300 plantas comercializadas en gran bretaÑa

7/28/2019 300 PLANTAS COMERCIALIZADAS EN GRAN BRETAA

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'High Street Herbals: The Top 300 OverTheCounterHerbal Medicinals Available In The UK

The Conservation Concerns'.

Sue Minter 2009

This research has been done by Sue Minter who is open to adding more information (or correcting it)from knowledgeable herbalists/producers/growers and conservationists in the interest of sustainable

trade. It is believed to be the only information available to the consumer on this subject.

Trade name Botanical name Principally Used for. Part usedWild or

cultivatedConservation and livelihood concern?

Calamus Acorus ca lamus Colic and dyspepsia RootWild /somecultivated

Conservation concern: this plant is rare becauseof loss of its wetland habitat and is one of thespecies now being grown to support its use in

Ayurvedic medicine

Agnus castus Vitex agnus castusMenopausal symptomsinfertility disturbedmenstrual cycle

BerriesWild andcultivated

Conservation concern: this plant is rare in parts

of the Mediterranean and it has been subject tospikes in demand-see pp 00

Agrimony Agrimonia eupa toriaTo stop bleeding forcystitis

Whole plant Wild/cultivated Probably not

AlderBuckthorn

Frangula alnus Severe constipation BarkWild andcultivated

Alfalfa Medicago sativa To stimulate appetite Whole plant Cultivated No

Allspice Pimenta dioicaFlatulence, diarrhoea,indigestion

Fruit Wild/cultivated Probably not

Aloe vera Aloe barbade nsisBurns, wounds, skinconditions

Leaf CultivatedNo since it is cultivated. All Aloe species are onCITES Appendix 11

AlkanetPentaglottissempervirens

Wound healing Root Wild No

AmericanGinseng

Panax quinquefoliusTonic and stimulant and assubstitute for Panaxginseng

Root

Now extensivelycultivated both in

America a ndChina includingfrommicropropagation

Conservation concern: now quite rare in the

Appalachian Mountains a nd listed on CITESAppendix 11 since 1975. A cultivation success

story,however. For its history as a substitute forPanax ginseng see pp 00.

AmericanSpikenard

Aralia rac emosa Fever rheumatism Rhizome/root Probably wild Unknown


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Ammi(ToothpickWeed)

Ammi vis naga Angina asth ma renal colic SeedsWild andcultivated

This is the original chemical lead for two importantpharmaceutical drugs used in cardiology, but whichare synthesized and, like aspirin, now have noimpact on the wild populations of the original plant

AngelicaAngelicaarchangelica

Respiratory infection Root Wild/cultivated No

Aniseed Pimpinella anisum Cough Fruit Cultivated No

Arnica Arnica mon tanaBruising (in Germany alsofor heart conditions)

FlowersWild, somecultivated

Conservation and livelihood concern: a plant of

high alpine meadows in Spain and Romaniadependant on traditional meadow managementand often overharvested. Now subject to aninteresting project on sustainable harvestingmethods for local benefit see pp 00 One of the bestcandidates for Fair Trade accreditation

ArrowrootMarantaarundinacea

Soothing the digestionconvalescence

Rhizome/root Cultivated No

Artichoke Cynara scolymusGall bladder and liverproblems

Leaf Cultivated No

Asafoetida Ferula asafoetidaBloating/flatulencebronchitis

Root resin Cultivated No

Ashwagandha Withania somnifera

Ayurvedic ton ic (stress and

nervous exhaustionespecially among theelderly) The Ayurvedicequivalent of ginseng.

Root Cultivated/wild

Conservation and livelihood concern: this has

become a 'fad'herb with some reports of itbecoming scarce in Southern India due to demandfor international trade.See pp 00. A case for FairTrade accreditation.

AstragalusAstragalusmembranaceus

A tonic for immun e system Root Cultivated No

Avens Geum urbanumFever indigestion tostaunch blood

Herb and root Wild Probably no

Bai Shao YaoPaeonialactiflora/suffruticosa

Liver

problemshypertensionRoot

Cultivated in

ChinaProbably not

Barberry

Berberis vulgaris

(plus many otherspecies also

Mahonia spp.)

Fever, bleeding, dysentery, diarrhoea

Bark,root,berries

Wild or cultivated

Barley grass Hordeum spp.To sooth bowel indiarrhoea

Seed Cultivated No

Basil Ocimum basilicum Indigestioninsomnia Leaf Cultivated No

Bay Laurus nobilisCulinary herb to improveappetite

Leaf Cultivated No

Bay Berry Myrica californica Coughs and colds BarkWild andcultivated

Bearberry see Uva Ursi

Beetroot Beta vulgarisSome herbal cancertreatments

Root Wild/cultivated No


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Benzoin Styrax benzoinInhalation forcoughs/colds/bronchitis

Gum tappedfrom the tree

Wild or cultivated

Bilberry Vaccinium myrtillusDiarrhoea venous

problemsFruit Wild/cultivated No

Black Cohosh Actaea racemos a Menopausal symptoms RootWild andcultivated

Conservation concern: see Fad herbs pp 00

Black Cumin Nigella sativaAyurvedicremedy(bronchialcomplaints)

