Robinson, Leanne J. 30�Robinson, Ralph D. 132Rocha, Crisanta 25, 110Rocha, C. 930Rocha, Leonardo 43Rocha, Manoel O. C.. 316Roche, Claudine S. Moere

Tevahinetumataunurauarii 449

Rochette, Annie 1068Rochford, Rosemary 303, 557Rodas, Antonieta 403Rodolfo, Carlo 158Rodrigo, W. W. Shanaka I. 457Rodrigues, Flávia G. R. 237Rodrigues, Janneth 885Rodriguez, Ane 171Rodriguez, Ana 36, 166, 649Rodríguez, Beatriz 512Rodríguez, Glenda 836Rodriguez, Mary L. 35, 371Rodriguez, Rocio 627Rodriguez, Richard 680Rodriguez, Silvia 30, 31, 33, 35,

371Rodriguez-Barraquer, Isabel 797Rodríguez-López, Jannete R.

188Rodriguez-Morales, Alfonso J.

796, �000Rodríguez-Morales, Sergio 270,

271Roehrig, John T. 1Roellig, Dawn M. 998Rogayah, Hanifah 736Rogers, Kathleen 609Rogers, Matthew 792Rogers, William 597Rogerson, Stephen 552, 693, 808Rogier, Christophe 238, 818Rojas, Natalia 35Rojas, Yanina 738

Roldan, William H. 381Rollin, Pierre E. 281, 955Romanos, Eduardo 512Romero, Héctor 89Romero-Estrella, Sagrario 996Romero-Severson, Jeanne 874Romig, Thomas 372Romoser, William S. 60�Ronan, Jambou 553Roncal, Norma E. 656, 817Roncales, Maria 826Roongruangchai, Jantima 783Roonrruangchai, Kosol 783Roper, Cally 569Rosado-Paredes, Elsy 465Rose, Angelika 433Rose, Robert C. 3, 457Rosenbaum, Paula 557Rosenberg, Helene 390Rosenberg, Melissa B. 382, 917Rosenthal, Andrew S. 653, 1067Rosenthal, Philip J. 340, 352,

423, 675, 705, 706Ross, Amanda 671Rossiter, Louise 433Rossnagle, Eddie 580Rota, Paul 281, 955Rothman, Alan 24, 453, 765, 767Rouamba, Noel 423, 424Rouse, Petrica 229, 838Roux, Kenneth 692Rowe, Alexander K. 339Rowe, Chris 49Rowe, J. Alexandra 702, 1058Rowland, Mark 230Rowland, Michelle 1060Rowton, Edgar 318, 483Roy, Lipi 733Roy, Manojit 959Rubins, Kate 992Rubio-Palis, Yasmin 867Rueda, Leopoldo M. 881Ruehlen, Nevada 55Ruel, Theodore D. 705Ruelas, Debbie S. 292Ruiz-Espinoza, Gustavo E. 269Rukmani, S 666Rulisa, Stephen 635Rupprecht, C. 957Rush, Amy C. 777Rush, Margaret A. 652, 82�Russell, Ian J. 1023Rutta, Acleus S. M. 842Ryan, Elizabeth M. 860Ryan, Edward T. 18, 609Ryan, Peter A. 644, 979Ryder, Robert 703

SSaad, Magdi 925Saavedra-Rodriguez, Karla L.

626Sabeti, Pardis C. 162, 368, 579

A-�6 Important Note: The number(s) following author name refers to the abstract number.

www.astmh.org

Sabin, Lora 535Saborio, Saira 684Sacarlal, Jahit 8, 9, 572Sacchettini, James C. 505Sacci, John B. 158Sack, Christopher V. 68Sackey, Sammy T. 198Sacko, Noumouny 186, 259Sadacharam, K. 666Sadasivaiah, Shobha 224Sadi, Johari 842Sadofsky, Moshe 146Sagara, Hawa 409, 710Sagara, Issaka 421, 492, 635, 717Sagay, Solomon 692Sagno, Jean 186, 259Sagoe, Miriam A. 275, 899Sah, Binod K. 28Saha, Sankar K. 1041Sailor, Karen 722Saintpere, Fabrice 81Saito, Mariko 119Saito, Mayuko 680Sako, Yasuhito 72, 375Salako, Lateef A. 179Salam, Mohamed F. 361Salanon, Christophe 442Salanti, Ali 49Salas, Carola J. 416, 525, 526Salasek, Michael 1038Salazar, Milagros 928Saldarriaga, Emilia 683Sales, George André F. 752Salika, Prasert 327, 915Salimnia, Hussain 719Sall, Amadou Alpha 466, 689Sallum, Maria A. 882Salvador-Recatala, Vicenta 1031Salvana, Edsel 358Sam-Agudu, Nadia A. 695Samake, Mariam 917Samake, Youssouf 508Samarakoon, Sajeewani U. 854Same-Ekobo, Albert 717Sammons, Scott 274, 991Sampson-Johannes, A. 730Samsi, Kiki M. 766Sanchez, Cesar 986Sanchez-Burgos, Gilma 152Sanchez-Vargas, Irma J. 441, 455Sandhu, Gurjinder 680Sandoval, Claudia 1000Sandoval, Marco A. 852Sang, Rosemary C. 598Sangare, Lansana 508Sangsuk, Leelaowadee 327, 329,

