35713174-evdo-340
TRANSCRIPT
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7-2008 340 - 1Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter
Background and IntroductionTo 1xEV-DO Technology
Background and IntroductionTo 1xEV-DO Technology
Course 340
This course can be downloaded free from our website:
www.howcdmaworks.com/340.pdf
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Global and US Wireless Subscribers 1Q 2008
Q Total Worldwide Wireless customers surpassed total worldwide landlinecustomers at year-end 2002, with 1,00,080,000 of each.
Q 4/5 of worldwide wireless customers use the GSM technologyQ CDMA is second-most-prevalent with 14.8%
Q In the US, CDMA is the most prevalent technology at 52.5% penetration
Q Both CDMA and GSM are growing in the US
IS-136 TDMA systems were converted to GSM + GPRS + EDGE
Total 3,051,659,279 252,018,131
GSM 2,571,563,279 84.3% 102,200,000 40.6%
CDMA 451,400,000 14.8% 132,243,131 52.5%
IDEN 28,696,000 0.9% 17,575,000 7.0%
Global USA
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World Wireless Subs by Technology 2006
World Wireless Subscribers 14.8% 83.1% 2.1%
Top 21 Operators Only 980.77 145.49 814.98 20.30
Operator Country Subscribers CDMA GSM IDEN
China Mobile China 246.65 246.65
China Unicom China 127.79 27.79 100.00
MTS Russia 58.19 58.19Cingular US 54.1 54.10
Verizon US 51.3 51.30
NTT DoCoMo J apan 50.36 50.36
Sprint Nextel US 45.6 25.30 20.30
Telcel Mexico 33.6 33.60
T-Mobile Germany 29.5 29.50D2 Vodafone Germany 29.16 29.16
Vivo Brazil 28.8 28.80
Turkcell Turkey 27.9 27.90
Telecom Italia Italy 27.25 27.25
T-Mobile USA 21.7 21.70
Orange France 21.67 21.67
KDDI J apan 21.57 21.57
Telefonica Moviles Spain 19.6 19.60
SK Telecom South Korea 19.53 19.53
Vodafone Italy Italy 18.2 18.20
T-Mobile UK 17.2 17.20
Vodafone UK UK 16.325 16.33
Vodafone KK J apan 14.77 14.77
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US Wireless Subs by Technology 2006US Wireless Subscribers 100% 48.4% 41.5% 10.2%
198,444,627 95,963,297 82,336,426 20,144,904
Carrier Subscribers CDMA GSM>WCDMA iDEN
Cingular Wireless 54,100,000 54,100,000
Verizon Wireless 51,300,000 51,300,000
Sprint Nextel 44,304,901 24,459,997 19,844,904
T-Mobile 21,700,000 21,700,000
Al ltel 11,040,000 11,040,000US Cellular 5,500,000 5,500,000
Leap Wireless 1,670,000 1,670,000
Dobson Communications 1,543,000 1,543,000
SunCom 964,824 964,824
Rural Cellular Corp. 705,602 705,602
Centennial Communications 586,000 586,000
Cincinnati Bell 496,000 496,000Ntelos 336,300 336,300
SouthernLinc 300,000 300,000
Alaska Communications 117,000 117,000
Cellular South 670,000 670,000
Commnet Wireless 420,000 420,000
West Coast/SureWest Wireless 350,000 350,000
Meriwether Comms. 300,000 300,000
Ai rad igm 380,000 380,000
Lewis and Clark 370,000 370,000
Clear Talk 520,000 520,000
Entertainment Unlimited 220,000 220,000
Corr Wireless 127,000 127,000
Poplar PCS 190,000 190,000
Edge Wireless 120,000 120,000
Salmon PCS 114,000 114,000
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FOURTH
GENERATION
THIRD
GENERATION
SECOND
GENERATION
A Quick Survey of Wireless Data Technologies
Q This summary is a work-in-progress, tracking latest experiences and reports from all thehigh-tier (provider-network-oriented) 2G, 3G and 4G wireless data technologies
Q Have actual experiences to share, latest announced details, or corrections to the above?Email to [email protected]. Thanks for your comments!
IS-136 TDMA19.2 9.6 kb/s
GSM CSD9.6 4.8 kb/s
GSM HSCSD32 19.2 kb/s
IDEN19.2 19.2kb/s
IS-9514.4 9.6 kb/s
IS-95B64 -32 kb/s
CDPD
19.2 4.8 kb/sdiscontinued
GPRS40 30 kb/s DL
15 kb/s UL
EDGE200 - 90 kb/s DL
45 kb/s UL
1xRTT RC4307.2 144 kb/s
1xEV-DO A3100 800 DL1800 600 UL
WCDMA 0384 250 kb/s
WCDMA 12000 - 800 kb/s
WCDMA HSDPA12000 6000 kb/s
Flarion OFDM1500 900 kb/s
TD-SCDMAIn Development
Mobitex
9.6 4.8 kb/sobsolete
US CDMA ETSI/GSM
CELLULAR
MISC/NEW
1xEV-DV5000 - 1200 DL307 - 153 UL
LTE12000 6000 kb/s
WiMAX12000 6000 kb/s
1xRTT RC3153.6 90 kb/s
2.5G
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The CDMA Migration Path to 3G
1xEV-DO
Rev. AIS-856
1250 kHz.
59 active
users
Higher
data rateson data-
only
CDMA
carrier
3.1 Mb/sDL
1.8 Mb/sUL
RL FLSpectrum
1xEV-DO
Rev. 0IS-856
1250 kHz.
59 active
users
High data
rates ondata-only
CDMA
carrier
2.4 Mb/sDL
153 Kb/sUL
CDMAone CDMA2000 / IS-2000
Technology
Generation
Signal
Bandwidth,
#Users
Features:Incremental
Progress
1G
AMPS
Data
Capabilities
30 kHz.1
First
System,Capacity
&Handoffs
None,2.4K bymodem
2G
IS-95A/
J-Std008
1250 kHz.
20-35
FirstCDMA,
Capacity,
Quality
14.4K
2G
IS-95B
1250 kHz.
25-40
Improved Access
Smarter
Handoffs
64K
2.5G? 3G
IS-2000:
1xRTT
1250 kHz.
50-80 voice
and data
EnhancedAccess
Channel
Structure
153K
307K
230K
3G
1xEV-DV
1xTreme
1250 kHz.
Many packet
users
High data
rates onData-Voice
shared
CDMA
carrier
5 Mb/s
3G
IS-2000:
3xRTT
F: 3x 1250kR: 3687k
120-210 per3 carriers
Faster
data rateson shared
3-carrier
bundle
1.0 Mb/s
RL FLRL FLRL FLRL FLRL FLRL FLRL FL
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Modulation Techniques of 1xEV Technologies
Q 1xEV, 1x Evolution, is a family of alternativefast-data schemes that can be implemented on a1x CDMA carrier.
Q 1xEV DO means 1x Evolution, Data Only,
originally proposed by Qualcomm as High DataRates(HDR).
Up to 2.4576 Mbps forward, 153.6 kbpsreverse
A 1xEV DO carrier holds only packet data,and does not support circuit-switched voice
Commercially available in 2003Q 1xEV DV means 1x Evolution, Data and Voice.
Max throughput of 5 Mbps forward, 307.2kreverse
Backward compatible with IS-95/1xRTTvoice calls on the same carrier as the data
Not yet commercially available; workcontinues
Q All versions of 1xEV use advanced modulationtechniques to achieve high throughputs.
QPSKCDMA IS-95,
IS-2000 1xRTT,and lower ratesof 1xEV-DO, DV
16QAM1xEV-DOat highest
rates
64QAM1xEV-DVat highest
rates
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GSM Technology Migration Path to 3G
Integrated
voice/data(Future ratesto 12 MBPS
using adv.
modulation?)
Technology
Generation
Signal
Bandwidth,
#Users
Features:Incremental
Progress
1G
various
analog
Data
Capabilities
various
various
various
2G
GSM
200 kHz.7.5 avg.
Europesfirst Digitalwireless
none
2.5G or 3?
GPRS
200 kHz.Many
Pkt. users
Packet IP
accessMultipleattached
users
9-160 Kb/s(conditionsdetermine)
3G
EDGE
200 kHz.fast data
many users
8PSK for3x Fasterdata ratesthan GPRS
384 Kb/smobile user
3G
UMTS
UTRAWCDMA
3.84 MHz.up to 200+voice usersand data
2Mb/sstatic user
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TDMA IS-136 Technology Migration Path to 3G
2G
CDPD
30 kHz.Many
Pkt Usrs
19.2kbps
US
PacketDataSvc.
Technology
Generation
Signal
Bandwidth,
#Users
Features:Incremental
Progress
Data
Capabilities
2G
TDMA
IS-54IS-136
30 kHz.3 users
USAs
firstDigital
wireless
none
2.5G or 3?
