PROCEEDINGS

31st International

Symposium on

Ballistics

Edited by

Dr. V. K. SaraswatMember NITI Aayog, Government ofIndia

Dr. G. Satheesh ReddySecretary Department ofDefence (R&D), Chairman DRDO, Government ofIndia,

Chairman AeSI Hyderabad Branch

Clive WoodleyImperial College, UK

Hyderabad, India

4-8 November 2019

Organised by The Aeronautical Society of India, Hyderabad Branch

with the cooperation ofthe International Ballistics Society (IBS)

VOLUME 2

TERMINAL BALLISTIC*,,

EXPLOSION MECHANICS'VULNERABILITY AND SURVIVABILITY

nDEStech Publications, Inc.

Table ofContents xix

VOLUME 2

TERMINAL BALLISTICS

Oblique Penetration of Metal Plates by 25MM APDS-T

Projectile—Modelingand Verification 1225

MOSHE RAVID, ALON WEISS, ASAF BORENSTEIN,

VADIM FAVORSKY and NIMROD SHAPIRA

Analysis of the Effect on the Shock Initiation Performance

for Booster Charge Structures Parameters 1235

BIN LIANG, JIEQUN ZHOU, XIAOHAI SHI, CHUNXIANG YU

and YUNSHAN BAI

Investigation on the Penetration Performance and Penetration

Mechanism of 93W Alloys Fragments 1247

JIANAN HE, GUANGYAN HUANG, XINYU CUI

and SHUNSHAN FENG

XX Table ofContents

Influence of Intermediate Layers in Reactive Armour Modules

on the Protection Capability 1260

EWA LIDEN, ANDREAS HELTE and JONAS LUNDGREN

Numerical and Experimental Study on the Deformation Behavior

of 9-MM Parabellum Bullet Impact to the Concrete Target 1272

FANGDONG DONG, BIN CUI, WEI WEI, SHU WANG

and GUANGHUAWANG

Effect of Resin on Laminate Ballistic Performance Subjected to

Small and Large Calibre Projectiles 1285

P. RAMA SUBBA REDDY, T. SREEKANTHA REDDY and V. MADHU

Blast Mitigation Study in Composite Materials 1293

INDERPAL SINGH SANDHU, ANKUSH SHARMA,MEENAKSHI BHATT KALA, PRASHANT S. ALEGAONKAR,

MANPREET SINGH, RAMA ARORA and D. R. SAROHA

Damage Evaluation and Debris Plume Analysis for Spaced TargetUnder High Velocity Impact Conditions 1305

RAJNISH GOYAL and V. VENKATARAMAN

Bumper Efficacy Against Hypervelocity Impact of Projectiles in a

Shot Line with Temporal Spacing at High Obliquity 1312

K. D. DHOTE, DEEP KAMAL SACHAN, T. HARTMANN

and E. ROTTENKOLBER

Design of an Anti-Impact Structure in a Certain Fuze 1321

MENGMENG HAN, HE YANG, DONGJIE LI, WEI LIU and JUN Ql

A Comparison on Ballistic Performance of Alumina Segments with

Alumina Tiles Using DOP Test Method 1329

S. G. SAVIO and V. MADHU

Ballistic Performance of High Strength Steel and Aluminum Plates

Against Spherical Tungsten Fragments 1341

G. S. WANG, P. APPELGREN, M. INGVARSSON, URBAN WIDING

and P. LUNDBERG

Comparing Numerical Penetration Modeling of a Monobloc

Projectile Into Class B Armor to Empirical Results 1353

TRAVIS G. CHEWNING-KULICK, STEPHEN S. RECCHIA,

NATHAN OKUN and DONALD E. CARLUCCI

BulletPenetration intoMediumDensityFibreboard Targets 1363

L. KOENE and F.R. BROEKHUIS

Table ofContents xxi

Possibility of Increase in Penetration Depth into Soil and Rocky

Targets of Composite Projectiles with the Tail Part Thrown Back

During Penetration 1374

V. A. VELDANOV, S. V. FEDOROV and M. YU. SOTSKIY

Assessing the Service Life of Aged Body Amour Products

(Helmet-Vest-Insert) 1384

R. RATROUT, H. AL-TA'AMNEH, S.AL MAJALI, I. RAWASHDEH,A. AL SARDYAH, A. ALDARADKEH and S. OBEIDAT

Numerical Simulation on the Penetration Efficiency of

Non-Circular Rods 1393

LEI GUO, YONG HE, XUCHAO PAN, XUN HE, YUAN HE

and CHUANTING WANG

Experimentation Using Hot and Cold Steel Plate Targets Against7.62 x 54RMM B32 API Ammunition 1400

