document3
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 3: Earth-Sun Relationships and Solar Energy
Physical Physical GeographyGeographyNinth EditionNinth Edition
Robert E. Gabler
James. F. Petersen
L. Michael Trapasso
Dorothy Sack
![Page 2: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
3.1 Solar System and Beyond
• Galaxy: enormous cluster of stars, dust, and gases.– Our sun is one of billions of
stars within the Milky way Galaxy
– Vast distances• Other than the sun, our
nearest star is 4.2 light years away
![Page 3: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3.1 Solar System and Beyond
• Solar System• Gravity: attractive force one
body has on another• Mass: the greater the mass, the
greater the gravitational pull.• Planet: celestial body in orbit of
the sun, with sufficient gravitational attraction to overcome rigid forces and remain nearly spherical.
![Page 4: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
3.1 Solar System and Beyond
• Our solar system– Satellites (earth’s moons)– Numerous asteroids– Comet: head (collection of
solid fragments held together by ice)
– Meteors: small stonelike, or metallic bodies.
– Meteorite: meteor that survives the fall through our sky.
![Page 5: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
3.1 Solar System and Beyond
• The Planets– Terrestrial: 4 closest to the sun
• Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars• Solid surfaces
– Gas Planets: 4 furthest from sun• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune• Huge balls of gas and liquid
![Page 6: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Comparison of the Planets
![Page 7: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
3.2 The Earth-Sun System
• Sun and its Energy– Thermonuclear fusion
powers the sun– 2 hydrogen atoms fuse
together to form 1 helium atom.
– Photosphere– Chromosphere– Corona
![Page 8: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
3.2 The Earth-Sun System
• Solar wind: directed toward the magnetic poles.
• This forms an aurora– Northern lights (Aurora
Borealis)– Southern lights (Aurora
Australis)
![Page 9: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Aurora Borealis
![Page 10: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
3.2 The Earth-Sun System
• Sunspots: intensity of solar winds
• Next cycle should peak around the year 2012.
![Page 11: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
3.2 The Earth-Sun System
• Solar Energy and Atmospheric Dynamics– energy emitted from the
sun is in the form of Electromagnetic energy.
– Shortwave (SW) radiation– Longwave (LW) radiation:
energy that may have been emitted from earth.
– Solar constant
![Page 12: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
3.2 The Earth-Sun System
• Movements of Earth– Galactic movement– Rotation– revolution
![Page 13: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
3.2 The Earth-Sun System
• Rotation– Earth turns eastward – Counterclockwise spin
on its axis– 24 hours per rotation– Speed is fastest at the
equator.
![Page 14: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Circle of Illumination
![Page 15: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
3.2 The Earth-Sun System
• Revolution– Slightly elliptical orbit– Closest to sun near Jan.
3rd (perihelion)– Furthest from sun
around July 4th (aphelion)
– This has minimal affect on the energy receipt on earth
![Page 16: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
3.2 The Earth-Sun System
• Plane of the ecliptic– Earth is titled at 23.5
degrees. – angle of inclination
• Parallelism: Earth’s axis remains parallel to its former position.
• These positions change slowly over time (Milankovitch cycles)
![Page 17: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
3.3 Sun Angle, Duration, and Insolation
• Insolation: Solar radiation received by Earth.– Main source of energy on
our planet– Seasonal variations in
temperature due primarily to fluctuations in insolation
– Direct rays– Oblique rays
![Page 18: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
3.3 Sun Angle, Duration, and Insolation
Direct rays at 23.5o N Direct rays at equator
![Page 19: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
3.3 Sun Angle, Duration, and Insolation
• The Seasons– Summer Solstice (~ June 21) in N. hemisphere
• Direct rays at 23.5o N (Tropic of Cancer)• Northern hemisphere receives more energy• 24 hours of sunlight (Arctic Circle to North Pole)• Longest day of the year in N. hem. • Shortest day of the year in S. hem.
– Autumnal Equinox in (~ Sept. 22) N. hem.• Direct rays at equator• 12 hours of daylight everywhere
![Page 20: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
3.3 Sun Angle, Duration, and Insolation
• The Seasons– Winter Solstice (~ Dec. 21) in N. hemisphere
• Direct rays at 23.5o S (Tropic of Capricorn)• Southern hemisphere receives more energy• 24 hours of sunlight (Antarctic Circle to South Pole)• Shortest day of the year in N. hem. • Longest day of the year in S. hem.
– Vernal Equinox in (~ March 20) N. hem.• Direct rays at equator• 12 hours of daylight everywhere
![Page 21: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Seasons (Focus on Solstices)
![Page 22: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Seasons (Focus on Equinox)
![Page 23: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Duration of daylight for certain Latitudes
![Page 24: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
3.3 Sun Angle, Duration, and Insolation
• Sun’s declination: Latitude at which the sun is directly overhead
• Analemma: Shows the sun’s declination throughout the year.
• What is the declination on Oct 10th?
![Page 25: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
3.3 Sun Angle, Duration, and Insolation
• Variations of Insolation with Latitude– Tropical Zones– Middle latitude zones– Polar zones
• Which zone(s) would have the least annual variation?
![Page 26: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Ancient Civilizations (Mayan Pyramid)
![Page 27: Document3](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070304/54b90d1f4a79599d028b456f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Physical Geography
End of Chapter 3: Earth-Sun Relationships and Solar Energy