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DESIGN OF PIPINGS &DESIGN OF PIPINGS &

PIPING NETWORKSPIPING NETWORKS

PRESENTED BYPRESENTED BY::

GAUTAM AHUJA(1207535)GAUTAM AHUJA(1207535)

CHEMICAL,3CHEMICAL,3rdrd YearYear

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WHAT IS PIPING & INSTRUMENTATIONWHAT IS PIPING & INSTRUMENTATION??

Piping is the physical elements that interconnect the equipment andPiping is the physical elements that interconnect the equipment andin which the process streams flow. Piping comes in different sizesin which the process streams flow. Piping comes in different sizesand materials. It is the duty of the process engineer to specify theand materials. It is the duty of the process engineer to specify thesize and materials of the piping and also the thermal insulation, ifsize and materials of the piping and also the thermal insulation, ifrequired. The term piping also includes accessories such as elbows,required. The term piping also includes accessories such as elbows,

tees, valves, flanges, etc. The most common material is carbontees, valves, flanges, etc. The most common material is carbonsteel. Other metals, such as various grades of stainless steel, andsteel. Other metals, such as various grades of stainless steel, andplastic materials, such as PVC, Teflon, are also used.plastic materials, such as PVC, Teflon, are also used.

Instrumentation is devices used to measure, control and monitor theInstrumentation is devices used to measure, control and monitor theprocess variables. These variables can be flow, temperature,process variables. These variables can be flow, temperature,pressure, liquid level, viscosity, and others. Control valves and reliefpressure, liquid level, viscosity, and others. Control valves and reliefvalves are also an important part of the instrumentation.valves are also an important part of the instrumentation.

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PIPING & INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM:PIPING & INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM:--P&ID shows all of piping including the physical sequence ofP&ID shows all of piping including the physical sequence of

branches, reducers, valves, equipment, instrumentation. The P&IDbranches, reducers, valves, equipment, instrumentation. The P&ID

are used to operate the process system.are used to operate the process system.

AA P&ID should include:P&ID should include:--

Instrumentation and designations

Mechanical equipment with names and numbers

All valves and their identifications Process piping, sizes and identification

Miscellaneous - vents, drains, special fittings, sampling lines.

Permanent start-up and flush lines

Flow directions

Interconnections references

Control inputs and outputs Interfaces for class changes

Vendor and contractor interfaces

Identification of components and subsystems delivered by others

Intended physical sequence of the equipment

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GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONSGENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS::--

Materials of construction.Materials of construction.Design pressure.Design pressure.

Pipe sizing.Pipe sizing.

Pressure drop analysis.Pressure drop analysis.Stress analysis.Stress analysis.

Pipe identification.Pipe identification.

Piping supports.Piping supports.Flushing & Testing.Flushing & Testing.

Pipe networking.Pipe networking.

Pipe fittings.Pipe fittings.

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MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION:MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION:--Most failures of liquid process systems occur at or within interconnect points

- the piping, flanges, valves, fittings, etc. It is, therefore, vital to selectinterconnecting equipment and materials that are compatible with each otherand the expected environment. Materials selection is an optimizationprocess, and the material selected for an application must be chosen for thesum of its properties. Considerations include cost and availability. Keyevaluation factors are strength, ductility, toughness, and corrosionresistance.

A) STRENGTH -The strength of a material is defined using the following

properties: modulus of elasticity, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength.The modulus of elasticity is the ratio of normal stress to the correspondingstrain for either tensile or compressive stresses. Where the ratio is linearthrough a range of stress, the material is elastic; that is, the material willreturn to its original, unstressed shape once the applied load is removed. Ifthe material is loaded beyond the elastic range, it will begin to deform in aplastic manner. The stress at that deformation point is the yield strength. As

the load is increased beyond the yield strength, its cross-sectional area willdecrease until the point at which the material cannot handle any further loadincrease. The ultimate tensile strength is that load divided by the originalcross-sectional area.