915Sangweme, Davison T. 325Sanogo, Kassim 421Sanogo, Kassoum M. 382Sanogo, Yibayiri O. �040Sanprasert, Vivornpun 784Santana, Mirta 398Santhosh, S.R. 617Santiago, Gilberto A. 754

Santiago, Jose 55Santillan, Frida 852Santivañez, Saul J. 35, 37�Santolalla, Meddly L. 416, 526Santolamazza, Federica 871Santos, Cleiton 98Santos, Eduardo M. Tarazona

568Santos, Silvane B. 283Sanz, Laura 171Sanz, Sergi 306Sarfati, Patrice 442, 443Sarmiento, Maria 175Sarr, Ousmane 162, 204, 368,

369, 1021Sathe, Neeraj 124Sattabongkot, Jetsumon 484,

515, 574, 575Sauerwein, Robert 846Saul, Allan 47, 213Saunders, David L. 173, 174, 415,

�008Savage, Mason Y. 59, 998Sawanpanyalert, Pathom 107Sawanyawisuth, Kittisak 428Sawyer, L. 730Saxena, Ajay 182Saxena, Parag 617Scanfeld, Dan 369Scanga, Charles A. 667Scaraffia, Patricia Y. 236Scarborough, Robin 274Schachter-Broide, Judith 394Schaecher, Kurt E. 430, 565, 832,

863, 934Schaefer, Brian C. 309Schaffner, Stephen F. 162Schaffner, Stephen J. 368Schal, Coby 589, 889Schantz, Peter M. 101, 134Schiehser, Guy A. �73, �74, 505Schillinger, Anne-Sophie 234Schimmenti, Lisa A. 695Schlarman, Maggie S. 493, 861Schlesinger, Jacob J. 3, 457Schmaedick, Mark A. 890Schmaljohn, Connie S. 612Schnabel, David 6�9Schneider, Andre 1070Schneider, Henning 803Schneider, Petra 846Schneider, Toni 1031Schneider, Timothy G. 366Schofield, Christopher J. 400Schofield, Louis 301Schönian, Gabriele 864Schuller, Elisabeth 687Schwartzman, Kevin 383Schwenk, Robert J. 319Schwenkenbecher, Jan M. 988Scopel, Kézia K. 697Scott, James 328Scott, Mathews 624Scott, Robert M. 429Scott, Thomas W. 264

Scovill, John 102Se, Youry 934Seck, Yacine 831Secor, W. Evan 307, 310, 664Sedegah, Martha 11, 304, 581Sedyaningsih, Endang 681Seear, Michael 90Seethamchai, Sunee 542, 545Segeja, Method D. 842Segovia, Rosana 328Seiber, Eric 543Seitz, Amy E. 786Sejvar, James J. �04�Self, Joshua S. 614Sellers, Morgan 870Sembuche, Samwel H. 842Semnani, Roshanak 665Senthong, Wichai 428Sept, David 1002Sepulveda Toepfer, Jorge A. 629Sere, Yves 423Serpa, Jose A. 32Serra-Casas, Elisa 306Serrano, Adelfa E. 836Serwadda, David 96Seth, Misago 842Setha, To 897Seto, Edmund 675Severson, David W. 239, 873,

874Sevilleja, Jesus Emmanuel A. D.

745, 75�Sewell, Charles M. 663Seydel, Karl 1053Shaffer, Donna 213Shahan, David N. 276Shaheen, Hind I. 905, 906Shaikh, Gulvahid 907Shang, Chuin-Shee �05Shanks, G. Dennis 42, 173, 174,

187Shapiro, Theresa A. 653Sharakhov, Igor V. 869, �028Sharakhova, Maria V. 869, 1028Sharar, Kristin L. 7Shardell, Michelle 731Shareef, Mohammed O. 907Sharif, S. K. 546Sharma, Navneet 432Sharma, Yagya D. 201, 528, 877Shaw, Alexandra 794Shea-Donohue, Terez 983Sheff, Kelly 330, 331, 908Shepard, Donald S. 27, 28, 118,

350, 764Sher, Alan 964Sherchand, Jeevan B. 789Shi, Pei-Yong 661Shi, Weibin 753Shiff, Clive J. 896, 938Shililu, Josephat I. 248Shimp, Jr., Richard L. 576Shin, Dongyoung 239Shin, Eun-Hee 567, 608Shin, Mi-Young 157

