3_2 raster analysis
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NR 422: Raster Analysis
Jim Graham
Spring 2010
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Continuous vs. Categorized
Continuous: Like photographs
Satellite and aerial photos
Best for analysis Categorized or discrete
Land Cover
Eco-regions Limited analysis
Careful on precision and accuracy
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Categorical vs. Continuous
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No-Data or NULL Values
Rasters arealways
rectangular
No-Data valuesare transparent
and are not used
for calculations
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Geo-Referenced Raster
Known Projection and Datum Width and height of a pixel in map units
(X1,Y1)
Width in Pixels
Height in pixels
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Geo-Referenced Raster
Known Projection and Datum(X1,Y1)
(X3,Y3)
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Types of Rasters
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Digital Raster Graphic (Topos)
Satellite and Aerial Photos
Land Cover & other naturalcharacteristics
Cost Distance & other economic
Population, taxes, etc.
Your own!
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Digital Raster Graphic
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Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
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Hill-shade
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Contours
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Contours
DEM Cross Section
2000m
1900m
2100m
2200m
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Slope
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Calculating SlopeDEM Cross Section
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Aspect Direction of the slope
Slope
Aspect (Direction)
Angle
Rise
Run
Slope = (Rise/Run) * 100%
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Aspect
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Hill-shade
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Creating a Hillshade
Obtain a DEM Crop to Desired Area
Create Hillshade
Apply color ? To DEM Add DEM over Hillshade with
Transparency
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Screen shots: Hillshade dialog
Colorizing dems
Transparency
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Spatial Analyst Extension
Make sure SpatialAnalyst is Checked
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Tool Bar
Right-click in themenu area
Select Spatial
Analyst
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Hill-shading
Azimuth: Direction ofthe sun relative to the
ground. 0 is north.
Altitude: Angle fromthe horizon to the sun.
North
Azimuth
Altitude
Horizon
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Colorize the DEM
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Make the Hillshade Transparent
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Continuous vs. Categorized
Continuous: Like photographs
Satellite and aerial photos
Best for analysis Categorized or discrete
Land Cover
Eco-regions Limited analysis
Careful on precision and accuracy
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GeoReferenced File Formats
GRID: ESRIs format GeoTIFF: Excellent support
MrSID: LizardTech
IMG: ERDAS ECW: ERMapper
BIL, BIP, BSQ: See header (w/prj)
ASCII or GRID ASCII (w/prj)
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World Files
Contains: X-dimention Pixel size in map units
Y-axis rotation
X-axis rotation Y- dimension Pixel size in map units
(negative)
X-coordinate of upper-left pixel
Y-coordinate of upper-left pixel
Image file contains width and height
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Not Geo-Referenced
BMP PNG
GIF
JPEG Maybe with a world file and prj file?
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JPEG
Joint Photographic Experts Group Widest used photo format
Not for use with vectors
JPEG2000 Completely new format!
Can be georeferenced
Edge of Rocky Mountain National ParkBoundary with high JPEG compression
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Tagged Image File Format
TIFF Can be georeferenced (GeoTIFF)
Can tell in ArcCatalog or ArcMap
TIFF w/world file
Also need Projection and Datum (prj?)
Can be compressed
Run-length Categorical data
LZW Categorical data
Huffman encoding Categorical data
JPEG- Continuous data (dont used on
Categorical data!)
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GRIDS
ESRIs native raster format Pyramids
Not an exchange format!
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ASCII format
NCOLS 10
NROWS 9
XLLCORNER 1000
YLLCORNER 1000
CELLSIZE 1 NODATA_VALUE -9
-9 -9 1 1 0 1 0 1 -9 -9
-9 -9 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 -9 -9 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3
Etc.
See example
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Types of Rasters
Land Cover: forest, grass, water, roads,urban
Digital Elevation Model: DEM
Aerial Photos Satellite Photos
Scanned: DRG, 24k Topos
Derived rasters: lots!
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Derived Rasters
Land Cover from satellite andaerial
Topography: Slope, aspect,
hillshade
Ecoregions
Suitable Habitat
Flood plains
Geological Regions
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Raster To Vector
Satellite & Aerial Land Cover: roads, forests, etc.
Buildings
DEMs Contours
Peaks & Valleys
Stream Networks
Watersheds
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Vector To Raster
Drawing! Points of interest
Roads
Water bodies Contours
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GIS Analysis
Analysis
Results
Raster to
Vector
Vector toRaster
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Raster Analysis
Topography: Slope, aspect, contours Raster Math
Statistics: min, max, mean, std. dev.
Distance Density
Interpolation
Classification
Raster / Vector Conversions
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Raster Math
A matrix of pixels
12 20 23 34 40
15 23 30 31 39
15 22 29 30 40
14 20 28 29 38
13 19 25 32 37
Columns
Rows
S
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Spatial Analyist
A l i E i
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Analysis Environment
Spatial Reference (Coordinate System) Make them the same
Extent
Area of interestAll rasters should overlap
Cell Size
Largest of all rasters or larger
S ti l A l t G l
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Spatial Analyst: General
S ti l A l t E t t
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Spatial Analyst: Extent
S ti l A l t C ll Si
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Spatial Analyst: Cell Size
R t C l l t
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Raster Calculator
R t M th
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Raster Math
1 2
2 3
12 9
13 10
13 11
15 13+ =
+ =1 12 13
C F ti
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Common Functions
Local:Arithmatic: +,-,/, *,
MOD (Modulo): returns the remainder
Boolean:
OR: If either input is true, output is true
AND: If both inputs are true, output is true
CON (Conditional)
M th ti l F ti
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Mathematical Functions
Abs (absolute): flips negatives to positive Ceil (ceiling): float to integer next highest
integer value (i.e. 1.1 -> 2)
Floor: float to integer giving next lowestinteger value (i.e. 1.1 -> 1)
Int (integer): truncates float to integer
E t
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Exponents
Exp()
Exp10()
Ln()
Log10()
Max() Min()
Pow()
SetNull() Sqrt()
Sum()
C i
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Comparisons
(Not Equals) == (Equals)
< (Less than)
(Greater than)
>= (Greater than or equal to)
R t M th C i
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Raster Math: Comparisons
1 2
2 3
2 2
3 2
0 0
0 1> =
> =1 2 0
R t M th B l AND
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Raster Math: Boolean AND
0 0
1 1
0 1
0 1
0 0
0 1AND =
AND =0 1 0
AND works but the calculator will insert &
Raster Math Boolean OR
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Raster Math: Boolean OR
0 0
0 1
1 1
0 1
1 1
0 1OR =
OR =0 1 1
OR works but the calculator will insert !
Conditional Operator
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Conditional Operator
Con(,,) Given a raster condition:
Puts the true value where true and false
value where false
Example:
Find the elevations in Rocky over 3000
meters
HighElevations=con(RockyDEM>3000,1,0)
Elevations over 3000 meters
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Elevations over 3000 meters
Elevations over 3000 meters
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Elevations over 3000 meters
Viewshed
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Viewshed
Shows which pixels can be seen frompre-defined locations
View shed
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View-shed
View from Estes Park
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View from Estes Park
View from Ridge
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View from Ridge
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