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Korean TextbookFor beginners through slightly advanced.

ContentsArticlesChapter 1- Basics 1

Korean 1Korean/ Alphabet 4Korean/ RWP 6Korean/ Principles of Orthography 7Korean/ Essential Pronunciation Rules 11Korean/ Advanced Pronunciation Rules 15Korean/ Mini- tutorial Lesson 18Korean/ Getting started on Hanjas 25

Chapter 2- Grammar 28

Korean/ Grammar Introduction 28Korean/ Personal pronouns 28Korean/ Demonstrative pronouns 30Korean/ Adjectives 32Korean/ Verbs 33Korean/ Conjunctions 37Korean/ Postpositions 38Korean/ Sentence word order 39Korean/ Comparatives and superlatives 43Korean/ Questions 44Korean/ Commands 45Korean/ Dates and times 46

Chapter 3-Vocabulary 47

Korean/ Expert Hanja 47Korean/ Expert 49

Chapter 4- Conversation Level I 55

Korean/ Lesson I1 55Korean/ Lesson I2 58Korean/ Lesson I3 62Korean/ Lesson I4 64Korean/ Lesson I5 65

Korean/ Lesson I6 66Korean/ Lesson I7 68Korean/ Lesson I8 68Korean/ Lesson I9 69Korean/ Lesson I10 70

Chapter 5- Conversation Level II 71

Korean/ Lesson II1 71Korean/ Lesson II2 72Korean/ Lesson II3 73Korean/ Lesson II4 73Korean/ Lesson II5 74Korean/ Lesson II6 74Korean/ Lesson II7 75Korean/ Lesson II8 75Korean/ Lesson II9 76Korean/ Lesson II10 76

Chapter 6- Conversation Level III 77

Korean/ Lesson III1 77Korean/ Lesson III2 78Korean/ Lesson III3 80Korean/ Lesson III4 80Korean/ Lesson III5 81Korean/ Lesson III6 81Korean/ Lesson III7 82Korean/ Lesson III8 82

ReferencesArticle Sources and Contributors 84Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 86

Article LicensesLicense 87

1

Chapter 1- Basics

Korean

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계:

AdvancedGrammar

III This is a Category III Language.

Welcome to the Korean Wikibook, a free textbook for learning Korean.Note: To use this book, your web browser must first be configured to display Korean (Hangeul) characters. Checkthe two boxes below:

ㄱㄴㄷㄹㅁㅂㅅㅇㅈㅎ 안녕하세요

The boxes show Hangeul characters and jamo. If symbols appear as blank boxes, garbage, or question marks (?),your computer or web browser needs to be configured for the Korean language.

IntroductionKorean is the official language of both Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and Republic ofKorea (South Korea). It is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture.Worldwide, there are about 80 million Korean speakers, most of which live in China, Japan or the United States, butthey also represent sizeable minorities in New Zealand, Kazakhstan, Canada, Uzbekistan and Australia.In the Republic of Korea, the language is most often called 한국말 (Han-gung-mal), or more formally, 한국어(Han-gug-eo) or 국어 (Gug-eo; literally "national language"). In North Korea and Yanbian, the language is mostoften called 조선말 (Chosŏnmal), or more formally, 조선어 (Chosŏnŏ).Experts are still not completely sure of the origins of the Korean language, although it is generally believed to comefrom the Altaic language tree. It is an agglutinative language, so it has some certain special characteristics that areunlike English. A student of Chinese languages will quickly notice that Korean shares much of their vocabulary,while a Japanese student will also notice similarities in grammar and vocabulary.Feel free to use English Wiktionary's Korean language Category as a reference for these courses. New students tothis type of language may initially progress slowly, but as study progresses, previously unfamiliar aspects of Koreanwill begin to make sense and new concepts will be more easily learned. Korean grammar is complex but surprisinglyalso very simple, and always very fun to learn.

Korean 2

Reading and writing• Alphabet Introduction• Learn to read, write and pronounce Korean (course)• /Principles of Orthography/• /Essential Pronunciation Rules/• /Advanced Pronunciation Rules/• /Mini-tutorial Lesson/• /Getting started on Hanjas/

Grammar

• Introduction to Korean Grammar • Conjunctions• Personal pronouns • Postpositions• Demonstrative pronouns • Sentence word order• Adjectives • Comparatives & superlatives• Verbs • Forming questions• Articles & qualifiers • Forming commands

• Forming dates & times

Vocabulary• Expert Hanja Hanja Terms for Expert Level Learners• Expert Terms for Expert Level Learners

Conversation

1단계 (LEVEL I): Beginner

• 1. Greeting

안녕하세요?• 2. Forming sentences

저는 대학생입니다.• 3. Connective Particles and Forms

-고, -거나, -지만• 4. Colors / Shopping

파랑, 빨강, 노랑• 5. In a taxi / Distance and Time

택시 / 거리와 시간• 6. Family

가족 • 7. Around the house

집안 • 8. The workplace / Using the telephone

직장 • 9. School

학교 • 10. Onomatopoeia

의성어

2단계 (LEVEL II): High beginner

• 1. Sports

운동 • 2. Jobs

직업 • 3. Downtown

도심 • 4. Public transportation

대중교통 • 5. At the hotel

호텔에서 • 6. At the library

도서관에서 • 7. At the farm

시골에서 • 8. Medical care

병원에서 • 9. The Weather

날씨 • 10. At the Theater

영화관에서

Korean 3

3단계 (LEVEL III): Lowintermediate

• 1. The human body

인간의 몸 • 2. Religion

종교 • 3. Nature

자연 • 4. The universe

우주 • 5. Reading a book

독서 • 6. How much do you love me?

날 얼마나 사랑해?• 7. Using computers

컴퓨터 사용하기 • 제8과• 제9과• 제10과

4단계 (LEVEL IV): High intermediate

• 제1과• 제2과• 제3과• 제4과• 제5과• 제6과• 제7과• 제8과• 제9과• 제10과

5단계 (LEVEL V): Low advanced

• 제1과• 제2과• 제3과• 제4과• 제5과• 제6과• 제7과• 제8과• 제9과• 제10과

6단계 (LEVEL VI): Advanced

• 제1과: 마침 제 친구가 전화했기에 망정이지 그렇지 않았으면 비행기를 놓칠뻔했어요.

• 제2과• 제3과• 제4과• 제5과• 제6과• 제7과• 제8과• 제9과• 제10과

About this Book

About the Authors• Authors

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계:

AdvancedGrammar

Korean 4

References[1] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Korean/ Navigation

Korean/ Alphabet

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Learn Korean (Introduction)Reading and writing — Course • Principles of Orthography • Essential Pronunciation Rules • Advanced Pronunciation Rules

Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계:AdvancedGrammar

IntroductionThe Korean alphabet, known as Hangeul (한글, "great script"), is considered one of the most efficient and logicalwriting systems in the world.[citation needed] While most modern alphabets evolved from earlier hieroglyphics orideographs, 한글 (Hangeul) was created specifically to make it easy to read and write the Korean language.

Although the characters of 한글 (Hangeul) may appear to be ideograms like the traditional Hanja (한자, 漢字), theyreally form an alphabet. Each block character represents one syllable and is made up of individual jamo (자모),much like the letters in the English alphabet. 한글 (Hangeul) is easy to learn because it has only 24 basic jamo.

See Wikipedia's entries on Hangul and Hanja for more about the history and design of the Korean writingsystems.

Consonants

14 Korean consonants

Below are the consonants (자음) of the Korean alphabet. You don'tneed to memorize them yet because individual lessons will cover eachletter in detail. For now, just be aware that the Korean alphabet has tenbasic consonants and nine variations on them:

Korean/Alphabet 5

Consonant jamo

Basic예사소리

Letter (jamo) ㄱ ㄴㄷ ㄹ ㅁㅂ ㅅㅇ ㅈ ㅎRomanizationPronunciation

g or k[g] or[k]

n[n]

d or t[d] or[t]

r or l[ɾ] or[l]

m[m]

b or p[b] or[p]

s[s]

- or ngsilent or [ŋ]

j or ch[ʥ] or[ʨ]

h[h]

Aspirated거센소리

Letter (jamo) ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅊRomanizationPronunciation

k[kʰ]

t[tʰ]

p[pʰ]

ch[ʨʰ]

Tense된소리

Letter (jamo) ㄲ ㄸ ㅃ ㅆ ㅉRomanizationPronunciation

gg or kk[k͈]

dd or tt[t͈]

bb or pp[p͈]

ss[s͈]

jj[ʨ͈]

Notice that some consonants have two different pronunciations (e.g. ㄱ pronounced as /g/ or /k/ depending oncontext). Also, some are "aspirated" and some are "tense". Those details and more are explained in ../EssentialPronunciation Rules/.

Vowels

6 Korean regular vowels: diphthongs in red

There are 21 letters used to represent vowels: six basic vowels, ninecombinations of those six basic vowels (which originally were allpronounced as diphthongs), and six vowels with an extra short dashrepresenting the initial y [j] sound.

Vowel jamo

Letter (jamo) ㅏㅑㅓㅕㅗㅛㅜㅠㅡㅣRomanizationPronunciation

a[a]

ya[ja]

eo[ʌ]

yeo[jʌ]

o[o]

yo[jo]

u[u]

yu[ju]

eu[ɯ]

i[i]

Letter (jamo) ㅐㅒㅔㅖㅚ ㅟ ㅢRomanizationPronunciation

ae[ɛ]

yae[jɛ]

e[e]

ye[je]

oe[wø]

wi[wi]

ui[ɰi]

Letter (jamo) ㅘ ㅝ

Korean/Alphabet 6

RomanizationPronunciation

wa[wa]

wo[wʌ]

Letter (jamo) ㅙ ㅞRomanizationPronunciation

wae[wɛ]

we[we]

End of introductionTo learn how to read, write, and pronounce each Korean letter, proceed to the Read, Write, and Pronounce Koreancourse.

[panel edit [1]]Other languages...

Learn Korean (Introduction)Reading and writing — Course • Principles of Orthography • Essential Pronunciation Rules • Advanced Pronunciation Rules

Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate •5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: Advanced

Grammar

Korean/ RWP

Learn Korean (Introduction)Read, write, pronounce Korean:

Course — Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6 • SummaryOrthography • Essential Pronunciation Rules • Advanced Pronunciation Rules

Grammar • Conversation

Welcome to a course teaching you how to read, write and pronounce the Korean script! Here you will learn the scriptwithout difficulty, because we're taking it step by step and you will have plenty of opportunities to practise. So divein!• Lesson 1 (first four letters: ㅂㅏㄴㅇ)• Lesson 2 (four more letters: ㅁㅣㄹㄱ)• Lesson 3 (final ㅇ and four more letters: ㅗㄷㅅ一)• Lesson 4 (the last basic letters: ㅜㅓㅔㅐㅎㅈ)• Lesson 5 (aspiration, diphthongs)• Lesson 6 (doubled letters, more digraphs)• Summary

Korean/RWP 7

External links• Learn to read, write and pronounce Korean [1]: A continuation of this course copied on a private (non-wiki) site.

See [[]] for more details.

References[1] http:/ / www. learnlangs. com/ RWP/ Korean/

Korean/ Principles of Orthography

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Learn Korean (Introduction)Reading and writing — Course • Principles of Orthography • Essential Pronunciation Rules • Advanced Pronunciation Rules

Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계:AdvancedGrammar

IntroductionThe Korean writing system (Hangeul) has some basic principles that are easy to master.

Writing Korean letters

ConsonantsWhen writing Korean consonants (자음, jaeum), the general rule is to start at the top left corner and work down tothe bottom right. The topmost horizontal stroke is usually first, followed by any vertical strokes. The images belowshow the generally accepted stroke order:

For double characters, such as ㅃ and ㅉ, simply write the corresponding single character twice, close together, usingthe same stroke order. Once proficiency in writing has been developed, one may develop shortcuts or different formsof short-hand or cursive, for personal use. For example, ㄹ is often written similar to a backwards S as one stroke.

Korean/Principles of Orthography 8

VowelsWith vowels (모음, moeum), the general rule is to move from left to right and top to bottom. If the character is adigraph with both horizontal and vertical components, the horizontal vowel is written first, followed by theappending vertical vowel to the right:

SyllablesIn Hangeul, words are divided into blocks of characters, each block representing one syllable. For example, the wordfor the Korean dietary staple, kimchi, has two syllables and is thus divided into two blocks of hangul characters:

Letter (jamo): ㄱㅣㅊㅣ=> 김 치ㅁ

Romanization: g im

ch i 김치(gimchi)

In modern Korean, no jamo may stand alone. Instead, they are grouped into syllables, each with an initial consonantcluster (초성), a medial vowel or diphthong (중성), and optionally a final consonant cluster (종성).The placement or "stacking" of jamo in the block follows set patterns based on the shape of the medial.• The components of complex jamo such as ㅄ or ㅝ are written left to right.• Medials are written under the initial, to the right, or wrap around the initial from bottom to right, depending on

their shape: If the medial has a horizontal axis like ㅡ eu, then it is written under the initial; if it has a vertical axislike ㅣ i, then it is written to the right of the initial; and if it combines both orientations, like ㅢ ui, then it wrapsaround the initial from the bottom to the right:

initial medial initial

medial

initial 2ndmed.

1st med.

• A final jamo, if there is one, is always written at the bottom, under the medial:

initial medial

final

initial

medial

final

initial 2ndmed.

1st med.

final

Blocks are always written in phonetic order, initial-medial-final. The direction of the medial (horizontal or vertical)governs the placement of the initial. These are the basic rules:• Syllables with a horizontal medial are written downward: 읍• Syllables with a vertical medial and simple final are written clockwise: 쌍• Syllables with a wrapping medial switch direction (down-right-down): 된• Syllables with a complex final are written left to right at the bottom: 밟

Korean/Principles of Orthography 9

Initial consonant placeholderWhen a syllable has no actual initial consonant, the null initial ㅇ (called 이응, ieung) is used as a placeholder. (Noplaceholder is needed when there is no final.)Examples:• 오이 (oi, "cucumber")• 왕 (wang, "king")

Horizontal medialsIn a syllable with a horizontal medial (ㅛ, ㅗ, ㅡ, ㅜ, or ㅠ), the initial is written first, followed by the medial belowit. With ㄱ, the vowels look like this: 교, 고, 그, 구, 규. Any other consonant behaves the same: 표, 소, 드, 부, 류.Notice how the protruding lines in each vowel nestle into any empty spaces in the consonant above it, particularlywith ㄱ and ㅅ.

Vertical medialsIn a syllable with a vertical medial (ㅑ, ㅏ, ㅕ, ㅓ, ㅣ, ㅐ, ㅔ, ㅒ, or ㅖ), the initial is written to the left of the vowel.With ㄱ, the vowels look like this: 갸, 가, 겨, 거, 기.

Wrapping medialsIf the vowel is a wrapping medial (i.e. written with the digraphs ㅘ, ㅝ, ㅚ, ㅟ, ㅢ, ㅙ, or ㅞ), the initial is always inthe top-left area, with the diphthong surrounding the consonant on the bottom and right sides. With ㄱ, the vowelslook like this: 과, 궈, 괴, 귀, 긔, 괘, 궤. Notice how ㅗ fits into spaces of the consonant above it.

FinalsIn a syllable with a final (받침, batchim), the initial and medial are written in the top of the block, as describedabove, and the final is written below them. In few cases, a syllable will contain two finals, the final written below issimply the two characters next to each other.

Practice

Practice 1Combine the following jamo into Korean characters. Click "Show" to check your answers:

Practice 2Write the following Korean words:

Practice 3Write the following Korean words:

Practice 4Write the following Korean words:

Compounds of 2Complete this table. Or if you feel you are proficient enough, you can complete it until satisfied. Who's gonna know?

Korean/Principles of Orthography 10

Compounds of 3

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Korean/Principles of Orthography 11

Learn Korean (Introduction)Reading and writing — Course • Principles of Orthography • Essential Pronunciation Rules • Advanced Pronunciation Rules

Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate •5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: Advanced

Grammar

Korean/ Essential Pronunciation Rules

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Learn Korean (Introduction)Reading and writing — Course • Principles of Orthography • Essential Pronunciation Rules • Advanced Pronunciation Rules

Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계:AdvancedGrammar

IntroductionNote: If you are not aware of the general interpretations of the Korean alphabet, please first read Alphabet beforecontinuing.

This page uses the International Phonetic Alphabet to transcribe pronunciation. All text within square brackets[skwɛər ˈbrækət̩s] uses that system. See the Wikipedia entry on IPA for more information.

The few essential pronunciation rules and exceptions in this lesson will improve your accuracy in speaking andinterpreting Korean.

Plain, aspirated, and tenseIn English, certain pairs of consonants, like p/b, t/d, s/z, and k/g, have a pronunciation that differs mostly in whetherthey are voiced or voiceless. Korean consonants do not have that same distinction, but rather differ according towhether they are "plain", "aspirated", or "tense".