GPRS
200 kHz.Many
Pkt. users
Packet IP
accessMultipleattached
users
9-160 Kb/s(conditionsdetermine)
3G
EDGE
200 kHz.fast data
many users
8PSK for
3x Fasterdata ratesthan GPRS
384 Kb/smobile user
3G
UMTS
UTRAWCDMA
3.84 MHz.up to 200+voice usersand data
Integrated
voice/data(Future ratesto 12 MBPS
using adv.
modulation?)
1G
AMPS
30 kHz.1
First
System,Capacity
&Handoffs
None,2.4K bymodem
2Mb/sstatic user
2G
GSM
200 kHz.7.5 avg.
Europes
firstDigital
wireless
none
the familiar GSM path!
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SPEED: 1xEV-DOs PurposeDifferences from CDMA2000 1xRTT
SPEED: 1xEV-DOs Purpose
Differences from CDMA2000 1xRTT
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Why 1xEV-DO?
QTo satisfy the ITU 3G vision of four radio environments:
9600 bps megacells met by satellite-based systems
144 kbps macrocells met by CDMA2000 1xRTT RC3 384 kbps microcells met by CDMA2000 1xRTT RC4 (307k)
2 mbps picocells met by 1xEV-DO and 1xEV-DV
QTo provide new applications for CDMA2000 users
high speed data access and web applications in the mobileenvironment
speeds up to 2.4 mbps
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Why Cant 1xRTT do high speeds?
Q RF channel conditions change much faster than 1xRTT can track
this causes 1xRTT to mis-estimate the feasible data speed
which can be used for a burst of data sometimes conditions are worse than expected at the time
of a burst, and the burst is received with severe errors
other times the conditions are better than expected at thetime of a burst, and the burst transmitted more slowly thanactually could have been received
Q Bursts in 1xRTT are so long that substantial latency is introducedinto error correction and packet repetition schemes
Q For all these reasons, something more nimble is needed
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Mobile RF Channel Conditions Change Rapidly
Q Radio Transmission Technologies must be nimbleenough to quicklyadapt for best results during changing channel conditions
in choosing what data rate to transmit
in power control of the forward and reverse links
PathLoss
,relativedB+6
+4
+2
+0
-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time, Seconds
Path Loss, db
Slow Fadingdue toobstructions and user
motion
Fast Fadingdue touser motion through
multipath fading
standing-wave pattern
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DATA BURST
ACTUALLY OCCURS
NOW
DAT
ARATEDE
CISION
Fixed Rate!
1xRTT Data Burst Control Lags RF Conditions
BTS
MOBILE
T
seconds
F-SCH
F-FCH
R-FCH
R-SCH
0 0.50.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
SCH-Assignment Msg.
F-SCH Burst
Setup Time
PathLoss
,relativedB
Eb/Nt,dB
Path Loss, db
GOOD CONDITIONS
BAD CONDITIONS
+6
+4
+2
+0
-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Time, Seconds
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1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT at the Same Time-Scale
T
0 0.50.1 0.2 0.3 0.4Time, Seconds
AP
Traffic
DRC
Setup time can be less than 10 ms., depending on traffic loading.AT
1xEV-DO Thoughput: 2.4 Mb/s max, 0.6 Mb/s typ.
BTS
MOBILE
F-SCH
F-FCH
R-FCH
R-SCH
SCH-Request Msg.
SCH-Assignment Msg.
F-SCH Burst
Setup Time Fixed Rate!1xRTT
Thoughput: 0.15 or 0.31 Mb/s max, 0.06 Mb/s typ.
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1xEV-DO Handles Data at the level of
Packets and Subpackets
Q Each forward traffic channel subpacket is only 1.67 ms long
The flow of subpackets is stopped immediately when successful
decoding is achieved.The reaction to channel conditions is effectively instantaneous,with no wasted excess energy!
Q Short preambles and embedded MAC bits identify the destinationmobile
No time is wasted sending layer-3 messages to control packet flowQ Each mobile DRC request is based on latest channel condition
ACK/NAK commands can stop unneeded subpacket repetitions inless than 5 ms.!
AP
Traffic
DRC
Setup time can be less than 10 ms., depending on traffic loading.AT
1xEV-DO Thoughput: 2.4 Mb/s max, 0.6 Mb/s typ.
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The Key Features
and Structure of 1xEV-DO
The Key Features
and Structure of 1xEV-DO
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Channel Structure of 1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT
CHANNEL STRUCTURE
Q IS-95 and 1xRTT many simultaneous users, each
with steady forward and reversetraffic channels
transmissions arranged,requested, confirmed by layer-3messages with some delay
Q 1xEV-DO -- Very Different: Forward Link goes to one user at a
time like TDMA! users are rapidly time-multiplexed,
each receives fair share ofavailable sector time
instant preference given to user
with ideal receiving conditions, tomaximize average throughput transmissions arranged and
requested via steady MAC-layerwalsh streams very immediate!
BTS
IS-95 AND 1xRTTMany users simultaneous forward
and reverse traffic channelsW0
W32W1
W17W25
W41
W3
W53
PILOTSYNC
PAGING
F-FCH1
F-FCH2
F-FCH3
F-SCH
F-FCH4
AP
1xEV-DO AP(Access Point)
ATs(Access Terminals)
1xEV-DO Forward Link
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Power Management of 1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT
POWER MANAGEMENT
Q IS-95 and 1xRTT:
sectors adjust each userschannel power to maintain apreset target FER
Q 1xEV-DO IS-856:
sectors always operate atmaximum power
sector output is time-multiplexed, with only oneuser served at any instant
The transmission data rate isset to the maximum speedthe user can receive at thatmoment
PILOT
PAGINGSYNC
Maximum Sector Transmit Power
User 12
34
55
56 7
8
time
power
IS-95: VARIABLE POWERTO MAINTAIN USER FER
time
power
1xEV-DO: MAX POWER ALWAYS,DATA RATE OPTIMIZED
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Some EV-DO Terminology
Phone,Mobile,
Handset, or
Subscriber
Terminal
ATAccess
Terminal
Base Station,
BTS,
Cell Site
APAccess
Point
IS-95, IS-2000, 1xRTT EV-DO
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1xEV-DO Technical DetailsData Flow and Channels1xEV-DO Technical Details
Data Flow and Channels
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1xEV-DO Transmission TimingForward Link
Q All members of the CDMA family - IS-95, IS-95B,1xRTT, 1xEV-DO and 1xEV-DV transmitFrames
IS-95, IS-95B, 1xRTT frames are usually 20
ms. long 1xEV-DO frames are 26-2/3 ms. long
same length as the short PN code
each 1xEV-DO frame is divided into1/16ths, called slots
Q The Slot is the basic timing unit of 1xEV-DOforward link transmission
Each slot is directed toward somebody andholds a subpacket of information for them
Some slots are used to carry the control
channel for everyone to hear; most slots areintended for individual users or private groups
Q Users dont ownlong continuing series of slotslike in TDMA or GSM; instead, each slot or smallstring of slots is dynamically addressed towhoever needs it at the moment
One 1xEV-DO Frame
One Slot
One Cycle of PN Short Code
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Whats In a Slot?
QThe main cargoin a slot is the DATA being sent to a user
Q But all users need to get continuous timing and administrativeinformation, even when all the slots are going to somebody else
QTwice in every slot there is regularly-scheduled burst of timing andadministrative information for everyone to use
MAC (Media Access Control) information such as powercontrol bits
a burst of pure Pilot
allows new mobiles to acquire the cell and decide to use it keeps existing user mobiles exactly on sector time
mobiles use it to decide which sector should send themtheir next forward link packet
SLOT DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATA DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATA
400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips
Slot 1024 chips Slot 1024 chips
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empty empty empty empty
What if theres No Data to Send?
Q Sometimes there may be no data waiting to be sent on a sectorsforward link
When theres no data to transmit on a slot, transmitting can be
suspended during the data portions of that slot But---the MAC and PILOT must be transmitted!!
New and existing mobiles on this sector and surroundingsectors need to monitor the relative strength of all the sectorsand decide which one to use next, so they need the pilot
Mobiles TRANSMITTING data to the sector on the reverse linkneed power control bits
So MAC and PILOT are always transmitted, even in an emptyslot
SLOTMAC
PILOT
MAC
MAC
PILOT
MAC
400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips
Slot 1024 chips Slot 1024 chips
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Slot
Slots and Frames
SLOT
FRAME
1 Frame =16 slots 32k chips 26-2/3 ms
DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATA DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATA
400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips
Slot 1024 chips Slot 1024 chips
QTwo Half-Slots make a Slot
Q 16 Slots make a frame
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Frames and Control Channel Cycles
Q A Control Channel Cycle is 16 frames (thats 426-2/3 ms, about 1/2second)
Q The first half of the first frame has all of its slots reserved for possible usecarrying Control Channel packets
Q The last half of the first frame, and all of the remaining 15 frames, havetheir slots available for ordinary use transmitting subpackets to users
FRAME
1 Frame =16 slots 32k chips 26-2/3 ms
16 Frames 524k chips 426-2/3 ms
CONTROL
CHANNELUSER(S) DATA CHANNEL
16-FRAME
CONTROL CHANNELCYCLE
Slot
Thats a lot of slots!
