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Phonetics

Places and Manner of articulation

Recap

Airstream mechanismStages of speech productionVocal foldsArticulators

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Lecture outline

The concept of articulationActive and passive articulatorsThe main places of articulation for consonantsounds

Classification of speech sounds

Speech Sounds

Consonants Vowels

Made by a closureor narrowing in the

vocal tract

Without closure ornarrowing

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Articulation of consonants

Refers to the narrowing or constriction of thevocal tractThe airstream is obstructed in the vocal tractActive articulators= bits that move (lips andtongue)Passive articulators= non-mobile parts (uppersurface)

Articulation of consonants

How we classify the production of consonantsinvolves 1. the place of articulation2. the manner of articulation3. whether the vocal cords are set to vibrate,4. whether its oral or nasal5. and whether its central or lateral

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Articulation of consonants

Depending on the area of contact, we havedifferent consonantsLabial articulation= using lipsCoronal articulation= using tip or blade of thetongueDorsal articulation= using back of the tongue

E.g. topic

Place of articulation

What parts of the vocal tract are used toproduce a soundName is based on passive articulatorTypes of obstruction required in thedescription of English consonants

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Places of articulation

Bilabial

Close both lips to produce [p], [b] or [m].Pie buy my

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Labiodental consonants

f fine v vine

Active articulatorupper teeth

Passive articulatorlower lip

Dental consonants

thin this

Passive

upper teeth

Active articulatortip of tongue

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Alveolar consonants

t tie d die s Sue z zoo n night l light

Passive articulatoralveolar ridge

Active articulatortip/blade of tongue

Retroflex

The tongue tip is curled up to touch the backof the alveolar ridge.May occur initially in words like rye, row, ray

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Post-alveolar / palato-alveolar

consonants

shoe, pressure pleasure

cheap

Palato-alveolar

The active articulator is the blade of thetongue and the passive articulator is the backof the alveolar ridge.

shy, she, show [ ]

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Palatal

The active articulator is the front of the tonguebody and the passive articulator is the hardpalate.You

Velar consonants

Passivearticulatorvelum

Active articulatorback of tongue

k curl g girl rang

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0

Articulation of consonants

What can you tell from the descriptions ofthese articulation? How can they be classifiedaccording to the terms labial , coronal anddorsal ?Say fee, theme, see, she

The oro-nasal process

Consider the consonants at the end of rang,ran, ramVelar, alveolar and bilabialThe air is coming out through the nose.No velic closure= nasal soundRaising or lowering the velum controls theoro-nasal process.

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1

The oro-nasal process

Manner of articulation

How close the active and passive articulatorscome to each other?Refers to the way in which the airstream ismodified in the vocal tract

ClosureNarrowingApproximation

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2

Stops

A complete closure at the place of articulationTwo types: oral and nasalOral stops

Velum is raisedArticulators are close enough (in differentpoints) to build pressure in the oral cavity.Airstream is released with a burst of sound

Stops

Bilabialclosure: p b

Alveolarclosure: t d

Velar closure:k g

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Nasal stops

(Velum is lowered, allowing airto enter the nasal cavity)

Nasal stops

Bilabialclosure: m

Velar closure:Alveolarclosure: n

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Fricatives

Think of friction Airstream partially obstructedHissing soundssibilants= high-pitched hissing sounds [s]

and [ ]

Fricatives

Labiodental: f v Alveolar: s z Palato-alveolar orpost-alveolar:

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[w] [j]

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Lateral (approximant)

Affricates

An affricate is a stop with an extended andcontrolled fricative phase following theobstruction

a combination of stop + fricative):

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Other consonants

Tap (a.k.a. flap)The tip or blade of the tongue touch quicklyNo time for air pressure to build upAmerican English better and atom

Trill (a.k.a. roll)Sound produced by vibrations between thearticulatorsScottish English rawSpanish perro

Summary

Consonants can be described according tofive parameters[s] voiceless alveolar central oral fricative[k][m]

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See you next class