B) DUCTILITY -Ductility is commonly measured by either the elongation in agiven length or by the reduction in cross-sectional area when subjected toan applied load. The hardness of a material is a measure of its ability toresist deformation. Hardness is often measured by either of two standard

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DESIGN PRESSURE:DESIGN PRESSURE:--After the piping systems functions, service conditions, materials ofconstruction and design codes and standards have been established, the

next step is to finalize the system operational pressures and temperatures.At this point in the detail design of the piping system, it is necessary toensure the structural integrity of the pipe and piping system components ismaintained during both normal and upset pressure and temperatureconditions. In order to select the design pressure and temperature, it isnecessary to have a full understanding and description of all operatingprocesses & control system functions. The pressure rating of a piping

system is determined by identifying the maximum steady state pressure anddetermining & allowing for pressure transients.

A) MAXIMUM STEADY STATE PRESSURE -The determination of maximumsteady state design pressure and temperature is based on an evaluation ofspecific operating conditions. The evaluation of conditions must consider allmodes of operation. This is typically accomplished utilizing designreferences, codes and standards. Piping components shall be designed for

an internal pressure representing the most severe condition of coincidentpressure & temperature expected in normal operation.

B) PRESSURE TRANSIENTS -Occasional variations of pressure ortemperature, or both, above operating levels are characteristic of certainservices. The most severe conditions of coincident pressure and

temperature during the variation shall be used to determine the design

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conditions unless all of the following criteria are met :-

The piping system shall have no pressure containing components of cast

iron or other non ductile metal.

Nominal pressure stresses shall not exceed the yield strength at

temperature.

Combined longitudinal stress shall not exceed the

limits established.

In no case shall the increased pressure exceed the test pressure used.

The application of pressures exceeding pressure temperatureratings of valves may under certain conditions cause loss of seat tightness

or difficulty of operation. The differential pressure on the valve closure

element should not exceed the maximum differential pressure rating

established by the valve manufacturer. Such applications are the owner's

responsibility.

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SIZING:SIZING:--The sizing for any piping system consists of two basic components:-

1) FLUID FLOW DESIGN It determines the minimum acceptable diameterof the piping necessary to transfer the fluid efficiently. The primaryelements in determining the minimum acceptable diameter of any pipenetwork are systems:

Design flow rates

Pressure drops

The design flow rates are based on system demands that are normallyestablished in the process design phase of a project. Before the

determination of the minimum inside diameter can be made, serviceconditions must be reviewed to determine operational requirements suchas recommended fluid velocity for the application and liquid characteristicssuch as viscosity, temperature, suspended solids concentration, solidsdensity and settling velocity, abrasiveness and corrosivity. Thisinformation is then used to determine the minimum inside diameter of thepipe for the network.

For normal liquid service applications, the acceptable velocity in pipes is2.1 0.9 m/s with a maximum velocity limited to 2.1 m/s at pipingdischarge points including pump suction lines and drains. In addition,other applications may allow greater velocities based on general industrypractices; e.g., boiler feed water and petroleum liquids.

Pressure drops throughout the piping network are designed to provide an

optimum balance between the installed cost of the piping system andoperating costs of the system pumps.

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Pressure drop, or head loss, is caused by friction between the pipe wall andthe fluid, and by minor losses such as flow obstructions, changes indirection, changes in flow area, etc. Fluid head loss is added to elevationchanges to determine pump requirements.DARCY-WEISBACH EQUATION:

P = f . L/D . K . V2/2g

where; P= Pressure drop

f = Darcy friction factor

L = Length of pipeD= Inside pipe dia

K= Loss coefficients for minor losses

V= Fluid velocity

g= Gravitational acceleration

The friction factor, f, is a function of the relative roughness of the piping

material and the Reynolds number, Re .

If the flow is laminar (Re < 2,100), then f is determined by:-

f= 64/ Re

If the flow is transitional or turbulent (Re > 2,100), then f is determined from

the Moody Diagram.