C. GIRDLESTONE, P. PITCHER, A. COOK, N. J. LYNCH

and D. PATTEN

Ballistic and Blast Performance ofBrick Masonry Walls 1407

STANISLAV ROLC, JAROSLAV BUCHAR, JAN KRESTAN,

RADEK RIDKY and PAVEL CALKOVSKY

Numerical Simulation of Ballistic Impact on Different Types of

Helmets 1417

STANISLAV ROLC, JAROSLAV BUCHAR, JAN KRESTAN,RADEK RIDKY and IRENA BERANKOVA

Using of Fluoropolymer Materials to Defeat Lightly Armored

and Easily Vulnerable Targets 1427

ZAVODOVA TAT IANA EVGENIEVNA,KHMELNIKOV EVGENYALEXANDROVICH

and SMAGIN KONSTANTIN VLADIMIRIVICH

Experimental Study on the Performance of Projectiles PenetratingMultilayer Laminated Glass 1439

YANG WU, YONGJIE QU, BIN QIN, SHU WANG

and PENGXIANG CHEN

Research on the Penetration Law of Jet to High-Speed Thick-Wall

Ammunition 1447

XIN JIA, ZHENGXIANG HUANG, MENGWEN XU, JIANHAO DOU,MING XIA, QIANGQIANG XIAO, XUDONG ZU and BIN MA

Dynamic Back Face Deformation of a Combat Helmet UponOblique Impact of a 7.62X39 MM PS Projectile 1458

MARINA SEIDL, NORBERT FADERL and MARVIN BECKER

xxii Table ofContents

Comparative Analysis of Arbitrary Lagrange in Eulerian (ALE)and Adaptive Smooth Particles Hydrodynamic (SPH) Simulation

of Rocket Propelled Grenade (RPG) on Armors 1470

VENKATESH BABU and MADANMOHAN VUNNAM

Research on Bearing Ball Impact on Flat Glass 1489

HAITAO LU, YONGXI JIN, SHU WANG, JINMING LI

and FANGDONG DONG

Resistance of Steel-Elastomer Laminate Armors to Impacts of

Small-Caliber Projectiles 1499

TERESA FRAS, JANIS KARL and NORBERT FADERL

Defeating EFP Threats by Metallic Plates—A Parametric Study

Through Numerical Simulations 1507

LEONID GLIKIN and ZVI ROSENBERG

Explosive Induced Shock Attenuation in Teflon—

An Experimental Investigation 1518

S. HARIKRISHNAN, KUMAR KAMLESH, S. PREMKUMAR,

K. M. RAJAN and MISRAAJAY

Perforation of Medium Thickness Metal Plate by Flat-Nosed

Projectile 1523

SIMIN CHEN, ZHENGXIANG HUANG, XUDONG ZU,QIANGQIANG XIAO, XIN JIAand BIN MA

Jet Formation Theory of Hyper-Cumulation Charge with

Additional Body 1535

MENG-WEN XU, ZHENG-XIANG HUANG, XU-DONG ZU,QIANG-QIANG XIAO, XIN JIAand BIN MA

A Simulation Model for Computation of Safety Distances of

Artillery Guns Based on Casualty Criteria 1545

ANUPAM ANAND and ROHIT KHANNA

Ballistic Impact Analysis of Combat Helmet on a Human Head

Surrogate Using 3D-DIC 1557

YAOKE WEN, GUANGYU CUI, JUNBIN ZHANG, CHENG XU

and XUEYING HUANG

Mechanism of Multi-Layered Fragment Separation Due to High

Explosive Loading 1564

AZIZUDDIN IMTIAZ, DHARMA TEJA KAMBAM

and MAHESH M. SUCHEENDRAN

Impact Response of A 50 MM Thick Rolled Homogeneous

Armour Against 40MM Armour Piercing Shots: An Experimental

Study 1574

TRILOCHAN SAHOO and H. S. PANDA

Table ofContents xxiii

Estimating Primary Fragment Characteristics DuringHypervelocity Impact of Spherical Fragment on Thin

