Appendix

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017M.E. Mehle (ed.), Sinus Headache, Migraine, and the Otolaryngologist,DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-50376-9

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238 Appendix

Appendix 239

240 Appendix

Index

AAbdominal migraine (AM), 168–169Abortive medications, 38

antiemetics, 43–45antihistamines, 45barbiturates, 47benzodiazepines, 47corticosteroids, 46ergots and derivatives, 42–43intranasal lidocaine, 49isometheptene, 46–47medication overuse headaches, 49–50nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and

non-opioid analgesics, 47–49opioids, 45–46serotonin receptor agonists, 38–42

Abortive treatment plans, 56inpatient treatment plans, 58prophylactic treatment plans, 58

Acetaminophen, 39t, 47, 49Acetylcholine, 69, 94Active rhinitis (AR) symptoms, 153Acupuncture, Level A evidence, 226–227Acute rhinosinusitis (ARS), 28t, 95–96Adjunctive and integrative therapy in migraine

management, 209Level A evidence

acupuncture, 226–227biofeedback, 228cognitive-behavioral therapy, 228Petasites (butterbur), 211–213relaxation training, 227–228

Level B evidenceexercise, 224feverfew, 216magnesium, 213–214riboflavin, 214–216, 215f

Level C evidencechiropractic therapies and massage, 227coenzyme Q10, 216–217hyperbaric oxygen therapy, 228–229trigger point injections and release, 227

Level U evidencealpha lipoic acid, 218–219cannabis, 221–222diet, 222–224essential fatty acids, 219–220ginkgolide B, 220melatonin, 217niacin, 222phytoestrogens, 221vitamins B6, B9, B12, 217–218

magnesium, 213acute management, 214prevention, 214

manual therapy, 225acupuncture, 226–227chiropractic therapies and massage, 227trigger point injections and release, 227

mind/body techniques, 227biofeedback, 228cognitive-behavioral therapy, 228relaxation training, 227–228

nutraceuticals, 211Alice-in-Wonderland syndrome, 157Allergic rhinitis (AR), 111

clinical associations, 116–118early and late reactions, 112

suppression of allergic response, 113epidemiology and disease burden, 115–116and headache, 111and migraine, 97

pathophysiology of, 113–115pathophysiology of, 112

Note: Page numbers followed by f and t indicate figures and tables, respectively

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017M.E. Mehle (ed.), Sinus Headache, Migraine, and the Otolaryngologist,DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-50376-9

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Allergymigraine and, 3–4otolaryngology, 4

Allodynia, 94, 140, 151–152Almotriptan (Axert), 40t, 41Alpha lipoic acid (ALA), Level U evidence,

218–219American Academy of Neurology (AAN), 30,

210American College of Radiology (ACR), 29–30American Headache Society (AHS), 210Amitriptyline, 53, 54, 131–132Anandamide (AEA), 221Angiotensin converting enzyme

(ACE) inhibitors, 53Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), 53Anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide

(Anti-CGRP), 7, 8, 15Anticonvulsants, 53–54

for vestibular migraine, 132Antidepressants, 53Antiemetics, 43–45Antihistamines, 45Antihypertensives, 52

angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors,53

angiotensin receptor blockers, 53beta blockers, 52calcium channel blockers, 52

Apical ballooning syndrome (ABS), 165Arachidonic (n-6 AA) acid, 2202-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), 221Aspirin, 39t, 48, 164Atrial septal aneurysm (ASA), 166Atypical trigger sites, 204

compression points, 204surgical decompression, 204–205

Auras, 139and migraine, 10–12

Auriculotemporal (AT) nerve, 197visualization of, 199f

Autonomic dysfunction, 156–157

BBacillus botulinus, 66Banana, 130Bárány Society, 121, 122Barbiturates, 39t, 47Behavioral modifications, 37Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV),