Some consonant jamo are plain, some aspirated, some tense:

Basic예사소리

Letter (jamo) ㄱ ㄷ ㅂ ㅅㅈRomanizationPronunciation

g or k[g] or[k]

d or t[d] or[t]

b or p[b] or[p]

s[s]

j or ch[ʥ] or[ʨ]

Aspirated거센소리

Letter (jamo) ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅊRomanizationPronunciation

k[kʰ]

t[tʰ]

p[pʰ]

ch[ʨʰ]

Tense된소리

Letter (jamo) ㄲ ㄸ ㅃ ㅆㅉRomanizationPronunciation

gg or kk[k͈]

dd or tt[t͈]

bb or pp[p͈]

ss[s͈]

jj[ʨ͈]

Korean/Essential Pronunciation Rules 12

Aspirated consonants (ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, and ㅊ) are pronounced with a burst of air that does not accompany their plaincounterparts. To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, put a hand or a lit candle infront of your mouth and say "tore" ([tʰɔɹ]) and then "store" ([stɔɹ]). You should either feel a puff of air or see aflicker of the candle flame with "tore" that does not appear with "store". In English, the t should be aspirated in"tore" and unaspirated in "store". In Korean, the aspirated consonants are like the t in "tore", in that you must expel aburst of air to say them correctly.Tense consonants (ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, and ㅉ) are said with a harder, stiffer voice than their plain counterparts. Withthese "tense" consonants, the diaphragm, glottis, and tongue are tense. For example, imagine you were to say "duck!"kind of loudly. The hard d sound in "duck!" is like the sound made by the Korean ㄸ.

ㄹ (rieul)Proper pronunciation of the Korean letter ㄹ takes some practice for most English speakers. It is pronounced sort oflike a half r and half l sound. Specifically, it is either an alveolar tap or an alveolar lateral approximant, depending onthe following sound. While difficult at first, mastery is fairly easy.

Initial, Middle, and Final ConsonantsKorean alphabet charts have two tables: initial sounds, and final sounds. The sound of a Korean consonant canchange slightly when it is preceded or followed by another consonant. For example, ㄱ can be pronounced as avoiced sound (the English g) or voiceless (like the English k). To know how to pronounce such letters, it's importantto know the difference between an initial, a medial, and a final consonant.

Initial ConsonantAn initial consonant is any consonant at the beginning of a word. Initial consonants (especially at the beginning ofsentences and phrases) are usually pronounced voiceless. For example the ㅈ in the word 저 ("I") is typicallyvoiceless, especially as first word of a sentence. That makes it sound more like "ch" than "j" to an English speaker.The consonants that follow this rule are ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅈ, and ㅂ. Thus, initial ㄱ sounds more like "k" than "g", initial ㄷsounds more like "t" than "d", initial ㅈ sounds more like "ch" than "j", and initial ㅂ sounds more like "p" than "b":Examples:• 가 ([ka]): initial sound is unvoiced.• 다 ([ta]): initial sound is unvoiced.• 바 ([pa]): initial sound is unvoiced.• 자 ([ʨa], "cha"): initial sound is unvoiced.

Middle ConsonantsConsonants that come in the middle of a sentence can follow some complex sound changes, but the two mostimportant changes are whether the consonant follows another consonant or a vowel. For example, the word 막대기("stick") has a middle consonant-consonant sequence (ㄱㄷ) and a vowel-consonant sequence (ㅐㄱ). In many cases,a middle consonant with a preceding consonant becomes slightly more tensified, meaning a "tighter, stronger"pronunciation. So the ㄷ becomes a slightly harder "d" ([d̬]), but the second ㄱ is pronounced "normally" ([g]). Thesame consonants listed in the section above (ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅈ, and ㅂ) are also mainly the ones that follow this rule.Examples:• 막대기 ([mak̚d̬ɛːgi]): Middle consonant ㄷ follows another consonant, so it is more tense.• 막대기 ([mak̚d̬ɛːgi]): Middle consonant ㄱ follows another vowel, so it has the standard pronunciation.

Korean/Essential Pronunciation Rules 13

Final ConsonantsA final consonant is a consonant that either ends a word, or is preceded by another consonant. Examples are found in밥 ([pap̚], "rice") and 식사 ([ɕik̚sa], "meal"). Notice that ㅂ is the final letter in 밥. This causes its pronunciation toshorten to an unreleased stop, like the p in the English word "apt" ([æp̚t]). The ㄱ in 식사 also has a similar change.It's pronounced similar to the c in the English word "act" ([æk̚t]). ㄱ,ㄷ,ㅈ, and ㅂ follow this rule in final position.Other consonants can sometimes follow more complex rules. Some of them will be discussed here, but many arevery complex and will be discussed in the ../Advanced Pronunciation Rules/ section.Examples:• 밥 ([pap̚], bap): Final consonant ㅂ is at the end of the word, so it sounds tensed and abbreviated.• 식사 ([ɕik̚sa]): Final consonant ㄱ is followed by another consonant, so it sounds tensed and abbreviated.

ㅇ (ieung)ㅇ (ieung) is a special letter in Korean, because sometimes it makes a sound and sometimes it doesn't. This isdetermined by whether it is in the initial, middle, or final position.• In initial position, such as in the word 엄마 ([ʌmma], "mother") ㅇ is not pronounced, and the vowel becomes the

initial sound.• In the middle position, there are two possibilities.

• When ㅇ follows a final consonant, that preceding consonant replaces ㅇ. For example, 한국어 (Hangugeo,"Korean language") has an ㅇ following the final consonant ㄱ in 국 . That ㄱ is pronounced as if it replacesthe initial ㅇ of the following syllable, thus the word is pronounced as if it were written "한구거" [hangugʌ].

• However, when ㅇ is not preceded by a consonant, such as in the word 아이 ([ai], "child"), it is silent.• Finally, if ㅇ is in the final position, such as in 강 ([kaŋ], "river") or 영어 ([jʌŋʌ], "English language"), then it is

pronounced [ŋ], similar to the ng in the English word "sing".Examples:• 엄마 ([ʌmma]): ㅇ in initial position is not pronounced.• 한국어 ([hangugʌ]): ㅇ in middle position with preceding consonant is replaced by the consonant (한국어 ->

"한구거").• 아이 ([ai]): ㅇ in middle position with no preceding consonant is silent.• 강 ([kaŋ]): ㅇ in final position is similar to ng sound.

Final-initial pairs ㄴㄹ and ㄹㄹThe final-initial pairs ㄴㄹ and ㄹㄹ each become [ll] (or for some speakers, [ɭl]):Examples:• 몰라 ([molla], low form for "don't know")• 곤란 ([kollan], "troubles, difficulty")• 원래 ([wʌllɛ], "originally")Note that the final-initial pair ㄴㄴ does not follow this rule. Each ㄴ in ㄴㄴ retains its natural sound ([n̚n]).

Korean/Essential Pronunciation Rules 14

T-stopsThere are a few consonants that, when are in final position, are pronounced [t̚] (an unreleased t, like in the Englishword "atlas"). These characters are: ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅆ, ㅈ, ㅊ, and ㅌ:• 맛 ([mat̚], "flavor, taste")• 꽃 ([g̬ot̚], "flower")• 끝 ([g̬ɯt̚], "end")• 돋보기 ([tot̚pogi], "magnifying glass")• 맞다 ([mat̚da], "to correct")• 있다 ([it̚da], "to exist")However, if an ㅇ (ieung) follows a t-stop letter, then the normal sound is simply carried over:• 맛이 ([maɕi], as if it were spelled "마시")

ExercisePronounce the following:

Next stepsIf you want to know more about specific pronunciation rules, then you can read more in the ../AdvancedPronunciation Rules/ section. Otherwise, you are ready to start learning Korean vocabulary and grammar!

[panel edit [1]]Other languages...

Learn Korean (Introduction)Reading and writing — Course • Principles of Orthography • Essential Pronunciation Rules • Advanced Pronunciation Rules

Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate •5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: Advanced

Grammar

Korean/Advanced Pronunciation Rules 15

Korean/ Advanced Pronunciation Rules

[panel edit [1]]

Other languages...

Learn Korean (Introduction)Reading and writing — Course • Principles of Orthography • Essential Pronunciation Rules • Advanced Pronunciation Rules

Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계:AdvancedGrammar

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Medials• ㅗㅏ becomes ㅘ• ㅜㅓ becomes ㅝ

FinalsThe sounds of some final consonants (받침, batchim) are different from their sounds as initials.Only seven consonant sounds are found at the end of syllables.In general, obstruents before nasals are assimilated to nasals, while keeping the same place of articulation as before:Notice the pattern: 1) ㄱ, ㅋ becomes ㅇ 2) The 't-stops' ㄷ,ㅅ,ㅆ,ㅈ,ㅊ,ㅌ,ㅎ becomes ㄴ 3) ㅂ, ㅍ becomes ㅁ• ㄱㄴ becomes ㅇㄴ

ex) 격노하다(to be incensed), pronounced [경노]

• ㄱㅁ becomes ㅇㅁ

ex) 국물 (broth), pronounced [궁물]

• ㅋㄴ becomes ㅇㄴ

ex) not common

• ㅋㅁ becomes ㅇㅁ

ex) 부엌문 (kitchen door), pronounced [부엉문]

• ㄷㄴ becomes ㄴㄴ

ex) 닫는 (closing, present participle form), pronounced [단는]

• ㄷㅁ becomes ㄴㅁ

ex) not common

• ㅅㄴ becomes ㄴㄴ

ex) 덧니 (snaggletooth), pronounced [던니]

• ㅆㄴ becomes ㄴㄴ• ㅅㅁ becomes ㄴㅁ

ex) 옷맵시 (line of cloth, style), pronounced [온맵씨]

Korean/Advanced Pronunciation Rules 16

• ㅈㄴ becomes ㄴㄴ

ex) 젖니 (baby tooth), pronounced [전니]

• ㅈㅁ becomes ㄴㅁ

ex) 낮말, pronounced (난말)

• ㅊㄴ becomes ㄴㄴ

not common

ex) 옻나무 (lacquer tree), pronounced [온나무]

• ㅊㅁ becomes ㄴㅁ

not common

ex) 옻물 (lacquer sap), pronounced (온물)

• ㅌㄴ becomes ㄴㄴ

ex) not common

• ㅌㅁ becomes ㄴㅁ

ex) 낱말 (a word), pronounced (난말)

• ㅎㄴ becomes ㄴㄴ

ex) 놓는 (putting down, participle form), pronounced (논는)

• ㅎㅁ becomes ㄴㅁ

ex) not common

• ㅂㄴ becomes ㅁㄴ

ex) 굽는 (roasting, participle form), pronounced (굼는)

ex) 줍는 (picking up, participle form), pronounced (줌는)

• ㅂㅁ becomes ㅁㅁ

ex) 업무 (duties), pronounced (엄무)

• ㅍㄴ becomes ㅁㄴ

ex) 엎는 (flipping, participle form), pronounced (엄는)

ex) 덮는 (covering, participle form), pronounced (덤는)

• ㅍㅁ becomes ㅁㅁ

ex) not common

Some combinations involve aspiration:• ㄱㅎ becomes ㅋ

ex) 북한 (North Korea), pronounced (부칸)

ex) 익숙한 (familiar), pronounced (익쑤칸)

ex) 착한 (good-natured), pronounced (차칸)

ex) 악한 (evil), pronounced (아칸)

Korean/Advanced Pronunciation Rules 17

• ㅎㄱ becomes ㅋ• ㅎㄷ becomes ㅌ• ㄷㅎ becomes ㅌ• ㅂㅎ becomes ㅍ• ㅎㅂ becomes ㅍ• ㅈㅎ becomes ㅊ• ㅎㅈ becomes ㅊ• ㅎㅅ becomes ㅆ• ㄱ ㅅ becomes ㅆSome combinations involve palatalization:• ㄷ이 becomes 지• ㅌ이 becomes 치Some involve complex assimilation/alterations:• ㄱㄹ becomes ㅇㄴ• ㄴㄹ becomes ㄹㄹ, or sometimes ㄴㄴ• ㅁㄹ becomes ㅁㄴ• ㅇㄹ becomes ㅇㄴ• ㅂㄹ becomes ㅁㄴ

받침 followed by ㅇ: replace ㅇ with 받침 (use second 받침 if there are two). Otherwise, 받침 followed byconsonant:• ㄱ, ㅋ: like ㄱ• ㄴ: like ㄴ• ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅌ, ㅎ: like ㄷ• ㄹ: like /l/• ㅁ: like ㅁ• ㅂ, ㅍ: like ㅂ• ㅇ: like /ng/

[panel edit [1]]Other languages...

Learn Korean (Introduction)Reading and writing — Course • Principles of Orthography • Essential Pronunciation Rules • Advanced Pronunciation Rules

Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate •5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: Advanced

Grammar

Korean/Mini-tutorial Lesson 18

Korean/ Mini- tutorial Lessonunknown operator: u'strong' unknown operator: u'strong'

만남과 인사 (man-nam-gwa in-sa) - Greetings

유용한 표현 (Yoo-yong-hahn Pyo-hyun) Useful Expressions• 네(neh) = Yes• 아니오(anio)= No• 죄송하지만(joeh-song hajiman) = I am sorry, but...• 감사합니다 (gamsa hamnida) = Thank you• 천만에요 (chon-mahn-eh-yo) = You are welcome• 실례합니다 (sillye hamnida) = Excuse me• 안녕하세요 (ahn-nyong haseyo) = Hello / Hi / How are you?• 안녕히 가세요 (ahn-nyoung-hee gaseyo) = Good bye (when the other party is leaving)• 안녕히 계세요 (ahn-nyoung-hee geseyo) = Good bye (when you are leaving)• 영어를 할 줄 아십니까? (young-o-rul hahl-jool ahsimnika?) = Can you speak English?• 여기 영어를 할 줄 아는 분 계십니까? (yo-gi yong-o-rul hahl-jool anun-boon gyeh-simnika?) = Does anyone

here speaks English?• 저는 한국어를 조금밖에 못합니다 (juh-neun hangook-o-rul jogum-bakke mot-hamnida) = I speak Korean only

a little.• 성함이 어떻게 되시지요? (sung-ham-ee ottokeh dweh-sijiyo?) = What is your name?• 제 이름은 지영입니다 (jeh irum-eun Zee-Young imnida) = My name is Zee-Young• 잘 있습니다 (jal it-seumnida) = I am well.• 만나뵙게 되어서 반갑습니다 (mana bwep-ge dweh-o-so bahn-gahp-seumnida) = Nice to meet you.• 뭐라고 그러셨지요? (morago gruh-shut-jiyo?) What did you say, please?• 조금 천천히 말씀해 주세요 (jo-geum chun-chun-hee mal-sseum-hae juseyo) = Please speak a little slowly.• 충분히 이해하고 있습니다 (choong-boon-hee ee-hae-hago it-seum-nida) = I understand you/him/her/it well

enough.

mahn-sa-seo in-sa-hahl-te dae-wha• Young-Sook: ahn-nyong-ha-se-yo! yong-o-rul hahl-jool a-se-yo?• jom-won: jwe-song-hahm-nida. yong-o-rul hahl-jool mo-rum-nida.• Young-Sook: jo-do han-koo-go-rul jo-gum-ba-ke motam-nida.• jom-won: gwen-chan-soum-nida. i-hae-hahm-nida.• Hanna: ahn-nyong-ha-se-yo!• Chan-Yong: ahn-nyong-ha-se-yo! je-chin-goo Kim, Chul-Soo-si-wa in-sa-ha-sin-jeogi in-na-yo?• Hanna: up-soum-nida. cho-eum mahn-na-bwem-neun-geot ga-soum-nida.• Chan-Yong: 출수씨, 이부니이영호씨 임니다. Chul-Soo-si, i-booni Lee, Young-Ho-si im-nida.• Hanna: mahn-na-bwep-ge dwe-o-so bahn-gap-soum-nida.

Korean/Mini-tutorial Lesson 19

Hotel-e-so

yon-soup• yok-siri in-neun double-roomul won-hahm-nida.• chim-dae doo-gae-rul won-hahm-nida.• yok-siri o-di-e i-chi-yo?• 예야글 해슴니다. ye-ya-gul hae-seum-nida.• ji-nan-joo-e ye-yagul hae-seum-nida.• ye-yagi an-dwe-o in-nayo?• sook-bang-nyo-ga o-teo-ke dwep-nika?• ha-roo-e ol-ma-im-nika?• tibi poham-dwen ga-gyo-gin-ga-yo?• check-in si-ga-ni on-je-im-nika?• check-out si-ga-ni on-je-im-nika?• sin-yong card-rul ba-soum-nika?• yo-hang-ja soo-pyo-ro ji-bool-ha-go sip-soum-nida.• bahng key-rul joo-se-yo.• je o-ta-go je nam-pyon sin-sa-bo-gul da-rio-joo-se-yo.• nae-il a-chim yo-dol-si-e ke-wo-joo-si-get-soum-nika?

hotel-e-so dae-wha• Mee-Young: ahn-nyong-ha-se-yo? single-roomee in-na-yo?• front ji-gwon: ahn-nyong-ha-se-yo? myo-chil dong-an mo-moo-ru-sil• ye-jong-im-nika?• Mee-Young: ee-joo-yo.• front ji-gwon: neh, a-joo jo-eun single room-i i-soum-nida.• Mee-Young: sook-bang-nyo-ga o-teo-ke dwep-nika?• front ji-gwon: sook-bang-ryo-neun ha-roo-e pal-man-won-im-nida.• Mee-Young: jo-seum-nida.• Park, Won-Chul: ahn-nyong-ha-se-yo. je-i-reum-eun Park, Won-Chul im-nida. je roomee ye-yak dwen-go-su-ro

al-go i-seum-nida.• front ji-gwon: on-je ye-yagul ha-shut-na-yo?• Park, Won-Chul: je-ga o-je jon-wha-ro hae-neun-de-yo.• front ji-gwon: ah, gu-ro-se-yo. yo-gi it-goon-nyo. yok-siri dal-lin double room.• Park, Won-Chul: ma-seum-nida. sibil-ye-jong-im-nida.