Seed/oil Cultivated No

BlueberryVaccinium

corymbosum To retard aging Fruit CultivatedNo. However, an organic Fairtrade herbal tea isavailable in the UK**

Blue CohoshCaulophyllumthalictroides

Menstrual difficultiesendometriosis

Root Wild

Conservation concern: this plant is slow-growing

and difficult to establish from seed makingcultivation expensive. A case for wild collectionunder guidelines

Blood RootSanguinariacanadensis

Bronchitis, asthma, sorethroat,dental hygiene

Root Wild Some concern

Blue Mallow Malva sylvestris Colds and coughs Flower Wild/cultivated No

Blue Flag Iris versicolor Colds and coughs Rhizome

BogbeanMenyanthestrifoliata

Diuretic and laxative.To

improve appetite

Leaf Wild

Conservation concern though a protected

species in some areas is threatened by loss of

wetland habitat in Europe, Asia and North America.A ca se for wild c ollection under guideline s

Boldo Peumus boldusSlimming aid gallstonescystitis

Leaf/bark Cultivated

Borage Borago officinalis Fever Leaf

Cultivated-mainlyas source ofgamma-linolenicacid

No

Brahmi See Gotu Kola

BromelainAnanas c omosus

(enzyme)Digestive problems Stem extract Cultivated No

Buchu Agathosma spp Fluid retentioncystitis Leaf

Buckwheat

Fagopyrum

esculentum

Hypertension frostbite

chilblains

Leaves and

flowers Cultivated No

Burdock Arctium lap paArthritis, rheumatism acne,psoriasis

Root herb anffruits

Wild No

Butterbur Petasites sppFever, colds, urinarycomplaints

Root Wild No

Butternut Juglans cineraria Laxative Inner bark Cultivated/wild No

Californiapoppy

Escholscholziacalifornica

Fluid retention insomniaanxiety

Flower

petals/wholeplant

Likely both

Calumba Jateorhiza palmataWarming tonic, calming,anti-fungal

Root Wild/cultivated


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Cape Aloes Aloe fe rox Constipation Leaf gel Wild/cultivated

Caraway Carum carvi Indigestion Seed Cultivated No

CardamomElettariacardamomum

Indigestionbronchialcomplaints

Fruit/seeds Cultivated No

Carob Ceratonia siliqua Diarrhoea catarrh Fruit pulp Wild/cultivated No

Carrot(Wild) Daucus carota Cystitis and gout Root Cultivated No

Cascarasagrada

Rhamnus

purschianaConstipation Bark Wild/cultivated

Conservation concern:Rare in the wild. Buy

certified cultivated supplies

Cassia

Cinnamomum

cassia

Pain, fever vascular

disorders Bark Cultivated No

Cat's Claw Uncaria tomentosaCancer treatmentscontraception tonic

Bark Wild (Amazon)Possible conservation concern : given

deforestation

Catnip Nepeta cataria Fever indigestion Leaf Cultivated No

CatuabaAnemopaegmamirandum

Bark

Celery Apium g raveolens Arthritis h ypertension Seed Cultivated No

CentauryCentauriumumbellatum

Indigestion liver and gallbladder complaints

Whole

plant(not

roots)

Cultivated sourceavailable

Chamomile Matricaria recutitaSedativeasthma and hayfever

Flower CultivatedNo.However, a Fairtrade herbal tea is available inthe UK*

Chamomile Anthemis n obilis Sedative for diestivesystem Flower Cultivated No. However, a Fairtrade herbal tea is availble inthe UK*

Chapparal Larrea mexicana Antiseptic lotion Twigs Wild

Chickweed Stellaria mediaEczema, psoriasisrheumatism

Whole plant Wild No-common weed

Chichory Cichorium intybusRheumatism, gout, liverproblems

Root Cultivated No

Chilli Capsicum annuum Circulation/digestion Fruit Cultivated No

Chiretta Swertia chirata Fever liver complaints Herb Wild Unknown

Chuan-Xiong Ligusticum spp

CinnamonCinnamomum

zeylanicumDigestive problems coldsand flu

Bark CultivatedNo. However, an organic Fairtrade herbal tea isavailable in the UK**

Cleavers Galium aparine

Immune stimulation

persistant infection Whole plant Wild No-common weed

ClovesSyzygiumaromaticum

Antiseptic,warmingspicedental preparations

Flower bud CultivatedNo. However, an organic Fairtrade herbal tea isavailable in the UK**

Coltsfoot Tusilago farfaraCoughs, asthma and

bronchitisLeaf Wild No-common weed

ComfreySymphytumofficinale

As a poultice to kn it bones Leaf Wild/cultivated No

Coriander Coriandrum sativumIndigestion/digestivespasm

Leaf/seed Cultivated No

Cornflower Centaurea cyanus Cosmetic uses eye lotions Flower Wild/cultivated Rare as a wildflower in Britain


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Cornsilk Zea maysUrinary problemshypertension