16 x 16 = 256
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Forward Link Frame and Slot Structure: Big Picture Summary
Q Slots make Frames and Frames make Control Channel Cycles!
SLOT
FRAME
1 Frame =16 slots 32k chips 26-2/3 ms
16 Frames 524k chips 426-2/3 ms
CONTROL
CHANNELUSER(S) DATA CHANNEL
16-FRAME
CONTROL CHANNELCYCLE
DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATA DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATA
400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips
Slot 1024 chips Slot 1024 chips
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Reverse Link Frame and Slot Structure: Big Picture Summary
Q Reverse Link frames are the same length as forward link frames
QThe mobile does not include separate MAC and Pilot bursts
Its MAC and pilot functions are carried inside its signal bysimultaneous walsh codes
QThere is no need for slots for dedicated control purposes since themobile can transmit on the access channel whenever it needs
SLOT
FRAME
1 Frame =16 slots 32k chips 26-2/3 ms
DATA
Slot 1024 chips Slot 1024 chips
1 Subframeholds
1 SubpacketSubframe Subframe Subframe
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Rev. A Reverse Channel Sub-Frame Structure
QThe mobile transmits sub-packets occupying four reverse link
slots, called a reverse link sub-frame.Q If multiple subpackets are required to deliver a packet, the
additional subpackets are spaced in every third subframe untildone
RRI
ACK DSC ACK DSC ACK DSC ACK DSC
DATA CHANNEL
DRC CHANNEL
AUXILIARY PILOT CHANNEL
PILOT CHANNEL
1 Sub-Frame
1 Slot 1 Slot 1 Slot 1 Slot
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EV-DO Rev. A Channels
QThe channels are not continuous like ordinary 1xRTT CDMAQ Notice the differences between the MAC channels and the Rev. 0
MAC channels these are the heart of the Rev. 0/A differences
IN THE WORLD OF CODES
Secto
rhasaShortPN
Offset
justlikeIS-95
Access
LongPNoffse
t
PublicorP
rivate
LongPNoffset
ACCESS
FORWARD CHANNELS
Access
Point(AP)
REVERSE CHANNELS
TRAFFIC
Pilot
Data
Primary Pilot
Data
ACK
Pilot
Control
Traffic
MAC
MAC
FORWARD
Rev Activi ty
DRCLockRPC
RRI
W 64
W264
W064
Wx16
Wx16
W1232
W12
W416
W016
W24
W016
MAC
Access
Terminal
(UserTerminal)
Walshcode
Walshcode
Access Channel
for session setup
from Idle Mode
Traffic Channelas used during
a data session
ARQ Auxi liary Pi lot
DRC
DSC
W2832
W816
W1232
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Secto
rhasaShortPN
Offset
justlikeIS-95
FORWARDCHANNELS
Access
Point(AP)
Pilot
Control
Traffic
MAC
Rev Activi ty
DRCLockRPC
W 64
W264
W064
Wx16
Wx16
MAC
Walshcode
ARQ
Functions of Rev. A Forward Channels
Access terminals watch the Pilot to selectthe strongest sector and choose burst speeds
The Reverse Activi ty Channel tellsATs If the reverse link loading is
too high, requiring rate reduction
Each connected AT has MAC channel:
DRCLock indication if sector busyRPC (Reverse Power Control)
ARQ to halt reverse link subpackets assoon as complete packet is recovered
The Control channel carriesoverhead messages for idle ATs
but can also carry user traffic
Traffic channelscarry user data to
one user at a time
DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATA DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATA
400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips
Slot 1024 chips Slot 1024 chips
Forward Link Slot Structure (16 slots in a 26-2/3 ms. frame)
AP
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Auxiliary Pilot on traffic channelallows synchronous detectionduring high data rates
Access
LongPNoffse
t
PublicorP
rivate
LongPNoffset
ACCESS
REVERSE CHANNELS
TRAFFIC
Pilot
Data
Primary Pilot
Data
ACK
MAC
RRI
W24
W016
Access
Terminal
(UserTerminal)
Walshcode
Access Channel
for session setup
from Idle Mode
Traffic Channelas used during
a data session
Auxi liary Pi lot
DRC
DSC
Functions of Rev. A Reverse Channels
The Pilot is used as a preambleduring access probes
Data channel dur ing accesscarries mobile requests
Primary Pilot on traffic channelallows synchronous detectionand also carries the RRI channel
RRI reverse rate indicatortellsAP what rate is being sent by AT
DRC Data Rate Control channeltells desired downlink speed
ACK channel allows AT to signalsuccessful reception of a packet
DATA channel during trafficcarries the ATs traffic bits
DSC Data Source Control channeltells which sector will send burst
W1232
W12
W416
W016
W2832
W816
W1232
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Rev. A MAC Index Values and Their Uses
Q 114 MAC indices are available for regular single-user packets
Q 3 MAC indices are earmarked for control channel packets
Q 5 MAC indices are reserved for mult-user packets
Q 1 MAC index is reserved for broadcast packets, or single-users
Q 4 MAC indices are not used due to conflicts with multiplexing patterns
MAC INDEX MAC CHANNEL USE PREAMBLE USE PREAMBLE LENGTH
0, 1 Not Used Not Used N/A
2 Not Used Control 76.8 kbps 512
3 Not Used Control 38.4 kbps 1024
4 RA Channel Not Used N/A
5 RPC, DRC LOCK, ARQ Fwd TC if no Bcst Variable64 and 65 Not Used Not Used N/A
66 Not Used Multi-User 128, 256, 512, 1024 256
67 Not Used Multi-User 2048 128
68 Not Used Multi-user 3072 64
69 Not Used Multi-User 4096 64
70 Not Used Multi-User 5120 6471 Not Used Control 19.2, 38.4, 76.8 1024
6-63 and 72-127 RPC, DRC LOCK, ARQ Fwd TC, Single User Variable
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Rev. A MAC Index and I/Q Channel Contents
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The 1xEV-DO Rev. 0 Channels
Q These channels are NOT CONTINUOUS like IS-95 or 1xRTT!
They are made up of SLOTS carrying data subpackets to individualusers or control channel subpackets for everyone to monitor
Regardless of who ownsa SLOT, the slot also carries two smallgeneric bursts containing PILOT and MAC information everyone canmonitor
IN THE WORLD OF CODES
Secto
rhasaShortPN
Offset
justlikeIS-95
Access
LongPNoffs
et
PublicorP
rivate
LongPNoffset
ACCESS
FORWARD CHANNELS
Access
Point(AP)
REVERSE CHANNELS
TRAFFIC
Pilot
Data
Pilot
Data
ACK
Pilot
Control
Traffic
MAC
MAC
FORWARD
Rev Activi ty
DRCLockRPC
DRC
RRI
W 64
W264
W064
Wx16
Wx16
W48
W24
W816
W016
W24
W016
MAC
W0 W4
W1 W5
W2 W6
W3 W7
Access
Terminal
(UserTerminal)
Walshcode
Walshcode
Access Channel
for session setup
from Idle Mode
Traffic Channelas used during
a data session
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Functions of Rev. 0 Forward Channels
Secto
rhasaShortPN
Offset
FORWARD CHANNELS
Pilot
Control
Traffic
MAC
Rev Activi ty
DRCLockRPC
W 64
W264
W064
Wx16
Wx16
MAC
Access
Point(AP)
Access terminals watch the Pilot to selectthe strongest sector and choose burst speeds
The Reverse Activi ty Channel tellsATs If the reverse link loading is
too high, requiring rate reduction
Each AT with open connection has aMAC channel including DRCLock and
RPC (Reverse Power Control) muxed
using the same MAC index 5-63.