PRESSURE DROP CALCULATIONS:PRESSURE DROP CALCULATIONS:--

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2)2)PRESSURE INTEGRITY DESIGNPRESSURE INTEGRITY DESIGN -- Once the systems operating conditionsOnce the systems operating conditionshave been established, the minimum wall thickness is determined based onhave been established, the minimum wall thickness is determined based onthe pressure integrity requirements. The design process for consideration ofthe pressure integrity requirements. The design process for consideration ofpressure integrity uses allowable stresses, thickness allowances based onpressure integrity uses allowable stresses, thickness allowances based onsystem requirements to determine minimum wall thickness.system requirements to determine minimum wall thickness.

Allowable stress values for metallic pipe materials are generally contained inAllowable stress values for metallic pipe materials are generally contained inapplicable design codes. The codes must be utilized to determine theapplicable design codes. The codes must be utilized to determine theallowable stress based on the requirements of the application and theallowable stress based on the requirements of the application and thematerial to be specified.material to be specified.

After the allowable stress has been established for the application, theAfter the allowable stress has been established for the application, the

minimum pipe wall thickness required for pressure integrity is determined asminimum pipe wall thickness required for pressure integrity is determined asfollows:follows:--

ttmm = t . A= t . A

Where;Where; ttmm = Total minimum wall thickness required for pressure integrity.= Total minimum wall thickness required for pressure integrity.t = Pressure design thickness.t = Pressure design thickness.

A = sum of mechanical allowances plus corrosion allowance plusA = sum of mechanical allowances plus corrosion allowance pluserosion allowance.erosion allowance.

Using information on liquid characteristics, the amount of corrosion andUsing information on liquid characteristics, the amount of corrosion anderosion allowance necessary for various materials of construction can beerosion allowance necessary for various materials of construction can bedetermined to ensure reasonable service life.determined to ensure reasonable service life.

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and; t = P. Dand; t = P. D00// 2 (S.E2 (S.E -- P.y)P.y)

Where; P = Design pressureWhere; P = Design pressure

DD00= Outside pipe dia= Outside pipe dia

S = Allowable stressS = Allowable stressEE = Weld joint efficiency or quality factor= Weld joint efficiency or quality factor

y = Dimensionless constant which varies with temperature.y = Dimensionless constant which varies with temperature.

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STRESS ANALYSISSTRESS ANALYSIS ::--After piping materials, design pressure and sizes have been selected, a stressAfter piping materials, design pressure and sizes have been selected, a stressanalysis is performed that relates the selected piping system to the piping layout andanalysis is performed that relates the selected piping system to the piping layout andpiping supports. The analysis ensures that the piping system meets intended servicepiping supports. The analysis ensures that the piping system meets intended serviceand loading condition requirements while optimizing the layout and support design.and loading condition requirements while optimizing the layout and support design.The analysis may result in successive reiterations until a balance is struck betweenThe analysis may result in successive reiterations until a balance is struck betweenstresses and layout efficiency, and stresses and support locations and types. Itstresses and layout efficiency, and stresses and support locations and types. Itrequires the analysis of following 3 stress limits :requires the analysis of following 3 stress limits :--

1)1) Stresses due to Sustained LoadsStresses due to Sustained Loads --The stress analysis for sustained loads includesThe stress analysis for sustained loads includesinternal pressure stresses, external pressure stresses and longitudinal stresses. Theinternal pressure stresses, external pressure stresses and longitudinal stresses. The

sum of the longitudinal stresses in the piping system that result from pressure, weightsum of the longitudinal stresses in the piping system that result from pressure, weightand any other sustained loads do not exceed the basic allowable stress at theand any other sustained loads do not exceed the basic allowable stress at themaximum metal temperature. The longitudinal stress from pressure is determinedmaximum metal temperature. The longitudinal stress from pressure is determinedby:by:--

SSLL = P. D= P. D00 / 4.t/ 4.t

where; Swhere; SLL = Longitudinal stress.= Longitudinal stress.