Flower Cultivated No-common crop plant

Couchgrass Agropyron repens Urinary & bladder

problemsgoutrheumatismRhizomes Wild No-common weed

Cowslip Primula verisAgainst inflamm ation and

insomniaFlowers Wild/cultivated

Conservation/Livelihood concern: considered

threatened in Europe. A case for wild collectionunder guidelines

Cramp Bark Viburnum opulusPeriod/ovarian painmuscular cramp

Bark Wild/cultivated

Cranberry Vaccinium spp. Urinary infection Fruit Cultivated No-common crop plant. An organic Fairtrade herbaltea is available in the UK**

Cubebs Piper cubebaCoughs bronchitis urinaryinfection

Unripe fruit Cultivated No

Cumin Cuminum cyminum Indigestion Seed Cultivated No

Damiana Turnera diffusaAn aphrodisiac tonicantidepressant

Leaf Likely wild Unknown

DandelionTaraxacumofficinale

For fluidretentiongoutarthritisskineruptions

Root WildNo-common weed. However, an organic and anorganic Fairtrade herbal tea is available in the UK*and **

Dang GuiAngelicapolymorpha va r.sinensis

Menopausal and menstrualproblems liver disease

RootCultivated inChina

No

Dang Shen Codonopsis pilosula Poor appetite/anaemia etcas tonic

Tuber Likely wild Unknowm

Devil's ClawHarpagophytum

procumbensArthritis/rheumatism

Secondarytubers

Both wild andcultivated

Conservation and livelihood concern: important

to the livelihood of the San people of the Kalahari .See pp 00

DillAnethumgraveolens

Indigestion Seeds/leaf Cultivated No

Dittany of CreteOriganum

dictamnusFeverrespiratory infection Leaves

Wildis cultivatedalso but isdifficultto grow

Conservation concern: endemic only to Crete-

restricted range causes concern.Use other

Origanums from cultivated source or wild collectedunder guidelines

Dokudami Houttuynia cordata Foot deodoriser Leaves Wild /cultivated Unknown

EchinaceaEchinaceaangustifolia

To prevent or reducecolds/flu

Leaf/root Cultivated

The vast bulk is grown but there have beenoccasional reports of over-collection of rarerspecies (such as this one) from the wild in times of

shortage.

Echinacea Echinacea purpureaTo prevent or reduce

colds/fluLeaf/root

Extensively

cultivated

The vast bulk is grown but there have beenoccasional reports of over-collection of rarerspecies from the wild in times of shortage.Ther isan organic and Fairtrade herbal tea available in theUK*

Elecampane Inula helenium Bronchitis and asthma Root Cultivated No


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Elder Sambucus nigra Catarrh, hayfever Flower WildNo-common plant and one of the few medicinalsoften sourced from the UK

Eyebright Euphrasia spp Conjunctivitis eye lotions Herb Wild

Possible concern: a parasitic plant of meadows of

low fertility in the UK and Europe which arethemselves endangered as habitats. Whereimported there are similar issues to Arnica.

Fennel Foeniculum vulgare Indigestionoral hygiene Seed CultivatedNo. However, an organic and an organic Fairtradeherbal tea is available in the UK* and **

Fenugreek

Trigonella foenum-

graecum Tonic appetite stimulant Seed Cultivated No

FeverfewTanacetum

partheniumMigraine arthritis Herb Cultivated No

FigwortScrophularianodosa

Swollen glands absesses Herb Likely wild Unknown

Fo Ti Root Fallopia multifloraA tonic against ag eing skintreatment

Tuber Wild Reported common in China

Frankincense Boswellia sppSkin care an Ayurvedicrejuvenative.Also muchuse in incense

Resin

Mainly from wildin Arabia,particularly Omanbut cultivated inIndia

Conservation/livelihood concern? Very little

trade study has been performed but sourcing fromthe wild reported difficult. A potential case for FairTrade certification?

FringetreeChionanthus

virginicus

Liver disorders gallstone

jaundiceRoot bark

(Southern US

states)

Conservation concern if wild collected as this tree

is slow-growing. A case for cultivation or certifiedwild collection under guidelines.

Fumitory Fumaria sppLiver and stomachcomplaints skin problems

Herb Likely wild No-common weeds of cultivated fields

Galangal Alpinia galangal Indigestion gingivitis Rhizome Cultivated No

Gan Cao see Liquorice

GarciniaGarciniamangostana

Source of antioxidants Fruit Cultivated No

Garlic Allium sa tivum Colds, flu high cholesterol Bulb Cultivated No

Gentian Gentiana luteaLiver disordersstimulationof appetite


Conservation/livelihood concern: considered

endangered in Europe, especially Turkey, where itis predominantly wild collected from high mountainareas. A good case exists for field cultivation also.