Korean/Mini-tutorial Lesson 20

eun-haing om-moo

yon-soup• doh-nul yo-gi-so ba-kool-soo in-na-yo?• baek-bool-mahn ba-koo-go sip-seum-nida.• hwan-yoori o-teo-ke dwem-nika?• yo-haing-ja soo-pyo-rul ba-koo-go sip-soum-nida.• yo-gi yokwoni i-soum-nida.• kook-je woon-jon-myon-ho-jeung-ul gat-ko it-seum-nida.• yo-haing-ja soo-pyo-ga dul-o it-neun ji-gabul boon-sil-hait-seum-nida.• yo-haing-ja soo-pyo-rul sa-go sip-seum-nida.• eun-haing yong-up-si-gani o-teo-ke dwe-nayo?• ja-dong-hyon-geum-ji-kup-ki-ga o-di in-nayo?• do-wa-joo-shu-so gahm-sa-hahm-nida.• i-je gwen-chan-seum-nida.

eun-haing-eso dae-wha• Jung, Chul-Soo: ahn-nyong-ha-seyo. mee-kook dollar-rul won-hwa-ro ba-koo-go sip-seum-nida.• en-haing ji-gwon: ah, gu-ro-seyo. eol-mana ba-koo-si-get-seum-nika?• Jung, Chul-Soo: baek-o-sip-boo-rul ba-koo-ro-go hahm-ni-da. o-neul hwan-nyu-ri o-teo-ke dwe-na-yo?• eun-haing ji-gwon: eel-boo-re chon-ee-bae-geon im-nida.• Jang, Soo-Mee: ahn-nyong-ha-se-yo. jom do-wa-joo-seyo?• eun-haing ji-gwon: neh, moo-seun eerin-gayo?• Jang, Soo-Mee: yo-haing-ja soo-pyo-rul boon-sil-haet-seo-yo.• eun-haing ji-gwon: do-nan dang-han-geot gaht-seum-nika?• Jang, Soo-Mee: ah-nee-yo, o-neul ah-chi-me shopping-ha-da-ga boon-sil-haet-seo-yo.

ticket goo-ip

yon-seup• sa-baek-goo-sibi-bon hang-gong-pyon ye-ya-gul hwa-gin-hago sip-seum-nida.• je ticket-e dae-ha-yo moo-ro-bo-go sip-seum-nida.• je sa-baek-goo-sibi-bon hang-gong-pyon ticket-eul gat-go in-nayo?• je jwa-seogi bae-jong-dwe-eot-nayo?• Pusan-uro ga-neun ticket-eul sa-go sip-seum-nida.• ticket-ee ol-ma-in-gayo?• Pusan ga-neun da-eum gi-cha-ga myot-si-e it-seum-nika?• myot-si-e do-chak-ha-nayo?• sam-bon gate-i o-neu cho-gin-gayo?• sin-go-hal poom-mogi a-moo-geo-to up-seum-nida.• sin-go-hal poom-mogi se-ge-ba-ke up-seum-nida.• ji-kaing-in-gayo?• je si-ga-ne do-cha-ka-get-seum-nika?• on-je chak-ryuk-ha-nayo?• do-cha-gi ji-yon-dwe-ot-nayo?

Korean/Mini-tutorial Lesson 21

tieket goo-ip hal-tae dae-hwa• Song, Young-Hee: Pusan-uro ga-neun da-eum hahng-gong-pyon ticke-seul sago sip-seum-nida.• ji-gwon: economy so-gul wo-na-sip-nika, first class-rul wo-na-sip-nika?• Song, Young-Hee: economy-ro he-joo-seyo. chang-moon chok jwa-seo-gul joo-si-get-seum-nika?• ji-gwon: jwe-song-hahm-nida. chang-moon cho-gun na-ma-in-nun go-si up-go geu dae-sin bok-do-cho-gul

deu-ril-soo it-seum-nida.• Song, Young-Hee: gahm-sa-ham-nida.• Park, In-Sook: Pusan ga-neun ticke-seul doo-jang sago sip-seum-nida.• ji-gwon: il-ban-seo-geul wo-na-sim-nika, chim-dae-kah-nul wo-na-sim-nika?• Park, In-Sook: chim-dae-kah-nul joo-sip-si-yo.• ji-gwon: gi-cha-neun ee-yo-ge-seo chong-kak da-seo-si-e chool-bal-hahm-nida.

gil, si-gan moo-ro bo-gi

yon-seup• tok-baro ga-sip-si-yo.• ee-gi-rul ta-ra-so chook ga-sip-si-yo.• do-si-rul tok-ba-ro tong-gwa-he-so kye-sok ga-sip-si-yo.• si-nae-ro du-ro-ga-sip-si-yo.• wen-cho-gu-ro ga-sip-si-yo.• o-run-cho-gu-ro ga-sip-si-yo.• eun-heng gon-neo-pyo-nim-nida.• eun-heng yo-pim-nida.• ban-de cho-ge it-seum-nida.• mol-ji ahn-seum-nida.• hahn block-mahn ga-si-myon dwem-nida.• baro mo-toong-i-ye it-seum-nida.• geo-eui-da wa-seum-nida.• pyo-si-rul ta-ra-ga-sip-si-yo.• ee-gi-reun il-bang-tong-heng-im-nida.• ji-gum myo-si-im-nika?• chong-o in-de-yo.• cha-jong in-de-yo.• se-byok doo-si-in-de-yo.• o-hoo se-si-in-de-yo.• doo-si sam-sip-boo-nip-nida.• yo-dul-si sa-sip-o-boo-nim-nida.

Korean/Mini-tutorial Lesson 22

gi-ri-na si-ga-nul moo-ro-bol-te dae-hwa• Cho, Byong-Tae: sil-lye-hahm-nida. gi-rul ee-rut-neun-de-yo.• yo-in: o-di ga-sim-nika?• Cho, Byong-Tae: gang-nam-yo-gul chat-go it-seum-nida.• yo-in: sa-gori-e-seo o-reun-cho-gu-ro ga-sip-si-yo.• Tae-Soo: ji-gum myot-si-im-nika?• Hanna: chong-o-im-nida.• Tae-Soo: chong-mal-yo? jo-neun yol-han-si sam-sip-boo-nin-jool a-rat-so-yo.• Hanna: dang-sin si-gye-ga neut-gun-nyo.• Bora: young-hwa-ga mot-si-e si-jak-ha-na-yo?• Chang-Young: yo-dul-si sam-sip-boon-chu-me-yo.• Bora: neu-jo-so-neun ahn-dwe-nika il-gop-si sa-sip-o-boo-ne to-nap-sida.• Chang-Young: il-gop-si sam-sip-boo-ne to-na-neun-gosi deo jo-eul-geot gat-goo-nyo.

sik-dang

yon-seup• menu-rul bo-yo-joo-si-ge-so-yo?• o-neul special-ee moo-eo-sim-nika?• o-teon geo-seul gwon-ha-sim-nika?• ee-eum-si-gul jo-ah-ha-ji ahn-seum-nida.• ee-eum-si-gun neo-moo tcham-nida.• ee-eum-si-gun neo-moo tu-gop-seum-nida.• steak-eul mediumuro he-joo-sip-si-yo.• steak-eul well-done-euro he-joo-sip-si-yo.• ee-eum-si-gun je-ga joo-moon-han-go-si a-nim-nida.• a-ga-see! yo-bo-se-yo!• po-do-joo menu-rul jom joo-si-ge-so-yo?• jok-po-do-joo hahn-byong-mahn joo-sip-si-yo.• baek-po-do-joo ban-byong-mahn joo-sip-si-yo.• ji-bang maek-joo-rul han-jan joo-sip-si-yo.• ma-ti-ni han-jan joo-sip-si-yo.• gye-san-seo joo-se-yo.• yo-gi-e ti-bi po-ham-dwe-ot-seum-nika?• sin-yong card-ro ji-bool-ha-ge-seum-nida.

Korean/Mini-tutorial Lesson 23

sik-dang-e-seo dae-hwa• waitress: do-wa-deu-ril-ka-yo?• Kang son-saing-nim: yo-gi "bi-bim-bap"-i-ra-go in-neun-de i-ge moo-seun eum-si-gim-nika?• waitress: na-mool-ha-go ba-bool mae-woon go-choo-jang-e bibin go-sim-nida.• Kang son-saing-nim: jo-a-yo. i-go-su-ro ha-ge-so-yo.• waitress: ma-sil-go-seun moo-eo-suro ha-si-ge-so-yo?• Kang son-saing-nim: naeng-soo-ro joo-se-yo.• Chun son-saing-nim: mwol gwon-ha-sim-nika?• waitress: o-neul jo-nyok special-eun hong-ha-bim-nida. ba-da-e-so ba-ro o-neul ja-ba-on-go-sim-nida.• Chun son-saing-nim: geun-sa-han-geot ga-tun-de-yo. o-teo-ke yo-ri-ha-na-yo?• waitress: baek-po-do-joo-e dam-gun geot-do it-go twi-gin-geot-do it-seum-nida.• Chun son-saing-nim: twi-gin-geo-suro ha-ge-seum-nida. lemo-nul jan-tuk poo-ryo-joo-se-yo.• Kim, Soo-Kyong: sil-lye-ha-get-seum-nida.• nam-ja: neh, mal-seum-ha-se-yo.• Kim, Soo-Kyong: ee-gun-cho-e gwen-chanun sik-dang-i it-su-myun ha-na ga-ru-cho joo-si-get-seum-nika?• nam-ja: gul-se-yo, woo-rae-ogi gun-cho-e it-seum-nida.• Kim, Soo-Kyong: o-teo-ke ga-ji-yo?• nam-ja: ee-gil-lo chook ga-si-da-ga sin-ho-deumg-e-seo o-reun-cho-gu-ro ga-sin da-eum doo-block-mahn

goro-ga-si-myon dwem-nida. ga-si-da o-reun-cho-ge it-seum-nida.

soot-ja• young• hana• dool• set• net• da-seot• yo-seot• il-gop• yo-dol• a-hop• yol• yol hana• yol dool• yol set• yol net• yol da-seot• yol yo-seot• yol il-gop• yol yo-dol• yol a-hop• smool• smool hana• smool dool• so-reun

Korean/Mini-tutorial Lesson 24

• ma-heun• shwin• ye-soon• ee-reun• yo-deun• a-heun• baek

dahl• il-wol• ee-wol• sam-wol• sa-wol• o-wol• you-wol• chil-wol• pal-wol• goo-wol• si-wol• si-bil-wol• si-bi-wol

yo-il• wol-yo-il• hwa-yo-il• soo-yo-il• mo-gyo-il• geu-myo-il• to-yo-il• il-yo-il

gye-jol• bohm• yo-reum• ga-eul• gyo-eul

Korean/Getting started on Hanjas 25

Korean/ Getting started on HanjasFor beginning Korean language students, learning the hanja is not necessary. However, because so many Koreanwords come from Chinese roots, knowing hanja will be quite helpful in mastering enough vocabulary to becomefluent in Korean.

What are Hanja and why do we use them?Hanja are Chinese characters that have been borrowed into the Korean language. Like many languages, manyKorean words are composed of roots, many of which are from the Chinese language. In the quest of mastering aforeign language, learning the roots of the words is one approach for learning vocabulary.

Just how many Hanja do I need to know?There's no exact number that you need to know. Since many people learn Korean without learning the characters, itis possible to know the language without learning any characters. Around 2000 characters is a good number forlearning how to read and recognize words. The 1800 standardized Hanja set will cover the majority of the roots forthe Sino-Korean words.Below is 1 example of how Hanja can be used to remember words.*船 -- 선. Boat*漁 -- 어. Fish*夫 -- 부. Husband/father*船 -- 선. BoatIn Korean a fisherman is 어부, and fishing boat is 어선. The corresponding characters are 漁夫 and 漁船.Before we list the standard 1800 character set, you need to learn the 214 radicals that make up the characters. SeeList_of_Kangxi_radicals [1] for the list of radicals. You need to write them on flashcards and commit them tomemory. If you know the radicals, it will be easier to remember the characters and to look up unknown words in adictionary when necessary.

List of Hanja*가歌 -- song家 -- house, can also be pronounced as 고價 -- price加 -- add可 -- right, can also be pronounced as 극街 -- street假 -- pretend, can also be pronounced as 하 or 격暇 -- leisure 佳 -- beautiful架 -- shelf*각 各 -- each 角 -- horn 刻 -- carve 覺 -- awake, can also be pronounced as 교 脚 -- leg

Korean/Getting started on Hanjas 26

閣 -- pavillion 却 -- reject

*간間 -- gap干 -- shield, can also be pronounced as 건看 -- see簡 -- letter幹 -- trunk, can also be pronounced as 관懇 -- sincerity刊 -- publish肝 -- liver姦 -- adultery*갈渴 -- thirsty, can also be pronounced as 걸 or 할*감感 -- feel減 -- decrease監 -- look甘 -- sweet敢 -- daringly鑑 -- mirror*갑甲 -- armor, can also be pronounced as 압*강江 -- river强 -- strong康 -- peaceful講 -- exercise, also pronounced as 구降 -- surrender, also pronounced as 항綱 -- head rope剛 -- firm鋼 -- steel*개開 -- open改 -- change個 -- piece介 -- between槪 -- generally蓋 -- cover, also pronounced as 합慨 -- lament皆 -- all*객客 -- guest*갱更 -- again, also pronounced as 경

Korean/Getting started on Hanjas 27

*거

References[1] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ List_of_Kangxi_radicals

28

Chapter 2- Grammar

Korean/ Grammar Introduction

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계:

AdvancedGrammar: Sentence word order • Verbs • Nouns • Particles • Personal pronouns • Demonstrative pronouns • Adjectives • Determiners •

Conjunctions • Comparatives & superlatives • Forming questions • Forming commands • Forming dates & times

The Korean grammar series is being moved into the Conversation series.

Korean/ Personal pronouns

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계:

AdvancedGrammar: Sentence word order • Verbs • Nouns • Particles • Personal pronouns • Demonstrative pronouns • Adjectives • Determiners •

Conjunctions • Comparatives & superlatives • Forming questions • Forming commands • Forming dates & times

Korean pronouns pose some difficulty to speakers of English due to their complexity. The Korean language makesextensive use of speech levels and honorifics in its grammar, and Korean pronouns also change depending on thesocial distinction between the speaker and the person or persons spoken to.In general, Korean speakers avoid using second person singular pronoun, especially when using honorific forms.This is done in several ways:• Omit the subject if it can be implied by the context. Most English sentences need subjects, but not Korean

sentences do not.• Use the appropriate title. For example, talking to a teacher or certain other professionals (e.g. a manager), one

may use 선생님 (seonsaengnim, "teacher").• Use kinship terms, even to address someone who is not family:

• 언니 (eonni, "older sister"), used by females to address a slightly elder female• 누나 (nuna, "older sister"), used by males to address a slightly elder female• 오빠 (oppa, "older brother"), used by females to address a slightly elder male• 형 (hyeong, "older brother"), used by males to address a slightly elder male• 아줌마 (ajumma, "middle aged woman")• 아저씨 (ajeoshi, "middle aged man")• 할머니 (halmeoni, "grandmother")• 할아버지 (harabeoji, "grandfather")

• Use the plural 여러분 (yeoreobun, "ladies and gentlemen") where applicable.

Korean/Personal pronouns 29

• If talking to someone younger than the speaker, one may use the person's name.

Pronouns

singular plural

polite plain polite plain

first person 저 (jeo) 나 (na) 저희 (jeoheui) 우리 (uri)

second person 당신(dangshin)

너(neo)

당신들 (dangshindeul) 너희들 (neoheuideul)

third person 그 (geu) 그들 (geudeul)

third personfeminine

그녀 (geunyeo) 그녀들 (geunyeodeul)

The first and second person pronouns have both an informal and a polite (humble/honorific) form. The polite form isused when speaking to someone older or of high social status. 당신 (the plain second person singular pronoun)literally means "friend", but is only used as a form of address and is more polite than 친구 (chingu), the usual wordfor "friend". 당신 is also sometimes used as the Korean equivalent of "dear" as a form of address. Also, whereas usesof other humble forms are straightforward, 당신 must be used only in specific social contexts, such as between twomarried couples. In that way it can be used in an ironic sense when used between strangers.Of the third person pronouns, the feminine forms sound awkward and are mostly used when translating texts fromother languages. 그 was originally used for both genders and still is in conversation.

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate •

5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar: Sentence word order • Verbs • Nouns • Particles • Personal pronouns • Demonstrative pronouns • Adjectives • Determiners •

Conjunctions • Comparatives & superlatives • Forming questions • Forming commands • Forming dates & times

Korean/Demonstrative pronouns 30

Korean/ Demonstrative pronouns

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계:

AdvancedGrammar: Sentence word order • Verbs • Nouns • Particles • Personal pronouns • Demonstrative pronouns • Adjectives • Determiners •

Conjunctions • Comparatives & superlatives • Forming questions • Forming commands • Forming dates & times

Demonstrative object pronounsKorean has three demonstrative pronouns for objects:• 이것 (this, ee-guht) is used when the object is nearby the speaker.• 그것 (that, geu-guht) is used when the object is near the listener. It is also used when the speaker already

mentioned the object.• 저것 (that [over there], juh-guht) is used when the object is far from the speaker and the listener.Examples:• 이것은 이상하다: This is strange.• 그것은 이상하다: That is strange.• 저것은 이상하다: That [over there] is strange.