2)2) Stresses due to Displacement StrainsStresses due to Displacement Strains --Constraint of piping displacementsConstraint of piping displacementsresulting from thermal expansion, seismic activities or piping support and terminalresulting from thermal expansion, seismic activities or piping support and terminalmovements cause local stress conditions. These localized conditions can causemovements cause local stress conditions. These localized conditions can causefailure of piping or supports from fatigue or overfailure of piping or supports from fatigue or over--stress, leakage at joints orstress, leakage at joints ordistortions. To ensure that piping systems have sufficient flexibility to prevent thesedistortions. To ensure that piping systems have sufficient flexibility to prevent thesefailures, it requires that the displacement stress range does not exceed the allowablefailures, it requires that the displacement stress range does not exceed the allowabledisplacement stress range.displacement stress range.

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3)3) Stresses due to Occasional LoadsStresses due to Occasional Loads --The sum of the longitudinal stressesThe sum of the longitudinal stressesdue to both sustained and occasional loads does not exceed 1.33 times thedue to both sustained and occasional loads does not exceed 1.33 times thebasic allowable stress at maximum material temperature.basic allowable stress at maximum material temperature.

SSLL = 1.33 S= 1.33 Shhwhere; Swhere; Shh = Basic allowable stress at maximum material temperature.= Basic allowable stress at maximum material temperature.

PIPE IDENTIFICATIONPIPE IDENTIFICATION ::--Pipes in exposed areas and in accessible pipe spaces shall be provided withPipes in exposed areas and in accessible pipe spaces shall be provided withcolor band and titles adjacent to all valves on straight pipe runs, adjacent tocolor band and titles adjacent to all valves on straight pipe runs, adjacent to

directional changes, and on both sides where pipes pass through wall ordirectional changes, and on both sides where pipes pass through wall orfloors. The three main classifications are:floors. The three main classifications are:--

Materials inherently hazardousMaterials inherently hazardous -- All materials inherently hazardousAll materials inherently hazardous(flammable or explosive, chemically active or toxic, extreme temperatures or(flammable or explosive, chemically active or toxic, extreme temperatures orpressures, or radioactive) shall have yellow coloring or bands, and blackpressures, or radioactive) shall have yellow coloring or bands, and black

legend lettering.legend lettering.

Materials of inherently low hazardMaterials of inherently low hazard -- All materials of inherently low hazardAll materials of inherently low hazard(liquid or liquid admixtures) shall have green coloring or bands, and white(liquid or liquid admixtures) shall have green coloring or bands, and whitelegend lettering.legend lettering.

FireFire--quenching materialsquenching materials -- FireFire--quenching materials shall be red with whitequenching materials shall be red with white

legend lettering.legend lettering.

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PIPING SUPPORTSPIPING SUPPORTS ::--Careful design of piping support systems of above grade piping systems isCareful design of piping support systems of above grade piping systems isnecessary to prevent failures. The objective of the design of supportnecessary to prevent failures. The objective of the design of support

systems for liquid process piping systems is to prevent sagging andsystems for liquid process piping systems is to prevent sagging anddamage to pipe and fittings. The design of the support systems includesdamage to pipe and fittings. The design of the support systems includesselection of support type and proper location and spacing of supports.selection of support type and proper location and spacing of supports.Support type selection and spacing can be affected by seismic zone.Support type selection and spacing can be affected by seismic zone.

a)a) SUPPORT LOCATIONSSUPPORT LOCATIONS -- The locations of piping supports are dependentThe locations of piping supports are dependentupon four factors:upon four factors:--

1)1) PIPEPIPE SIZESIZE --It relates to the maximum allowable span between pipeIt relates to the maximum allowable span between pipesupports. Span is a function of the weight that the supports must carry. Assupports. Span is a function of the weight that the supports must carry. Aspipe size increases, the weight of the pipe also increases. The amount ofpipe size increases, the weight of the pipe also increases. The amount offluid which the pipe can carry increases as well, thereby increasing thefluid which the pipe can carry increases as well, thereby increasing theweight per unit length of pipe.weight per unit length of pipe.