GermanderTeucriumchamaedrys

Digestive stimulantrheumatism

Herb Cultivated No

Ginger Zingiber officinale

Circulatory problemsnausea colds. One of themost important remedies inChinese and in Ayurvedicmedicine

Rhizome CultivatedNo. However, an organic Fairtrade herbal tea is

available in the UK**

Gingko Gingko bilobaSenile dementiacirculatory disorders

Leaf Entirely cultivatedNo-luckily as this is one of Europe's top sellingherbs. There are organic and Faitrade teasavailable in the UK* and **


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Ginseng-red Panax ginsengImportant tonic for theelderly

Root

Wild andcultivatedespecially nowfrom

micropropagationin Korea

Conservation concern: especially in connection

with American ginseng-see pp 00 . Ask for KoreanGinseng-the plant population from the RussianFederation is listed on CITES Appendix 11. An

organic Fairtrade herbal tea is also available in theUK**

Ginseng-whiteroot Panax ginseng

Important tonic for theelderly Root

Wild andcultivatedespecially nowfrommicropropagation

in Korea

Conservation concern: especially in connection

with American ginseng-see pp 00. Ask for KoreanGinseng-the plant population from the Russian

Federation is listed on CITES Appendix 11. Anorganic Fairtrade herbal tea is also available in the

UK**

Goat's Rue Galega officinalisFluid retention worms toinduce lactation afterchildbirth

Herb Wild/cultivated Unlikely

Golden Rod Solidago virgaureaAgainst inflamm ation andfungal infection

Leaf Mainly cultivated Unlikely

Golden SealHydrastiscanadensis

Infection of mucousmembranes


Conservation concern-reports of much over-

collection from the wild in North America-reportedas becoming rare in New York State from 1974. Incultivation is difficult as it is slow-growing and thin-rooted which gives poor yields.Look for certifiedcultivated stocks or use Berberis vulgaris as analternative source of berberine.Avoid the many

compound herbal medicines which includeGoldenseal for these reasons.Listed on CITESAppendix 11 Very common on the high streetand probably the highest priority for action

GoldenThryallis

Galphimia glauca

Gotu Kola Hydrocotyle asiaticaAyurvedic n ervous ton icwound healing

Herbage Wild/cultivated Unlikely-common weed

Gou Qi Zi Lycium sp Fruit

Grape Vitis vinifera Vein health Leaf Cultivated No

Gravel RootEupatorium

purpureumBladder and kidney stonescystitis

Root/rhizome Wild/cultivated Unlikely

Grindelia Grindelia sppBronchitis asthma

dermatiotis cystitisHerbage Wild/cultivated Unlikely

Ground IvyGlechomahederacea

Catarrh bronchitis piles Herbage Wild No-common weed

Guarana Paullinia cupana Stimulant (caffeine source) SeedSome cultivated(Amazon)

A ca se for Fair Trade certification


8/16

Guaiacum Guaiacum officinale Rheumatism gout Bark/resinWild ( tropicalSouth A merica)

Conservation concern: the resin is a bi product of

the timber industry and this is a slow-growing tree. Listed on CITES Appendix 11. Has been aprotected species since 1701 from demand as

an early remedy for syphilis

Guinea PepperAframomum

meleguetaStimulant Seed Cultivated Unlikely

Gurmar Gymnema sylvestrisAyurvedic d iabetestreatment

Leaf Wild

Possible concern due to deforestation in SouthernIndia and weak growth of the climbing species-alsothe huge problem of diabetes in India and

worldwide

HawthornCrataegusmonogyna

Heart tonic Berry/flower WildNo. However, an organic Fairtrade herbal tea isavailable in the UK**

Heartsease Viola tricolorSkin problems bronchitisarthritis

Herbage Wild/cultivated Unlikely

HeartseedCardiospermumhalicacabum

Aphrosdisiaccharm plantagainst snakebite/heartconditions

SeedSaid to becultivated(Amazon)

Concern unlikely-widely distributed tropical weed

Helianthos(JerusalemArtichoke)

Helianthustuberosus

Slimming aid Tubers Cultivated No

Hemp Nettle Galeopsis segetum LeafCultivated source

available

Conservation concern: reported rare in the wild

Holy Basil Ocimum sanctumOne of the most importantingredients in Ayurvedic

compound remedies

LeafCultivated as apot herb

No

Holy Thistle Cnicus benedictusIndigestion ulcers catarrhanorexia

Herbage Wild/cultivated Unlikely

Hoodia Hoodia gordonii Slimming aid Whole plant CultivatedFor the conservation story here see pp 00.Listed on Cites Appendix 11

HornyGoatweed

Epimediumbrevicomum

Female aphrodisiac Herbage Likely wild Unknown

Hops Humulus lupulus Nervous tension insomnia Fruit Wild/cultivated No

Horehound Marrubium vulgare Bronchitis asthma Herbage Cultivated/wild No

Horse ChestnutAesculus

hippocastanum Vein conditions Seed Wild

Species currently under attack by disese/climate

change

Horsetail Equisetum arvenseUrinary complaintsbleeding

Herbage W ild No-common weed

Huang Qi see Astragalus

Hyssop Hyssopus officinalis Bronchial complaints Herbage Cultivated No

Iceland Moss Cetraria icelandicaStomach upsets catarrhgastritis

Whole plant(lichen)