Shipton, Warren 713Shoemaker, Charles B. 333, 629Shoemaker, David 379Shoemaker, Ritchie C. 4�7, 4�8,

4�9Shokoples, Sandra E. 815Shott, Joseph 44, 96Shouche, Yogesh S. 869Showalter, Melissa 630Shresta, Sujan 7, 762Shrestha, Mrigendra P. 429Shrestha, Sanjaya K. 429Shrivastava, Sandeep K. 521Shukla, M. M. 201Shusko, Michael 415Shustov, Alexandr V. 658Si, Yuanzheng 168Siba, Peter 1007Sibley, Carol H. 173, 174, 533,

827, 828Sibley, L. David 1075Sidibe, Bakary 421, 492, 835,

1057Sidy, Sidy 508Sieber, Eric 674Sievers, Amy 734Sigiscar, Marcel 81Sihom, Francois 722Sikaala, Chadwick 841Sikalima, Jay 938Silachamroon, U. 1006Silengo, Shawn J. 1, 114, 471Sillman, Marla 8, 572Siludjai, Duangkamon 430Silumbe, Kafula 844Silva, Breno M. 450Silva, Claudia J. 727Silva, Natal S. 697Silva, Sheyla 25Sim, Cheolho 233Sim, Kim Lee 216Simard, Frédéric 38, 865, 872,

1027, 1035Simmons, Cameron 22Simmons, Kaneatra J. �54, 648Simmons, Monika 115, 346Simoes, Mariana 286Simon, Markus 949Sims, Jennifer S. �0�3Sims, Peter A. 1013Sinagra, Angel 89Singer, Burton H. 851Singh, Balwan 806Singh, Mrigendra P. 182, 183,

341, 535, 1055Singh, Neeru �82, 183, 194, 201,

341, 528, 535, 1055Singh, Naresh 251Singh, Paramjit 432Singh, Puspendra P. 182, 34�Singh, Upinder 1048Sinha, Prabhat K. 85Sinishtaj, Sandra 653Sinnis, Photini 505Sipilanyambe, Nawa 569

A-�7Important Note: The number(s) following author name refers to the abstract number.

www.astmh.org

Siqueira, Isadora 283Siqueira, João B. 28, 764Siribie, Aboubacar 709Siriyanonda, Duangsuda 618Sirois, Patricia 473Sissako, Aliou 508, 510, 856Sissoko, Ibrahim M. 868Sissoko, Sibiry 712Sitdhirasd, Anussorn 330Sitdhirasdr, Anussorn 331, 908Siu, Edwin �87Skarbinski, Jacek 21, 338, 339,

351Skelly, Patrick J. 333, 629Skinner-Adams, Tina S. 165, 500Skowren, Gail 1045Slatko, Barton 782Slemenda, Susan B. 810Slotman, Michel A. 872Slutsker, Laurence 338, 339, 351,

546, 546Slutsker, Laurence 175Small, Jennifer 989Smilkstein, Martin 822Smith, Alan 983Smith, Adrian D. 356Smith, Bryan 934Smith, Craig S. 954Smith, Derek 483Smith, David 805Smith, David L. 532Smith, Jan 771Smith, Joe D. 49, 580Smith, Kirsten 168Smith, Kristin E. 942Smith, Martin 1068Smith, Thomas A. 671Smith, Valerie 356Smoak, Bonnie L. 332, 618Snavely, Jeffrey D. 1015Snow, Robert W. 339Soares, Irene S. 697Sobhon, Prasert 783Soblik, Hanns 985Sobry, Agnes 722Sobsey, Mark D. 53, 54, 56Socheat, Doung 350, 897, 934,

1004Sodahlon, Yao K. 720Soisson, Lorraine 11, 12, 48, 219,

304, 581Sokhna, Cheikh A. 214Solano, Maria Gabriela �36Solano, Mayra E. 894Solomon, Tom �042Solorzano, Nelson 738, 898,

1046Somboon, Pradhya 232Song, Jin-Won 958Songprakhon, Pucharee 2Sonmez, Gulden 791Soong, Lynn 668Soremekun, Seyi 792Sorgi, Carlos A. S.. 137Sosa, Iris 754

Sosa-Estani, Sergio 787Soto, Giselle 680, 728Soto, Jaime 1001Soumaoro, Lamine 952Soumbey-Alley, Edoh William

772Sousa, Anastacio Q. 479, �047Sousa, Taís N. 570Souza, Daniela I. S.. 137Souza, Estéfano A. 697Sow, Samba O. 326, 382, 384,

740, 917Sowunmi, Akintunde 88, 524,

527, 651Specht, Sabine 389Speicher, James 124Spicher, Martin 75, 376Spielman, Andrew 244, 690,

