WASTEANYTHING THAT IS DISCARDED AS USELES IS WASTE.WASTE IS PRODUCED IN HUGE QUANTITIES EVERY DAY AL OVER THE WORLDDUE TO VARIOUS HUMAN ACTIVITIES.EARLIER KIDS USED SLATES &CHALK BUT N OW EACH CHILD USES COPIES & PENCILS,etc TO WRITE.THOUGH ADVANCEMENT IS GOOD,WE CANNOT DENY THAT IT CAUSED A GENERAL RISE IN THE QANTITY OF WASTE. THOUGH WASTE IS PRODUSED ALL OVER THE WORLD, THE SOURCES ARE DIFFERENT IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. AS A RULE, RURAL AREA DO NOT CONTRIBUTE TO WASTE GENARATIONAS MUCH AS URBAN AREA DO.

SOURCES OF WASTEWASTEDOMESTICINDUSTRIALCOMMERCIALAGRICULTURAL

DOMESTIC WASTE.ALL HOUSEHOLD WASTE COLLECTIVELY TERMED AS DOMESTIC WASTE.THE WASTE/SPOILT FOOD ITEMS,PEELS & OTHER WASTES COME UNDER THIS CATEGORY.RUBBISH LIKE PAPER ,PLASTIC RUBBER , GLASS, CARDSBOARD, ASHES, DUST, etc. AS WELL AS DIRTY WATER FROM BATHING, WASHING& CLEANING. ARE ALSO DOMESTIC WASTE. THESE WASTES ARE GENERALLY DEGRADABLE. MUCH OF THE DOMESTIC WASTE TODAY IS RECYCLABLE. SEWAGE IS ALSO CONSIDERED A DOMESTIC WASTE.

INDUSTRIAL WASTEWHAT DO INDUSTRIES NEED FOR PRODUCTION OF GOODS? THEY NEED RAW MATERIALS. GENERALLY, A LAGE QUANTITY OF RAW MATERIALS ARE REQUIRED FOR A LITTLE AMOUNT OF PRODUCT, FOR EXAMPLE, AS IN MINING INDUSTRIES, SUGAR INDUSTRIES LIKE PAPER INDUSTRIES AND DISTILLERIES PRODUCE A LOT OF SOLID WASTES AS RESIDUE PULPS. TANNERIES, ETC. PRODUCE A LOT OF CHEMICAL WASTES. EVEN POWER PLANTS THAT USE COAL PRODUCE LOT OF ASHES AND POLLUTING GASSES. OIL REFINERIES AND PETROLEUM BASED INDUSTRIES ALSO EMIT A LOT OF POISONOUS AND HARMFUL GASES AND RESIDUES.

COMMERCIAL WASTESCOMMERCIAL WASTES ARE GENERALLY LEFTOVER OF PACKAGING MATERIALS AND WASTES GENERATED FROM NON-INDUSTRIAL AND NON-DOMESTIC SOURCES LIKE HOTELS, SHOPS, RESTAURANTS, HOSPITALS, ETC. IT GENERALLY INCLUDES RECYCLABLE WASTES LIKE PAPER, CARBOARD, PLASTIC AND JUTE BASED BAGS, ROPES, BOTTLES OF PLASTIC AND GLASS. DISPOSABLE SYRINGES, MEDICINE BOTTLES, AND OTHER PLASTIC EQUIPMENTS LIKE TUBES, ETC. ARE DISCAREDED FROM HOSPITALS.

ARICULTURE WASTESAGRICULTURE, JUST A CENTURY AGO, WAS VERY NATURE-BASED. CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES WERE NOT COMMON IF NOT UNDEARD OF. BUT MODERN AGRICULTURE SHOWS A WHOLE NEW PICTUE. THE PRESSURE OF PRODUCING A HIGHER YIELD FROM LESSER LAND HAS LED TO THE OVERUSE AND MISUSE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS. ORGANIC FERTILIZERS ARE BIO-DEGRADABLE AND ARE NOT A THREAT BUT ABOUT 40% OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS ARE LEFT AS RESIDUE IN SOIL FROM WHERE THEY POLLUTE WATER-BODIES. OTHER CHEMICALS LISTED BELOW ALSO LEAVE RESIDUES IN SOIL AND ARE A NUISANCE. INSECTICIDES --- USED TO KILL HARMFUL INSECT RODENTICIEDS---USED TO KILL RATS AND MICE FUNGICIDES--- USED TO KILL FUNGI WEEDICIDESUSED TO KILL WEEDS IN CROP FIELDS.