Plate Using Artificial Neural Network 1584

GAURI NAIK and SATISH CHINCHANIKAR

Ignition and Breakup Behavior of Fuel Tank by Reactive

Material Fragment 1594

YUANFENG ZHENG, CHENGHAI SU, HAIFU WANG, CHAO GE

and GUANCHENG LU

Numerical Simulation of Anti-Penetration Performance of LiquidComposite Armor to Shaped Charge Jet 1603

YOU-ER CAI, ZHENGXIANG HUANG, YAPING TAN,

XIAOJUN SHEN, XIN JIAand XUDONG ZU

Controlled Fragmentation Warhead for UAVApplications 1614

H. N. BEHERA, SARBJITSING, R. K. SHARMAand RASHPAL KAUR

Numerical Investigation on the Impact Response of Rolled

Homogeneous Armor (RHA) with Spall Liners 1622

MANEDHAR R. BUSUPALLY and VENKATA R. VETUKURI

High Strain Rate Behavior of Steel Material Typically Used in

Armour Applications 1632A. BANERJEE, S. DHAR, S. ACHARYYA, D. DATTA, N. NAYAK

and D. K. JOSHI

Ballistic Impact Damage and Fragmentation in Different Types of

Glass and Glass Ceramic 1639

ELMAR STRASSBURGER and PARIMAL P. PATEL

Study on the Forming Performance of Central Perforated EFPWarhead 1651

WENYU NIU, FANG WANG and ZHANDONG WANG

Empirical Equation for the V50 Velocity of Small Arms Armour

Piercing Rounds Onto Armour Steel 1659DENNIS B. RAHBEK

Hypervelocity Oblique Impact of Spherical Projectile on Thin

Walled Targets 1669

DHARMATEJA KAMBAM, AZIZUDDIN IMTIAZ and M. S. MAHESH

Study of Polyurea Application in Ceramic Armour Module

Against Long Rod Projectile 1680

W. L. GOH, B. LUO and J. YUAN

A Unified Formula of Critical Penetration Velocity for Natural

and Preformed Fragments Penetrating Into Steel Target 1687YU ZHENG and ZHONGWEI GUAN

xxiv Table ofContents

Ricochet and Fragmentation Analysis of Projectile from Impacton Steel Plate and Soil UsingNumerical Simulation 1693

DAVID TOUATI, I LAN AZULAY, NOAM GADOR

and MULUGETA HAILU

Analysis ofthe Impact Velocity Effect on the Parameters of the

Brownian Motion Based Approach for Ballistic Resistance

Estimation 1703

BEYATAHENTI, FREDERIK COGHE and RACHID

An Investigation ofArmorBolt FailureDue toBallistic Events 1714

SIDNEY CHOCRON, ALEXANDER J. CARPENTER

and SHAWN C. KLANN

Experimental Study on the Effect of Head Cone Angle on the Low

Velocity Oblique Inlet Process ofProjectile 1724

YUCHUAN LUO, ZHENGUI HUANG, ZHIHUA CHEN, YU HOU

and ZEQINGGUO

Modeling on the Shock Wave in Spheres Hypervelocity Impacton Flat Plates 1736

K. WEN and X. W. CHEN

Target Flow Fields and Penetration Resistance for Pointed

Projectiles 1749

JAMES D. WALKER

Firm Embedding Behavior of Annular Grooved Projectiles

Impacting Ductile Metal Targets 1759

Q. HUANG, S. S. FENG, X. K. LAN, C. N. CHEN, Y. X. DONG

and T. ZHOU

Thin Flyer Impact Initiation Study of Ultrafine CL-20/HMX

Co-Crystal Explosive by Varying Barrel Diameter 1763

SHALLU GUPTA, PAL DINESH KUMAR BALKISHAN,

DEEPIKA JINDAL, GOKUL SINGH, SANDEEP SHARMA,

PUSHPA GUPTA, ARUN AGARWAL and PREM LATA

Re-Visiting the Mass-Flux Model for Explosive Reactive Armor

and the Effect ofPlate Thickness 1774

M. MAYSELESS, S. FRILING and L. MISIUK

High Strain Rate Deformation Behavior of Materials: Effect of

Crystal Structure, Grain Size, Microstructure and Texture 1779

BIDYAPATI MISHRA, B. RAMAKRISHNA, K. SIVA KUMAR

and V. MADHU

Simulation Study on Dynamic Response Characteristics of

Projectile-Borne Recorder Under Impact Loading 1785

HUI ZHAO, XIANGLI CHENG and LINCHUAN LI

Table ofContents XXV

Effectiveness of Different Shear Thickening Fluids in ReducingBack Face Signature (BFS) of Body Armor Against Bullet