1, 124Benign paroxysmal torticollis (BPT), 163Benign positional vertigo (BPV), 144, 145Benzodiazepines, 44, 47, 131

for vestibular migraine, 133Beta blockers, 52, 131

for vestibular migraine, 133Bilateral greater occipital nerves, 201fBiofeedback, Level A evidence, 228Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, 67Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa), 221Bladder pain syndrome (BPS). See Interstitial

cystitis (IC)Botox, 67–68, 84Botulinum toxin for migraine headaches, 3, 12,

51–52, 65botulinum toxin preparation, 69contraindications, 70history, 66–68migraine headache, 79

botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A),71–72

BTX-A and surgical treatment ofmigraine headaches, 74–75

causes of therapeutic failures, 85injection technique, 76–83. See also

Injection techniquemarketing, 85–86possible complications/adverse effects,

83–84proposed mechanisms by which

botulinum toxin affects headache,73–74

relevant anatomy, 72–73treatment of ptosis, 85work-up, 75–76

pharmacology, 68–69Botulism, 66, 84Brainstem, 126, 171–174Brainstem circuits, hyperexcitability of, 145Burning mouth syndrome (BMS), 151Butalbital, 47, 58Butorphanol, 46

CCACNA1A, calcium channel gene, 115, 163,

174Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), 8, 10,

74, 94, 114, 144, 177Calcium channel blockers, 52, 131

for vestibular migraine, 133Cannabidiol (CBD), 221Cannabinoids (CBs), 221Cannabis, Level U evidence, 221–222Cardiovascular diseases, 43, 143t

hypertension/hypotension, 164–165mitral valve prolapse, 166patent foramen ovale, 165–166

242 Index

Raynaud’s phenomenon and apicalballooning syndrome, 165

stroke and heart attacks, 164Central nervous system, 99, 141

auditory, 146central processing disorder, 147hyperacusis (phonophobia), 146tinnitus, 146–147transient aphasia, 147

autonomic dysfunction, 156–157balance, 141

Mal de Debarquement syndrome, 145Meniere’s disease, 146migrainous positional vertigo, 145–146motion intolerance, 144–145vestibular migraine, 141–144

concussion and traumatic brain injury,159–161

epilepsy, 159general cognitive disorders, 157

cognitive and memory deficits, 158fatigue, 157–158

glaucoma, 150mood disorders, 147–148restless legs syndrome, 149–150self-perception, 157sensory, 151

allergy, 153–154allodynia, 151–152red ear syndrome, 152rhinosinusitis, 154–155temporomandibular disorder symptoms,

155tooth pain, 155trigeminal neuralgia, 155–156

sleep disturbance, 149special sensory: olfaction, 150

burning mouth syndrome, 151osmophobia, 150phantageusia, 151phantosmia, 150

thermoregulation, 156Central processing disorder, 147Central sensitization, 10, 73, 140Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, 26

headache evaluation, 32Cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential

(cVEMP) testing, 125, 127C-fibers, 153, 154Chiropractic therapies and massage, Level C

evidence, 227Chlorpromazine, 44, 58Chronic migraine, 3, 12, 52, 68, 71, 76, 84, 86,

148, 152

Chronic pelvic pain. See Interstitial cystitis (IC)Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), 27, 96

CT scanning in diagnosing, 96–97surgical intervention for CRS-related pain,

100Clonazepam, 133Clostridium botulinum, 66Cluster headache (CH), 21–23

diagnostic criteria for, 23tC-nociceptors syndrome, 152Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), 54

Level C evidence, 216–217Cognitive disorders, general, 157

cognitive and memory deficits, 158fatigue, 157–158

Cognitive dissonance, 99Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), Level A

evidence, 228Colic, 169Comorbid allergic rhinitis, 117Comorbidities, migraine, 139, 140, 142–143t

brainstem, 171–174cardiovascular, 164

hypertension/hypotension, 164–165mitral valve prolapse, 166patent foramen ovale, 165–166Raynaud’s phenomenon and apical

ballooning syndrome, 165stroke and heart attacks, 164

central nervous system, 141. See alsoCentral nervous systemauditory, 146–147autonomic dysfunction, 156–157balance, 141–146concussion and traumatic brain injury,

159–161epilepsy, 159general cognitive disorders, 157–158glaucoma, 150mood disorders, 147–148olfaction, 150–151restless legs syndrome, 149–150self-perception, 157sensory, 151–156sleep disturbance, 149thermoregulation, 156

cortical spreading depression, 175–176functional gastrointestinal disorders, 166

abdominal migraine, 168–169colic, 169cyclic vomiting syndrome, 167gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia,

