31-electromagnetic oscillations and acoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-electromagnetic... ·...

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31. 전자기 진동과 교류 (Electromagnetic oscillations and Alternating current ) LC 회로 Oscillating voltage and current What does mean? ε o sinωt L C ++++ ---- RLC 회로

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Page 1: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

31. 전자기 진동과 교류(Electromagnetic oscillations and Alternating current )

LC 회로

Oscillating voltage and current

What does mean?∼εosinωt

LC++++- - - -

RLC 회로

Page 2: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

지난 시간에 …

dtdsdE BΦ

−=⋅= ∫ε rrFaraday’s Law

dtd BΦ

−=ε Lenz’s Law

Eddy current

AnlL 2

0μ= : 단위 길이당 유도용량

2

21 LiU B =

0

2

2μBuB =

Magnetic energy

Page 3: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

LC Circuits

• 다음과 같은 직렬 RC 회로, 직렬 LC 회로를 보자

• t=0 에서 capacitor에 전하Q가 대전되어 있다.

• 두 회로간에는 전류의 시간적 변화에 정량적 차이가 있다. 왜??

• 에너지 관점에서 생각해보자

• RC 회로에서는, 흐르는 전류는 저항에서 열에너지를 야기하며 점차로 줄어든다.

• LC 회로에서는, 에너지 소모가 없고; 에너지는capacitor와 inductor에 모두 저장된다!

C R++++- - - - LC

++++- - - -

Q Q

Page 4: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

RC/LC Circuits

RC: current decays exponentially

0t

I

0

LC: current oscillates

I

0

0 t

C R++++- - - - LC

++++- - - -

Page 5: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

31-2. LC 진동의 정성적 분석

LC회로에서의전류와 전자기장의 진동

CqU E 2

2

=

2

2LiU B =

Page 6: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

L

C

V=0

VC = q/C

VL = L di/dt

VC+VL = 0

VC = -VL∴

t

0

VC

0

VL

1

LC 회로

Page 7: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

31-3. 전기와 역학의 비교

Page 8: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

31-4. LC 진동의 정량적 분석

2. LC 진동자

)sin()sin()( φωφωω +−=+−== tItQdtdqti

LC1

=ω( ) cos( )q t Q tω φ= +

221 1

2 2qU LiC

= +2

0dU q dq di q d qLi i Ldt C dt dt C dt

⎛ ⎞= + = + =⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

Page 9: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

LC 진동자 : 전기에너지와 자기에너지의 진동

)(cos22

)( 222

φω +== tC

QCtqU E

⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎝

⎛ =←+=

+==

LC1 )(sin

2

)(sin21

21

22

2222

ωφω

φωω

tC

Q

tQLLiU B

일정==

+=

CQ

UUU BE

2

2

( ) cos( )q t Q tω φ= +( ) sin( )i t Q tω ω φ= − +

221 1 ( )( )

2 2B Eq tU U U Li t

C= + = +

Page 10: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

31-5. RLC 회로의 감쇠진동RLC회로에서는 전자기에너지가 감소 (저항에서 열에너지로 바뀜)

1) 얼마나 빨리 줄어드는가?2) 고유진동수는 어떻게 달라지는가?

일반해

따라서, 전자기 에너지도 지수함수 꼴로 감쇠:t

LR

eC

QU⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−

=2

2

고유진동수: ( ) 2222 )2/(/1)2/(' LRLCLR −=−= ωω

Page 11: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

31-6. 교류전류 (Alternating Current)

• The Alternating-Current (AC) Generator

ωd

tBABA

d

B

ωθ

coscos

==Φ

tBAdt

ddd

B ωωε sin=Φ

−=

εmax

-εmax

t

ε

ttBAN

d

dd

ωωωε

sinsin

mε==

( )εm dBANω=

N-coils

)sin( φω −= tIi d

교류발전기

Page 12: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

31-7. 강제진동 (Forced oscillation)

LC, RLC 회로에서 외부 기전력이 없을 때 (자유진동):

LC1

=ω 자연 각진동수

LC, RLC 회로에서 외부 기전력이 ωd 진동수로 가해질 때 (강제진동):

dforced ωω =

ωω =d

강제 각진동수

공명 (resonance)

Page 13: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

31-8. 간단한 세가지 교류회로 (R, C, L)

[R 회로]

저항, 축전기, 코일에 걸린 교류전압과 전류 사이의 관계: 특히 위상차

[C 회로]

[L 회로]

[RLC 직렬회로]

( ) ( )0 0( ) sin ( ) sind dt V t i t I tε ω ω φ= ⇒ = + ???

Page 14: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

[저항형 회로]

위상자(phasor)

진폭 (길이로)과 위상 (각도로)을 동시에 표현

Page 15: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

[용량형 회로]

전류의 위상이 전압을 90o 앞서간다.

90c

d d

t φω ω

⎛ ⎞= = −⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

o

Page 16: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

확인문제 4. sin( ), , , sin( )d dS t A B C tω ω φ= = −

(A) φ 값이 큰 순서대로 :

(B) 그림 (b)의 위상자는 각각 어느 곡선인가?

(C) 어느 곡선이 다른 곡선들을 앞서는가?

C > B > A

1-A, 2-B, 3-S, 4-C

A

Page 17: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

[유도형 회로]

전류의 위상이 전압보다 90o 뒤처져 간다.