891, 1045Spillmann, Cynthia 392Spithill, Terry W. 36, 166Spranger, Stefani 288Spray, David C. 805Spring, Michele D. 220, 556Srikiatkhachorn, Anon 453, 763Srivastava, A. 617Sriwichai, Sabaithip 934St-Jean, Miguel 1075Staedke, Sarah G. 340, 343, 352Staerk, Katharina 97Stahle, David W. 732Staley, John 187Stanisic, Danielle I. 159, 301,

55�, 552Stanuszek, William W. 599Stapleton, Jack T. 313Starnes, G. Lucas �075Starzengruber, Peter 636Stauber, Christine E. 54Stav, Gil 1034Stayback, Gwen 64, 395Stedman, Timothy 209Steel, Cathy 950Steen, Hanno 985Steinauer, Michelle L. 336Steinbeiss, Victoria 11Steindel, Mario 997Steiner, Kevin 153Steketee, Richard W. 543, 671,

674, 844Sterling, Charles 266Steurer, Frank J. 786Stewart, V. Ann 44, 218Stiasny, Karin 687Stiles, Jonathan K. 147, 194, 804,

�055Stiles-Ocran, Joseph B. 596Stinchcomb, Dan T. 114, 47�Stolk, Wilma A. 359, 676Stoltzfus, Rebecca J. 180Stoney, Jillian R. 501Storlie, Patricia A. 144Stout, Barbara A. 285Stout, John 982Stoute, José A. 189, 219

Stracener, Catherine N. 189Stramer, Susan 348Street, Ian 554Strickland, G. Thomas 731Stripen, Boris 1069Strode, Clare 62�Strohbusch, Maria 963Stromdahl, Ellen Y. 435, 1065Stubbs, Jose 612Stuedli, Angela 605Sturtevant, Joy 140Styer, Linda M. 659Su, Xinzhuan 209Suarez, David L. 994Suarez-Ognio, Luis A. 104, 728,

738, 1046Suaya, Jose A. 27, 28, 118, 350,

764Suazo, Harold 645Subhadra, Bobban 624Subrahmanyam, Sreenath 396Subramanian, Ramanand A. 945Suchman, Erica L. 625Sughayyar, Rana 28, 764Sugiarto, P 354, 701Suguitan, Amorsolo 559Sujariyakul, Anupong 784Sukhbaatar, Munkhzul 23Sukprasert, Walailuk 107Suktawonjaroenpon, Wachira

515Sukthana, Yaowalark 604Sulaiman, Irshad M. 274Sulaiman, Nikhat 274Sullivan, Andrew K. 316Sullivan, David J. 961Sultan, Ali A. 163Sultana, Rebeca 281Sumba, Peter O. 556, 557Sumibcay, Laarni 958Sumiwi, Maria E. 736Sun, Jianxin 62Sun, Jian 825Sun, Peifang 115Sun, Peter 488Sun, Tao 71Sun, Wellington 346Sun, Yanjie 923Sundar, Shyam 378Sunderland, Deirdre 962Supali, Taniawati 785Surachetpong, Win 25�Surasri, Sittidech 934Suri, Vikas 432Susanti, Augustina I. 76Suswillo, Richard R. 133Sutherland, Colin 578Sutthirattana, Saithip 330, 33�,

908Sutton, Patrick L. 850Suwannachote, Nantawan 586Suwonkerd, Wannapa 586Suzuki, Stephanie 533Svensson, M. 1071Swa, Tidjane 496

Swaby, James 444Swalm, Christopher 259Swan, Ken 473Swayne, David 994Swierczewski, Brett E. 295Sygusch, Jurgen 1075Sylla, Mariam 326, 7�2, 740Sztein, Marcelo B. 324Szumlas, Daniel E. 61

TTabouret, Marc 442, 443Tachibana, Mayumi 575Tadesse, Eyob 693Tahita, Marc Christian 682Tajima, Shigeru 686Takahashi, Paula 761Takala, Shannon L. �4, 530, 969Takasaki, Tomohiko 686Takeo, Satoru 484, 574Talaat, Kawsar R. 390, 667Tall, Adama 214Tall, Kouressi 409Tam, Doan Thi Minh 456Tamami, Matsumoto 89Tamang, Leena 962Tamarozzi, Francesca 72Tamayo, Pablo 369Tamboura, Boubou 740, 917Tamminga, Cindy 115Tan, Asako 160Tanabe, Kazuyuki 564Tang, Guanhong 236Tang, Kevin 274Tangpukdee, N 519Tangpukdee, Noppadon 811Tangpukdee, Noppadom 1006Tanner, Marcel 41, 227, 261, 729,

845, 848, 851Tanowitz, Herbert B. 146, 805Tanyuksel, Mehmet 43�Tapia, Milagritos D. 326, 382,