2)2) PIPING CONFIGURATIONPIPING CONFIGURATION --The configuration of the piping system affectsThe configuration of the piping system affectsthe location of pipe supports. Where practical, a support should be locatedthe location of pipe supports. Where practical, a support should be located

adjacent to directional changes of piping.adjacent to directional changes of piping.3)3) LOCATION OF VALVES & FITTINGSLOCATION OF VALVES & FITTINGS --Valves require independentValves require independent

support, as well as meters and other miscellaneous fittings. These itemssupport, as well as meters and other miscellaneous fittings. These itemscontribute concentrated loads to the piping system. Independent supportscontribute concentrated loads to the piping system. Independent supportsare provided at each side of the concentrated load.are provided at each side of the concentrated load.

4)4) AVAILABLE STRUCTUREAVAILABLE STRUCTURE --Location, as well as selection, of pipeLocation, as well as selection, of pipe

supports is dependent upon the available structure to which the supportsupports is dependent upon the available structure to which the supportmay be attached. Supports are not located where they will interfere withmay be attached. Supports are not located where they will interfere with

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other design considerations. Some piping materials require that they are notother design considerations. Some piping materials require that they are notsupported in areas that will expose the piping material to excessive ambientsupported in areas that will expose the piping material to excessive ambienttemperatures. Also, piping is not rigidly anchored to surfaces that transmittemperatures. Also, piping is not rigidly anchored to surfaces that transmitvibrations. In this case, pipe supports isolate the piping system fromvibrations. In this case, pipe supports isolate the piping system fromvibration that could compromise the structural integrity of the system.vibration that could compromise the structural integrity of the system.

b)b) SUPPORT SPANSSUPPORT SPANS --Spacing is a function of the size of the pipe, theSpacing is a function of the size of the pipe, thefluid conveyed by piping system, the temperature of the fluid and thefluid conveyed by piping system, the temperature of the fluid and theambient temperature of the surrounding area. Determination of maximumambient temperature of the surrounding area. Determination of maximumallowable spacing, or span between supports, is based on the maximumallowable spacing, or span between supports, is based on the maximumamount that the pipeline may deflect due to load. Typically, a deflection ofamount that the pipeline may deflect due to load. Typically, a deflection of

2.5 mm (0.1 in) is allowed, provided that the maximum pipe stress is limited2.5 mm (0.1 in) is allowed, provided that the maximum pipe stress is limitedto 10.3 MPa. Proper spacing of supports is essential to the structuralto 10.3 MPa. Proper spacing of supports is essential to the structuralintegrity of the piping system. Effects of improper spacing are:integrity of the piping system. Effects of improper spacing are:--

An improperly spaced support system will allow excessive deflection in theAn improperly spaced support system will allow excessive deflection in theline.line.

This can cause structural failure of the piping system, typically at joints andThis can cause structural failure of the piping system, typically at joints andfittings.fittings.

Excessive stress can also allow for corrosion of the pipe material byExcessive stress can also allow for corrosion of the pipe material byinducing stress on the pipe and, thereby, weakening its resistance toinducing stress on the pipe and, thereby, weakening its resistance tocorrosive fluids.corrosive fluids.

Can allow fluids to collect in the sag of the pipe.Can allow fluids to collect in the sag of the pipe.

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C)C) SUPPORT TYPESSUPPORT TYPES --The type of support selected is equally important toThe type of support selected is equally important tothe design of the piping system. The stresses and movements transmitted tothe design of the piping system. The stresses and movements transmitted to

the pipe is a major factor in this selection. Pipe supports should not damagethe pipe is a major factor in this selection. Pipe supports should not damage

the pipe material or impart other stresses on the pipe system. The basic typethe pipe material or impart other stresses on the pipe system. The basic type

of support is dictated by the expected movement at each support location.of support is dictated by the expected movement at each support location.