The Control channel carriesoverhead messages for idle ATs
but can also carry user traffic
Traffic channelscarry user data to
one user at a time
IN THE WORLD OF TIME
DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATA DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATA
400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips
Slot 1024 chips Slot 1024 chips
Forward Link Slot Structure (16 slots in a 26-2/3 ms. frame)
AP
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Functions of Rev. 0 Reverse Channels
Access
LongPNoffs
et
PublicorP
rivate
LongPNoffset
ACCESS
REVERSE CHANNELS
Pilot
Data
Pilot
Data
ACK
MAC DRC
RRI
W48
W24
W816
W016
W24
W016
W0 W4
W1 W5
W2 W6
W3 W7
Access
Terminal
(UserTerminal)
The Pilot is used as a preambleduring access probes
Data channel dur ing accesscarries mobile requests
Pilot during traffic channelallows synchronous detection
and also carries the RRI channel
RRI reverse rate indicatortellsthe AP the ATs desired rate forreverse link data channel
DRC Data Rate Control channelasks a specific sector to transmit
to the AT at a specific rate
ACK channel allows AT to signalsuccessful reception of a packet
DATA channel during trafficcarries the ATs traffic bits
TRAFFIC
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The Rev. 0 MAC Index
Q Each active user on a sector is assigned aunique 7-bit MAC index (64 MACs possible)
Q Each data packet begins with a preamble,using the MAC index of the intended recipient
Q Five values of MAC indices are reserved formulti-userpackets
packets intended for reception by a group
for example, control channels mobiles may have individual MAC indices
AND be simultaneously in various groups
this trickkeeps payload size low evenfor transmissions to groups
MAC Channel Use Preamble Use
Not Used Not Used
Not Used 76.8 kbps CCH
Not Used 38.4 kbps CCH
RA Channel Not Used
Available for RPCand DRCLockChannel
Transmissions
Available forForwardTraffic ChannelTransmissions
MACIndex
0 and 1
2
3
4
5-63MA
CIndex
WalshCode
P
hase
32 16 I
MA
CIndex
WalshCode
P
hase
1 32 Q
34 17 I 3 33 Q
36 18 I 5 34 Q
38 19 I 7 35 Q
40 20 I 9 36 Q42 21 I 11 37 Q
44 22 I 13 38 Q
46 23 I 15 39 Q
48 24 I 17 40 Q
50 25 I 19 41 Q
52 26 I 21 42 Q54 27 I 23 43 Q
56 28 I 25 44 Q
58 29 I 27 45 Q
60 30 I 29 46 Q
62 31 I 31 47 Q
MA
CIndex
WalshCode
P
hase
0 0 I
2 1 I
4 2 I
6 3 I
8 4 I10 5 I
12 6 I
14 7 I
16 8 I
18 9 I
20 10 I22 11 I
24 12 I
26 13 I
28 14 I
30 15 I
MA
CIndex
WalshCode
P
hase
33 48 Q
35 49 Q
37 50 Q
39 51 Q
41 52 Q43 53 Q
45 54 Q
47 55 Q
49 56 Q
51 57 Q
53 58 Q55 59 Q
57 60 Q
59 61 Q
61 62 Q
63 63 Q
AP
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Forward Link Data TransmissionDuring an Established Connection
Forward Link Data Transmission
During an Established Connection
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Information Flow Over 1xEV-DO
Q The system notifies a mobile when data for it is waiting to be sent
Q
The mobile chooses which sector it hears best at that instant, and requeststhe sector to send it a packet
Q there are 16 possible transmission formats the mobile may request, calledDRC Indices. Each DRC Index value is really a combined specificationincluding specific values for:
what data speed will be transmitted
how big a chunkof waiting data will be sent (that amount of data will becut of the front of the waiting data stream and will be the Packettransmitted)
what kind of encoding will be done to protect the data (3x Turbo, 5xTurbo, etc.) and the symbol repetition, if any
after the symbols are formed, how many SUBpackets they will bedivided into
Q Then, the sector starts transmitting the SUBpackets in SLOTS on theforward link
Q The first slot will begin with a header that the mobile will recognize so it can
begin the receiving process
AP
Data Ready
DRC: 5
Data from PDSN for the Mobile
MP3, web page, or other content
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Transmission of a Packet over EV-DO
AP
Data Ready
A user has in it iated a1xEV-DO data session on their AT,
accessing a favorite website.
The requested page has just been received by the PDSN.
The PDSN and Radio Network Controller send a Data
Ready message to let the AT know it has data waiting.
Data from PDSN for the Mobile
MP3, web page, or other content
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Transmission of a Packet over EV-DO
AP
Data Ready
A user has in it iated a1xEV-DO data session on their AT,
accessing a favorite website.
The requested page has just been received by the PDSN.
The PDSN and Radio Network Controller send a Data
Ready message to let the AT know it has data waiting.
The AT quickly determines which of its active sectors is the
strongest. On the ATs DRC channel it asks that sector to
send it a packet at speed DRC Index 5 .
The mobi les choice, DRC Index 5, determines everything:
The raw bit speed is 307.2 kb/s.
The packet wil l have 2048 bits.
There will be 4 subpackets (in slots 4 apart).
The firs t subpacket wi ll begin with a 128 chip preamble.
DRC: 5
DRCIndex Slots
PreambleChips
PayloadBits
Rawkb/s
0x0 n/a n/a 0 null rate0x1 16 1024 1024 38.40x2 8 512 1024 76.80x3 4 256 1024 153.60x4 2 128 1024 307.20x5 4 128 2048 307.20x6 1 64 1024 614.40x7 2 64 2048 614.4
0x8 2 64 3072 921.60x9 1 64 2048 1,228.80xa 2 64 4096 1,228.80xb 1 64 3072 1,843.20xc 1 64 4096 2,457.60xd 2 64 5120 1,536.00xe 1 64 5120 3,072.0
C/Idb
n/a-11.5-9.2-6.5-3.5
-3.5-0.6-0.5
+2.2+3.9+4.0+8.0+10.3
in Rev. Ain Rev. A
Modu-lation
QPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSK
QPSKQPSK16QAM8PSK
16QAM16QAM16QAM
Data from PDSN for the Mobile
MP3, web page, or other content
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Transmission of a Packet over EV-DO
Data from PDSN for the Mobile
MP3, web page, or other content AP
Data Ready
DRC: 5
2048 bits
Interleaver
+ D+
+D D
+
+ +
+
+ D+
+D D
++ +
+
Turbo Coder
PACKET
Symbols
Using the specifications for
the mobi les requested DRC
index, the correct-size packet
of bits is fed into the turbo
coder and the right number of
symbols are created.
DRCIndex Slots
PreambleChips
PayloadBits
Rawkb/s
0x0 n/a n/a 0 null rate0x1 16 1024 1024 38.40x2 8 512 1024 76.80x3 4 256 1024 153.60x4 2 128 1024 307.20x5 4 128 2048 307.20x6 1 64 1024 614.40x7 2 64 2048 614.4
0x8 2 64 3072 921.60x9 1 64 2048 1,228.80xa 2 64 4096 1,228.80xb 1 64 3072 1,843.20xc 1 64 4096 2,457.60xd 2 64 5120 1,536.00xe 1 64 5120 3,072.0
C/Idb
n/a-11.5-9.2-6.5-3.5
-3.5-0.6-0.5
+2.2+3.9+4.0+8.0+10.3
in Rev. Ain Rev. A
Modu-lation
QPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSK
QPSKQPSK16QAM8PSK
16QAM16QAM16QAM
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Transmission of a Packet over EV-DO
Data from PDSN for the Mobile
MP3, web page, or other content AP
Data Ready
DRC: 5
2048 bits
Interleaver
+ D+
+D D
+
+ +
+
+ D+
+D D
++ +
+
Turbo Coder
Block Interleaver
PACKET
Symbols
Interleaved Symbols
Using the specifications for
the mobi les requested DRC
index, the correct-size packet
of bits is fed into the turbo
coder and the right number of
symbols are created.
To guard against bursty errors
in transmission, the symbols
are completely stirred up ina block interleaver.
The re-ordered stream of
symbols is now ready to
transmit.
DRCIndex Slots
PreambleChips
PayloadBits
Rawkb/s
0x0 n/a n/a 0 null rate0x1 16 1024 1024 38.40x2 8 512 1024 76.80x3 4 256 1024 153.60x4 2 128 1024 307.20x5 4 128 2048 307.20x6 1 64 1024 614.40x7 2 64 2048 614.4
0x8 2 64 3072 921.60x9 1 64 2048 1,228.80xa 2 64 4096 1,228.80xb 1 64 3072 1,843.20xc 1 64 4096 2,457.60xd 2 64 5120 1,536.00xe 1 64 5120 3,072.0
C/Idb
n/a-11.5-9.2-6.5-3.5
-3.5-0.6-0.5
+2.2+3.9+4.0+8.0+10.3
in Rev. Ain Rev. A
Modu-lation
QPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSK
QPSKQPSK16QAM8PSK
16QAM16QAM16QAM
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Transmission of a Packet over EV-DO
Data from PDSN for the Mobile
MP3, web page, or other content AP
Data Ready
DRC: 5
2048 bits
Interleaver
+ D+
+D D
+
+ +
+
+ D+
+D D
++ +
+
Turbo Coder
Block Interleaver
PACKET
Symbols
Interleaved Symbols
Using the specifications for
the mobi les requested DRC
index, the correct-size packet
of bits is fed into the turbo
coder and the right number of
symbols are created.