384, 740, 9�7Tapiero, Bruce 383Tapley, Erin C. 561Tappe, Dennis 375Taquri, Carmen 31Taraika, Jack 301Taranto, Néstor 89Taraschi, Theodore F. 366, 531Tarazona-Santos, Eduardo 570Tardif, S. D. 278Tariq, Parveen 678Tarleton, Rick L. 1072, 669Tarnagda, Zekiba 682, 709Tasca, Karen I. 482Tatay, Mercedes 725Tate, Jacqueline 15Tatto, Erica 997Tauber, Erich 122, 687Taylor, Charles E. 868Taylor, Dennis 654Taylor, Diane Wallace 425, 559

A-�8 Important Note: The number(s) following author name refers to the abstract number.

www.astmh.org

Taylor, Ronald P. 199, 323Taylor, Terrie E. 530, 834, 969,

1021, 1053Taylor, Walter 506, 634, �006Tazir, Yasmina 985Tchinda, Viviane H. M. 425Teale, Judy M. 34Teixeira, Andrea 291Teixeira, Clarissa R. 69, 391, 981,

1039, 1052Teja-Isavadharm, Paktiya 934Teklehaimanot, Awash 698Tekwani, Babu L. 862Telford, Sam 50, 901, 1045,

1062, 1063Tellez, Luis 271Tellez, Yolanda 25Temu, Emmanuel A. 57Tenjo, Fernando 440Tenorio, Michely S. 482Teodoro, Tatiana M. 294ter Kuile, Feiko O. 341, 497, 971Terlouw, Dianne J. 341, 497, 971Terp, Sophia 439Terpinski, Jacek 173, 174Tesh, Robert B. 691Tetteh, John K. �95, 198Tetteh, Kevin 302Teyssou, Rémy 449Thaisomboonsuk, Butsaya 765,

767Thalhofer, Colin J. 3�4Thamthitiwat, Somsak 329, 9��,

915Thang, Cao Minh 456Thang, Carole 716Thangamani, Saravanan 247Thanh, Nguyen X. 94Thao, Thi Thu 1042Thapa, Gyan B. 429Thavrin, Bou Kheng T. Thavrin.

Thavrin. 80The, Nguyen D. 94Thea, Donald M. 678Theander, Thor G. 843Theisen, Michael 192Thera, Mahamadou A. 14, 1058Therrell, Matthew D. 732Thesing, Phillip C. 834Thevenon, Audrey D. 559Thomas, Elizabeth 369Thomas, Peter 181, 540Thomas, Stephen 765Thompson, Anthony 651Thompson, Eloise 499Thompson, Katy-Anne 499Thompson, Winston 147Thonnard, Joelle 8Thorat, Swati 80�Thorp, John 703Thorson, Kelsey 976Thriemer, Kamala 636Thuma, Philip E. 229, 677, 896,

838, 938Thumar, Bhavin 347

Thuy, Le T. T. 94Thwing, Julie I. 223Tiamkao, Somsak 428Ticona, Carlos 898Tidwell, Richard R. 816Tielsch, James 180Tien, Nguyen Thi Kim 443Tigray Malaria Study Group

(G. Barnabas, A. Bianchi, A. Bosman, P. Byass, G. Constanzo, P. Ibarra de Palacios, N. Jude, A. Morrone, L. Toma, Ethiopia) 718

Tiinto, Halidou 833Tilley, Leann 654Timmann, Christian 785Tinelli, Carmine 72Tiono, Alfred 65�Tipayamongkholgul, Mathuros

769Tippayachai, Bousaraporn 515Tisch, Daniel J. 358, 556Tjaden, Jeffrey 115Tjitra, Emiliana 354, 486, 544,

70�, 1004Tkach, Vasyl V. 880Tobing, Charles 736Tobler, Leslie H. 996Tocheva, Anna 293, 311Togo, Amadou 421, 492Togo, Pierre 712Tokumasu, Fuyuki 487, 588Toledo, Ampara 627Toledo, J. 1001Toliat, Mohamad Reza 388Tomashek, Kay M. 112, 348Tomaszewski, Konrad 517Tomova, Cveta 1069Tong, Carlos 866Tongren, Jon Eric 194, 1055Tonnetti, Laura 606Tontonoz, Peter 150Torii, Motomi 208, 574, 575Torrero, Marina N. 775, 948Torres, Katherine 206Torres, Pedro 826Torres-Jiménez, Fernando 78Torres-Slimming, Paola A. �9Toure, Abdoulaye 1057Toure, Mahamoudou B. 868Toure, Sekou 421, 492, 835, 1057Toussaint, Jean Francois 765Tovar, Marco 680Toxeira, Clarissa 396Toz, Seray O. �48, 791Tozan, Yesim 224, 534Trampe, Ranferi 403Tran, Thi Thuy 22Tran, T.H. 207Tran, Thu A. 150, 631Tran, Thanh N. 165Tran Nguyen, Bich Chau 22Traore, Aminata 717Traore, Cheick 952Traore, Karim 14