When 은 (the topic marker) follows those pronouns, they are often contracted as follows:• 이건: contraction of 이것은• 그건: contraction of 그것은• 저건: contraction of 저것은

Examples:• 이건 이상하다: This is strange.• 그건 이상하다: That is strange.• 저건 이상하다: That [over there] is strange.

When 이 (the subject marker) follows those pronouns, they are often contracted as follows:• 이게: contraction of 이것이• 그게: contraction of 그것이• 저게: contraction of 저것이

underline text

Korean/Demonstrative pronouns 31

Demonstrative personal pronounsKorean has three demonstrative pronouns for people.• 이분 is used when the person is nearby the speaker.• 그분 is used when the person is near the listener.• 저분 is used when the person is far from the speaker and the listener.

Demonstrative determinersAlso 이, 저, and 그 can be used in front of nouns:• 이 식사가 맛있어요.

This dish is delicious.• 그 연필을 이용해요?

Are you using that pencil?• 저 식당에 갑시다.

Lets go to that restaurant.[panel edit [1]]

Other languages...Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •

Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate •5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: Advanced

Grammar: Sentence word order • Verbs • Nouns • Particles • Personal pronouns • Demonstrative pronouns • Adjectives • Determiners •Conjunctions • Comparatives & superlatives • Forming questions • Forming commands • Forming dates & times

Korean/Adjectives 32

Korean/ Adjectives

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계:

AdvancedGrammar: Sentence word order • Verbs • Nouns • Particles • Personal pronouns • Demonstrative pronouns • Adjectives • Determiners •

Conjunctions • Comparatives & superlatives • Forming questions • Forming commands • Forming dates & times

Adjectives come in two forms in Korean. In their main form, they are inflected like verbs (i.e. with honorifics, tense,and speech levels) and come at the end of their sentence or clause.• 붉다: "(to be) red"• 푸르다: "(to be) blue"• 크다: "(to be) big"• 작다: "(to be) small"Adjectives also have a "attributive" form that ends in ㄴ (often 은). Grammatically, adjectives in this form are관형사 ("determiners"), which always come before the noun they modify.• 붉은: "red"• 푸른: "blue"• 큰: "big"• 작은: "small"Some abstract Korean nouns translate as adjectives:• 녹색: "(the color) green"

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate •

5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar: Sentence word order • Verbs • Nouns • Particles • Personal pronouns • Demonstrative pronouns • Adjectives • Determiners •

Conjunctions • Comparatives & superlatives • Forming questions • Forming commands • Forming dates & times

Korean/Verbs 33

Korean/ Verbs

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계:

AdvancedGrammar: Sentence word order • Verbs • Nouns • Particles • Personal pronouns • Demonstrative pronouns • Adjectives • Determiners •

Conjunctions • Comparatives & superlatives • Forming questions • Forming commands • Forming dates & times

IntroductionMost Korean dictionaries list verbs (동사) in a form that ends in 다(da):

• 사다: to buy • 싫어하다: to dislike/hate • 자다: to sleep• 전화하다: to call • 알다: to know • 보다: to see/watch• 만들다: to make/create • 배우다: to learn • 가르치다: to teach• 오다: to come • 좋아하다: to like • 치다: to hit• 하다: to do • 사랑하다: to love • 생각하다: to think• 마시다: to drink • 듣다: to listen/hear • 원하다: to want• 먹다: to eat • 움직이다: to move

(around)• 일어나다: to wake up

• 가다: to go • 놀다: to play • 쓰다: to write• 주다: to give • 읽다: to read • 걷다: to walk• 갖다: to have • 말하다: to speak • 잠자다: to sleep

Verb stemsSimilar to English verbs, Korean verbs change their endings and take auxiliary words to fit the tense (when an actionoccurs) and mood (statements vs. commands vs. questions) of the situation. However, Korean verbs also changeform to express honorifics and speech levels in order to reflect the social relationships between the speaker, thesubject, and the audience. The speech level listed in most books (including dictionaries) is called 해라체. It is formalbut of low to neutral politeness. The 해라체 speech level is sometimes used by close friends, relatives of similar age,and young people. As shown above, the indicative forms of verbs in the 해라체 speech level end in 다. The part ofthe word preceding 다 is called the "verb stem".

ExerciseIdentify the verb stem of the following verbs:

HonorificsKorean grammar expresses the relationship between the speaker, the subject, and the listener by using honorifics andspeech levels in conjugation and word choice. Honorifics express the speaker's relationship and politeness or socialhumility toward the subject of the sentence and speech levels to express that with the audience. When talking aboutsomeone statutorily superior, a speaker or writer must indicate the subject's apparent superiority by using specialhonorific affixes. Generally, someone is considered superior in status if he or she is an older relative, a stranger ofroughly equal or greater age, an employer, a teacher, a customer, or the like. Someone is looked upon as equal orinferior in status if he or she is a younger stranger, a student, an employee or the like.

Korean/Verbs 34

Note: If the subject is considered inferior to the listener, the honorific should not be used, as the misuse of honorificsor the use of inappropriate speech levels is likely to be considered insulting, but also possibly hilariouslydisrespectful.A few Korean verbs have special honorific equivalents, but most can be converted into an honorific form by addingan honorific affix after the stem and before the ending. If the verb stem ends in a vowel, add 시, but if it ends in aconsonant, add 으시. Thus, the honorific form of 가다 ("to go") is 가시다 and the honorific form of 걷다 ("towalk") is 걸으시다.

ExerciseWrite the honorific form of the following verbs:

Formal polite speech levelSince the 해라체 speech level is not polite enough for many of the initial encounters you might have speakingKorean, we will first learn a polite speech level instead. 합쇼체 is the formal, polite speech level in Korean. It isused commonly between strangers, among male co-workers, by TV announcers, and to customers.To create statements (that is, to use the indicative mood of verbs) in the 합쇼체 form, take the verb stem and add thehonorific affix 시 or 으시 if applicable. Then add ㅂ니다 if the result ends in a vowel or 습니다 if it ends in aconsonant. E.g.:

Verb Stem Subject Add politeending

Complete 합쇼체 form

Verb Stems ending in vowels

가다 가 (Non-honorific) 가 ㅂ니다 갑니다

가다 가 (Honorific) 시 가시 ㅂ니다 가십니다

Verb Stems ending inconsonants

읽다 읽 (Non-honorific) 읽 습니다 읽습니다

읽다 읽 (Honorific) 으시 읽으시 ㅂ니다 읽으십니다

ExerciseIn this exercise, you are talking with a stranger about various subjects. Determine correct 합쇼체 form for thefollowing verbs based on the given subject:

Informal polite speech levelWhen people of similar age or social standing converse, they often use the informal polite speech level, called해요체. 해요체 is appropriately polite for most of the situations you will typically encounter, so it is the next formto learn.To create the 해요체 form of Korean verbs, do the following:1. Take the stem.2. Add the honorific 시 or 으시 if applicable.3. If the last letter is ㅂ, change it to 우.4. If the result ends in a vowel followed by 르, insert an extra ㄹ, making the end ㄹ르.5. If the last vowel is now ㅡ, change it to ㅏ if the next-to-last vowel is ㅗ or ㅏ. Otherwise, change ㅡ to ㅓ.6. If the last vowel is now ㅗ or ㅏ, add ㅏ요. Otherwise, add ㅓ요.

Korean/Verbs 35

Korean spelling rules make the above rules seem just a bit more complicated in practice:• If the result ends in ㅏㅏ요, that collapses to ㅏ요.• If the result ends in ㅗㅏ요, that collapses to ㅘ요.• If the result ends in ㅜㅓ요, that collapses to ㅝ요.• If the result ends in 시ㅓ요, that collapses to 세요.• If the result ends in ㅣㅓ요, that collapses to ㅕ요.The usual spelling rules also apply, so an ㅏ without an initial consonant is written as 아 and an ㅓ without an initialconsonant is written as 어.

Verb Stem Subject Rules 3-6above

Complete 해요체 form

가다: 가 (Non-honorific) 가ㅏ요 가요

가다: 가 (Honorific) 시 가시ㅓ요 가세요

오다: 오 (Non-honorific) 오ㅏ요 와요

어렵다[1] 어렵 (Non-honorific) 어려우ㅓ요 어려워요

덥다:[1] 덥 (Non-honorific) 더우ㅓ요 더워요

하다: 하 (Honorific) 시 하시ㅓ요 하세요

가르치다 가르치 (Non-honorific) 가르치ㅓ요 가르쳐요

읽다: 읽 (Honorific) 으시 읽으시ㅓ요 읽으세요

읽다: 읽 (Non-honorific) 읽ㅓ요 읽어요

모르다 모르 (Non-honorific) 몰라ㅏ요 몰라요

쓰다 쓰 (Non-honorific) 써ㅓ요 써요

ExerciseIn this exercise, you are talking with a friend about various subjects. Determine correct 해요체 form for thefollowing verbs in both honorific and non-honorific forms:

Casual speech levelWhen close friends and relatives talk with each other, they may use a very casual speech level called 해체. Becareful not to use this 해체 with someone with whom you are not very close, as it can be considered offensive.Since you already know the 해요체 form, creating the casual 해체 form of Korean verbs is easy, just take the 요 offof the end of the 해요체 form:

Korean/Verbs 36

Verb 해요체 form 해체 form

가다: 가요 가

오다: 와요 와

덥다: 더워요 더워

모르다 몰라요 몰라

ExerciseIn this exercise, you are talking with a close friend. Determine correct 해체 form for the following verbs:

TenseKorean verbs can be conjugated into several different tenses to indicate the time when an event occurs.

Past tenseThe past tense of a Korean verb is formed as follows:1. Take the verb stem.2. Add the honorific suffix (시 or 으시) if applicable.3. Add the one of the following:

• If the word now ends in 하, add 였. Note: 하였 often is contracted as 했.• Otherwise, if the preceding vowel of the verb stem is ㅏ or ㅗ, add 았.• Otherwise, add 었.

4. Add the ending for the appropriate speech level.

Future tenseThe future tense of a Korean verb is formed as follows:1. Take the verb stem.2. Add the honorific suffix (시 or 으시) if applicable.3. Add the suffix 겠.4. Add the ending for the appropriate speech level.

Other tensesKorean also has a remote past tense, used to indicate that an event occurred long ago, a past future tense, and a(rarely-used) remote past future tense. To form the remote past tense, first form the past tense, then add an extra 었before the ending for the appropriate speech level.

Copula and existence verb이다 and 있다: Two Korean words conjugate similar to verbs and are often translated as verbs but are notconsidered verbs in Korean grammar: 이다 (the copula, often translated as "to be") and 있다 (the existence particle,often translated as "to exist").

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing • Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate •

Korean/Verbs 37

5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: Advanced Grammar: Sentence word order • Verbs • Nouns • Particles • Personal pronouns • Demonstrative pronouns • Adjectives • Determiners •

Conjunctions • Comparatives & superlatives • Forming questions • Forming commands • Forming dates & times

References[1] This term is adjective because this word indicates status. but it can be used in "해요체" form.

Korean/ Conjunctions

IntroductionIn language, a conjunction is a way to combine 2 or more phrases into one sentence. This chapter will cover the basicconjunctions such as 'and', 'or', and 'but'.

~지만 (but)• 김치는 맵지만 맛있어요. Kimchi is spicy but delicious.• 한국어는 어렵지만 재미있어요. The Korean language is difficult but interesting.

와/과 (and)This is used for combining 2 nouns. If the end of the first noun has no consonant, use '와'. If the noun has aconsonant, use '과'.• 김치와 단무지는 맛있어요. Kimchi and yellow radishes are delicious.• 나는 텔레비전과 영화를 보아요. I watch TV and movies.

(이)나 (or)This is for choosing between 2 nouns, pronouns, or adverbs.• 맥주나 막걸리를 마셔요. I drink beer or makkoli.• 지하철이나 버스를 타요. I ride the subway or the bus.

~고 (and)This form is for combining 2 or more verb sentences• 날마다 나는 한국말을 공부하고 운동해요. Every day I study Korean and exercise.• 그 남자가 부산에 갔고 미술관을 방문했어요. That man went to Busan and visited the museum.

~거나 (or)This form is used for choosing between 2 or more actions.• 더우면 나는 수영하거나 PC방에 가요. If it's hot, I swim or go to the PC room.• 나는 주말에 운동하거나 공부해요. On the weekend, I exercise or study.

Korean/Postpositions 38

Korean/ Postpositions

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계:

AdvancedGrammar: Sentence word order • Verbs • Nouns • Particles • Personal pronouns • Demonstrative pronouns • Adjectives • Determiners •

Conjunctions • Comparatives & superlatives • Forming questions • Forming commands • Forming dates & times

English often uses prepositions to show the relationship of a noun to the rest of the sentence. Examples are "tohome", "across the river", "on the street", etc. Like English prepositions, Korean particles are short words thatdescribe spacial relationships between objects and designate things like the subject and direct object. Unlike Englishprepositions, though, Korean particles come after the words they modify (hence their alternative name:"postpositions").Consider the following sentence:• Korean: '도서관이 시장 옆에 있어요.'• Literally: 'library market next to is.'• English: 'The library is next to the market.'In Korean, the phrase 옆에 ('next to') is placed after 시장 ('the market').Below is a basic list of postpositions and words to describe spatial relationships.• 에게 ("to [a person]")• 에서 ("from" or "at")• 을/를 (direct object)• 근처 nearby• 멀다 be far from here• 가깝다 be near/close• 위 above/on• 아래 below• 앞 in front of• 뒤 behind• 옆 beside/by/next to• 안 insideHere are some examples of how to use these postpositions.• 새가 지붕 위에 있어요. There's a bird on the roof.• 어머니는 주방 안에 있어요. Mother is in the kitchen.Postpositions dealing with time• 동안 - for• 는 동안 - whileExample sentences• 30분동안 잤어요. I slept for 30 minutes.• 나는 말하는 동안 영화를 봤어요. I talked while watching a movie.

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Korean/Postpositions 39

Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate •

5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar: Sentence word order • Verbs • Nouns • Particles • Personal pronouns • Demonstrative pronouns • Adjectives • Determiners •

Conjunctions • Comparatives & superlatives • Forming questions • Forming commands • Forming dates & times

Korean/ Sentence word order

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation

1급: Beginner — 1. Greeting • 2. Forming sentences • 3. Connective forms and negation • 4. Colors / Shopping • 5. Recreation / In a taxi • 6.Family • 7. Around the house • 8. The workplace / Using the telephone • 9. School • 10. Onomatopoeia

2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar

IntroductionAn important part of being able to understand and speak Korean is that one must have a firm understanding of thegrammar used to make coherent sentences. During these first few lessons we shall focus on building a useablegrammar base. In this lesson, we will learn some more useful particles, Present progressive, future tense, and therequesting form. We will also learn some new grammar, but it will not be the main focus of this lesson.

ConversationHere we find Joseph meeting 찬호 again.

Dialogue

찬호: 앗! 오래간만 입니다, 조세프!조세프: 네, 안녕하십니까, 찬호?찬호: 네. 저는 지금 학교로 가고 있습니다.조세프: 선생님을 만나겠습니까?찬호: 아니요, 공부하겠습니다. 조세프는 오늘 숙제를 하겠습니까?조세프: 네, 저는 집에서 하겠습니다.찬호: 그래요. 안녕히 가십시요.조세프: 안녕히 가십시요.

Korean/Sentence word order 40

Conversation review찬호 begins with another greeting:

찬호: 앗! 오래간만 입니다, 조세프!"오래간만 입니다" can be translated as: "Long time, no see" in English. At first, it's a hard expression to pronounce,but a little bit of practice should untie your tongue.

조세프: 네, 안녕하십니까, 찬호?찬호: 네. 저는 지금 학교로 가고 있습니다.

네. 저는 지금 학교 로 가 고 있습니다

Yes. I (topic) now school (to/towards) go (verb stem) (present progressive)

New vocabulary, new particle, new verb tense. 지금 means “now”. In a later lesson, we will learn many words suchas "later, tomorrow, yesterday, just a second ago, etc". In the next part, 찬호 uses a new particle with a similarmeaning to what we learned before: "N + (으)로". This particle means "to", "toward", or "in the direction of". It canbe interchanged with "에" relatively safely, but "로" with its additional usages, is a little more versatile. If the nounends in a consonant then it becomes "으로" (집으로). Simple.Finally, we have a new verb tense: the present progressive tense. It can also be made into a statement or question byadding the "VS + ㅂ/습니다" or "VS + ㅂ/습니까" forms. The strange thing about this verb tense is that thestandard "VS + ㅂ/습니다" can mean the same thing! Remember in lesson 1, Joseph said "집에 갑니다". This couldhave also been said "집에 가고있습니다" or even "집으로 가고 있습니다." It is your choice. Some combinationssound more natural to others, but a beginning student doesn't have to be concerned with that. You will eventually getthe feel of what sounds right.