To guard against bursty errors
in transmission, the symbols
are completely stirred up in
a block interleaver.The re-ordered stream of
symbols is now ready to
transmit. The symbols are
divided into the correct
number of subpackets, which
will occupy the same number
of t ransmission slots, spaced
four apart.
Its up to the AP to decide
when it will start transmitting
the stream, taking into account
any other pending subpackets
for other users, and
proportional fairness . Subpacket1
Subpacket2
Subpacket3
Subpacket4
DRCIndex Slots
PreambleChips
PayloadBits
Rawkb/s
0x0 n/a n/a 0 null rate0x1 16 1024 1024 38.40x2 8 512 1024 76.80x3 4 256 1024 153.60x4 2 128 1024 307.20x5 4 128 2048 307.20x6 1 64 1024 614.40x7 2 64 2048 614.4
0x8 2 64 3072 921.60x9 1 64 2048 1,228.80xa 2 64 4096 1,228.80xb 1 64 3072 1,843.20xc 1 64 4096 2,457.60xd 2 64 5120 1,536.00xe 1 64 5120 3,072.0
C/Idb
n/a-11.5-9.2-6.5-3.5
-3.5-0.6-0.5
+2.2+3.9+4.0+8.0+10.3
in Rev. Ain Rev. A
Modu-lation
QPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSK
QPSKQPSK16QAM8PSK
16QAM16QAM16QAM
T i i f P k t EV DO
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Transmission of a Packet over EV-DO
Data from PDSN for the Mobile
MP3, web page, or other content AP
Data Ready
DRC: 5
2048 bits
1 2 3 4
Interleaver
+ D+
+D D
+
+ +
+
+ D+
+D D
++ +
+
Turbo Coder
Block Interleaver
PACKET
SLOTS
Symbols
Interleaved Symbols
When the AP is ready, the first
subpacket is actually
transmitted in a slot.
The first subpacket begins with
a preamble carrying the
users MAC index, so the
user knows this is the
start of its sequence of
subpackets, and how
many subpackets are inthe sequence..
The user keeps collecting
subpackets until either:
1) it has been able to
reverse-turbo decode the
packet contents early, or
2) the whole schedule of
subpackets has been
transmitted.
Subpackets
DRCIndex Slots
PreambleChips
PayloadBits
Rawkb/s
0x0 n/a n/a 0 null rate0x1 16 1024 1024 38.40x2 8 512 1024 76.80x3 4 256 1024 153.60x4 2 128 1024 307.20x5 4 128 2048 307.20x6 1 64 1024 614.40x7 2 64 2048 614.4
0x8 2 64 3072 921.60x9 1 64 2048 1,228.80xa 2 64 4096 1,228.80xb 1 64 3072 1,843.20xc 1 64 4096 2,457.60xd 2 64 5120 1,536.00xe 1 64 5120 3,072.0
C/Idb
n/a-11.5-9.2-6.5-3.5
-3.5-0.6-0.5
+2.2+3.9+4.0+8.0+10.3
in Rev. Ain Rev. A
Modu-lation
QPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSK
QPSKQPSK16QAM8PSK
16QAM16QAM16QAM
E /I d C/I
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Ec/Io and C/I
Q There are two main ways of expressingsignal quality in 1xEV-DO
Q C/I is the ratio of serving sector power toeverything else
C/I determines the forward data rate mobiles measure C/I during the pilot
burst period, then from it decide whatdata rate to request on the DRC
Q Ec/Io is the ratio of one sectors pilot power tothe total received power
the mobile uses Ec/Io to choose whichsectors to request for its active set
Q Ec/Io and C/I are related, and one can be
calculated from the otherQ EVDO Ec/Io is close to 0 db near a sector,
and ranges down to -10 at a cells edge
Q EVDO C/I can be above +10 db near asector, and -20 or lower at the edge
AP
Relationship ofC/I and Ec/Io
For EV-DO Signals
Io
Power fromServing Sector
I Interference Powerfrom other cells
EcC
0
mobile receive power
C/I, db-30 -20 -10 0 +10 +20
Ec/Io,
db
-30
-20
-10
0
R l ti hi f E /I d C/I i 1 EV DO S t
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-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
C/I, db
Ec/Io,
db
Relationship of Ec/Io and C/I in 1xEV-DO Systems
Ec/Io,
db
C/I,
db
-0.04 20
-0.14 15
-0.17 14
-0.21 13-0.27 12
-0.33 11
-0.41 10
-0.51 9
-0.64 8
-0.79 7
-0.97 6
-1.19 5
-1.46 4
-1.76 3
-2.12 2
-2.54 1
-3.01 0
-3.54 -1
-4.12 -2-4.76 -3
-5.46 -4
-6.97 -6
-8.64 -8
-10.41 -10
-12.27 -12
1xEV-DO Active Set and Forward BurstingA
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1xEV DO Active Set and Forward BurstingAnimation - Proportional Fairness
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Node
(UserTerminal)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
DO-RNC
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
1xEV-DO Active Set and Forward BurstingA
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gAnimation - Proportional Fairness
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Node
(UserTerminal)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR NEIGHBOR
ACTIVENEIGHBOR
NEIGHBOR
NEIGHBOR
Route Update
DO-RNC
1xEV-DO Active Set and Forward BurstingA
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gAnimation - Proportional Fairness
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Node
(UserTerminal)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
ACTIVE ACTIVE
ACTIVEACTIVE
NEIGHBOR
NEIGHBOR
These sectors are your ACTIVE SET.You may send DRC requests to any of them anytime.
Maybe youl l get some data in response!
DO-RNC
1xEV-DO Active Set and Forward BurstingA
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gAnimation - Proportional Fairness
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Node
(UserTerminal)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
ACTIVE ACTIVE
ACTIVEACTIVE
NEIGHBOR
NEIGHBOR
DRC
Good Signal!
PACKET PLEASE!@ x speed
DO-RNC
1xEV-DO Active Set and Forward BurstingA
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gAnimation - Proportional Fairness
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Node
(UserTerminal)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
ACTIVE ACTIVE
ACTIVEACTIVE
NEIGHBOR
NEIGHBOR
DRC
FOR YOU!
DO-RNC
1xEV-DO Active Set and Forward BurstingA
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Animation - Proportional Fairness
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Node
(UserTerminal)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
ACTIVE ACTIVE
ACTIVEACTIVE
NEIGHBOR
NEIGHBOR
DRC
Good Signal!
PACKET PLEASE!@ y speed
DO-RNC
1xEV-DO Active Set and Forward BurstingA
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Animation - Proportional Fairness
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Node
(UserTerminal)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
ACTIVE ACTIVE
ACTIVEACTIVE
NEIGHBOR
NEIGHBOR
DRC
FOR YOU!
DO-RNC
1xEV-DO Active Set and Forward BurstingA i i P i l F i
A
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Animation - Proportional Fairness
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Node
(UserTerminal)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
ACTIVE ACTIVE
ACTIVEACTIVE
NEIGHBOR
NEIGHBOR
DRC
Good Signal!
PACKET PLEASE!@ z speed
DO-RNC
1xEV-DO Active Set and Forward BurstingA i ti P ti l F i
A
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Animation - Proportional Fairness
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Node
(UserTerminal)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
ACTIVE ACTIVE
ACTIVEACTIVE
NEIGHBOR
NEIGHBOR
DRC
This isnt one of hisbetter receiving
moments. I think Illserve somebodybetter this time.
DO-RNC
1xEV-DO Active Set and Forward BurstingA i ti P ti l F i
A
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Animation - Proportional Fairness
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Node
(UserTerminal)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
ACTIVE ACTIVE
ACTIVEACTIVE
NEIGHBOR
NEIGHBOR
Nothingdid it forget
me?
DO-RNC
1xEV-DO Active Set and Forward BurstingA i ti P ti l F i
A
-
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7-2008 340 - 61Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter
Animation - Proportional Fairness
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Node
(UserTerminal)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
ACTIVE ACTIVE
ACTIVEACTIVE
NEIGHBOR
NEIGHBOR
DRC
Good Signal!
PACKET PLEASE!@ x speed
DO-RNC
1xEV-DO Active Set and Forward BurstingAnimation Proportional Fairness
A
-
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7-2008 340 - 62Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter
Animation - Proportional Fairness
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Node
(UserTerminal)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
ACTIVE ACTIVE
ACTIVEACTIVE
NEIGHBOR
NEIGHBOR
DRC
FOR YOU!
DO-RNC
1xEV-DO Active Set and Forward BurstingAnimation Proportional Fairness
A
-
7/27/2019 35713174-evdo-340
63/172
7-2008 340 - 63Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter
Animation - Proportional Fairness
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Node
(UserTerminal)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
ACTIVE ACTIVE
ACTIVEACTIVE
NEIGHBOR
NEIGHBOR
DRC
Good Signal!