Traore, Kalirou 712Traore, Pierre 409, 710Traore, Seydou 712Traore, S. Cheick 1022Traore, Sekou F. 868Travers, Thomas 94Trindade, Giliane 99�Tripathi, N.K. 617Tripathi, Vinita 395Trongnipatt, Namtip 515Trongtorkit, Yuwadee 232Tropel, David 45Trostle, James 328Trouern-Trend, Jonathan 795Troye-Blomberg, Marita 193Troyes, Lucinda 738, 1046Troyes, Mario 898Troyo, Adriana 894Trueba, Gabriel 328Trung, Dinh T. 452Tsang, Victor C. 30, 31Tsao, Jean 1060Tschannen, Andres B. 729Tsetsarkin, Konstantin A. 6�3,

658, 730Tshefu, Antoinette 703Tsuboi, Takafumi 208, 484, 574,

575Tsuji, Moriya 805Tsujimoto, Hitoshi 393Tsukayama, Pablo 475Tsvetkova, Albina 129Tu, Zhijian 869, 871Tuchman, Jordan 535Tucker, Compton J. 989Tuiten, Wieteke 66Tumer, Derya 900Tumwine, James K. 426Turato, Walter M. T.. 137Turell, Michael J. 125, 598, 880Turnbull, Lindsey �053Tyo, Karen 28, 764Tzec-Arjona, Juan L. 151, 152Tzipori, Saul 426

UUbalee, Ratawan 515Udhayakumar, Venkatachalam

194, 341, 535, 971, 972, 1055Udomsangpetch, Rachanee 515Ueta, Marlene T. U.. 137Ulloa-Martínez, Marcela 188Umaru, John 422Umeh, Rich 651Ungchusak, Kumnuan 911, 960Unger, Alon 380Unnasch, Thomas R. 363, 781,

875, 880, 926Urban, Joseph 983Urdaneta-Marquez, Ludmel 867,

�038Usera, Aimee 653Uthaipibull, Chairat 193

Utzinger, Jürg 246, 729Uzun, Ozcan 431

VVahdat, Katayoun 743, 9�9Vaidya, Akhil B. 365, 855, 857,

858, 859Vaillant, Michel 378, 506, 634,

1006Valda, L 1001Valderamma, Carlos 886Valderramos, Juan-Carlos 505,

940Valderramos, Stephanie 940Valdez-Padilla, David 270Valenzuela, Jesus 64, 395, 397Valenzuela, Jesus G. 69, 391,

396, 981, 1039, 1052, 1061Valiente-Banuet, Leopoldo 996Vaillant, M. 1005van Buuren, Stef 497van de Pol, Corina 520Van den Broek, Ingrid 974van den Eng, Jodi 736van Dijk, Janneke 677van Dooren, Giel �069Van Dyke, Melissa K. 699Van geertruyden, Jean-Pierre

937Van Herp, Michel 974Vanden Eng, Jodi 223, 464, 546Vanderberg, Jerome 37, 156VanEkeris, Leslie A. 942VanKirk, Nicole 55Vanlandingham, Dana L. 613,

658, 730Vannier, Edouard 1045Varghese, George M. 7�9Varma, Subhash 432Vasconcelos, Helena B. 755Vasconcelos, Pedro F. C. �23,

�3�, 755Vasquez, Rene E. 668Vasquez, Yessika 40Vaughan, Jefferson A. 880, 883Vaughn, David 763Vaughn, David W. 102, 453Vazquez Prokopec, Gonzalo M.

392Veazey, James 520Veenstra, Timothy D. 665Veerman, Lennert J. 359Vekemans, Johan 10, 572Veland, Nicolás 475Velasco, John Mark S. 760Velasco de Castro Oliveira,

Juliana 466, 689Velasco-Villa, A. 957Velázquez-Márquez, Liliana 273Velazquez-Martínez, Israel 269Velez, Juan Diego 43Velez, Jason O. 128Vello, Marianne 59

A-�9Important Note: The number(s) following author name refers to the abstract number.

www.astmh.org

Vemuri, R 544Venegas, Fay 844Venkatesan, Meera 870, 878Ventura, Gladys 738Verani, Jennifer R. 720Verastegui, Manuela R. 29, 35Vergne, Edgardo 756Verhave, Jan Peter 846Verma, Rakesh B. 85Verma, Saguna 460Verma, S.K. 617Vernick, Kenneth D. 876Verrey, François 333Verter, Joel 379Vestergaard, Lasse S. 843Victor, Bjorn 33Vidal, Carlos E. 850Vidal, Jaume 826Vieira, Carlos M. G.. 745Viera, Juan-Carlos 387Viera, Sara 512, 513Vilcheze, Catherine 505Villacis, Anita G. 400Villacorte, Elena A. 564Villafana, Tonya 10Villalta, Fernando 154, 648Villanueva Diaz, Jose 732Villard, Claude 238Villaseca, Pablo 884Villegas, Zoila 738, 1046Villinski, Jeffrey T. 61Vinayak, Sumiti 528Vince, Mary 435Vinetz, Joseph M. 370, 484, 541,