조새프: 선생님을 만나겠습니까?This might sound funny, but one of the most important things to learn in Korean is not found in this sentence. Whereis the subject? Is it 선생님 (“teacher”)? No, there is no subject. In Korean, if the subject of the next sentence isunderstood, it can be omitted. This is often found in colloquial English:

English speaker A: "I'm a little busy."English speaker B: "Oh, studying today?"

However, in Korean, you can omit the subject more freely than English, and sometimes other elements can also beomitted, resulting in very short sentences. Well, if 선생님 ("teacher") isn't the subject, what is it? It's the directobject!

선생님 을

teacher (direct object)

The particle 을 is used to designate the direct object of the sentence, i.e. the thing or person upon which the action ishappening. In most textbooks, this is usually denoted as "을/를" because "을" comes after words ending in aconsonant, and "를" comes after words in a vowel. This particle is omitable, but for the beginner, it's best left in sonothing gets confused.Now, based on what we have learned so far, one might guess that the verb stem of the verb in this sentence is"만나겠다", which is a perfectly logical guess, but wrong. The actual verb stem is "만나다" which means "to meet"(as you might have gleaned from the previous paragraph). The "겠습니다" or, more correctly "겠다" is the futuretense form. For this form, it is unimportant whether the verb stem ends in a consonant or vowel. Simply add "겠" andthen finish off with "습니다" to speak politely. Easy as 파이, no?

찬호: 아니요, 공부하겠습니다. 조새프는 오늘 숙제를 하겠습니까?

Korean/Sentence word order 41

아니요, 공부하겠습니다. 조새프는 오늘 숙제를 하겠습니까?

No, (I) will study. Joseph(topic)

today homework (direct object) will do?

This sentence may sound a little strange, but it is nonetheless correct. 공부하다 means "to study", 오늘 means"today" and 숙제 means "homework." 하다 will be explained in more detail later, but for now, it means "to do"when by itself. Notice the 를 on 숙제? What is he doing? his homework!

조새프: 네, 저는 집에서 하겠습니다.

네, 저는 집 에서 하겠습니다.

Yes, I (topic) home (at) will do.

Finally, we have another particle, 에서, which is translated "from" or "at". In this case, it functions as "at". Notice"Yes, I will do it at home."

찬호: 그래요. 안녕히 가십시요.조새프: 안녕히 가십시요.

그래요 is a polite way of saying "okay." It also means "Yes that's right."

Korean sentence orderKorean sentences have a different word order from English. Whereas an English sentence typically has aSubject-Verb-Object word order, a Korean sentence typically has a Subject-Object-Verb word order. For sentenceswith only a subject and a verb, Korean and English word order is essentially identical:

Korean: 철수는 먹는다.

subject verb

English: Cholsu eats.

subject verb

If a sentence includes an object, the English and Korean order differs:English: I am reading a book. English: I(subject) am reading(verb) a book(object)Korean: 저는 책을 읽고 있습니다. Korean: 저는(subject) 책을(object) 읽고 있습니다(verb).

Korean: 철수는 사과를 먹는다.

subject object verb

English: Cholsu eats theapple.

subject verb object

Korean/Sentence word order 42

PredicatesA more complete understanding of Korean sentence order requires an understanding of Korean predicates(서술부어). As in English, complete Korean sentences must have a predicate that contains a conjugated Koreanword (용언). Also as in English, Korean verbs (동사) are conjugated and so can be sentence predicates. However,with regard to forming sentences, Korean differs from English in two important ways:1. Korean sentences do not require subjects (주어), just predicates. (That is, a Korean sentence with only a predicate

is grammatically complete.)2. Korean adjectives (형용사) can be conjugated and used as sentence predicates.Korean sentences that include subjects, indirect objects, direct objects, and complements often arrange them in thisorder:

Korean: Subject (주어) indirect object (간접 목적어) direct object (직접 목적어) complement(보어)

predicate(서술부어)

철수는 나에게 사과를 준다.

English: Cholsu gives me the apple.

Subject predicate indirect object direct object complement

Above is the usual word order in Korean, which is the order most easily understood by native speakers of Korean.However, excluding the predicate (the verb), the placement of other words is not entirely relevant to the meaning ofthe sentence. The following arrangements have the same meaning as the above example:

Korean: 나에게 사과를 철수는 준다.

indirect object directobject

subject verb

to me the apple Cholsu gives

Korean: 철수는 사과를 나에게 준다.

subject directobject

indirect object verb

Cholsu the apple to me gives

Review

Vocabulary: 어휘

• 오래간만 입니다 - Long time, no see!• 선생님 - Teacher• 숙제 - Homework• 만나다 - To meet• 공부하다 - To study• 하다 - To do• 지금 - Now• 오늘 - Today

Korean/Sentence word order 43

Grammar: 문법

• VS + 겠다 - Future Tense• VS + 고 있다 - Present Progressive• N + (으)로 - Toward• N + 을/를 - Direct Object Marker• N + 에서 - From, At, Location of Action

Practice: 연습

Conjugate the following verbs with the future and present progressive tenses in polite form:Add 에서, (으)로, and 을/를 particles to each noun:When you are ready, continue on to Korean/Lesson I3.

[panel edit [1]]Other languages...

Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation

1급: Beginner — 1. Greeting • 2. Forming sentences • 3. Connective forms and negation • 4. Colors / Shopping • 5. Recreation / In a taxi • 6.

Family • 7. Around the house • 8. The workplace / Using the telephone • 9. School • 10. Onomatopoeia

2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계:AdvancedGrammar

Korean/ Comparatives and superlatives

[panel edit [1]]

Other languages...

Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계:

AdvancedGrammar: Sentence word order • Verbs • Nouns • Particles • Personal pronouns • Demonstrative pronouns • Adjectives • Determiners •

Conjunctions • Comparatives & superlatives • Forming questions • Forming commands • Forming dates & times

IntroductionThis chapter talks about how to do comparisons in the Korean language and express superlatives. For thoseunfamiliar with the grammar terms, a superlative term basically expresses whether something is the best, the biggest,the tallest, etc.

SuperlativesTo express a superlative in Korean, a speaker can use either 가장 or 제일 followed by the verb. One example istelling someone what your favorite movie is. Thus, to say that your favorite movie is the Matrix, you can say 나는Matrix을 제일 좋아해요. This would literally translate to 'I like the Matrix the most.'

Korean/Comparatives and superlatives 44

ComparativesTo do a comparison in Korean, a speaker can use '보다 (더)' followed by a verb. Here are some examples.• 나는 차보다 커피를 즐겨요. I like coffee better than tea.• 나는 수학을 역사보다 좋아해요. I like math better than history.If there are 2 objects being compared, the object that that is being compared against is placed right before the 보다.So in the examples above, the Korean word for tea, 차, is placed right before the 보다 and the Korean word forhistory, 역사, is put right before the 보다.

Degree of adjectivesTo form varying degrees of adjectives, prefix an adjective with the adverbs 매우 or 아주:• 비싸다: (to be) expensive• 매우 비싸다: (to be) very expensive• 아주 비싸다: (to be) extremely expensive

[panel edit [1]]Other languages...

Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate •

5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar: Sentence word order • Verbs • Nouns • Particles • Personal pronouns • Demonstrative pronouns • Adjectives • Determiners •

Conjunctions • Comparatives & superlatives • Forming questions • Forming commands • Forming dates & times

Korean/ Questions

[panel edit [1]]

Other languages...

Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계:

AdvancedGrammar: Sentence word order • Verbs • Nouns • Particles • Personal pronouns • Demonstrative pronouns • Adjectives • Determiners •

Conjunctions • Comparatives & superlatives • Forming questions • Forming commands • Forming dates & times

Forming questionsTo form questions in high form (존댓말), simply add the ending 습니까? if the verb stem ends in a consonant orㅂ니까? if it ends in a vowel.• Example: 당신은 어디로 가고 있습니까? (Where are you going?)When forming questions in middle and low form, the questions are implied by a rising final tone, much like inEnglish. The ending for middle form is 요? For low form, just leave off any ending and use just the raw verb stem.• Example(middle): 당신은 언제 미국에 왔어요? (When did you come to America?)• Example(low): 넌 어디 갔다왔어? (Where have you been?)

Korean/Questions 45

Interogative pronouns

무엇

The interrogative pronoun 무엇 means "what". In speech, it is often contracted to 뭐:• 이게 뭐예요?

What is this?• 뭐라고 했어요?

What did [you] say?• 뭐하니?

What are [you] doing?The pronoun 누구 means "who". It contracts before 가 to make 누가.The pronoun 어디 means "where".

[panel edit [1]]Other languages...

Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate •

5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar: Sentence word order • Verbs • Nouns • Particles • Personal pronouns • Demonstrative pronouns • Adjectives • Determiners •

Conjunctions • Comparatives & superlatives • Forming questions • Forming commands • Forming dates & times

Korean/ CommandsHow to make command form (명령형 [命令形])of verbsFirst, we must specify if we are speaking to someone who is older or higher in position than us, or to someone who isyounger or lower in position. With children, we may use the less polite (verb stem + 라) form. This form is also usedwhen someone is angry or when giving military commands.음식을 먹으세요!Eat your meal!When you are asking someone politely to do something for you, use (verb stem + 어/아 주다) form:보여 주세요!Please show me.주다 literally means "to give," but does not translate directly.When we want to talk modestly about ourselves we use the (verb stem + 드리다) form instead. "드리다" also means"to give," but is an honorific verb.책을 보여 드렸어요I have shown the book.

Korean/Dates and times 46

Korean/ Dates and timesIn Korean, time is expressed like "Now is...". So one would say "지금은 여섯시 입니다" to express "It is sixo'clock." The "지금은" means "now is," the "여섯시" means "six o'clock," and the "입니다" means roughly "itis/be."

Dialogue지금 몇 시에요?What is the time now?지금, 7시에요

It's 7'o clock right now.지금, 2시 30분입니다

It's 2:30 right now.지금, 4시 반입니다

It's 4:30 right now.

Vocabulary

• 지금 (只今): now, at present• 몇: how many• 시 (時): hour• 분 (分): minute• 반 (半): half [an hour]

47

Chapter 3-Vocabulary

Korean/ Expert Hanja

IntroductionThis section introduces hanja terms (words originated from Chinese).

단장(끓을 단, 창자 장) 슬퍼서 창자가 끊어지는 듯함. (나의 어린 시절은 단장의 아픔으로 얼룩져 있었다.)

심회(마음 심, 품을 회) 마음속으로 품고 있는 생각. (자식을 전쟁터로 보내야 했던 그의 심회는 어땠을까?)

생경어린 시절을 시골에서 보낸 터라 서울 생활이 생경했다.

사숙참고할 만한 책도 거의 없었고 사숙할 작가 역시 전무했다.

신산작품 속의 유년은 행복했지만 실제 자신의 삶은 신산했다.

야료나를 떨어뜨리기 위해 누가 야료을/를 부린 것이 틀림없다.

편벽편벽되지 않고 균형 잡힌 시선으로 세상을 바라보아라.

난맥고질적인 문제점이던 지휘 체계의 난맥이/가 개선되었다.

맹아그 무렵부터 자본주의의 맹아이/가 서서히 싹트기 시작했다.

Korean/Expert Hanja 48

실기상황을 제대로 파악하지 못해 실기하는 어리석음을 범했다.

경도(기울 경, 넘어질 도) 한동안 사이가 격조했다.

계제이것저것 따질 계제가 아니다.

고양직원들의 사기가 고양되다.

관조차분히 관조하는 자세.

갈파喝破 1. 큰소리로 꾸짖어 누름. 2. 남의 언론을 설파함. 3. 사설(邪說)을 무너뜨리고 진리를 밝힘.

산출算出 계산을 해 냄. ¶ 원가를 〜하다/ 미터를 보고 주행 거리를 〜한다/ 이윤이 〜되다.

국한局限 어떤 부분에만 한정함. 문제의 범위를 〜시키다/ 본교 출신자로 〜하다/ 대기 오염은 그 지방에 〜된 문제가아니다.

자조自照 자기 자신을 관찰・반성함.

본령本領 1. 본래의 영지(領地). 2. 가장 본질적이고 근본적인 면. ¶ 문학의 〜. 3. 근본이 되는 강령이나 특질.

Korean/Expert 49

Korean/ Expert

IntroductionThis section is for advanced learners with an expert level of Korean.

각다분하다tiresome: 일을 해 나가기가 고되고 힘들다 (하루 종일 운전하려니 각다분하다.)

구성지다graceful: 천연스럽고 구수하며 멋지다 (할아버지의 구성진 노랫가락을 들어 봐라.)

초름하다insufficient: 충분하지 못하거나 조금 부족하다 (여비가 좀 초름하니까 아껴 쓰자.)

어금버금하다hardly different: 서로 엇비슷해서 차이가 별로 없다 (우리는 어금버금한 실력이다.)

가직하다near: 거리가 조금 가깝다 (멀리 가지 말고 가직한 곳에서 놀아라.)

다붓하다close: 사이가 멀지 않다, 조용하고 호젓하다 (다붓하게 떨어져 있다.)

덧거칠다go wrong: 일이 잘못되어 가다 (아무리 애를 써 봐도 사업은 덧거칠어만 갔다.)

간동하다잘 정돈되어 홀가분하다 (방을 간동하게 정리했다.)

덜퍽지다매우 넉넉하고 탐스럽다 (소쿠리에 귤을 덜퍽지게 담아 왔다.)

Korean/Expert 50

시뜻하다탐탁하지 않거나 싫증이 난 듯하다 (시뜻한 표정으로 상을 물리었다.)

가무리다몰래 감춰 두다, 몰래 혼자 차지하다 (문갑에 가무려 둔 통장을 꺼냈다.)

잡도리하다일이 어긋나지 않도록 단속하다 (기밀이 새지 않도록 잡도리했다.)

그들먹히다거의 그득하다 (물통에 물이 그들먹하게 찼다)

숙수그레하다여러 개의 크기가 고르다 (정원에 심은 묘목들이 숙수그레하다.)

암팡지다체구는 작아도 야무지고 당차다 (내 동생은 초등학생이지만 참 암팡지다.)

우두망찰하다갑자기 일을 당해 정신없이 어쩔 줄 몰라 하다 (엄마는 그런 상태에서 느끼는 어떤 위기의식과이웃으로부터의 따돌림으로 늘 우두망찰한 표정을 짓고 있을 뿐, 이래라저래라 자기 의견을 말하지 않았다.)

가탈이리저리 트집을 잡아 까다롭게 구는 일 (페루 음식에 대한 심한 가탈로 석철은 쿠즈코에서 쫓겨났다.)

깜냥스스로 일을 판단할 수 있는 능력 (제 깜냥엔, 외무고시 1차를 통과한 자신이 자랑스러웠다.)

달포한 달이 약간 넘는 기간 (그 후 석철은 거의 달포나 MSN에 로스인 하지 않았다.)

선잠깊이 들지 못하고 살짝 드는 잠. (시험을 앞두고 긴장을 한 탓인지 간밤에는 내내 선잠만 잤다.)

헤살짓궂게 남의 일을 방해함. 또는 그런 짓. (여교수는 석철이 하는 일마다 짓��게 헤살을 놓았다.)

고갱이식물 줄기의 가운데 위치한 연한 부분, 사물의 핵심이 되는 부분 (한 민족의 문화와 정신을 이해하는 고갱이는말이다.)

Korean/Expert 51

어깃장일부러 다른 사람의 일이 어긋나도록 하는 말이나 행동 (순순히 협조하는 것 같더니 차츰 어깃장을 놓기시작했다.)

화수분재물이 계속해서 쏟아져 나오는 보물단지. (넌 내가 무슨 화수분인 줄 아니? 어째 나만 보면 돈 얘기냐!)

생때같다통 병이 없을 정도로 몸이 튼튼하고 건강하다. (생때같던 사람이 하룻밤 사이에 갑자스럽게 세상을 세상을 떠버렸다.)

속절없다단념하는 것 외에는 달리 마땅한 방법이 없다. (아무리 기다려도 그녀는 어지 않고, 나는 속절없이 담배만피워 댔다.)

수더분하다성질이 까다롭지 않고 순하고 소박하다. (모름지기 사람이란 수더분하고 어수룩한 맛이 있어야 한다.)

애달프다마음이 쓰리거나 몹시 안타깝다. (남편을 지척에 두고 만나지 못하는 애달픈 마음이야 오죽하겠는가.)

올곧다정신 상태나 마음이 올바르고 곧다. 줄이 바르다. (한평생을 한눈팔지 않고 자기의 길만을 올곧게 걸어온사람이다.)

옹골지다속이 꽉 차 있어서 실속이 있다. (겉으로 자리 보여도 살림 하나는 옹골지게 잘하는 여편네다.)

하릴없다달리 어쩔 도리가 없다. 조금도 틀림이 없다. (비를 맞으며 문 앞에 쭈그리고 있는 그의 모습은 하릴없는거지였다.)

여북얼마나, 오죽의 뜻을 나타내며, 언짢거나 안타까움을 드러냄 (아, 여북 답답했으면 내가 이러겠어?)

적이약간, 얼마간 (적이 안심이 되는 한편 더욱 더 착잡해지고 하는 듯한 두 개의 얼국이 수시로 변덕을 부리며엇갈리고 있었다.)

Korean/Expert 52

짐짓마음은 그렇지 않으면서 일부러 (그것이 사랑에서 즐겨 찾는 국거리인 줄 번연히 알면서도 짐짓 그렇게 묻는거였다.)