PACKET PLEASE!@ x speed
DO-RNC
1xEV-DO Active Set and Forward BurstingAnimation Proportional Fairness
-
7/27/2019 35713174-evdo-340
64/172
7-2008 340 - 64Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter
Animation - Proportional Fairness
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Node
(UserTerminal)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
ACTIVE ACTIVE
ACTIVEACTIVE
NEIGHBOR
NEIGHBOR
DRC
THIS IS
FOR YOU!
Good Signal!
PACKET PLEASE!@ x speed
DO-RNC
-
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7-2008 340 - 65Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter
1xEV-DO Forward Link Details1xEV-DO Forward Link Details
1xEV-DO Protective Coding
-
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7-2008 340 - 66Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter
Q Turbo coding is the defaultencoding method for 1xEV-DO onboth forward and reverse link
Q The code rate is determined by: input bit rate
effective turbo coder rate,including number of coderoutputs and symbol puncturing
Q The data rate and number of slotsused per packet determine theother forward link variables asshown in the table at right
Data Total Bits Bits/Pkt Symbols
Rate Slots Code per - Tail per
(kbps) Used Rate Packet Field Packet
38.4 16 1/5 1,024 1,018 5,120
76.8 8 1/5 1,024 1,018 5,120153.6 4 1/5 1,024 1,018 5,120
307.2 2 1/5 1,024 1,018 5,120
614.4 1 1/3 1,024 1,018 3,072
307.2 4 1/3 2,048 2,042 6,144
614.4 2 1/3 2,048 2,042 6,144
1,228.8 8 1/3 2,048 2,042 6,144921.6 2 1/3 3,072 3,066 9,216
1,843.2 2 1/3 3,072 3,066 9,216
1,228.8 8 1/3 4,096 4,090 12,2882,457.6 8 1/3 4,096 4,090 12,288
Discard
6-bit
Encoder
Tail Field
TurboEncoderwith an
Internally-generated
tail
Data
Packet
Encoding
and
Scrambling
Inter-
leaving
bits symbols
Forward Traffic Channel Packetsor Control Channel Packets
CodeSymbols
Data Scrambling in 1xEV-DO
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7-2008 340 - 67Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter
Q IS-95 and 1xRTT use data scrambling on the forward link the scrambling sequence is a decimated version of the long PN
code from the previous frame
the purpose is to randomize the waveforms of multiple users sothat the composite transmitted waveform has a low peak-to-
average ratio and effectively uses power amplifier capability a secondary purpose is to provide enhanced privacy
Q 1xEV-DO uses data scrambling on both links to randomize thedata and avoid unbalanced waveforms
the scrambling sequence is generic, not unique per user security is already provided in a standard-defined layer
the generic scrambling register coefficients are specified in thestandard
TurboEncoding &Puncturing
Data
Scrambling
BlockInterleaving
Data Bits
Symbols
ready to
Transmit
One Slot on the Forward Traffic Channel
-
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7-2008 340 - 68Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter
DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATA DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATA
336 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chipsSlot 1024 chips Slot 1024 chips
PRBL
64
Example Subpacket: 1536 Data Modulation Symbols (1 slot , 614.4 Kb/s)
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
scrambler
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK16QAM
Modulator
SequenceRepetition,
SignalPuncturing
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
Walsh
Chip Level
Summer
Data(modulation
symbols)
Sequence
Repetition0
I
Q
I
Q
32-symbol bi-OrthogonalMAC cover
SignalPoint
Mapping
Sequence
Repetition(factor=4)
I
Q
Walsh
Chip LevelSummer Q
RAchannel
gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition(xRAB len)
MACchannelRA bits
DRC LockChannel
Gain
RPCChannel
Gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition
(xDRCLlen)
Walsh Cover W264
MAC Index Walsh Cover
MAC RPC bits A
MAC channelDRC Lock symbols
0
I
Q
Walsh Cover 0
SignalPoint
MappingPilot Channel (all 0s)
TDMT
imeDivisionMu
ltiplexer
ToQuadratu
reSpreadingan
dModulation
IWalshChannels
QWa
lshChannels
I
Preamble
1. Data SubPacket is Ready to SendA
-
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69/172
7-2008 340 - 69Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
scrambler
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK16QAM
Modulator
SequenceRepetition,
SignalPuncturing
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
Walsh
Chip Level
Summer
Sequence
Repetition0
I
Q
I
Q
32-symbol bi-OrthogonalMAC cover
SignalPoint
Mapping
Sequence
Repetition(factor=4)
I
Q
Walsh
Chip LevelSummer Q
RAchannel
gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition(xRAB len)
DRC LockChannel
Gain
RPCChannel
Gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition
(xDRCLlen)
Walsh Cover W264
MAC Index Walsh Cover
0
I
Q
Walsh Cover 0
SignalPoint
Mapping
TDMT
imeDivisionMu
ltiplexer
ToQuadratu
reSpreadingan
dModulation
IWalshChannels
QWa
lshChannels
DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATA DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATAPRBL
Example Subpacket: 1536 Data Modulation Symbols (1 slot, 614.4 Kb/s)
I
Data(modulation
symbols)
MACchannelRA bits
MAC RPC bits A
MAC channelDRC Lock symbols
Pilot Channel (all 0s)
Preamble
336 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chipsSlot 1024 chips Slot 1024 chips
64
2. Send Preamble to Notify Destination MobileA
-
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70/172
7-2008 340 - 70Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
scrambler
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK16QAM
Modulator
SequenceRepetition,
SignalPuncturing
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
Walsh
Chip Level
Summer
Sequence
Repetition0
I
Q
I
Q
32-symbol bi-OrthogonalMAC cover
SignalPoint
Mapping
Sequence
Repetition(factor=4)
I
Q
Walsh
Chip LevelSummer Q
RAchannel
gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition(xRAB len)
DRC LockChannel
Gain
RPCChannel
Gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition
(xDRCLlen)
Walsh Cover W264
MAC Index Walsh Cover
0
I
Q
Walsh Cover 0
SignalPoint
Mapping
TDMT
imeDivisionMu
ltiplexer
ToQuadratu
reSpreadingan
dModulation
IWalshChannels
QWa
lshChannels
DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATA DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATAPRBL
Example Subpacket: 1536 Data Modulation Symbols (1 slot, 614.4 Kb/s)
I
Data(modulation
symbols)
MACchannelRA bits
MAC RPC bits A
MAC channelDRC Lock symbols
Pilot Channel (all 0s)
Preamble
336 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chipsSlot 1024 chips Slot 1024 chips
64
3. Send First 336 Data SymbolsA
-
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71/172
7-2008 340 - 71Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
scrambler
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK16QAM
Modulator
SequenceRepetition,
SignalPuncturing
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
Walsh
Chip Level
Summer
Sequence
Repetition0
I
Q
I
Q
32-symbol bi-OrthogonalMAC cover
SignalPoint
Mapping
Sequence
Repetition(factor=4)
I
Q
Walsh
Chip LevelSummer Q
RAchannel
gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition(xRAB len)
DRC LockChannel
Gain
RPCChannel
Gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition
(xDRCLlen)
Walsh Cover W264
MAC Index Walsh Cover
0
I
Q
Walsh Cover 0
SignalPoint
Mapping
TDMT
imeDivisionMultiplexer
ToQuadratu
reSpreadingan
dModulation
IWalshChannels
QWa
lshChannels
DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATA DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATAPRBL
I
Example Subpacket: 1536 Data Modulation Symbols (1 slot, 614.4 Kb/s)
Data(modulation
symbols)
MACchannelRA bits
MAC RPC bits A
MAC channelDRC Lock symbols
Pilot Channel (all 0s)
Preamble
336 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chipsSlot 1024 chips Slot 1024 chips
64
4. Send MAC Channel Part 1A
-
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72/172
7-2008 340 - 72Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
scrambler
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK16QAM
Modulator
SequenceRepetition,
SignalPuncturing
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
Walsh
Chip Level
Summer
Sequence
Repetition0
I
Q
I
Q
32-symbol bi-OrthogonalMAC cover
SignalPoint
Mapping
Sequence
Repetition(factor=4)
I
Q
Walsh
Chip LevelSummer Q
RAchannel
gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition(xRAB len)
DRC LockChannel
Gain
RPCChannel
Gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition
(xDRCLlen)
Walsh Cover W264
MAC Index Walsh Cover
0
I
Q
Walsh Cover 0
SignalPoint
Mapping
TDMT
imeDivisionMultiplexer
ToQuadratu
reSpreadingan
dModulation
IWalshChannels
QWa
lshChannels
DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATA DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATAPRBL
I
Example Subpacket: 1536 Data Modulation Symbols (1 slot, 614.4 Kb/s)
Data(modulation
symbols)
MACchannelRA bits
MAC RPC bits A
MAC channelDRC Lock symbols
Pilot Channel (all 0s)
Preamble
336 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chipsSlot 1024 chips Slot 1024 chips
64
5. Send Pilot First Half SlotA
-
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73/172
7-2008 340 - 73Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
scrambler
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK16QAM
Modulator
SequenceRepetition,
SignalPuncturing
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
Walsh
Chip Level
Summer
Sequence
Repetition0
I
Q
I
Q
32-symbol bi-OrthogonalMAC cover
SignalPoint
Mapping
Sequence
Repetition(factor=4)
I
Q
Walsh
Chip LevelSummer Q
RAchannel
gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition(xRAB len)
DRC LockChannel
Gain
RPCChannel
Gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition
(xDRCLlen)
Walsh Cover W264
MAC Index Walsh Cover
0
I
Q
Walsh Cover 0
SignalPoint
Mapping
TDMT
imeDivisionMultiplexer
ToQuadratu
reSpreadingan
dModulation
IWalshChannels
QWa
lshChannels
DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATA DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATAPRBL
