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American Life in the “Roaring
Twenties”1919-1929
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What problems are shown in post-war America?
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Insulating America
Bloody war, treaty failure led U.S. toward isolationism.
“Red Scare” of 1919-1921 caused by:
Russian RevolutionCommunist Party in AmericaGeneral Strikes (Seattle)
“Fighting Quaker” Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer led crusade (a.k.a. Palmer Raids):
6000 suspects heldDue Process not followedDec. 1919: 249 alien
radicals deported to Russia.
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Rounding Up “Reds”
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Criminal syndicalism laws: mere advocacy of violence for social
change was criminalized Laws used to prosecute IWWs
“wobblies”/radicals harmed free speech.
1920: 5 NY legislators denied seats because they were Socialists.
Conservative business owners used scare against labor: “open” shop was “American plan”
Insulating America at Great Expense
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Sacco and Vanzetti
1921: Liberals regarded conviction of Sacco & Vanzetti as a “judicial lynching” because they were Italians, atheists, anarchists, draft dodgers.
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Hooded Hoodlums
KKK revival was more “nativist” than just anti-black.
At peak in mid-20s it had 5 million members, large political influence, esp. in Midwest, South.
Why in the Midwest?
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Membership of the Ku Klux Klan
1920 1930 1970 2000
4,000,000 30,000 2,000 3,000
•KKK collapsed suddenly in late 20s: terror, cover-up embezzlement.• Congressional investigation exposed KKK as being basically a membership fee racket.
Membership of the Ku Klux Klan1920 1930 1970 2000
4,000,000 30,000 2,000 3,000
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Stemming the Flood
• The U.S. Government began to restrict certain “undesirable” immigrants from entering the U.S.
• Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and Immigration Act of 1924• Kept out immigrants from southeastern Europe.
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1924 Act barred any Japanese immigration, but exempted Canadian/Latin Americans for work purposes.
By 1931, more foreigners left U.S. than arrived.
Act marked end of era of unrestricted immigration.
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What is the most dangerous drug in America?
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Prohibition “Experiment”
1919: Progressive reform led by churches, women resulted in 18th Amendment, Volstead Act.
Where was prohibition popular?
Why there?
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Prohibition “Experiment”
Problems with enforcement:
1. Disillusionment over outcome of war raised questions about further self-denial.
2. Legislators’ private drinking.
3. Returning WWI soldiers disapproved.
4. Poor workers upset that while they lost beer, rich could still buy illicit alcohol.
5. Bootlegging, “bar hunts” popular with young & old.
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Prohibition “Experiment”
But northern cities full of immigrants resisted.
Corner saloons replaced by “speakeasies”– preferred hard liquor
Strained diplomatic relations with Canada
Personal stills popular, but product was often dangerous.
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Prohibition “Experiment”
Despite problems, bank savings increased, work absentee rate declined.
Less alcohol consumed than prior to prohibition.
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The Night Chicago Died
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Golden Age of Gangsters
Profits from illegal alcohol led to rise of criminal gangs
War in Chicago led to 500 killings
Al Capone convicted of income-tax
evasion, sent to prison. By 1930, organized crime
was making $12-$18B/year, several times more than federal government.
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Happy Valentine’s Day