Wild only

Conservation concern: considered endangered in

Europe. A case for certified collection underguidelines. Listed on CITES Appendix 11

Indian tobacco Lobelia inflata Asthmabronchitis Leaf Wild/cultivated No


9/16

IpecacuanhaCephaelisipecacuanha

Coughs causing vomitingin poisoning cases

Root/rhizome Cultivated or wild Unknown

JamaicanDogwood

Piscidia piscipulaAsthma inso mnia periodpain

Bark Wild Unknown

JojobaSimmondsia

californicaSkin conditions Seed oil

Cultivated (often

micropropagated)No

Ju HuaChrysanthemumspp

JuniperJuniperus

communis

Urinary antiseptic cystitis Berries WildA ca se for Fair Trade accreditation to b enefit

collectors in Eastern Europe

KnotgrassPolygonumaviculare

Diarrhoea Herbage Wild No-common weed

Kola Nut Cola sppSource of caffeine as astimulant slimming aid

Seed Cultivated No

Kudzu Vine Pueraria lobataMeasles,hypertension,fever,alcoholism

Root Wild No concern:vigorous & invasive plant!

Lady'sBedstraw

Galium verumFluid retention gout

urinary complaintsHerbage Wild/cultivated No-common weed

Lady's Mantle Alchemilla sppMenstrual problemsdiarrhoa

Leaf Wild/cultivated No

Lapacho see Pau D'arco

LavenderLavandula

angustifolia

Stress headache oil for

minor burnsFlower Cultivated

No. However, an organic herbal tea is availble in

the UK*

Lemon Balm Melissa officinalis Stressanxietyirritability Leaf CultivatedNo.However, an organic herbal tea is available inthe UK*

LemonVerbena

Aloysia triphylla Anxiety, dige stive prob lems Leaf CultivatedNo However, there is an organic and Fairtradeherbal tea available in the UK**

Lime Flower Tillia sppColds and flu insomniahypertension

Flower Wild Fair Trade certified herbal teas available

LinseedLinumusitassissimum

Bulk laxativecoughremedyoil for joints

Seed Cultivated No

Liquorice Glycyrrhiza glabraInflammation bronchialinfectionulcers

Root Wild

Conservation concern: considered endangered in

Europe and India. A case for cultivation, eg inBritain where it was once a key industry inYorkshie. Home production would relieve pressure

on the wild .An organic herbal tea is available in theUK* See The case for import substitution pp 00

LogwoodHaematoxylumcampechianum

Haemorhagediarrhoea Wood chips

Lovage Levisticum officinaleWeak appetite kidneystone cystitis

Root Cultivated No

Luffa Luffa operculataRheumatism piles backpain shingles

Fruit/seed Cultivated No

LungwortPulmonariaofficinalis

Catarrh bronchitislaryngitis

Leaf Cultivated Probably not


10/16

LyciumLyciumbarbarum/chinense

Liver tonic hypertensionasthma/eczema (especiallychildren)

Fruit/bark Wild Unknown

Maca Lepidium meyenii Aphrodisiac Leaf Cultivated No

Madder root Rubia tinctorum Menstrual/urinary disorders Root Cultivated Probably not

Magnolia Magnolia officinalis Inflammation tonicBark/flowerbuds

Likely wild Unknown

Marigold Calendula officinalis Inflamed skin conditions Flower Cultivated No

MalabarTamarind

Garcinia camboga Slimming aid (laxative) Gum/resinWild/cultiveated(SE Asia)

Unknown

MarjoramOriganummarjorana

Feverrespiratory infection Leaf Wild/cultivated

Conservation/livelihood concern: considered

threatened in Europe through overcollection fromthe wild. A case for cultivation or collection underguidelines. See Oregano

Marshmallow Althea o fficinalisDigestive inflammationcystitis

Leaf/root Cultivated No

Mastic Gum Pistachia lentiscus Ingigestion stomach ulcers Gum WildProbably not as is tapped from trees on Chios(Greece)

Mate Ilex paraguariensisMild depression

rheumatismLeaf Cultivated/wild

Endangered in the wild. Available under Forest

Stewardship Certification as sustainably sourced

Meadowsweet Filipendula ulmaria Pain relief indigestion Herbage Cultivated/wild Unknown

Melilot Melilotus officinalisPain relief expel wind stopspasm also anticoagulantin pharmacy

Flower/leaf Cultivated/wild No

Milk Thistle Silybum marianum Liver diseases, hangovers Seed CultivatedNo. However, an organic Fairtrade herbal tea isavailable in the UK**

Mistletoe Viscum albumCancer treatment heartand circulatory problemssome addictions

Whole plant Wild

Conservation/livelihood concern: mistletoe is

often found on poplar trees and on old apples. Oldapple orchards are becoming very rare now in theUK and with that their parasite. A case for wildcollection under guidelines

Motherwort Leonurus cardiaca Cardiac tonic Herbage Cultivated No

Mountain Ash Sorbus aucupariaSore throat and tonsilitisbark for diarrheoa

Berries/bark Likely wild No

Mugwort Artemisia vu lgaris

Menstrual regulation usein 'moxa'- a practice

associated withacupuncture

Herbage W ild No-common weed

Muira puamaPtychopetalum/Dulacia spp.