되우매우 몹시 (누나는 이 말에 되우 놀라며 눈을 말똥말똥 떴다.)

무릇대체적으로 보아 (부모가 물려주는 거만의 유산은 무릇 불행을 낳기 쉽다.)

섬뻑어떤 일이 행해진 뒤 곧바로 (혹시 내가 말을 너무 까다롭게 내기 때문에 섬뻑 대답이 안 나왔거나그랬겠지요.)

얼추대충, 대강 (일이 얼추 끝나 가는 것 같군.)

좀체여간해서, 쉽사리 (그는 좀체 입을 열지 않는 성격이다.)

길래오래도록 (계양산에 가서 길래 계실 터인가요?)

노상늘 같은 모양으로 (김 장자는 자나 깨나 노상 그 아들로 하여 은근히 걱정 중이겠다.)

사뭇거리낌 없이 전혀 딴판으로 사무칠 정도로 몹시, 줄곧 (그의 기분은 아까 오전과는 사뭇 달라 보였다.)

Korean/Expert 53

자못생각보다 훨씬 더 (마을 친척들도 명식의 경솔한 언도이 자못 불쾌한 모양이었다.)

잼처어떤 일에 바로 뒤이어 거듭. (어해가 어리둥절하고 미처 대답 못하는 것을 보고 그 여자는 잼처 묻는다.)

객쩍다언행이나 생각이 쓸데없고 싱겁다 (객쩍은 소리 그만 두어요. 그따위 실업는 소리를 할 때가 아니에요.)

발자하다성미가 급하다 (발자하게 새새거리며 날뛰는 겨애보다 은근하고 깊이가 있어 보여서)

살핏하다짜거나 엮은 것이 다소 거칠고 성기다

해사하다낯빛이 희고 말쑥하다 (해사하게 생긴 그 얼굴 모습과 같이 명쾌한 가운데도 안존하고 순편한 편이요.)

괄괄하다성격이 드세고 급하다 (성미가 괄괄하고 입심이 좋기 때문에 양반의 글방에를 다닐 때도 누구한테나 결코만만하게는 보이지 않았다.)

애잔하다가날프고 약하다, 몹시 애틋하고 애처롭다 (대불이는 마음속으로 형님도 벌써 늙었구나 하고 생각하면서애잔한 눈빛으로 마주 보았다.)

음전하다얌전하고 우아하다 (금개의 말하는 태도는 그대로 음전하고 순박했다.)

데데하다몹시 볍변치 못하여 보잘것없다 (그렇게 데데한 남자를 얻다 써먹어.)

머쓱하다무안을 당해 어색하고 열없다 (사내가 물러가자 나는 오히려 머쓱한 기분이 들었다.)

추레하다겉모습이 보잘것없고 궁상스럽다 (달수의 그런 추레한 꼴을 본 사람들은 경멸에 앞서 동정을 보냈다.)

곰살스럽다얼굴 따위가 얌전하고 고와 보이다 (그녀의 목소리는 곱살스러웠다.)

Korean/Expert 54

데퉁스럽다언행이 거칠고 엉뚱하여 미련스러운 데가 있다 (데퉁스럽게 대답했다.)

든적스럽다행동에 치사하고 더러운 데가 있다 (두 어른께서 날 홀대하고 수치스럽고 든적스럽게 여기신다 한들 딴도리가 없습니다.)

영절스럽다보기에 아주 그럴듯하다 (그 화가는 도시의 전경을 영절스럽게 묘사하였다.)

갸웃하다무엇을 이상하게 여기며 머리나 몸을 한쪽으로 비스듬히 기울이다 (그녀는 한패를 돌아다모면서 고개를갸웃했다.)

도두보다실제보다 좋게 보다 (제 것이면 도두보고 남의 것은 깔보려 하는 것이 인간의 숙명적인 성격인가 보다.)

바루다안절부절못하다 (잘못된 것을 바루었다.)

55

Chapter 4- Conversation Level I

Korean/ Lesson I1

[panel edit [1]]

Other languages...

Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation

1급: Beginner — 1. Greeting • 2. Forming sentences • 3. Connective forms and negation • 4. Colors / Shopping • 5. Recreation / In a taxi • 6.Family • 7. Around the house • 8. The workplace / Using the telephone • 9. School • 10. Onomatopoeia

2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar

Korean Conversation, Level I, Lesson 1: GreetingsWelcome to the first conversation lesson for learning Korean. By now you should be familiar with hangeul (theKorean writing system) and how to form syllables. If you are not yet familiar with hangeul, see Korean/Alphabet. Itis highly recommended that you know these basics before you embark on learning how to make sentences andcommencing dialogue.In this first section, we will introduce basic Korean sentence structure, basic vocabulary, and greetings in Korean.

시작할까요?(Shall we start?)

DialogueThe simple dialogue below is between Korean native 찬호 and Joseph (조세프) from America. Joseph is interestedin Korean culture and language, and was able to meet 찬호 through a program in his school. Here, they meet for thefirst time:

찬호: 안녕하십니까, 조세프 씨?조세프: 네. 안녕하십니까, 찬호 씨?찬호: 만나서 반갑습니다.조세프: 저도요. 저는 집에 갑니다.찬호: 네. 안녕히 가십시오.조세프: 안녕히 계십시오.

Korean/Lesson I1 56

OverviewThe conversation began with 찬호 asking this:

찬호: 안녕하십니까, 조세프 씨?Here, we learn our first bit of Korean. "안녕하십니까?" is a common formal greeting in Korean. It literally means"Are you at peace?". "씨" is a title which means "Mr". Joseph replied like this:

조세프: 네. 안녕하십니까, 찬호 씨?"네" means "yes". Then Joseph asked 찬호 the same question. Typically, the response to "안녕하십니까?" is "네",but it is not necessary to respond that way, as we learn from 찬호's response:

찬호: 만나서 반갑습니다."만나서 반갑습니다" means "Nice to meet you." This can also be shortened to "반갑습니다", but since 찬호 andJoseph have first met, it is best to be as polite as possible. "만나서" means "because we've met".

조세프: 저도요. 저는 집에 갑니다.Here, we learn some important things about making a Korean sentence. "저" means "I," and "저도요" means "Metoo". Then Joseph says: "저는 집에 갑니다." This means "I go home." We'll dissect this sentence more in just amoment. First, let us finish analyzing the conversation:

찬호: 네. 안녕히 가십시오.조세프: 안녕히 계십시오.

Look carefully at how each says "Good bye" to each other. 찬호 says "안녕히 가십시오" while Joseph says"안녕히 계십시오" Why do their replies differ from each other? Well, Joseph is leaving, while it is assumed that찬호 is staying. So, 찬호 tells Joseph to "Go in peace" (like spock!) and Joseph tells 찬호 to "Stay in peace." It maysound funny, but that's how it works in Korea. Remember these two carefully and try not to mix them up!

Grammar: "I go home."The short sentence 저는 집에 갑니다 ("I go home.") reveals a great deal of usable grammar:

저 는 집 에 갑니다 .

I (topic) house (location) go .

Let's discuss 는, 에, and 갑니다. As mentioned above, 저 means "I". In Korean, "는" marks the primary topic of asentence. Joseph is talking primarily about himself, so he says "저는". Note that if the primary topic ends in aconsonant, "는" changes to "은" so it's easier to pronounce. So, if Joseph wanted to talk primarily about his house(집) instead himself, he would say "집은"."에" is in a similar class of elements (called "particles"), but it marks the location, such as "to school (학교에), to thebathroom (화장실에)," and so forth. However, if Joseph wanted to say "to me", he would say "저에게", not "저에."The difference is that "에" means "to that thing or place" and "에게" (the dative particle) means "to that person."This is an important distinction to remember, but even if you make a mistake, a Korean will probably stillunderstand.Finally, we see the verb, "갑니다." Now, if you were to look up "go" in a Korean dictionary, it would probably say "가다." This is the verb's unconjugated dictionary or "base" form. "가" is the actual root of the verb, or "Verb Stem" (VS). When we put the verb into a Korean sentence, it must be conjugated. The standard, polite statement conjugation in Korean is {VS + ㅂ/습니다}. What does this mean? This means we take the verb stem (가) and add "ㅂ니다" if the stem ends in a vowel and "습니다" if the verb stem ends in a consonant. In this case, "가" ends in a vowel, so we slip the ㅂ under it (갑) and add "니다" = "갑니다". If the verb was "먹다 (to eat)" then we would add "습니다" because the verbstem ends in a consonant (먹). Thus, we have "먹습니다." A special thing to remember about this is, when conjugated, the verb is actually pronounced "감니다" like there's a ㅁ on the bottom. This is

Korean/Lesson I1 57

because of a special pronunciation rule called "nasalization" which we won't discuss here, but keep it in mind.In order to make a question, the form is {VS + ㅂ/습니까}. An astute student would see something like that in"안녕하십니까", which is actually a question. So, if 찬호 wanted to ask "Do you go (are you going)?" he would ask"갑니까?" (Remember pronunciation: "감니까"). Armed with this information, we can now make a statement or aquestion with almost any verb.

Review

Vocabulary: 어휘

• 안녕하십니까? - a formal greeting• (만나서) 반갑습니다 - "Nice to meet you."• 안녕히 가십시오 - "Good bye" (to someone who is leaving)• 안녕히 계십시오 - "Good bye" (to someone who is staying)• 네 - "yes"• 아니요 - "no"• 저 - "I"• 집 - "house"• 학교 - "school"• 가다 - "to go"• 먹다 - "to eat"

Grammar: 문법

• VS + ㅂ니까 - Question, use when VS ends in vowel (e.g.: 가 -> 갑니까)• VS + 습니까 - Question, use when VS ends in consonant (e.g.: 먹 -> 먹습니까)• VS + ㅂ니다 - Statement, when VS ends in vowel (e.g.: 가 -> 갑니다)• VS + 습니다 - Statement, when VS ends in consonant (e.g.: 먹 -> 먹습니다)• N + 은/는 - Topic particle• N + 에 - Location particle (to that thing/place)• N + 에게 - Dative particle (to that person)

Practice: 연습Conjugate the following verbs into statement form (VS + ㅂ/습니다) and question form (VS + ㅂ/습니까?). Click"▼" to check your answers:Determine whether the topic marker should be "은" or "는":Determine whether the particle should be "에" or "에게":

[panel edit [1]]Other languages...

Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation

1급: Beginner — 1. Greeting • 2. Forming sentences • 3. Connective forms and negation • 4. Colors / Shopping • 5. Recreation / In a taxi • 6.

Family • 7. Around the house • 8. The workplace / Using the telephone • 9. School • 10. Onomatopoeia

2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계:AdvancedGrammar

Korean/Lesson I2 58

Korean/ Lesson I2

[panel edit [1]]

Other languages...

Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation

1급: Beginner — 1. Greeting • 2. Forming sentences • 3. Connective forms and negation • 4. Colors / Shopping • 5. Recreation / In a taxi • 6.Family • 7. Around the house • 8. The workplace / Using the telephone • 9. School • 10. Onomatopoeia

2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar

IntroductionAn important part of being able to understand and speak Korean is that one must have a firm understanding of thegrammar used to make coherent sentences. During these first few lessons we shall focus on building a useablegrammar base. In this lesson, we will learn some more useful particles, Present progressive, future tense, and therequesting form. We will also learn some new grammar, but it will not be the main focus of this lesson.

ConversationHere we find Joseph meeting 찬호 again.

Dialogue

찬호: 앗! 오래간만 입니다, 조세프!조세프: 네, 안녕하십니까, 찬호?찬호: 네. 저는 지금 학교로 가고 있습니다.조세프: 선생님을 만나겠습니까?찬호: 아니요, 공부하겠습니다. 조세프는 오늘 숙제를 하겠습니까?조세프: 네, 저는 집에서 하겠습니다.찬호: 그래요. 안녕히 가십시요.조세프: 안녕히 가십시요.

Conversation review찬호 begins with another greeting:

찬호: 앗! 오래간만 입니다, 조세프!"오래간만 입니다" can be translated as: "Long time, no see" in English. At first, it's a hard expression to pronounce,but a little bit of practice should untie your tongue.

조세프: 네, 안녕하십니까, 찬호?찬호: 네. 저는 지금 학교로 가고 있습니다.

네. 저는 지금 학교 로 가 고 있습니다

Yes. I (topic) now school (to/towards) go (verb stem) (present progressive)

New vocabulary, new particle, new verb tense. 지금 means “now”. In a later lesson, we will learn many words such as "later, tomorrow, yesterday, just a second ago, etc". In the next part, 찬호 uses a new particle with a similar

Korean/Lesson I2 59

meaning to what we learned before: "N + (으)로". This particle means "to", "toward", or "in the direction of". It canbe interchanged with "에" relatively safely, but "로" with its additional usages, is a little more versatile. If the nounends in a consonant then it becomes "으로" (집으로). Simple.Finally, we have a new verb tense: the present progressive tense. It can also be made into a statement or question byadding the "VS + ㅂ/습니다" or "VS + ㅂ/습니까" forms. The strange thing about this verb tense is that thestandard "VS + ㅂ/습니다" can mean the same thing! Remember in lesson 1, Joseph said "집에 갑니다". This couldhave also been said "집에 가고있습니다" or even "집으로 가고 있습니다." It is your choice. Some combinationssound more natural to others, but a beginning student doesn't have to be concerned with that. You will eventually getthe feel of what sounds right.

조새프: 선생님을 만나겠습니까?This might sound funny, but one of the most important things to learn in Korean is not found in this sentence. Whereis the subject? Is it 선생님 (“teacher”)? No, there is no subject. In Korean, if the subject of the next sentence isunderstood, it can be omitted. This is often found in colloquial English:

English speaker A: "I'm a little busy."English speaker B: "Oh, studying today?"

However, in Korean, you can omit the subject more freely than English, and sometimes other elements can also beomitted, resulting in very short sentences. Well, if 선생님 ("teacher") isn't the subject, what is it? It's the directobject!

선생님 을

teacher (direct object)

The particle 을 is used to designate the direct object of the sentence, i.e. the thing or person upon which the action ishappening. In most textbooks, this is usually denoted as "을/를" because "을" comes after words ending in aconsonant, and "를" comes after words in a vowel. This particle is omitable, but for the beginner, it's best left in sonothing gets confused.Now, based on what we have learned so far, one might guess that the verb stem of the verb in this sentence is"만나겠다", which is a perfectly logical guess, but wrong. The actual verb stem is "만나다" which means "to meet"(as you might have gleaned from the previous paragraph). The "겠습니다" or, more correctly "겠다" is the futuretense form. For this form, it is unimportant whether the verb stem ends in a consonant or vowel. Simply add "겠" andthen finish off with "습니다" to speak politely. Easy as 파이, no?

찬호: 아니요, 공부하겠습니다. 조새프는 오늘 숙제를 하겠습니까?

아니요, 공부하겠습니다. 조새프는 오늘 숙제를 하겠습니까?

No, (I) will study. Joseph(topic)

today homework (direct object) will do?

This sentence may sound a little strange, but it is nonetheless correct. 공부하다 means "to study", 오늘 means"today" and 숙제 means "homework." 하다 will be explained in more detail later, but for now, it means "to do"when by itself. Notice the 를 on 숙제? What is he doing? his homework!

조새프: 네, 저는 집에서 하겠습니다.

네, 저는 집 에서 하겠습니다.

Yes, I (topic) home (at) will do.

Finally, we have another particle, 에서, which is translated "from" or "at". In this case, it functions as "at". Notice"Yes, I will do it at home."

Korean/Lesson I2 60

찬호: 그래요. 안녕히 가십시요.조새프: 안녕히 가십시요.

그래요 is a polite way of saying "okay." It also means "Yes that's right."

Korean sentence orderKorean sentences have a different word order from English. Whereas an English sentence typically has aSubject-Verb-Object word order, a Korean sentence typically has a Subject-Object-Verb word order. For sentenceswith only a subject and a verb, Korean and English word order is essentially identical:

Korean: 철수는 먹는다.

subject verb

English: Cholsu eats.

subject verb

If a sentence includes an object, the English and Korean order differs:English: I am reading a book. English: I(subject) am reading(verb) a book(object)Korean: 저는 책을 읽고 있습니다. Korean: 저는(subject) 책을(object) 읽고 있습니다(verb).

Korean: 철수는 사과를 먹는다.

subject object verb

English: Cholsu eats theapple.

subject verb object

PredicatesA more complete understanding of Korean sentence order requires an understanding of Korean predicates(서술부어). As in English, complete Korean sentences must have a predicate that contains a conjugated Koreanword (용언). Also as in English, Korean verbs (동사) are conjugated and so can be sentence predicates. However,with regard to forming sentences, Korean differs from English in two important ways:1. Korean sentences do not require subjects (주어), just predicates. (That is, a Korean sentence with only a predicate

is grammatically complete.)2. Korean adjectives (형용사) can be conjugated and used as sentence predicates.Korean sentences that include subjects, indirect objects, direct objects, and complements often arrange them in thisorder:

Korean/Lesson I2 61

Korean: Subject (주어) indirect object (간접 목적어) direct object (직접 목적어) complement(보어)

predicate(서술부어)

철수는 나에게 사과를 준다.

English: Cholsu gives me the apple.