If a pipe needs to have freedom of axial movement due to thermal expansionIf a pipe needs to have freedom of axial movement due to thermal expansion

and contraction or other axial movement, a roller type support is selected.and contraction or other axial movement, a roller type support is selected.

If minor axial and transverse (and minimal vertical) movements areIf minor axial and transverse (and minimal vertical) movements are

expected, a hanger allowing the pipe to swing is selected.expected, a hanger allowing the pipe to swing is selected.

If vertical movement is required, supports with springs or hydraulic dampersIf vertical movement is required, supports with springs or hydraulic dampersare required.are required.

Other structural requirements and conditions that have the potential to affectOther structural requirements and conditions that have the potential to affect

piping systems and piping support systems are analyzed.piping systems and piping support systems are analyzed.

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FLUSHING & TESTINGFLUSHING & TESTING::-- FLUSHINGFLUSHING --Flushing of a piping system prior to leak testing should beFlushing of a piping system prior to leak testing should be

performed if there is evidence or suspicion of contaminants, such as dirt orperformed if there is evidence or suspicion of contaminants, such as dirt orgrit, in the pipeline. These contaminants could damage valves, meters,grit, in the pipeline. These contaminants could damage valves, meters,

nozzles, jets, ports, or other fittings. The flushing medium shall not reactnozzles, jets, ports, or other fittings. The flushing medium shall not reactadversely or otherwise contaminate the pipeline, testing fluid, or serviceadversely or otherwise contaminate the pipeline, testing fluid, or servicefluid. Flushing should be of sufficient time to thoroughly clean contaminantsfluid. Flushing should be of sufficient time to thoroughly clean contaminantsfrom every part of the pipeline.from every part of the pipeline.

TESTINGTESTINGIt includes pressure & leak testing of piping systems.It includes pressure & leak testing of piping systems.

Testing of piping systems is limited by pressure. The pressure used to test aTesting of piping systems is limited by pressure. The pressure used to test asystem shall not produce stresses at the test temperature that exceed thesystem shall not produce stresses at the test temperature that exceed theyield strength of the pipe material. In addition, if thermal expansion of theyield strength of the pipe material. In addition, if thermal expansion of thetest fluid in the system could occur during testing, precautions are taken totest fluid in the system could occur during testing, precautions are taken toavoid extensive stress.avoid extensive stress.

Testing of piping systems is also limited by temperature. The ductileTesting of piping systems is also limited by temperature. The ductile--brittlebrittletransition temperature should be noted and temperatures outside the designtransition temperature should be noted and temperatures outside the design

range avoided. Heat treatment of piping systems is performed prior to leakrange avoided. Heat treatment of piping systems is performed prior to leaktesting. The piping system is returned to its ambient prior to leak testing.testing. The piping system is returned to its ambient prior to leak testing.

In general, piping systems should be reIn general, piping systems should be re--tested after repairs or additions aretested after repairs or additions aremade to the system. If a leak is detected during testing and then repaired,made to the system. If a leak is detected during testing and then repaired,the system should be rethe system should be re--tested. If a system passes a leak test, and atested. If a system passes a leak test, and acomponent is added to the system, the system should be recomponent is added to the system, the system should be re--tested to ensuretested to ensurethat no leaks are associated with the new component.that no leaks are associated with the new component.

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PIPING NETWORKPIPING NETWORK::--In order to direct reaction streams to various processes in an industry,In order to direct reaction streams to various processes in an industry,

many times the stream is routed through amany times the stream is routed through a piping supply network. A majorpiping supply network. A majorpart of this network may consist of interconnected pipes. This networkpart of this network may consist of interconnected pipes. This network

creates a special class of problems in hydraulic design typically referred tocreates a special class of problems in hydraulic design typically referred to

as pipe network analysis. Pipe network analysisas pipe network analysis. Pipe network analysis is the analysis of theis the analysis of the fluidfluid

flowflow through athrough a hydraulicshydraulics network, containing several or manynetwork, containing several or many

interconnected branches. The aim is to determine theinterconnected branches. The aim is to determine the flowflow

ratesrates andand pressure dropspressure drops in the individual sections of the network.in the individual sections of the network.