Aphrosisiac ton ic,anti-depressant/immune-stimulant

Bark and roots Wild (Amazon)

Conservation concern? No information as to the

sustainability of extraction from forests known to beunder threat

Mullberry Morus alba Slimming aid Leaf Cultivated No

Mullein Verbascum thapsus Bronchitis Herbage Wild/cultivated No


11/16

MyrrhCommiphoramyrrha

Pain-relief an Ayurvedicrestorative

ResinWild (Somaliamainly) butcultivated in India

Conservation/livelihood concern? As forfrankincense there seem to be no studies as tosustainability. A case for Fair Trade accreditation?

Neem Azardirachta indica Ayurvedic d igestive Leaf Probably w ild Unknown

Nettle Urtica dioicaEczema and other skinconditions

Leaf WildNo-common weed. An organic herbal tea isavailable in the UK*

OakQuercus robur andother spp

Diarrhoea throat problems Bark Wild Probably not

Oat Groats or

strawAvena sa tiva

Menopausal symptoms

depression eczema

Seed/Flowerin

g topsCultivated No

Okoubaka Okubaka aubrevillei Wild (Trop Africa)Conservation concern: parasitic tree. Likely tohave same conservation issues as sandalwood.See pp 00

Olive Olea europaeaInfused for fever,stress,hypertension

Leaf Cultivated No

Onion Allium ce paTo reduce blood sugarasthma

Bulb Cultivated No

Oregano Origanum sppAntioxidant a nd antiviral

mainly as culinary herbLeaf

Wild and

cultivated

Conservation/livelihood concern: many species

are collected as oregano (see Dittany of Crete)and, like thyme, are crudely collected and

considered under threat. A case for cultivation orfor certificated wild collection under guidelines. A

Fairtrade herbal tea is available in the UK

Papaya Carica papaya

Some anti-cancertherapies leaves/seeds forintestinal worms fruit fordigestive problems

Leaf/fruit/seeds

Cultivated No

Paprika Capsicum annuum

Wind and colic to improvecirculation externally asointment for muscle pain.

Also a constituent of aprocessed phamaceutical

Fruit Cultivated No

Paracress Spilanthes oleracea Leaf Cultivated

ParsleyPetroselinumcrispum

Reduce inflammation,rootfor arthritis

Leaf/root Cultivated No

Parsley Piert Aphanes a rvensis Kideny/bladder complaints Herbage Wild Probably not

PassionFlower Passiflora incarnataAnxiety,insomnia,hypertension

HerbageExtensivelycropped

No

Pau D'Arco Tabebuia sppCancer, fungal andbacterial infectionsincluding ulcers, ME

Inner bark Wild

Conservation concern: felled as a timber species

throughout South America with bark an addedenticement

PelargoniumPelargoniumsidoides

Bronchial complaints Root Wild/cultivated Unknown

PellitoryAnacycluspyrethrum

Toothache Root Likely wild Unknown


12/16

Pennyroyal Mentha pulegiumFeverish colds, painfulperiods (as a tea)

Herbage Cultivated No

Peony see Bai Shao Yao

Peppercorn Piper nigrumFeverindigestion,poorcirculation

Fruit Cultivated No

Peppermint Mentha x piperitaFor the digestion,especiallyIBS

Leaf Entirely cultivatedNo. However, an organic and an organic Fairtradeherbal tea is available in the UK* and **

Periwinkle Vinca majorBleeding mouth ulcers

sore throatsHerbage Wild/cultivated Probably not

Phellodendron

Phellodendron

amurense

Urinary infection

dysentery skin infections Bark Probably wild Unknown

Pilewort Ranunculus ficaria Piles Root Wild No-common weed

Pine Nut Oil Pinus koraiensis Slimming aid Fruit Wild Unknown

PipsissewaChimaphilaumbellata

Kidney disordersrheumatism

Leaf Probably wild Unknown

Plantain Plantago major Urinary diseases Leaf Probably wild No-common weed

Pleurisy root Asclepias tuberosaPleurisy some uterineconditions cough

Root Wild/cultivated Probably not

Poke RootPhytolaccaamericana

Rheumatism viral infection Root/berries Wild/cultivated Probably not

Polypody Root Polypodium spp Coughs skin diseases Rhizome Wild Unknown

Pomegranate Punica granatum Intestinal worms Root/Fruit rind CultivatedNo. However, an organic Fairtrade herbal tea is

available in the UK**

Prickly AshZanthoxylumamericanum

Arthritiscirculatorydisorders

Bark/berries Wild/cultivated Unknown

Psillium Plantago ovata A bulk laxative Husk Cultivated No

Pulsatilla Pulsatilla vulgaris Period pain catarrh Herbage WildPossible conservation concern depending where

in Europe it is collected-a rare plant in British chalk

downland

Quassia Picrasma excelsaFevers inc malariathreadworm. Used as abitter in drinks

Bark WildPossible conservation concern-a biproduct of

the timber trade in South America and Caribbean

Queen'sDelight

Stillingia sylvaticaTonic constipation fluidretention

Rhizomes Wild/cultivated Unknown

Raspberry Rubus idaeusDiarrhoea, ulcers,watery

infectionsLeaf Cultivated

No.However, an organic herbal tea is available in

the UK*

Red Clover Trifolium pratenseCoughs skin eruptionsmenopausal symptoms

Flower/Flowering tops

Wild/cultivated No

RehmanniaRehmanniaglutinosa

Liver, kidney and hearttonic in Chinese medicineand to keep mental activityin the elderly