Impact 1795

SANJEEV K. VERMA, GURSIMRAN KAUR, IPSITA BISWAS

and DEBARATI BHATACHARJEE

Trajectory and Loads for Oblique Penetration Into Concrete

Targets by Rigid Projectile 1807

XUDONG GAO and Q. M. LI

Experimental Study on the Characteristics of Liquid SpurtCaused by Hydrodynamic Ram 1819

AN RAN CHEN, XIANGDONG LI, LANWEI ZHOU and YANGZIYI Jl

Effects of Structure Characteristics of Projectile on Trajectoryand Loads for Oblique Penetration Into Concrete 1830

XUDONG GAO and Q. M. LI

Research on Technology of Launching Projectiles with Preset

Attack Angle Using an Artillery 1842

WEILIANG GAO, GUIJUAN SUN, DONGLIANG JIN,JIANCHAO YANG, XIANG HE and BIAO WU

Effect of Various Backing Materials on BABT in Ballistic

Evaluation of Body Armour 1850

PREETI JAIN, SONU KAUR, DEBARATI BHATACHARJEE

and IPSITA BISWAS

A Practical Ballistic Yaw Sensor 1862

NICHOLAS SHEWCHENKO, TIM BAYNE, ED FOURNIER

and STEPHANE MAGNAN

EXPLOSION MECHANICS

Accuracy of Empirical Predictions of an Explosives Adiabatic

Exponent 1875

PAULM. LOCKING

Study on Detonation Loading and Dispersal Properties ofDiscrete Rod 1888

JIFENG WEI, LIANG ZHANG, ZHIQUAN WANG and JIN WEI

Simulation Study on EFP with Stable Tail Fins Formed byPolygonal Shaped Charge Liner 1899

WEN-BIN LI, XIAO-LIANG DONG, XIAO-JUN SHEN, PING SONG

and WEN-XU XU

xxvi Table ofContents

Effect of Detonation Wave Profile on Formation of ExplosivelyFormed Projectile (EFP) 1909

MUKESH KUMAR, YASHPAL SINGH and PRAVENDRA KUMAR

Study on the Influence of Wave-Shaper on the Damage Elements

Formation ofPELE/EFP Mode Conversion Warhead 1916

JIANPING YIN, ZHIXIN SHI and XUEFEI WANG

Test to Determine the Response Level of Heterogeneous Explosiveby Fragment Shock Initiation 1931

YI-MING LI, WEN-BIN LI, XIAO-MING WANG, JUN-HAO LIU

and PING SONG

Numerical Study on the Axial Initial Velocity Distribution

Characteristics ofPreformed Fragment 1940

WEI SHANG, ZHENG-XIANG HUANG, XU-DONG ZU,

CHANG-SHENG ZHOU, JIAN-HUI WANG and LIN-MEI LV

Dynamic Response Analysis ofWarhead UnderDropping 1949

MIN JIAO, QINGHE WU, XIANG CHEN, JIANFENG KOU

and WEI ZHOU

Thin Flyer Impact Initiation Threshold Comparison of HNS-IV,CL-20, CL-20/HMX Co-Crystal in Slapper Detonator 1955