NETWORK ANALYSISNETWORK ANALYSIS((HARDY CROSS METHODHARDY CROSS METHOD))::--

Once the friction factors are solved for, then we can start considering theOnce the friction factors are solved for, then we can start considering thenetwork problem. We can solve the network by satisfying two conditions:network problem. We can solve the network by satisfying two conditions:--

1.1. At any junction, the flow into a junction equals the flow out of the junction.At any junction, the flow into a junction equals the flow out of the junction.

2.2. Between any two junctions, the head loss is independent of the pathBetween any two junctions, the head loss is independent of the path

taken.taken.

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where:where:

nn = 2 for Darcy= 2 for Darcy

Weisbach eqn.Weisbach eqn.

The clockwise specifierThe clockwise specifier

(c) means only the flows(c) means only the flows

that are movingthat are moving

clockwise in our loop,clockwise in our loop,

while the counterwhile the counter--

clockwise specifier (cc)clockwise specifier (cc)

is only the flows that areis only the flows that aremoving countermoving counter--

clockwise.clockwise.

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PIPE FITTINGSPIPE FITTINGS::--ELBOWELBOW--ItIt means a length ofmeans a length of

pipe with a sharp bend in it. A pipepipe with a sharp bend in it. A pipeelbow is a fitting installed betweenelbow is a fitting installed between

two lengths of pipe or tube allowingtwo lengths of pipe or tube allowing

a change of direction, usually in thea change of direction, usually in the

9090 or 45or 45 direction. They are madedirection. They are made

of rubber ,iron ,plastic , aluminium ,of rubber ,iron ,plastic , aluminium ,

copper etc.copper etc.

VALVESVALVES-- Pipe valves arePipe valves are

mechanisms or devices to regulatemechanisms or devices to regulateor control the flow of liquid or gasor control the flow of liquid or gas

within a pipe. While some valves arewithin a pipe. While some valves are

used to regulate the rate of flow,used to regulate the rate of flow,

there are others that are used tothere are others that are used to

stop it completely in order to preventstop it completely in order to prevent

flooding or allow repairs to be made.flooding or allow repairs to be made.

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FLANGEFLANGE-- A flange is used toA flange is used tomechanically connect two pipesmechanically connect two pipes

together. It can also be used totogether. It can also be used to

mechanically connect a pipe to a tee,mechanically connect a pipe to a tee,

valve, choke or any other piece ofvalve, choke or any other piece of

equipment. Flanges are available inequipment. Flanges are available in

round, square, and rectangularround, square, and rectangular

shapes. They are made of brass,shapes. They are made of brass,

stainless steel, iron etc.stainless steel, iron etc.

REDUCERREDUCER-- Pipe reducer arePipe reducer aretube fittings that are widely used in atube fittings that are widely used in a

number of industries in order tonumber of industries in order to

provide greatest connection flexibilityprovide greatest connection flexibility

in connecting fractional tubes inin connecting fractional tubes in

various installations. Pipe reducer is avarious installations. Pipe reducer is a

kind of pipe fitting that joins two pipeskind of pipe fitting that joins two pipes

of different diameter.of different diameter.

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PIPE TEEPIPE TEE-- Pipe Tee is a type of pipe fitting which is TPipe Tee is a type of pipe fitting which is T--shaped having two outlets, at 90shaped having two outlets, at 90 to the connection to the mainto the connection to the main

line. It is a short piece of pipe with a lateral outlet. Pipe Tee isline. It is a short piece of pipe with a lateral outlet. Pipe Tee is

used to connect pipelines with a pipe at a right angle with theused to connect pipelines with a pipe at a right angle with theline.line.

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THANK YOUTHANK YOU!!