90c

d d

t φω ω

⎛ ⎞= = +⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

o

Page 18: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

(요약) 교류전압과 전류에 대한 R, C, L의 위상과 진폭 관계

R C L

위상자 (phasor)로 비교해 보면

Page 19: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

VL leads IL IC leads VC

Page 20: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

What is reactance?

You can think of it as a frequency-dependent resistance.

For high ω, χC~0- Capacitor looks like a wire (“short”)

For low ω, χC ∞

- Capacitor looks like a break

1CX

Cω=

For low ω, χL~0- Inductor looks like a wire (“short”)

For high ω, χL ∞

- Inductor looks like a break(inductors resist change in current)

LX Lω=

( " " )RX R=

Page 21: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

31-9. 직렬 RLC 회로

직렬 RLC 회로의 전류 i = I sin ( ωd t - φ)의 진폭과 위상?

)sin( tdm ωεε =

즉, 전류를 기준으로 전압을 보자

총 전압의 합

Page 22: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

위상상수:

공명 (resonance): 전류의 진폭이 가장 커질 때= 임피던스가 가장 작아질 때

전류진폭 :

임피던스(Impedance, 온저항): IZm =ε

ZR

=φcos

I

Page 23: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

31-10. 교류회로의 전력

[ ] )(sin)sin( 2222 φωφω −=−== tRIRtIRiP dd

)sin( tdm ωεε =저항에서 발생되는 순간적인 일률:

평균 일률:

RIRI

RIPP

rms

avg

22

2

2

21

=⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎝

⎛=

==

2IIrms =

2

2

VVrmsm

rms ==εε 교류의 전력소모는

I (V) 를 Irms(Vrms)로 대체하면직류인 경우와 똑같이 계산된다.

φεεε cos2rmsrmsrmsrmsrms

rmsrmsavg I

ZRIRI

ZRIP =⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛==

2 1sin ( )2dtω φ− =

cosφ : 전력인자1에 가까울수록

좋다.

Page 24: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

31-11. 변압기 (Transformer)

cos : ( cos 1 : R )avg rms rmsP I Iε φ ε φ= = = 회로에 만있다고가정

RI P

PI

avg

avg

2: =

=

소모량열에너지전송선에서의

ε

ε를 높여 I 를 낮출수록 전력전송에 유리하다.

왜 변압기가 필요한가?

Page 25: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

Transformers• AC voltages can be stepped up(승압)

or stepped down (승압) by the use of transformers.

• The AC current in the primary circuit (Imag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron

• The iron is used to maximize the mutual inductance. We assume that the entire flux produced by each turn of the primary is trapped in the iron.

21(primary) (secondary)

∼ε

NN

iron

V2V1

• This induces an emf on the secondary windings due to the mutual inductance of the two sets of coils.

Page 26: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

Ideal Transformers (no load)

• The primary circuit is just an AC voltage source in series with an inductor. The change in flux produced in each turn is given by:

1

111 N

Vdt

ddt

dNV turnturn =⇒==φφε

• Therefore, • N2 > N1 ⇒ secondary V2 is larger than primary V1 : 승압변압기 (step-up)• N1 > N2 ⇒ secondary V2 is smaller than primary V1 : 강압변압기(step-down)

• Note: “no load” means no current in secondary. • The primary current (Imag), termed “the magnetizing current” is small!

• The change in flux per turn in the secondary coil is the same as the change in flux per turn in the primary coil (ideal case). The induced voltage appearing across the secondary coil is given by:

11

222 V

NN

dtdNV turn ==φ

No resistance losses All flux contained in iron Nothing connected on secondary

∼ε

N2N1(primary) (secondary)

iron

V2V1

Page 27: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

Ideal Transformer (with a load)

Power is dissipated only in the load resistor R.2

2 2dissipated 2 2 2

VP I R V IR

= = =

Where did this power come from?It could come only from the voltage source in the primary:

generated 1 1P V I= ∴ 1 1 2 2V I V I=

1 2

2 1

I VI V=

2

1 1 2

1 1

NN V NV N

==

• Changing flux produced by primary coil induces an emf in secondary. When we connect a resistive load to secondary coil, emf in secondary current I2 in secondary

21

21 I

NNI =

∼ε

N2N1(primary) (secondary)

iron

V2V1 R

Page 28: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

Ideal Transformer (with a load)

22 2

dissipated 2 2 2VP I R V IR

= = =

generated 1 1P V I= 21

21 I

NNI =

∼ε

N2N1(primary) (secondary)

iron

V2V1 R

I1 은 상호유도를 일으켰던 Imag 와 다른 것인가?

1 1 1

2

1

22

1

21

1

21

22 V

NN

RI

NNI

RNNV

RVI ⎟⎟

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛==⇒⎟⎟

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛==

RNNReq

2

1

2⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛= 마치 저항 Req 가 연결되 있는 것처럼

I1 와 V1 을 만든다.

Page 29: 31-Electromagnetic oscillations and ACoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/31-Electromagnetic... · 2016-08-31 · mag) creates a time-varying magnetic field in the iron • The iron is used

31. Summary

LC 회로

LC1

tLR

eC

QU⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛−

=2

2( ) 22 )2/(/1' LRLC −=ω

임피던스(Impedance, 온저항):

11

222 V

NN

dtdNV turn ==φ

RLC 회로

Reactance

Transformer