866Visconti, Sabato 1014Vissa, Vara 78Viveiros, Rita de C. S.. 482Viviani, Simonetta 384Vogt, Richard G. 600Volf, Peter 391Volkman, Sarah K. 162, 204, 368,

579, 1021Volpe, Katharine E. 1von Glasenapp, Isabelle 10von Schubert, Conrad �076von Sonnenburg, Frank 122Vong, Sirenda 26Vossen, Matthias 636Vounatsou, Penelope 729Vourc’h, Gwenael 1060Vu, T.H. 207Vu, Thi Que Huong 451, 454Vuchev, Dimitar 373Vuitton, Dominique A. 71Vulule, John 15, 20, 200, 321,

546, 548, 549, 587, 595, 694, 707, 814, 853, 1036, 1056

WWacker, Mark A. 160Wada, Marcelo Y. 997Wadsworth, Mariha 64, 395Wagner, Karen 772Wain, John 741Waite, Erica 296Waitumbi, John N. 199, 215,

219, 323, 578, 1016Walker, Edward D. 587, 595,

599, 1036Walker, Jeffrey B. 76Walker, Larry A. 862Wallace, James 186Waller, Lance A. 627, 786Walls, Colleen D. 967Walsh, Doug 735Walter, Nicholas 21Walter Reed Clinical

Leishmaniasis Group 379Walther, Michael �97, 210, 696,

812Walton, Shelley 433Wamachi, Alex 153Wamulume, Pauline 355, 543Wang, Danher 345Wang, Eryu 927Wang, Guangze 970Wang, Hua 279Wang, Heuy-Ching 610Wang, Hui 1066Wang, Shanqing 970Wangrungsarb, Piyada 911Wanionek, Kimberli 347Ward, Honorine D. 609Ward, Jerrold Ward, Jerrold M. 396, 1017,

1061Ward, Michelle 346Ward, Steve A. 1003Ware, Lisa A. 218Waree, Phuangphet 604Warikar, N. M. 354, 701Warke, Rajas 24Warner, Jeffrey 713Warren, Ben 1023Warren, Cirle A. 745Wartel-Tram, Anh 344Watany, Noha 61Waterman, Stephen 110, 469Waters, Norman C. 656, 817, 820Watila, Ismaila 651Watts, Douglas M. 615Wawer, Maria J. 96Weatherall, David J. 207, 1059Weaver, Scott C. 278, 615, 927,

928Webster, Francis X. 68Weigand, Roger 821Weil, Gary J. 360, 361, 362, 777,

779, 1014Weina, Peter J. 167, 168, 169,

170, 318, 415, 480, �009Weinberg, Brice 486

Weiner, Mathew 905, 906Weiss, Louis M. 146Weiss, Walter 581Welch, David 349Wells, Michael A. 235, 236Wendel, Clifford E. 618Wenink, Emily 811Werbovetz, Karl �002Were, Tom 20, 200, 321, 353,

548, 549, 694, 707, 1056Wesson, Dawn W. 130, 186, 259,

473, 886, 889, �034Westbrook, Catherine J. 582Weverling, Gerrit-Jan 44Wheeler, Sarah 459White, A. Clinton 32, 610, 986White, Gregory S. 926White, Nicholas J. 936, 1042White, Sandy 390, 667Whitehead, Stephen S. 124, 347Whitehouse, Chris �25Whittle, Hilton 302Whitty, Christopher J. M. 343,

356Wichmann, Ole 725Wickramarachchi, Thilan A. 566Widdowson, Marc-Alain 15, 439Widyastuti, Endang 736Wiegand, Roger C. 162, 204,

368, 652Wiggan, O’Neil 114, 471Wikel, Stephen K. 62, 247Wilairatama, P 1006Wilder, Tuere 311Wilkerson, Richard C. 881, 882Will, Roeffen 846Williams, Frank 11, 216, 304Williams, Gail M. 71, 290, 1051Williams, Janice 292Williams, Jackie 319Williams, Jeffrey F. 55Williams, Steven A. 136, 781,

1014Williams, Tom 300Williams, Thomas 554Williamson, Kim C. 518Willis, Steven G. 594Wills, Bridget 452Wilson, Alan 296Wilson, Danny 551Wilson, Ian J. 336Wilson, Leslie S. 996Wilson, Marianna 101Wilson, Michael D. 211, 596Wilson, Mary E. 144, 313, 314,