Subject predicate indirect object direct object complement

Above is the usual word order in Korean, which is the order most easily understood by native speakers of Korean.However, excluding the predicate (the verb), the placement of other words is not entirely relevant to the meaning ofthe sentence. The following arrangements have the same meaning as the above example:

Korean: 나에게 사과를 철수는 준다.

indirect object directobject

subject verb

to me the apple Cholsu gives

Korean: 철수는 사과를 나에게 준다.

subject directobject

indirect object verb

Cholsu the apple to me gives

Review

Vocabulary: 어휘

• 오래간만 입니다 - Long time, no see!• 선생님 - Teacher• 숙제 - Homework• 만나다 - To meet• 공부하다 - To study• 하다 - To do• 지금 - Now• 오늘 - Today

Grammar: 문법

• VS + 겠다 - Future Tense• VS + 고 있다 - Present Progressive• N + (으)로 - Toward• N + 을/를 - Direct Object Marker• N + 에서 - From, At, Location of Action

Korean/Lesson I2 62

Practice: 연습

Conjugate the following verbs with the future and present progressive tenses in polite form:Add 에서, (으)로, and 을/를 particles to each noun:When you are ready, continue on to Korean/Lesson I3.

[panel edit [1]]Other languages...

Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation

1급: Beginner — 1. Greeting • 2. Forming sentences • 3. Connective forms and negation • 4. Colors / Shopping • 5. Recreation / In a taxi • 6.

Family • 7. Around the house • 8. The workplace / Using the telephone • 9. School • 10. Onomatopoeia

2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계:AdvancedGrammar

Korean/ Lesson I3

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation

1급: Beginner — 1. Greeting • 2. Forming sentences • 3. Connective forms and negation • 4. Colors / Shopping • 5. Recreation / In a taxi • 6.Family • 7. Around the house • 8. The workplace / Using the telephone • 9. School • 10. Onomatopoeia

2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar

"And" and "And?" "Or" or "Or"?One thing that varies in korean is that there is a difference between an “and” for a verb and an “and” for a noun. Inthis lesson, we will learn these ands, ors, and buts. It just so happens that today 찬호 is introducing his friends toJoseph, so this is a perfect opportunity to use these forms! (Don't feel overwhelmed, there's only 3 ways to say each!)

찬호: 오늘 저는 조세프에게 친구들을 소개하겠습니다.조세프: 오케이! 기대합니다!찬호: 저 친구들은 "연희"와 "가영"입니다.저세프: 만나서 반갑습니다!연희와 가영: 반갑습니다.연희: 조세프는 미국에서 왔고 한국말을 공부하고 있습니까?조세프: 네, 그래요.가영: 와우! 고생 많네요! 한식을 좋아합니까?조세프: 양식이나 한식 둘 다 좋아합니다. 하지만, 한국에서 양식을 먹지 않습니다.가영: 그렇군요... 학교에 걸어갑니까? 아니면 버스를 탑니까?찬호: 집에서 버스를 타지 못합니다. 걸어가거나 뛰어갑니다. 하하하!

The above example has several new forms in it because of the differentiation between noun "and/or" & verb"and/or". We'll look at the examples and pick out new vocabulary, and then discuss new grammar separately.

Korean/Lesson I3 63

찬호: 오늘 저는 조세프에게 친구들을 소개하겠습니다.조세프: 오케이! 기대합니다!

소개하다 means "to introduce." It's used really often when talking about friends and people you know, but it canalso be used to refer to something like "introducing information." Following that, 기대하다 means "to awaitexpectedly or excitedly." This can also be said 기대되다, which sometimes sounds more natural.

찬호: 저 친구들은 "연희"와 "가영"입니다.Here we meet the noun connective particle 와 (“and”) and its alternative 과, used after vowels. More information canbe learned about this in the following section, but it's use is fairly straight forward.

찬호: 만나서 반갑습니다!연희와 가영: 반갑습니다.

Nothing new here.

연희: 조세프는 미국에서 오고 한국말을 공부하고 있습니까? 조세프: 네, 그래요.오다 means “to come” but the connective verb suffix -고 (“and”) is connected to it. 에서 in this case means “from”.(So keep track! You now know it means “from” or “at”.) Finally, Joseph responds with 그래요 (“that’s right”).

가영: 와! 고생 많네요! 한식을 좋아합니까?조세프: 양식이나 한식 둘 다 좋아합니다. 하지만, 한국에서는 양식을 먹지 않습니다.

가영 uses a phrase that is often heard in Korea: "고생 많다." This means "you have lots of struggles," but is usedsort of like "must be difficult," a sort of compliment for the listener who might be going through hard times. Theending on this is "VS+군요" Which is a sort of exclamatory form. This will also be discussed in the next section."한식" means "Korean food," a sort of contraction of "한국 음식," and "양식" is "Western food." Can you guess thecontraction for this one?Joseph links the two with "N+(이)나" which is "or" for nouns. The verb form is "VS+거나" (discussed later, ofcourse). "둘 다" means "both" Afterwards, Joseph uses the stand alone word "하지만," meaning "however" or "but."The verb form of this is "VS+지만." It's simplicity doesn't merit any further discussion.

가영: 그렇군요... 학교에 걸어갑니까? 아니면 버스를 탑니까?찬호: 집에서 버스를 타지 못합니다. 걸어가거나 뛰어갑니다. 하하하!

Korean/Lesson I4 64

Korean/ Lesson I4<<Lesson 3]] | '''Lesson 4''' | [[Korean/Lesson I5|Lesson 5>>

ColorsAs well as having two sets of numbers, Korean also uses two sets of colors, one being the native Korean set, theother being derived from Chinese characters hanja 한자 (漢字).

Native Korean setVarious like dozens of Korean words represent similar colors but express the different impression of colors. Thefollowing Korean words about color are the most neutral and normal words.

Korean colors may be followed by native word, bit 빛 or bitkkal 빛깔, or followed by saek 색 (色) which is derivedfrom Chinese characters. Each word means color.

Name Adjective Translation Notes

ppalgang 빨강 ppalgan 빨간 red

parang 파랑 paran 파란 blue

borasaek 보라색 purple

chorok(pulbit) 초록(풀빛) pureun 푸른 green The adjectives for blue may be used with green. Pulbit 풀빛 means grass-light.

norang 노랑 noran 노란 yellow

hayang 하양 hayan 하얀, hin흰

white

geomjeong 검정 geomeun 검은 black

• ppal gan ib sool 빨간 입술 red lips• pa ran ha neul 파란 하늘 blue sky• pu reun cho won 푸른 초원 green grassland• no ran byeong a ri 노란 병아리 yellow chick• hin nun(hin noon) 흰 눈 white snow• geom eun nun dong ja 검은 눈동자 black pupil

Chinese character set

jeok, hong 적 (赤), 홍 (紅) red

cheong 청 (靑) blue

nok 녹 (綠) green

hwang 황 (黃) yellow

ju hwang 주황 (硃黃) orange

nam 남 (藍) navy

ja ju 자주 (紫硃) purple

hwe 회 (灰) gray

baek 백 (白) white

heuk 흑 (黑) black

Korean/Lesson I4 65

• baek in 백인 (白人) white person• heuk in 흑인 (黑人) black person• heuk baek pilleum 흑백필름 (黑白 film) black & white film• jeok saek s(h)in ho 적색신호 (赤色信號) red light signal• cheong ba ji 청바지(靑바지) blue jeans

[panel edit [1]]Other languages...

Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation

1급: Beginner — 1. Greeting • 2. Forming sentences • 3. Connective forms and negation • 4. Colors / Shopping • 5. Recreation / In a taxi • 6.

Family • 7. Around the house • 8. The workplace / Using the telephone • 9. School • 10. Onomatopoeia

2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계:AdvancedGrammar

Korean/ Lesson I5<<Lesson 4]] | '''Lesson 5''' | [[Korean/Lesson I6|Lesson 6>>

Vocabulary• Taxi 택시• Hour 시간• Minute 분• Won (Korean currency) 원• Around, About ~ 정도

ConversationJoie: 강남역까지 가고 싶습니다. / I want to go to Kang-nam stationTaxi driver: 네 강남역까지 가겠습니다. / Yes I will drive to Kang-nam stationJoie: (거리가) 얼마나 걸립니까? / How long does it take?Taxi driver: 20분 정도 걸립니다. / It takes around 20 minutesJoie: 얼마입니까? / How much is it?Taxi driver: 5000원 입니다. / It is 5000 wonsJoie: 감사합니다. / Thank you• How far is it there? (거리가) 얼마나 멉니까?• How long does it take? (거리가) 얼마나 걸립니까?• Turn left 왼쪽으로 돌으십시오.• Turn right 오른쪽으로 돌으십시오.• Go straight 직진 하십시오.

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing • Conversation

Korean/Lesson I5 66

1급: Beginner — 1. Greeting • 2. Forming sentences • 3. Connective forms and negation • 4. Colors / Shopping • 5. Recreation / In a taxi • 6.

Family • 7. Around the house • 8. The workplace / Using the telephone • 9. School • 10. Onomatopoeia 2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계:

Advanced Grammar

Korean/ Lesson I6<<Lesson 5]] | '''Lesson 6''' | [[Korean/Lesson I7|Lesson 7>>

Vocabulary• 할아버지 Grandfather• 할아버님 Grandfather (formal)• 할머니 Grandmother• 할머님 Grandmother (formal)• 아버지 Father (formal)• 아버님 Father (very formal)• 아빠 Father (informal)• 어머니 Mother (formal)• 어머님 Mother (very formal)• 엄마 Mother (informal)• 형 Elder brother (of a male)• 누나 Elder sister (of a male)• 오빠 Elder brother (of a female)• 언니 Elder sister (of a female)• 남동생 Younger brother• 여동생 Younger sister• 동생 Younger sibling• 성함 Name (formal)• 이름 Name (Informal)1) 님 words such as 아버님, 어머님 are very formal.

ConversationKim: 안녕하세요.John: 안녕하세요.Kim: 성함이 어떻게 되세요?John: John이에요. 저는 선생님에요. 그쪽은 성함이 어떻게 되시나요?Kim: 김이에요.John: 만나서 반갑습니다.Kim: 미국 사람이세요?John: 네, 미국에서 왔어요.Kim: 가족은 몇 분이세요?

Korean/Lesson I6 67

John: 다섯 명 있어요. 형과 여동생이 있어요. 형은 의사예요. 여동생은 대학생이에요. 김씨는 형제분이계시나요?Kim: 없어요. 저희 다시 뵈요.John: 안녕히 가세요.

TranslationKim: Hello.John: Hello.Kim: What's your name.John: I'm John. I'm a teacher. What's your name?Kim: I'm Kim.John: Nice to meet you.Kim: Are you American?John: Yes, I came from America.Kim: How many people are in your family?John: There are 5 people. I have an older brother and a younger sister. My brother is a doctor. My sister is aUniversity student. Do you have siblings?Kim: I don't. Let's meet again.John: Good Bye.

[panel edit [1]]Other languages...

Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation

1급: Beginner — 1. Greeting • 2. Forming sentences • 3. Connective forms and negation • 4. Colors / Shopping • 5. Recreation / In a taxi • 6.

Family • 7. Around the house • 8. The workplace / Using the telephone • 9. School • 10. Onomatopoeia

2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계:AdvancedGrammar

Korean/Lesson I7 68

Korean/ Lesson I7

Vocabulary

• bathroom 화장실(化粧室)• kitchen 부엌

• bedroom 침실(寢室)• living room 거실(居室)• garden 정원(庭園)• garage 차고(車庫)

[panel edit [1]]

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation

1급: Beginner — 1. Greeting • 2. Forming sentences • 3. Connective forms and negation • 4. Colors / Shopping • 5. Recreation / In a taxi • 6.Family • 7. Around the house • 8. The workplace / Using the telephone • 9. School • 10. Onomatopoeia

2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar

Korean/ Lesson I8

Using the Telephone• 여보세요? Yeoboseyo? Hello?• John 계십니까? John gyesimnikka? Is John there?• 누구십니까? Nugusipnikka? Who's calling?

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation

1급: Beginner — 1. Greeting • 2. Forming sentences • 3. Connective forms and negation • 4. Colors / Shopping • 5. Recreation / In a taxi • 6.Family • 7. Around the house • 8. The workplace / Using the telephone • 9. School • 10. Onomatopoeia

2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar

Korean/Lesson I9 69

Korean/ Lesson I9<<Lesson 8]] | '''Lesson 9''' | [[Korean/Lesson I10|Lesson 10>>

• Kindergarten 유치원 (yu chi won)• Elementary school 초등학교 (cho deng hak gyo)• Middle school 중 학 교 (jung hak gyo)• High school 고등학교 (go deng hak gyo)• University 대 학 교 (dae hak gyo)• Graduate School 대 학 원 (dae hak won)• Major 전 공 (jeon gong)• Minor 부 전 공 (bu jeon gong)• Study 공 부 (gong bu)• Dorm 기 숙 사 (gi suk sa)• School 학 교 (hak gyo)• College 대 학 (dae hak)• Philosophy 철 학 (cheol hak)

[panel edit [1]]Other languages...

Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation

1급: Beginner — 1. Greeting • 2. Forming sentences • 3. Connective forms and negation • 4. Colors / Shopping • 5. Recreation / In a taxi • 6.

Family • 7. Around the house • 8. The workplace / Using the telephone • 9. School • 10. Onomatopoeia

2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계:AdvancedGrammar

Korean/Lesson I10 70

Korean/ Lesson I10<<Lesson 9 | Lesson 10

Onomatopoeia 의성어 (擬聲語) ui seong eo are words used to imitate sounds.• 빵 (ppang) - Bang!• 아야 (a-ya) - Ouch!• 앗 (at) - Oops!• 음 (eum) - Um...• 냠냠 (nyam-nyam) - sound made when chewing food• 쾅 (kwang) - Crashing sound• 멍멍 (meong-meong) - Dog barking• 칙칙폭폭 (chik-chik-pok-pok) - train sound• 꿀꿀 (kkul-kkul) - Pig noise• 펄럭펄럭 (peol-leok-peol-leok)- flapping of cloth• 삐약삐약 (ppi-yak-ppi-yak) - chicks chirping• 야옹 (ya-ong) - meow of cat

[panel edit [1]]Other languages...

Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation

1급: Beginner — 1. Greeting • 2. Forming sentences • 3. Connective forms and negation • 4. Colors / Shopping • 5. Recreation / In a taxi • 6.

Family • 7. Around the house • 8. The workplace / Using the telephone • 9. School • 10. Onomatopoeia

2단계: High beginner • 3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계:AdvancedGrammar

71

Chapter 5- Conversation Level II

Korean/ Lesson II1

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner •

2급: High beginner — 1. Sports • 2. Jobs • 3. Downtown • 4. Public transportation • 5. At the hotel • 6. At the library • 7. At the farm • 8. Medicalcare • 9. The Weather • 제10과

3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar

Vocabulary• 축구 soccer• 농구 basketball• 배구 volleyball• 야구 baseball• 테니스(정구) tennis• 수영 swimming• 골프 golf• 스키 skiing

[panel edit [1]]Other languages...

Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner •

2급: High beginner — 1. Sports • 2. Jobs • 3. Downtown • 4. Public transportation • 5. At the hotel • 6. At the library • 7. At the farm • 8.

Medical care • 9. The Weather • 제10과

3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar

Korean/Lesson II2 72

Korean/ Lesson II2

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner •

2급: High beginner — 1. Sports • 2. Jobs • 3. Downtown • 4. Public transportation • 5. At the hotel • 6. At the library • 7. At the farm • 8. Medicalcare • 9. The Weather • 제10과

3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar

Vocabulary• 경찰관 police officer• 소방수 fire fighter• 선생 teacher• 학생 student• 미술가 artist• 의사 doctor• 간호사 nurse• 이발사 barber• 회사원 office worker• 운동 선수 athlete• 과학자 scientist• 가수 singer• 군인 soldier• 조종사 pilot• 기사 engineer• 수리공 mechanic• 음악가 musician

Korean/Lesson II3 73

Korean/ Lesson II3

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner •

2급: High beginner — 1. Sports • 2. Jobs • 3. Downtown • 4. Public transportation • 5. At the hotel • 6. At the library • 7. At the farm • 8. Medicalcare • 9. The Weather • 제10과

3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar

Vocabulary

• Movie theater 극장(劇場)• DVD room DVD 방• PC room PC 방• small restaurant 식당

Conversation• PC방이 어디에 있어요? Where is the PC room?• 영화가 언제 시작해요? When does the movie start?

Korean/ Lesson II4

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner •

2급: High beginner — 1. Sports • 2. Jobs • 3. Downtown • 4. Public transportation • 5. At the hotel • 6. At the library • 7. At the farm • 8. Medicalcare • 9. The Weather • 제10과

3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar

• Bus 버스 (beoseu)• Taxi 택시 (taek shi)• Train 기차 (gi cha)[This is just train in general. KTX is the new bullet train in Korea and they will know what

you are talking about if you ask for the location of KTX, but remember that KTX is more expensive. You can alsoride the 새마을 for about $10 less or the 무궁화 for half the cost of KTX, but neither are as fast nor as well kept.]

• Subway 지하철 (ji ha cheol)• Car 차 (Cha)[also the word for tea]• Station 역 (yeok)[as in subway/train station. For example, Seoul station is 서울역]• Subway line or route 선 (seon). [For example, if you took the yellow subway route, or the 분당선, there is a stop

at 야탑 where there is an awesome public park and bungee jumping.]