I
Example Subpacket: 1536 Data Modulation Symbols (1 slot, 614.4 Kb/s)
Data(modulation
symbols)
MACchannelRA bits
MAC RPC bits A
MAC channelDRC Lock symbols
Pilot Channel (all 0s)
Preamble
336 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chipsSlot 1024 chips Slot 1024 chips
64
6. Send MAC Channel - Second PartA
-
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74/172
7-2008 340 - 74Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
scrambler
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK16QAM
Modulator
SequenceRepetition,
SignalPuncturing
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
Walsh
Chip Level
Summer
Sequence
Repetition0
I
Q
I
Q
32-symbol bi-OrthogonalMAC cover
SignalPoint
Mapping
Sequence
Repetition(factor=4)
I
Q
Walsh
Chip LevelSummer Q
RAchannel
gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition(xRAB len)
DRC LockChannel
Gain
RPCChannel
Gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition
(xDRCLlen)
Walsh Cover W264
MAC Index Walsh Cover
0
I
Q
Walsh Cover 0
SignalPoint
Mapping
TDMT
imeDivisionMultiplexer
ToQuadratu
reSpreadingan
dModulation
IWalshChan
nels
QWa
lshChannels
DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATA DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATAPRBL
I
Example Subpacket: 1536 Data Modulation Symbols (1 slot, 614.4 Kb/s)
Data(modulation
symbols)
MACchannelRA bits
MAC RPC bits A
MAC channelDRC Lock symbols
Pilot Channel (all 0s)
Preamble
336 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chipsSlot 1024 chips Slot 1024 chips
64
7. Send Next 800 Data SymbolsA
-
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75/172
7-2008 340 - 75Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
scrambler
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK16QAM
Modulator
SequenceRepetition,
SignalPuncturing
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
Walsh
Chip Level
Summer
Sequence
Repetition0
I
Q
I
Q
32-symbol bi-OrthogonalMAC cover
SignalPoint
Mapping
SequenceRepetition(factor=4)
I
Q
WalshChip LevelSummer Q
RAchannel
gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition(xRAB len)
DRC LockChannel
Gain
RPCChannel
Gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition
(xDRCLlen)
Walsh Cover W264
MAC Index Walsh Cover
0
I
Q
Walsh Cover 0
SignalPoint
Mapping
TDMT
imeDivisionMultiplexer
ToQuadratu
reSpreadingan
dModulation
IWalshChan
nels
QWa
lshChannels
DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATA DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATAPRBL
I
Example Subpacket: 1536 Data Modulation Symbols (1 slot, 614.4 Kb/s)
Data(modulation
symbols)
MACchannelRA bits
MAC RPC bits A
MAC channelDRC Lock symbols
Pilot Channel (all 0s)
Preamble
336 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chipsSlot 1024 chips Slot 1024 chips
64
8. Send MAC Channel Third PartA
-
7/27/2019 35713174-evdo-340
76/172
7-2008 340 - 76Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
scrambler
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK16QAM
Modulator
SequenceRepetition,
SignalPuncturing
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
Walsh
Chip Level
Summer
Sequence
Repetition0
I
Q
I
Q
32-symbol bi-OrthogonalMAC cover
SignalPoint
Mapping
SequenceRepetition(factor=4)
I
Q
WalshChip LevelSummer Q
RAchannel
gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition(xRAB len)
DRC LockChannel
Gain
RPCChannel
Gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition
(xDRCLlen)
Walsh Cover W264
MAC Index Walsh Cover
0
I
Q
Walsh Cover 0
SignalPoint
Mapping
TDMTimeDivisionMultiplexer
ToQuadratu
reSpreadingan
dModulation
IWalshChan
nels
QWa
lshChannels
DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATA DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATAPRBL
I
Example Subpacket: 1536 Data Modulation Symbols (1 slot, 614.4 Kb/s)
Data(modulation
symbols)
MACchannelRA bits
MAC RPC bits A
MAC channelDRC Lock symbols
Pilot Channel (all 0s)
Preamble
336 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chipsSlot 1024 chips Slot 1024 chips
64
9. Send Pilot Second Half-SlotA
-
7/27/2019 35713174-evdo-340
77/172
7-2008 340 - 77Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
scrambler
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK16QAM
Modulator
SequenceRepetition,
SignalPuncturing
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
Walsh
Chip Level
Summer
Sequence
Repetition0
I
Q
I
Q
32-symbol bi-OrthogonalMAC cover
SignalPoint
Mapping
SequenceRepetition(factor=4)
I
Q
WalshChip LevelSummer Q
RAchannel
gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition(xRAB len)
DRC LockChannel
Gain
RPCChannel
Gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition
(xDRCLlen)
Walsh Cover W264
MAC Index Walsh Cover
0
I
Q
Walsh Cover 0
SignalPoint
Mapping
TDMTimeDivisionMultiplexer
ToQuadratu
reSpreadingan
dModulation
IWalshChan
nels
QWa
lshChannels
DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATA DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATAPRBL
I
Example Subpacket: 1536 Data Modulation Symbols (1 slot, 614.4 Kb/s)
Data(modulation
symbols)
MACchannelRA bits
MAC RPC bits A
MAC channelDRC Lock symbols
Pilot Channel (all 0s)
Preamble
336 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chipsSlot 1024 chips Slot 1024 chips
64
10. Send MAC Channel Fourth PartA
-
7/27/2019 35713174-evdo-340
78/172
7-2008 340 - 78Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
scrambler
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK16QAM
Modulator
SequenceRepetition,
SignalPuncturing
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
Walsh
Chip Level
Summer
Sequence
Repetition0
I
Q
I
Q
32-symbol bi-OrthogonalMAC cover
SignalPoint
Mapping
SequenceRepetition(factor=4)
I
Q
WalshChip LevelSummer Q
RAchannel
gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition(xRAB len)
DRC LockChannel
Gain
RPCChannel
Gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition
(xDRCLlen)
Walsh Cover W264
MAC Index Walsh Cover
0
I
Q
Walsh Cover 0
SignalPoint
Mapping
TDMTimeDivisionMultiplexer
ToQuadratu
reSpreadingan
dModulation
IWalshChan
nels
QWa
lshChannels
DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATA DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATAPRBL
I
Example Subpacket: 1536 Data Modulation Symbols (1 slot, 614.4 Kb/s)
Data(modulation
symbols)
MACchannelRA bits
MAC RPC bits A
MAC channelDRC Lock symbols
Pilot Channel (all 0s)
Preamble
336 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chipsSlot 1024 chips Slot 1024 chips
64
11. Send Last 400 Data SymbolsA
-
7/27/2019 35713174-evdo-340
79/172
7-2008 340 - 79Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
scrambler
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK16QAM
Modulator
SequenceRepetition,
SignalPuncturing
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
Walsh
Chip Level
Summer
Sequence
Repetition0
I
Q
I
Q
32-symbol bi-OrthogonalMAC cover
SignalPoint
Mapping
SequenceRepetition(factor=4)
I
Q
WalshChip LevelSummer Q
RAchannel
gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition(xRAB len)
DRC LockChannel
Gain
RPCChannel
Gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition
(xDRCLlen)
Walsh Cover W264
MAC Index Walsh Cover
0
I
Q
Walsh Cover 0
SignalPoint
Mapping
TDMTimeDivisionMultiplexer
ToQuadratu
reSpreadingan
dModulation
IWalshChan
nels
QWa
lshChannels
DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATA DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATAPRBL
I
Example Subpacket: 1536 Data Modulation Symbols (1 slot, 614.4 Kb/s)
Data(modulation
symbols)
MACchannelRA bits
MAC RPC bits A
MAC channelDRC Lock symbols
Pilot Channel (all 0s)
Preamble
336 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chipsSlot 1024 chips Slot 1024 chips
64
One Slot on the Forward Traffic ChannelA
-
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80/172
7-2008 340 - 80Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter
DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATA DATAMAC
PILOT
MAC
DATA
336 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chipsSlot 1024 chips Slot 1024 chips
PRBL
64
Example Subpacket: 1536 Data Modulation Symbols (1 slot , 614.4 Kb/s)
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
scrambler
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK16QAM
Modulator
SequenceRepetition,
SignalPuncturing
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
Walsh
Chip Level
Summer
Data(modulation
symbols)
Sequence
Repetition0
I
Q
I
Q
32-symbol bi-OrthogonalMAC cover
SignalPoint
Mapping
SequenceRepetition(factor=4)
I
Q
WalshChip LevelSummer Q
RAchannel
gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition(xRAB len)
MACchannelRA bits
DRC LockChannel
Gain
RPCChannel
Gain
SignalPoint
Mapping
SignalPoint
Mapping
BitRepetition
(xDRCLlen)
Walsh Cover W264
MAC Index Walsh Cover
MAC RPC bits A
MAC channelDRC Lock symbols
0
I
Q
Walsh Cover 0
SignalPoint
MappingPilot Channel (all 0s)
TDMTimeDivisionMultiplexer
ToQuadratu
reSpreadingan
dModulation
IWalshChan
nels
QWa
lshChannels
I
Preamble
Forward MAC ContentsAP
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Q RA: Reverse Activity
The AP must manage its reverse traffic loading to keep the noiselevel manageable
Reverse noise is directly proportional to the speed at whichmobiles transmit on the reverse link
When noise is too high, the AP can throttle back all the ATs
Q DRC Lock
This forward channel contains a stream of bits indicating whether
the network currently will allow the mobile to transmit requests onthe reverse DRC channel; timing and signal quality conditionalparameters are also involved
The DRC Lock bits and DRC Lock state is independent persector. A mobile should not transmit DRC requests to a sector
sending DRC Lock indication, but may transmit DRC requests toother sectors in its active set
Q RPC: Reverse Power Control bits instruct the mobile to increase ordecrease its transmit power by a programmable increment, in muchthe same way as in IS-2000. The rate is 600 bps.