PAL DINESH KUMAR BALKISHAN, SHALLU GUPTA,

DEEPIKA JINDAL, PUSHPA GUPTA, SANDEEP SHARMA

and ARUN AGARWAL

Underwater Demolition ofSteelRods by ContactExplosions 1964

L. KOENE and A.J.M. SCHMETS

Deformation, Fragmentation and Acceleration of a Controlled

Fragmentation Charge Casing 1974

ANDREAS HELTE, OLOF ANDERSSON and PATRIK LUNDBERG

Research on the EFP/PELE Multi-Mode Conversion

Warhead Technology Based on the VESF Initiation System 1978

YAKUN LIU, JIANPING YIN, ZHIJUN WANG and GUANGJIAN Bl

Effect of HE Grain Size on Shaped Charge Jets 1993

WERNER ARNOLD, THOMAS HARTMANN

and ERNST ROTTENKOLBER

Effect of Phase Distribution on Reaction Behaviors of PTFE/AL

Reactive Materials 2005

SONG ZHANG, JINXU LIU, SHUKUI LI, CHUAN HE

and XINYA FENG

Table ofContents xxvii

Fragmentation from Detonations and Less Violent Munition

Responses 2014

ERNEST L. BAKER, MARTIJN VAN DER VOORT

and CHRISTELLE COLLET

Effect of Geometric Out of Planar Gap on Jet Formation in

Multi-Pallet Type Charge Mass of Shaped Charge Warheads 2025

GAURAV N. ARGADE, B. R. RAO and V. K. DIXIT

Simulation Study on Low-Density Jets Formability and DamageCharacteristics ofDifferent Charge Structures 2036

YANGYANG HAN, JIANPING YIN, ZHIXIN SHI, YONGJIE XU

and FANGDONG DONG

Defeating UAVs Through Novel HPEM Effectors 2053

MARKUS GRASWALD, RAPHAEL GUTSER, FLORIAN GRABNER,BENEDIKT MEYER, CHRISTIAN WINTER and ANDREA OELERICH

Shock Wave Propagation and Coupling Characteristics of

Dual-Source Underwater Explosion 2063

YUYU MA, MEI LI, LIPING XI and JIANWEI JIANG

Numerical Study of Air Frame Behaviour on FragmentationPattern in Multi Layered Pre-F'ormed Fragment Type Warheadof Modern Rockets 2075

GAURAV N. ARGADE, B. R. RAO and V. K. DIXIT

The Effect of Current Waveform on Shaped Liner Driven byElectromagnetic Energy 2086

JIANHAO DOU, XIN JIA, ZHENGXIANG HUANG, MING XIA,BIN MA, QIANGQIANG XIAO and XUDONG ZU

Influence of Structural Characteristics on EFP Formation Under

Different Liner Materials 2094YA-JUN WANG, WEI-BING LI, WEN-BIN LI, XIAO-MING WANG

and HE-YANG XU

The Influence of Eccentric Wave-Shaper on Shaped Charge JetPerformance 2106

SHUYOU WANG, SHENGJIE SUN, LIGANG QIAO

and JIANWEI JIANG

Effect of Fragmenting Buried High Explosive Projectile(152MMHEFRAG OF-540) on Military Ground Vehicles 2117

VENKATESH BABU, SANJAY KANKANALAPALLI

and MADANMOHAN VUNNAM

XXX Table of Contents

Research on the Application of Insensitive Explosives in HighExplosive Warhead 2298

LONG Jl, RUI YU, YOULIANG WANG, GONGCHEN WANG

and GUANYING LI

Study on Shock Initiation of Covered Composition B by MultipleFragment Impacts 2308