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Korean/ Lesson II5

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner •

2급: High beginner — 1. Sports • 2. Jobs • 3. Downtown • 4. Public transportation • 5. At the hotel • 6. At the library • 7. At the farm • 8. Medicalcare • 9. The Weather • 제10과

3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar

호텔 (hoe-tel), Hotel 예약 (ye-yahk) reserve, make a reservation

Dialogue여기 위키 호텔인가요? 방 있어요?

Korean/ Lesson II6

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner •

2급: High beginner — 1. Sports • 2. Jobs • 3. Downtown • 4. Public transportation • 5. At the hotel • 6. At the library • 7. At the farm • 8. Medicalcare • 9. The Weather • 제10과

3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar

Vocabulary

• 도서관(圖書館): library• 잡지 : magazine• 책 : book

Korean/Lesson II7 75

Korean/ Lesson II7

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner •

2급: High beginner — 1. Sports • 2. Jobs • 3. Downtown • 4. Public transportation • 5. At the hotel • 6. At the library • 7. At the farm • 8. Medicalcare • 9. The Weather • 제10과

3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar

Vocabulary• sheep 양• field 밭• cow 소• rice paddy 논• farmer 농부

Korean/ Lesson II8

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner •

2급: High beginner — 1. Sports • 2. Jobs • 3. Downtown • 4. Public transportation • 5. At the hotel • 6. At the library • 7. At the farm • 8. Medicalcare • 9. The Weather • 제10과

3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar

Vocabulary• hospital 병원

• ambulance 구급차(救急車)• doctor 의사• nurse 간호사

• fever 신열(身熱)• flu 인플루엔자• catch a cold 감기 걸리다• illness 병

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Korean/ Lesson II9

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner •

2급: High beginner — 1. Sports • 2. Jobs • 3. Downtown • 4. Public transportation • 5. At the hotel • 6. At the library • 7. At the farm • 8. Medicalcare • 9. The Weather • 제10과

3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar

Vocabulary• 비 rain• 눈 snow• 맑다 sunny• 흐리다 cloudy

Korean/ Lesson II10

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner •

2급: High beginner — 1. Sports • 2. Jobs • 3. Downtown • 4. Public transportation • 5. At the hotel • 6. At the library • 7. At the farm • 8. Medicalcare • 9. The Weather • 제10과

3단계: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar

Vocabulary• 영화 film, movie• 극장 theater• 멀티플렉스 Multiplex• 화면 screen

77

Chapter 6- Conversation Level III

Korean/ Lesson III1

[panel edit [1]]

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner •

3급: Low intermediate — 1. The human body • 2. Religion • 3. Nature • 4. The universe • 5. Reading a book • 제6과:어느 정도로 나를 사랑해?• 7. Using computers • 8. At the restaurant • 제9과 • 제10과

4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar

• 머리 head, hair• 머리카락 hair• 뇌 brain• 눈 eye• 눈썹 eyebrow• 코 nose• 볼 cheek• 입 mouth• 이 teeth• 턱 jaw, chin• 목 neck• 어깨 shoulder• 팔 arms• 손 hand(s)• 손가락 finger(s)• 손톱 fingernail• 배 stomach, belly• 다리 leg(s)• 무릎 knee• 발 foot• 발가락 toe(s)• 뼈 bone• 살 flesh• 귀 ear

[panel edit [1]]Other languages...

Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing • Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner •

3급: Low intermediate — 1. The human body • 2. Religion • 3. Nature • 4. The universe • 5. Reading a book • 제6과:어느 정도로 나를

사랑해? • 7. Using computers • 8. At the restaurant • 제9과 • 제10과 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: Advanced

Korean/Lesson III1 78

Grammar

Korean/ Lesson III2

[panel edit [1]]

Other languages...

Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner •

3급: Low intermediate — 1. The human body • 2. Religion • 3. Nature • 4. The universe • 5. Reading a book • 제6과:어느 정도로 나를 사랑해?• 7. Using computers • 8. At the restaurant • 제9과 • 제10과

4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar

IntroductionThis section covers the terms related to religion and encourage the student to speak about his/her religious beliefsusing the Korean language. When learning about religion in the Korean language, there are some important factors toconsider. First of all, there are 7 different speech levels in the Korean language accompanied by a set of honorificforms for each speech level. In the Korean Bible, the translators use the Hasoseoche(하소서체) form for many of theverses. For daily speech, the reader should use one of the lower speech forms instead.The second thing that the reader needs to do is be prepared to learn the hanja for many of the words used in thereligious texts. If the reader learns a few hanja every week, that reader will be able to be able to learn the vocabularymore quickly. The hanja are used in the mixed script Korean Bible, 백팔대참회문, as well as some other Koreanreligious texts.

Vocabulary종교 - Religion하느님 - God여호와 - Jehovah (God's name)하늘 - Heaven악마 - The Devil(사탄-satan)지옥 - Hell성신/성령 - Holy spirit/Holy Ghost영적인 - spiritual교회 - Church

성경(聖經) - The Bible절 - Buddhist Temple무교 - no religion불교 - Buddhism불경 - Buddhist Bible부처님 - Buddha교파 - sect영원히 - eternally

Korean/Lesson III2 79

낙원 - paradise화신 - reincarnation부활 - resurrection예수 그리스도 - Jesus Christ사도 - apostle기도하다 - to pray응답 - an answer(spiritual)믿다 - to believe이해하다 - to understand오해 - misunderstanding헷갈리다 - to be confused(혼란스럽다 too)경전 - scriptures

성전(聖殿) - Temple인자(人子) - Son of Man구원(救援) - salvation표적(表迹) - miracle

[panel edit [1]]Other languages...

Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner •

3급: Low intermediate — 1. The human body • 2. Religion • 3. Nature • 4. The universe • 5. Reading a book • 제6과:어느 정도로 나를

사랑해? • 7. Using computers • 8. At the restaurant • 제9과 • 제10과

4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar

Korean/Lesson III3 80

Korean/ Lesson III3

Vocabulary• 바다 sea• 산 mountain, hill• 강 river, creek

Korean/ Lesson III4

Vocabulary• the Universe 우주• astronaut 우주인• star 별• constellation 별자리• sun 태양• solar system 태양계• Mercury 수성• Venus 금성• Earth 지구• Mars 화성• Jupiter 목성• Saturn 토성• Uranus 천왕성• Neptune 해왕성• Pluto 명왕성• Comet 혜성

Korean/Lesson III5 81

Korean/ Lesson III5

Vocabulary• 책 book• 독서 reading• 서점 bookstore• 잡지 magazine

Korean/ Lesson III6<<Lesson 5]] | '''Lesson 6''' | [[Korean/Lesson III7|Lesson 7>>

제6과: 어느 정도로 나를 사랑해?• 대화

A:영희야 너 철수 얼마만큼 사랑해? B:하늘만큼 땅만큼 A:그렇게 많이? B:그럼 넌 부모님을 얼만큼 사랑하는데? A:그거야 헤아릴 수 없지

• 어휘

만큼 : as much as 하늘 : sky 땅 : earth, ground 부모 : parent 헤아리다 : consider: weigh(=재다;measure)• 유용 표현

하늘만큼 땅만큼 : very very much

Korean/Lesson III7 82

Korean/ Lesson III7<<Lesson 6 | Lesson 7

제7과: 컴퓨터 사용하기• 컴퓨터 computer• 랩탑 컴퓨터 / 노트북컴퓨터 laptop computer/notebook computer• 모니터 monitor• 마우스 mouse• 소프트웨어 software• 온라인 online• 인터넷 internet• 홈피 homepage (slang for 홈페이지)

Korean/ Lesson III8

[panel edit [1]]

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Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner •

3급: Low intermediate — 1. The human body • 2. Religion • 3. Nature • 4. The universe • 5. Reading a book • 제6과:어느 정도로 나를 사랑해?• 7. Using computers • 8. At the restaurant • 제9과 • 제10과

4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar

제 8과 : At the restaurant

단어

• 밥 rice• 국 soup• 김치 kimchi• 고기 meat• 단무지 pickled radish• 된장 doenjang, soybean paste, miso• 찌개 jjigae, pot stew• 물 water• 와인 wine• 주방장 head cook• 요리사 cook• 커피 coffee• 음료 beverage• 빵 bread• 소금 salt• 설탕 sugar• 간장 soy sauce

Korean/Lesson III8 83

단위

• 밥 한 공기 a bowl of rice• 커피 한 잔 a cup of coffee

문장

• 주문하시겠습니까? May I take your order?• 물은 셀프 taking water is self-service• 얼마입니까? How much is this/are these• 오늘의 추천 메뉴 Today's recommeded menu

[panel edit [1]]Other languages...

Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner •

3급: Low intermediate — 1. The human body • 2. Religion • 3. Nature • 4. The universe • 5. Reading a book • 제6과:어느 정도로 나를

사랑해? • 7. Using computers • 8. At the restaurant • 제9과 • 제10과

4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: AdvancedGrammar

Article Sources and Contributors 84

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Korean/ Alphabet  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1502399  Contributors: Dysprosia, Jguk, Rodasmith, Shreevatsa, Taejo, Webaware, Ysw1987, 아흔, 31 anonymous edits

Korean/ RWP  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1158525  Contributors: Chuck SMITH, Junesun, Rodasmith, Webaware, 1 anonymous edits

Korean/ Principles of Orthography  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1158523  Contributors: Az1568, Iamgravity, Kjoonlee, Rodasmith, Ryoske, SBJohnny, Tannersf,Webaware, 4 anonymous edits

Korean/ Essential Pronunciation Rules  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1696499  Contributors: Adrignola, DrRom, Iamgravity, Rodasmith, SBJohnny, Webaware, 7anonymous edits

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Korean/ Mini- tutorial Lesson  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1566824  Contributors: Adrignola, Dolphin9litz, Ravichandar84, Zeaniehope, 5 anonymous edits

Korean/ Getting started on Hanjas  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1566820  Contributors: Adrignola, Scott Stinson, 2 anonymous edits

Korean/ Grammar Introduction  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=901167  Contributors: Iamgravity, Rodasmith, Ryoske, 1 anonymous edits

Korean/ Personal pronouns  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1040059  Contributors: Jguk, Nerocyan, Rodasmith, 11 anonymous edits

Korean/ Demonstrative pronouns  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1629002  Contributors: Adrignola, Rodasmith, Scott Stinson, 6 anonymous edits

Korean/ Adjectives  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=893479  Contributors: Nesnad, Rodasmith

Korean/ Verbs  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1721704  Contributors: Calcwatch, Jguk, Kwj2772, Rodasmith, Yeosu, Yunje76, 23 anonymous edits

Korean/ Conjunctions  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1770619  Contributors: Adrignola, Alovell83, Scott Stinson, Yunje76, 8 anonymous edits

Korean/ Postpositions  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=873632  Contributors: Crossmr, Rodasmith, Scott Stinson, Tarnjp

Korean/ Sentence word order  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=901169  Contributors: Adrignola, Chamdarae, DrRom, Dvvt, INode, Iamgravity, Jguk, Joechin, Jomegat,Only2sea, Pickle98, Rodasmith, Smimram, Thenub314, Zyphern, 34 anonymous edits

Korean/ Comparatives and superlatives  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1629010  Contributors: DrRom, Rodasmith, Scott Stinson, Yunje76, 2 anonymous edits

Korean/ Questions  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1629011  Contributors: Mollimolli, Rodasmith, Scott Stinson, 3 anonymous edits

Korean/ Commands  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1647574  Contributors: Adrignola, Yunje76, 5 anonymous edits

Korean/ Dates and times  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1647575  Contributors: Jguk, Yeu Ninje, 4 anonymous edits

Korean/ Expert Hanja  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1566819  Contributors: Adrignola, Wundermacht

Korean/ Expert  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1566818  Contributors: Adrignola, Wundermacht

Korean/ Lesson I1  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1752749  Contributors: Caninrok, DrRom, Drunkasian, Furrykef, Iamgravity, Jguk, Joechin, Jrobinjapan, Kaminix, Nikai,PurpleKiwi, Rodasmith, 26 anonymous edits

Korean/ Lesson I2  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1757675  Contributors: Adrignola, Chamdarae, DrRom, Dvvt, INode, Iamgravity, Jguk, Joechin, Jomegat, Only2sea,Pickle98, Rodasmith, Smimram, Thenub314, Zyphern, 34 anonymous edits

Korean/ Lesson I3  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1738342  Contributors: Chamdarae, DrRom, Eiku, Iamgravity, Jeunesis, Jguk, Recent Runes, Rodasmith, 15 anonymousedits

Korean/ Lesson I4  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1514860  Contributors: Jguk, Mkn, Only2sea, WhiteNight7, 12 anonymous edits

Korean/ Lesson I5  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1628917  Contributors: Jeunesis, Scott Stinson, 5 anonymous edits

Korean/ Lesson I6  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1514863  Contributors: Barryc, Jeunesis, Jguk, Scott Stinson, 10 anonymous edits

Korean/ Lesson I7  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1514864  Contributors: Scott Stinson, 4 anonymous edits

Korean/ Lesson I8  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1514865  Contributors: Chamdarae, Jguk, Kwj2772, Scott Stinson, 2 anonymous edits

Korean/ Lesson I9  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1514866  Contributors: Jeunesis, Jguk, 8 anonymous edits

Korean/ Lesson I10  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1514867  Contributors: Ce garcon, Chamdarae, INode, Jguk, Kwj2772, Mkn, 11 anonymous edits

Korean/ Lesson II1  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1723952  Contributors: Rodasmith, Scott Stinson, 2 anonymous edits

Korean/ Lesson II2  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1140885  Contributors: Scott Stinson, 1 anonymous edits

Korean/ Lesson II3  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1140886  Contributors: Scott Stinson, 1 anonymous edits

Korean/ Lesson II4  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1516183  Contributors: Jguk, 7 anonymous edits

Korean/ Lesson II5  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1516184  Contributors: Wundermacht, 1 anonymous edits

Korean/ Lesson II6  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1516186  Contributors: Hc5duke, Jguk, Scott Stinson, Yeu Ninje, 1 anonymous edits

Korean/ Lesson II7  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1516187  Contributors: Scott Stinson, Wundermacht, 1 anonymous edits

Korean/ Lesson II8  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1516188  Contributors: Scott Stinson, 2 anonymous edits

Korean/ Lesson II9  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1516190  Contributors: Wundermacht, 1 anonymous edits

Korean/ Lesson II10  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1723954  Contributors: Wundermacht, 3 anonymous edits

Korean/ Lesson III1  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=867047  Contributors: Barryc, Dan O'Malley, INode, Jguk, Rodasmith, 2 anonymous edits

Korean/ Lesson III2  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1514868  Contributors: HeidiNam, Scott Stinson, 7 anonymous edits

Article Sources and Contributors 85

Korean/ Lesson III3  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1566821  Contributors: Adrignola, Wundermacht

Korean/ Lesson III4  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1566822  Contributors: Adrignola, Kwj2772, Scott Stinson, 1 anonymous edits

Korean/ Lesson III5  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1566823  Contributors: Adrignola, Wundermacht

Korean/ Lesson III6  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1404151  Contributors: Chamdarae, Eirikr, Jguk, Mkn, 2 anonymous edits

Korean/ Lesson III7  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1174568  Contributors: Jguk, Mkn, 2 anonymous edits

Korean/ Lesson III8  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?oldid=1723975  Contributors: I0374526, 1 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 86

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:Korean_consonants.jpg  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Korean_consonants.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Estoy Aquí, Gpvos,아흔

Image:Korean_vowels.jpg  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Korean_vowels.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: User:아흔

Image:Giuk_stroke_order.gif  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Giuk_stroke_order.gif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Iamgravity, KjoonleeImage:Niun_stroke_order.gif  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Niun_stroke_order.gif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: KjoonleeImage:Digut_stroke_order.gif  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Digut_stroke_order.gif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: IamgravityImage:Riul_stroke_order.gif  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Riul_stroke_order.gif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: IamgravityImage:Mium_stroke_order.gif  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mium_stroke_order.gif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Iamgravity, KjoonleeImage:Biup_stroke_order.gif  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Biup_stroke_order.gif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Iamgravity, KjoonleeImage:Siut_stroke_order.gif  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Siut_stroke_order.gif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: IamgravityImage:Iung_stroke_order.gif  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Iung_stroke_order.gif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Iamgravity, KjoonleeImage:Jigut_stroke_order.gif  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jigut_stroke_order.gif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: IamgravityImage:Chiut_stroke_order.gif  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chiut_stroke_order.gif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: IamgravityImage:Kiuk_stroke_order.gif  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kiuk_stroke_order.gif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Iamgravity, KjoonleeImage:Tiut stroke order.gif  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tiut_stroke_order.gif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: KjoonleeImage:Piup_stroke_order.gif  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Piup_stroke_order.gif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: IamgravityImage:Hiut_stroke_order.gif  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hiut_stroke_order.gif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Iamgravity, KjoonleeImage:Korean_vowel_strokes.gif  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Korean_vowel_strokes.gif  License: Public Domain  Contributors: IamgravityImage:Hangul2compundtable.jpg  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hangul2compundtable.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: IamgravityImage:Hangul3compundtable.jpg  Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hangul3compundtable.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Iamgravity

License 87

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unportedhttp:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/