Amazing Facts About Paper Recycling

Nearly 218,000 tons of shredded paper is used each year for animal bedding. Kids are helping to get recycling programs started. They visit Town Hall, make speeches, write letters to the editor and get things done

84% of all Americans are recycling used paper at curbside or recycling drop-off sites.

Tonnes of waste is generated worldwide each day. Every house, school, factory, hotel and hundreds of other establishments release wastes of several kinds. More modernization has led to more waste production. More waste production leads to another problem-waste accumulation. There are garbage dumps outside every city in our country today. Perhaps you have a small dump in your locality. Do you like to pass by it? It smells bad and is not hygienic at all.

Waste accumulation is a big problem everywhere nowadays. As you learnt in the last chapter wastes are either biodegradable or non-biodegradable. Generally. Due to ignorance they are collectively dumped outside city limits. Such accumulation of waste causes many problems. Lets take a took at them.Accumulated garbage emits foul odour. Accumulated waste makes any place ugly. Uncovered garbage attracts flies and disease causing germs. It becomes their breeding ground. In urban areas garbage dumped on roads is a nuisance. Garbage also attracts rodents that spread diseases, e.g. rats. Some harmful chemical wastes dumped carelessly are a big risk to poor people who earn a living by collecting recyclable wastes. Plastic bottles and bags cause blockage in drains, harm the soil and cause death of animals like cows and dogs. Industrial wastes dumped into rivers kill the aquatic life forms and pollute the water.

- Pesticides and chemical fertilizers accumulated in soil and waterbodies are a huge risk to our health and the environment. - Radioactive wastes from nuclear plants cause serious disorders in plants and animals.

How we can check waste accumulationNobody likes to live in a dirty house or accumulate rubbish in or near their houses. So, why should we dirty our city? We all can play an active part in checking waste accumulation.We should spread awareness about health hazards of waste accumulation. We should store domestic waste in covered bins. We should no to non-biodegradable products like plastics. We should have separate bins for biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. We should ensure that waste is regularly collected from bins and disposed properly. We should recycle whatever possible.Remember to live a healthy life; cleanliness is most important not just in our life style but also our surroundings.

The key to mans largely in his environment. Many health problems are caused by pollution of air, water and soil and improper waste disposal . Have you ever noticed that whenever diseases like cholera, malaria, etc break out, the poor are the first victims, specially slum dwellers . The unhygienic conditions they live in welcome germs and disease carrying insects and rodents.

SANITATION The health in our country a result of poor sanitation. Most cities have a sewer system where the sewage from houses and buildings is collected and treated before being disposed . But some under-developed localities and slums do not posses such facilities . The poor sanitation conditions in such places are also a cause for spread of diseases like cholera . Even animal waste is a nuisance though nowadays in many places it is being used to produce biogas.

Points to rememberThe key to man s health lies in his environment .Garbage should be disposed off in a safe manner .Disease carrying insects and rodents are called vectors.Dirty stagnant water encourages multiplication of mosquitoes .The health in our country is largely a result of poor sanitation.

WELCOME

Environmental Geology for Regional PlanningThe disposal of domestic and industrial waste under environmentally sustainable condition has become a matter of high priority for the Chiang Mai-Lamphun Basic and for many other places in Thailand well . Operated and abandoned waste sites have increasingly developed into sources of serious environmental pollution. Commom problems that are related to waste disposal sites are-.Inappropriate site selection.Inadequate design of the site.Inadequate monitoring of its environmental impacts

MATERIAL RECOVERYPaper RecoveryTurtle Island Recycling began as a local paper recycling company . In keeping with this direction ,we have developed and fostered strategic alliances with many of the largest paper mills in North America. We sort, clean and process all grades of paper fiber.Mixed Beverage Container RecoveryTo illustrate our commitment to providing user friendly recycling programs, Turtle Island has the most effective and unique mixed beverage program in the area. Our program focuses on recovering the most material with minimal effort or confusion to the user