RootCultivated inChina

No

Reishi Powder Ganoderma lucidumLongevity immunestimulant in China

Fruitingbody(fungus)

Entirely wildUnknown-but it is usually a symptom of tree beingdiseased

Ren-Shen see Ginseng


13/16

Rhubarb Rheum palmatumAs a laxative an d d igestiveaid

Root Cultivated No

Rooibos Aspalanthus linearis Caffeine-free tea Leaf

Cultivated

especially inplantations in theWestern Cape ofSouth Africa)

No- an organic herbal tea is available in the UK*

Rose Hip Rosa caninaAs a source o f Vitamin Cjoint h ealth

Fruit Wild Probably not

Rose Flower Rosa damascena Flavouringsource of oil Flower Cultivated Important source of income in rural Turkey

Rose Root Rhodiola rosea Stress, altitude sickness Root Wild/cultivatedProtected plant eg in Bulgaria. A case for FairTrade certification.

RosemaryRosmarinusofficinalis

Headache,anxiety,depression


Rupturewort Hernaria glabra As a diuretic Herbage Wild Unknown

Ruscus Ruscus aculeatusInflammation, particularlyof veins piles

Whole herb Wild

Conservation/livelihood concern: Threatened by

overcollection in Europe. A case for cultivation orFair Trade wild collection under guidelines

SafflowerPetals

Carthamnustinctorius

Reduction ofcholesterol/bruising

Flower Cultivated No

Saffron Crocus sativus

Mainly a colouring inChinese medicine for

depression, menstrualproblems

Stigmas Cultivated No

SageSalviaofficinalis/lavandulaefolia

Sore throat, mouth ulcers,menopausal night sweats


Sage,Scarletrooted

Salvia miltiorrhizaAngina, tons illitis, h ormoneimbalances

Root Wild/cultivated Unknown

St John's WortHypericum

perforatumWound healing milddepression

Flowering tops Wild/cultivated No

Salep Orchis spp (mainly) Aphrodisiac, nu trative tonic Root Entirely w ild

Conservation/livelihood concern: Threatened by

overcollection in Turkey. A case for cultivation orFair Trade wild collection under guidelines.OnCITES Appendix 11 .This is a case of unenforcedCITES regulations. See pp 00

SanderswoodRoot

Pterocarpus

santalinusDiabetes

Root/wood

raspingsWild

Conservation concern in the timber trade : listed

on CITES Appendix 11

Sanicle Sanicula europaea Wound healant Herbage Wild Unknown

San Qi see Ginseng

Sarsaparilla Smilax spp

Rheumatism,kidneyproblems,menstrual/menop

ausal symptoms skindiseases in soft drinks

Root Cropped Probably not


14/16

Savory Satureia hortensis Indigestion chest infection Leaf Cultivated No

Saw PalmettoSerenoarepens/Sabal

serrulata

Prostate enlargement inmen

Fruit Wild (Florida)Conservation/livelihood concern sourcing often

difficult indicating scarcity

SchisandraSchisandrachinensis

Tonic and aphrosdisiac inChina

Fruit Wild/cultivated Unknown

Sea BuckthornRhamnuscatharticus

Laxative Berries Wild No

Self Heal Prunella vulgarisCuts,mouth/throatinfections

Herbage Wild/cultivated No

Senna Cassia angustifolia Constipation Fruit Cultivated NoShan Zhu Yu Cornus sp

Shang-Yao Dioscorea spp Root/tuber

ShatavariAsparagusracemosa

Ayurvedic m enopauseremedy

Root Cultivated Probably not

Shea NutVitellaria

paradoxaSkin conditions (rich in VitE)

Nut butter CultivatedLivelihood concern: a case for Fair Tradeaccreditation to ensure livelihoods in West Tropical

Africa

Sheep's Sorrel Rumex acetosellaConstipation, removal oftoxins

Herbage Cultivated/wild No-common weed

Shepherd'sPurse

Capsella bursa-pastoris

Urinary antisepticanti-inflammoryulcers

Herbage Probably wild No concern-a very common annual weed

Shi-Hu(Chinese

Orchid)