CHUN GUO, JIAN-PING QIAN, WEN-BIN GU and YAO YU

Study on Forming and Penetration Performance of

Multi-Functional Warhead 2318

LIUQI Jl and XIANGDONG LI

VULNERABILITYAND SURVIVABILITY

Capability to Absorb Projectile Kinetic Energy by Structures

Made in Additive Manufacturing Technology 2329

ADAM WISNIEWSKI and SEBASTIAN SZALKOWSKI

Ballistic Efficiency of Lightweight Cage Armor Systems 2339

FREDERIK COGHE

Comparison of Mine Blast in Water Pit Vs. Sandy Gravel Pit

(AEP-55 Soil) 2350

ZVIASAF, DMITRY NARODITSKY ITZIK KUCHUK KATALAN,

MOSHE RAVID and NIMI SHAPIRA

Parametric Study ofActive Counter Impulse RocketSystem 2362

DMITRY NARODITSKY, ZVI ASAF, ROGER SLOMAN,BRIAN COAKER, MOSHE RAVID, NIMI SHAPIRA

and MARIO MARKO

Ballistic Factors of Behind Helmet Blunt Trauma Skull

Fracture 2373

ERIKAA. MATHEIS, ASHLEY E. EIDSMORE

and KARIN A. RAFAELS

A Blockade Effectiveness Assessment Model for Large Navy Ship 2383

ZHANDONG WANG, FANG WANG and WENYU NIU

Blast Overpressure Effects ofPE4 on a Simplified Rigid Torso 2395

THANYANI PANDELANI, ZELLDRA SCHUTTE, RAYEESA AHMED

and DAVID REINECKE

Multi-Hit Impact Analysisof Ceramic Composite Armours 2406

DEVON DOWNES and MANOUCHEHR NEJAD ENSAN

Table ofContents xxxi

Safety Analysis of PBX Filled Munitions Under Moderate

Mechanical Loading 2417

N. HEiDER, V. DENEFELD, H. AURICH and M. KOCH

Analysis of Global Momentum Transfer Due to Buried Mine

Detonation 2430

N. HEIDER, V. DENEFELD and H. AURICH

Experimental Study on Ballistic Performance of Armored

Vehicles Against Small Caliber High-Power Projectiles 2434

R. RATROUT, H. AL-TA'AMNEH, S. AL MAJALI, I. RAWASHDEH,

A. AL SARDYAH, A. ALDARADKEH and S. OBEIDAT

EffectofBlast Wave on High Velocity orHigh Energy Projectiles 2444

P. VASUNDHRA, K. SOOSAIMUTHU, T. SRINIVASAN

and R. MURUGESAN

Criteria for Selecting Less Sensitive High Explosives to MitigateFragment Impact Response 2452

N. AL-SHEHAB, N. PETERSON, J. SWEITZER, P. SAMUELS,

S. DEFISHER, E. LYND and K. MIERS

Preliminary Study for Implementing Head Trauma Risk

Assessment into Ballistic Helmets Test Procedures 2463

MARCIN KROL and WOJCIECH KOPERSKI

Comparison of Selected Operational Characteristics of Classic

and Bull-Pup Rifles 2471

PRZEMYStAW KUPIDURA, RYSZARD WOZNIAK

and MIROSLAW ZAHOR

Study on Energy Absorption Properties of High Impact EpoxyResin/HGB Composites Encapsulating Materials 2479

XUEXING WU, HE YANG, BO LIU and HAIFU YE

Integrated Assessment of Ballistic Backface Deflections on

Combat Helmets and Prediction of Injury Risks 2484

RAUL ARANDA, STEFFEN GROBERT, HEINER GEDON,STEFFEN PELDSCHUS, REMY WILLINGER and OLIVER PESCHEL

Terminal Ballistics Application of X-Ray Computed Tomography(XCT) for the Quantitative In-Situ Analysis of FragmentsEmbedded in Collection Media 2497

UTA GABRIEL, GILLES PAGEAU, MATHIEU DES ROCHES,SIMON OUELLET, YVES BAILLARGEON, PIERRE FRANCUS

and NICHOLAS SHEWCHENKO

A Preliminary Study into the Effects of 10% Gelatin on RBK

Skin Simulant and the Search for a New Zealand Alternative 2509

AMY PULLEN and DAVID KIESER

xxxii Table ofContents

Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment (HIRA) for HypersonicShock Tunnel and Shock Tube Test Facilities

S. THALAPATHI RAJ, INDERPAL SINGH SANDHU, S. L. SILAN

and JAIRPRAKASH KAMAL

Crush Structures for Attenuating Impact Induced Accelerations..

T. J. REDDY, V. NARAYANAMURTHY and Y. V. D. RAO

Occupant Injury Simulation Using Human Surrogate DuringVehicle Underbody Mine Blast LoadingA. PRASANNA, SATISHKUMAR SANGASURI, SHIVRAJ YARANAL,

G. K. KANNAN and U. K. SINGH

Optimization of Parameters for Blast Inflicted Deflection on

Kinetic Energy ProjectileP. K. PANDEY, A. K. VISHWAKARMA, P. C. RAO,

SANDEEP KAUR and K. P. S. MURTHY

New Generation Surface Treatment Techniques for Enhanced

Adhesively Bonded Ceramic-Based Composite Armour Systems...SALEEMANOORMOHAMMED, CHUN LI,

GENEVIEVE TOUSSAINT and JOSHUA ILSE

Numerical Simulation Study on the Refrigeration Effect of Air

Conditioning in a 155MM Gun

NAZHAO, YUWEI WANG, WENFANG ZHU and Ql LIU

Author Index