Disposal of solid waste.Solid waste is a big problem as it accumulates in garbage dumps. There are many ways of solid waste disposal like*-Sanitary landfill-Composting-Incinerating/Combustion-Cutting down waste generation-Recycling

Disposal of liquid wastes.*Many river near cities are polluted .The cause is that all industrial and domestic wastes are dumped in them .This causes much pollution and harm to aquatic life forms.*-Waste from industries :Much of the industries waste contains hazardous chemicals which need to be treated before discharge. -Sewage disposal: Sewage from most urban areas in collected in sewers through drains .-Septic tanks : In places not available ,septic tanks are used .These are sealed underground takes where bacteria decompose sewage from individual houses or small areas.

Disposal of gaseous wastesThe gaseous wastes which are most dangerous to people threaten the life of animal and plants. Carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide are some gaseous waste released from vehicles and industries . When these gases get dissolved with water vapour they cause acid rain which destroys vegetation and causes irritation of eyes and skin in human beings and animal. It even harms buildings .These gases also cause health disorders.

*Hazards of gaseous emission.*Factories are required by law to install scrubbers and filters in their chimneys that the smoke they emit does not contain harmful gases. Electrostatic precipitators are also used for the same purpose .These trap dust particles from exhaust gases of industries using electricity. Vehicles also have filters and are requires by law to test their efficiency regularly to curb pollution.

To solve the problem of waste accumulation and to promote proper wastemanagement , all of us need to work together . This mean that the government Public and even every individuals must cooperate . Proper waste management also requires equipments and labour.This needs money. So ,the methods of waste management vary from regions to regions and country to country based on following factors. 1. Total amount of waste generated. 2.Types of waste generated. 3.Availability of funds. 4.Availability of labour and machines.Basically waste management means collecting garbage, transferring it to the dump,and disposing it in a clean , safe manner. You all must have observe dumpers emptying dustbins / small dumps in your city and taking away the garbage.

For proper waste management , the government of a country should: --Be aware of environmental and health hazards of improperly disposed waste. --Make rules that promotes cleanliness in public places, streets , etc. --Impose fines on littering and careless disposal of waste. --Provide local bodies with proper funding. --Provide modern techniques for safer waste collection and disposal.--Spread public awareness about proper waste disposal and recycling .--Sweepers and sanitary workers must be provided with proper equipment .--Any public complaints regarding waste disposal in a locality should be seriously and quickly handled.

If local communities do not cooperate with the government , even the best plans will fail .Communities can do a lot for their country. --They can help keep their locality clean. --They can report any problem to relevant authorities in a responsible manner. --They should not misuse/ destroy public property. --They should be aware that the environment needs their protection.--They can develop/construct small scale local purification plants or compostingpits that benefit the entire community.

A person is the building block of society .Every person should do his path. People should always be ready to lend a helping hand for social welfare. Even we studentscan help. For proper waste management people can do the following ;--Every one should recycle what ever possible.--Every one should separate biodegradable/not-biodegradable substances in separate bins at home.--Every one can maintain a compost pit ; otherwise 4-5 a families can do sotogether .--Children can separate awareness among elders .--Garbage should not be burned .It pollutes the air . Besides, much of it can be recycle .--Dangerous wastes like batteries , cells , chemicals, etc. Should be disposed separately and carefully. So, for proper waste management , every single person should do his part.If individuals do not do their part , communities cannot . And if communities fail ,The plan of the government are useless . Same is the case with all social and environmental issues. Therefore always remember to do your bit.

-- Aanchal--Kanyaphat--Sadanand--Anmol--Choe You Jin--Ruchi--Masooma--Sneha

-- Masooma --Sadanand--Shanisra--Kanyaphat--Amra--Sneha--Mehak

Vibhuti , Ishna ,Muskaan , Anmol , Mehak , Sarika , Renuka , Maansi , Aanchal,Somya, Himtaj , Choe You Chin , Krati , Shubhangi T , Shubhangi A , Ankita , Shanisra , Sneha , Amra ,

--Vibhuti