Reverse MAC Channel Contents
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QThe Reverse MAC channel contains two streams of information
Q DRC Data Rate Control channel is used by the AT to request thedata rate and desired sector
Data rate is requested using 8-ary bi-orthogonal coding Desired sector is requested using 8-ary Walsh cover
Each DRC channel slot contains 1024 chips to facilitate reliabledetection
DRC messages start at the center of a slot to minimize thedelay between C/I estimation and the start of AP transmission
Q RRI Reverse Rate Indicator channel identifies up to 8 differentdesired reverse data transmission rates
8-ary orthogonal code is used to indicate rates
The RRI symbol is transmitted 32 times in each frame RRI symbols are inverted in the last half of the frame to make
synchronization easier
How the DRC Channel Operates
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QThe AT estimates the forward channel C/I and identifies thefeasible data rate and the requested sector to be used
QThe AT sends this information to the AP on the DRC channel
Q Only the requested sector will transmit packets to this AT
QThe requested sector sends a data packet including preamble tothe AT at the rate requested by the DRC in the immediatelypreceding slot
Q After the packet transmission is initiated, it must be continued untilthe payload has been fully transmitted
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Hybrid ARQ:
Hybrid Repeat-Request Protocol
Hybrid ARQ:
Hybrid Repeat-Request Protocol
The Hybrid ARQ Process
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Q In 1xRTT, retransmission protocolstypically work at the link layer
Radio Link Protocol (RLP)
communicates usingsignaling packets
lost data packets arentrecognized and arediscarded at the decoder
Q This method is slow and wasteful!
SYSTEM
MAClayer
Physicallayer
RLP RadioLink Protocol
Appl ication layer
LAC layer
MAClayer
Physicallayer
RLP RadioLink Protocol
CDMA2000 1xRTT
F-FCHR-FCH
Appl ication layer
LAC layer
Appl ication layer
Stream layer
Session layer
Connection layer
Security layer
MAC layer
Physicallayer
HARQprotocol
AP Access Point AT Access TerminalCDMA2000 1xEV-DO
Physicallayer
HARQprotocol
R-ACK
Appl ication layer
Stream layer
Session layer
Connection layer
Security layer
MAC layer
F-TFC repeats
Q In 1xEV-DO, RLP functions arereplicated at the physical layer
HARQ Hybrid Repeat Request Protocol
fast physical layer ACK bits
Chase Combining of multiple
repeats unneeded repeats pre-empted
by positive ACK
Q This method is fast and efficient!
The Hybrid ARQ Process
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Q Each physical layer data packet is encoded into subpackets
as long as the receiver does not send back anacknowledgment, the transmitter keeps sending moresubpackets, up to the maximum of the current configuration
The identity of the subpackets is known by the receiver, so itcan combine the subpackets for better decoding
Q each additional subpacket in essence contributes additional signalpower to aid in the detection of its parent packet
its hard to predict the exact power necessary for successfuldecoding in systems without HARQ
the channel changes rapidly during transmission
various estimation errors (noise, bias, etc.)
exact needed SNR is stochastic, even on a static channel!Q In effect, HARQ sends progressively more energy until there is just
enough and the packet is successfully decoded
Construction of a Forward Link Packet
bit b l
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Q Physical Layer Packets encoded, interleaved, broken into subpackets
each subpacket is a unique coded representation of the packet
Q Each subpacket is sent independently during one slot
Subpackets are sent in sequential order with a three-slot gap betweensuccessive subpackets
Sub-packet
0
Sub-packet
1
Sub-packet
2
Sub-packet
3
Sub-packet
0
Data
PacketEncoding
Inter-
leaving
bits symbols
PacketSubpacket
00
otherpkts
01
02
03
10
otherpkts
otherpkts.
otherpkts.
otherpkts.
otherpkts.
otherpkts.
otherpkts
otherpkts
otherpkts
otherpkts
otherpkts
One Slot
Forward
ChannelTraffic
QThe receiver combines successive subpackets until it finally decodes thecomplete packet contents
then sends an ACKto cancel any remaining unneeded subpackets
this Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) process gives incremental redundancy
Multislot Packet Timing, Normal Termination
User A diff A A A Adiff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diffAP
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Q AT selects sector, sends request for data
Q AP starts sending next packet, one subpacket at a time
Q After each subpacket, AT either NAKs or AKs on ACK channel
Q In this example,
AP transmits all 4 scheduled subpackets of packet #0 beforethe AT is finally able to decode correctly and send AK
then the AP can begin packet #1, first subpacket
One Slot
UserPacketSubpacket
A00
diff.user
A01
A02
A03
A10
R-DRC
F-Traffic
R-ACK
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
NAK NAK NAK AK!
AP
AT1/2 Slotoffset
decode
decide
prepare
NAK
decode
decide
prepare
NAK
decode
decide
prepare
NAK
decode
decide
prepare
NAK
Multislot Packet Timing, Early Termination
UserP k t A0 diff A0 A1 A1 A2diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diffAP UserP k t A0 diff A0diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff
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Q AT selects sector, sends request for dataQ AP starts sending next packet, one subpacket at a time
Q After each subpacket, AT either NAKs or AKs on ACK channel
Q In this example,
AT is able to successfully decode packet #0 after receivingonly the first two subpackets
AT sends ACK. AP now continues with first subpacket ofpacket #1
NAK NAK AK!
UserPacketSubpacket
A00
diff.user
A01
A10
A11
A20
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
AK!
AP
AT
One Slot
UserPacketSubpacket
A00
diff.user
A01
R-DRC
F-Traffic
R-ACK
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
diff.user
NAK NAK AK!
1/2 Slotoffset
decode
decide
prepare
NAK
decode
decide
prepare
NAK
decode
decide
prepare
NAK
decode
decide
prepare
NAK
Packet 0
Multiple ARQ Instances
bits symbols
A
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Packet 0Subpackets
Q Definition: Number of ARQ Instances the maximum number of packets that may be in transit simultaneously
sometimes also called the number of ARQ channels
QThis figure and the preceding page appear to show 4 ARQ instances
Q Packets in the different ARQ instances may be for the same user (the most common situation)
may be for different users (determined by QOS and scheduling)
Q Destination mobile knows its packets by their preamble
0 1 2 3
Data
Packets
Encoding
and
Scrambling
Inter-
leaving
bits symbols
PacketSubpacket
00
1.0
01
02
03
2.0
3.0
1.1
2.1
3.1
1.2
2.2
3.2
1.3
2.3
3.3
One Slot
Forward
ChannelTraffic
Packet 0
Multiple ARQ Instances
bits symbols
Packet 1
A
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