3.1 matter and energy kinetic theory of matter: – all matter is made of atoms – atoms always in...
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3.1 Matter and Energy
• Kinetic Theory of Matter:– All matter is made of atoms– Atoms always in motion; hotter = faster,
faster = hotter– Heavier particles move slower than
lighter at the same temperature
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States of matter
• Solid: particles close together (still move … vibrate)
– definite Shape– definite Volume
• Liquid: particles are close but move freely … slide past each other– no definite Shape (container)– definite Volume
• Gas: particles are far apart … take available space
– no definite Shape– no definite Volume
• Plasma: electrons free from nucleus (ionized); like a gas with an electric charge
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States of matter
• Phase changes: going from 1 state to another … a physical change, does not change the substance … involves energy– Exothermic: gives off/loses heat, becomes
colder (heat exits)• condensation: (gas to liquid)• solidification: (liquid to solid, also called freezing)• deposition: (gas to solid)
– Endothermic: absorbs energy, gets warmer (heat goes into it)• melt: (solid to liquid)• evaporate: (liquid to gas)• sublimate: (solid to gas)
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States of matter
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Conservation of Mass
• Law of Conservation of Mass: • Law of Conservation of Energy:
– mass and energy can not be created or destroyed. They only change form. You have the same mass and energy before a reaction as you would after.
• Temperature is not the only way to change state of matter. Pressure can also change state of matter.
• As pressure goes up, gas liquid solid• As pressure goes down, solid liquid gas
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Phase diagrams
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Phase diagrams
• Shows what happens as add heat. Adding energy doesn’t always change
the temperature!• When not changing phase: temperature
goes up as molecules move faster• During phase change: temperature
doesn’t change because energy is causing molecules to move farther apart.
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Phase diagrams
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Phase diagrams
• show combinations of temperature and pressures to achieve different phases.
• Triple point: temperature and pressure at which the substance can be a solid, liquid and gas all at once and stay that way.
• For water this is 0.01 °C and a pressure of 0.0060373 atm (1 atm = air pressure at sea level.
• Lines on graph represent phase changes (as either temperature or pressure change)