630Wilson, Mark L. 599, 699, 999Wilson, Nana 147, 804, 1055Wilson, Ron 260Winstanley, Peter A. 1003Winter, Rolf 822Winters, Anna M. 888Winzeler, Elizabeth 369

Wirth, Dyann F. 162, 204, 368, 489, 524, 527, 579, 652, 821, 824, 935, 1013, 1021

Wise de Valdez, Megan R. 625Witzig, R. 416Wlazlo, Anthony 124Woehlbier, Ute 194Wohlhueter, Robert 274Wojick, Richard 104Wölfel, Roman 463, 904Wolff, Brian 292Wolkon, Adam 546Won, Kimberly 101, �34Wong, Joseph 705Wongjindanon, Wanna 327,

329, 915Wontuo, Peter 439Woodard, Lauren 653Wootton, Dan 1003Woraratanadharm, Jan 345Wormser, Gary 1045Wortmann, Glenn 379, 395Wu, Bo 782Wu, Hai-Wei 70Wu, Haiwei 335Wu, Shuenn-Jue 115, 444Wu, Wenjie 1032Wu, Xiao-Jun 298Wylie, Blair J. 535Wynn, Thomas A. 309Wypij, David 369Wysocki, Vicki H. 236

XXayavong, Maniphet 810Xi, Zhiyong 640Xia, Ai 869, 1028Xiao, Shu-Yuan 691Xie, Lisa 167, �69, 170Xiong, Tie 1051Xiong, Xu 473Xu, Jin-Mei 70Xu, Zhi-yi 26Xue, Gongda 1076

YYabsley, Michael J. 59, 998Yanagi, Tetsuo 789Yanagihara, Richard 468, 958Yancey, Linda S. 610Yang, Hae-Won 267Yang, Yu R. 7�Yano, Kazuhiko 208Yanoviak, Stephen 623Yanow, Stephanie K. 36, �66,

8�5Yao, Chaoqun 144Yaremych-Hamer, Sarah 1060Yaro, Alpha S 1022Yasmin, Tabassum 907Yates, John R. 370

A-20 Important Note: The number(s) following author name refers to the abstract number.

www.astmh.org

Yates, Terry L. 958Yauch, Lauren E. 7, 762Yazdani, Syed S. 191, 222Ye-Ebiyo, Yemane 891Yeboah-Antwi, Kojo 535Yee, Eileen 15Yen, Nguyen T. 644Yeo, Tsin 486Yeom, Joon-Sup 157Yépez-Mulia, Lilián 269, 270,

271, 272, 273Yeung, Shunmay 936Yiadom, Boakye 637Yimamnuaychok, Nongnuch 515Yin, Yong 779Yingst, Sam 925Ylla-Velasquez, Jose 627Yong, Yin 362Yongvanitchit, Kosol 218Yoo, Ji-Ae 157Yoo, Won Gi 284Yoon, In-Kyu ��3, 760Yori, Pablo P. 54�Yosaatmadja, Francisca 693Yoshino, Timothy P. 298, 1030Yougbare, Issaka 682, 709Young, Mary 1045Young, Steve 663Yourick, Debra 502Youssef, Fouad G. Y. 9�8Ypil-Butac, Charity A. 760Yu, Min 505Yu, Xinling 1051Yuesheng, Li 1051Yumiseva, Cesar A. 400Yurchenko, Vyascheslav 146Yusuf, Bidemi 404Yuwono, Djoko 766

ZZaidenberg, Mario 392, 398Zaks, Laurel 16Zamalloa, H. 957Zambrano, Betzana 344Zamora, Jorge 976Zanotto, Pablo M. de A 466, 689Zborowski, Maciej 809Zea-Flores, Guillermo 387Zeba, Augustin N. 709Zeccer, Suzana 997Zeng, Qiang 168Zhang, Jing 167, 169, �70Zhang, Luhua 116Zhang, Lixin 328Zhang, Mengzi 298Zhang, Qiong 739Zhang, Si-Ming 285Zhang, Shuliu 660Zhang, Wei 71Zhang, Xuebin 825Zhang, Yanling 576Zheng, Feng 1051Zheng, Hong 1017

Zhou, Ainong 425, 559Zhou, Hong 13, 47, 48Zhou, J. 1051Zhou, Yingyao 369Zhou, Zhiyong 971, 972Zhu, Daming 213, 573Zhu, Jianzhong 1020Zhu, Liqun 367Ziegler, Rolf 976Ziegler, Sarah A. 69�Zijlstra, Edward 1003Zimmerman, Peter A. 159, 181,

540, 695, 699, 809, 814Zimmerman, Robert H. 883Zinyowera, Sekesai 325Zollner, Gabriela 185, 40�Zongo, Issaka 423, 424, 833Zou, Xiaoyan 217Zúniga, Concepción 787Zurovac, Dejan 339, 351Zwang, Julien �005