Shu Di Huangsee Rehmanniaglutinosa

SiberianGinseng

Eleutherococcussenticosus

Reduction ofstressimprove stamina

Root

Wild/cultivated-aneasier plant togrow than otherginsengs with ahigher yield

Used in ginseng mixes. An organic Fairtrade herbaltea is available in the UK*

SkullcapScutellarialateriflora

Headache,stress, anxiety Flowering tops Cultivated Unknown

SkunkCabbage

Symplocarpusfoetidus

Bronchitis asthma Root/rhizome Wild/cultivated Unknown

Slippery Elm Ulmus fulvaGastric/duodenal ulcers

wounds Bark Cultivated Probably not

Soap Bark Quillaja saponaria Dandruff Inner bark Wild/cultivated Unknown

Soapwort Saponaria officinalisA bronch ial expec torantfordry skin


SouthernwoodArtemisiaabrotanum

A tonic for digesti vesystem/liver


Spearmint Mentha spicata Indigestion oral hygiene Leaf CultivatedNo. However, an organic herbal tea is available inthe UK*


15/16

Star Anise Illicium verumCoughs constipation alsoculinary use

Fruit CultivatedNo-though has been subject to spikes in demand -see pp00

Stone RootCollinsonia

canadensisFluid retention kidney

stonesRhizome Probably wild Unknown

Thyme Thymus vulgarisCoughs and coldsthroatand gum infections

Leaf/Wholeplant

Wild or cultivated

Conservation and livelihood concern: though

easily cultivated thyme (and other species closely

related eg Thymbra) are often crudely wildharvested in Mediterranean countries mainly forcheapness and for use in processed foodmanufacture.Large quantities are traded

internationally. This is a case for cultivation or forcertificated Fair Trade.

Tian Men Dong see Wild Asparagus

Tormentil Potentilla erectaUlcers diverticulitis piles shingles

Root Wild or cultivated Probably not

Tribulus Tribulus terrestris Aprodisiac Herbage WildNo problem: vigorous, invasive weed whereintroduced

True Unicorn Aletris farinosaAs a diuretic c olic andfevers

Rhizome Probably wild Endangered in Canada though habitat destruction

Turmeric Curcuma longaIndigestion,weak liverfunctionringworm

Rhizome Cultivated No

Uva Ursi Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Urinary infections Leaf Wild

Conservation/livelihood concern:This isconsidered threatened in Europe in its acid

heathland habitat.Being considered forapplicationof the ISSC-MAP guidelines for wildcollection by the firm Traditional Medicinals

Valerian Valeriana officinalis Insomnia Root Cultivated No

Vervain Verbena officinalisDepression coughs coldsindigestion


Violet Viola odorataColds coughs catarrhbronchitis

Leaf/flowers Cultivated/wild No

Walnut Juglans regiaEczema and other skinconditions

Leaf/bark Cultivated/wild No

Wheat Grass Triticum spp Leaf Cultivated No

White BryonyBryonia cretica ssp.dioica

Ulcers asthma high bloodpressure

Root Probably wild Probably not-common weed

WhiteHorehound

Marrubium vulgare Asthma and bronchitis Herbage Wild/ cu ltivated No

White PoplarBark

Populus alba Bark

White Willow Salix albaMuscularache,fever,menopausalsweats

Bark Wild or cultivated

With meadowsweet was the original source ofaspirin,now synthesised. With 60 billion doses usedworldwide every year this could never have been

supplied by either a wild or cultivated herb!


16/16

WildAsparagus

Asparagus s pofficinalis

Constipation fluid retention Root Cultivated No

Wild Cherry Prunus serotinaPersistant coughdiarrhoea

Bark Wild Unknown

Wild Lettuce Lactuca virosaNervous tension and

insomniadry cough

Leaf sap

(latex)Wild/cultivated No

Wild Yam Dioscorea villosaArthritis gall bladder &

menstrual issuesRoot/rhizome Wild/cultivated

Important that it is distinguished from Dioscoreadeltoidea which is listed on CITES Appendix 11.See pp 00 on 'passing off' .Sourcing of D.villosahas been reported as difficult indicatingscarcity.

Witch HazelHamamelisvirginiana

Skin injuries wher skinunbroken

Leaf/bark Wild/cultivated No

Wood Betony Stachys officinalis Anxiety he adache Herbage Wild/cultivated No

Woodruff Galium odoratumTreatment of liver andvenous problems

Herbage Wild/cultivated Probably not

Wood SageTeucriumscorodonia

Indigestion feversrheumatism

Herbage Wild/cultivated No-common weed

WormwoodArtemisiaabsinthium

Poor digestion/gall bladder Herbage Wild/cultivated No

Wu Wei Zi see Schizandra

Yarrow Achillea millefolium To stop bleeding, reduce

feverFlower Wild/cultivated No

Yellow D ock Rumex crispusConstipation skin

diseases jaundice

Root Wild No-common weed

Yerba SantaEriodictyoncalifornicum

Bronchitis asthma Leaf Wild/cultivated Unknown

Zedoary Curcuma zedoaria Tonic Rhizome Wild or cultivated No

*Clipper teas at www.clipperteas.com

**Herbal Health Qi teas at www.qi-teas.com

Sue Minter 2009

300 plantas comercializadas en gran bretaÑa

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