168genetics, 174–175

Index 243

Comorbidities, migraine (cont.)hormonal influence, 177mitochondriopathy, 175musculoskeletal, 162

benign paroxysmal torticollis, 163complex regional pain syndrome, 163essential tremor, 163–164fibromyalgia, 162idiopathic scoliosis, 164

OB/GYN, 169interstitial cystitis, pelvic floor pain, and

dysfunction, 169–170pregnancy complications, 169vulvodynia, 170–171

pathophysiology, 171response to migraine medication, 175white matter signal abnormalities, 176–177

Complementary or alternative medicine(CAM), 209

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), 163Concha bullosa–related headache, 102–103Concussion and traumatic brain injury,

159–161Conjunctival injection and tearing, 21Contact point neuralgia, 101–102Contrast enhanced constructive interference in

steady state (CE-CISS) imaging, 31Corrugator supercilii muscle (CSM), 195Cortex of the brain, 126Cortical spreading depolarization (CSD). See

Cortical spreading depression (CSD)Cortical spreading depression (CSD), 8, 11,

159, 175–176Corticosteroids, 46Cranial autonomic symptoms, 21CT angiography (CTA), 30CT scanning, 30

in diagnosing chronic rhinosinusitis, 96–97Lund-Mackay score, 97

Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS), 140, 167,175

Cyclooxygenase inhibitors (COX1/COX2), 48CYP 450 pathway, 42

DDefinite migrainous vertigo. See Vestibular

migraine (VM)Dexamethasone, 46Diagnosis of thunderclap headache, 25tDiet, Level U evidence, 222–224Differential diagnosis, 32Dihydroergotamine (DHE), 42–43, 57Diltiazem CD, 133Diphenhydramine, 44, 45, 58

Divalproex sodium, 53Dix–Hallpike testing, 124Dong quai (Angelica polymorpha), 221Dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), 172Droperidol, 44Dysautonomia, 156–157Dysport, neurotoxin, 68

EEletriptan (Relpax), 40t, 41Elimination diet, 117, 224tEmergency department (ED), 30, 38Empiric treatment for migraine, 98Endoscopic sinus surgeries, 101Epilepsy, 159Ergot alkaloids, 39t, 42Ergotamine tartrate (ET), 42–43, 57Ergotism, 43Ergots, 10, 43, 56, 57

and derivatives, 42–43, 57Essential fatty acids, Level U evidence,

219–220Essential tremor, 163–164Estradiol-17-beta, 221Exercise, Level B evidence, 224External occipital protuberance (EOP), 200

FFacial pain, 112Familial hemiplegic migraines (FHM) Types

1–3, 11Fatigue, 157–158Feverfew, Level B evidence, 216Fibromyalgia (FM), 162Food triggers in migraine, 128–131,

129–130tFrontal trigger site, 195

compression points, 195outcomes of decompression, 197surgical decompression, 196

Frovatriptan (Frova), 40tFunctional dyspepsia (FD), 167, 168Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS),

100tFunctional gastrointestinal disorders, 166

abdominal migraine, 168–169colic, 169cyclic vomiting syndrome, 167gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia, 168

Functional MRI (fMRI), 12, 226

GGabapentin, 54Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), 2

244 Index

Gastroparesis (GP) and functional dyspepsia(FD), 168

Genetics, 174–175Giant cell arteritis (GCA), 26Gillies approach, 199Ginkgolide B, Level U evidence, 220Glaucoma, 150Glutamate, 74, 220Greater occipital nerve (GON), 200, 201, 202

HHaloperidol, 44–45Head motion intolerance, 124Headache, 17

associated with vascular disease, 24–26classification, 18tdue to intracranial hypertension and

hypotension, 26–27evaluation, 28

cerebrospinal fluid analysis, 32laboratory testing, 31–32neuroimaging, 29–31

primary headache, 18cluster headache, 21–23migraine, 19–20tension-type headache, 20–21

secondary headache, 23headache associated with vascular

disease, 24–26headache due to intracranial

hypertension and hypotension,26–27

medication overuse headache, 27sinus headache, 27–28

vascular disease associated with, 25tHistamine receptor blockers, 3HIT-6 instrument, 56Hormones, 177Hydroxyzine, 45Hyperacusis (phonophobia), 146, 147Hyperbaric oxygen therapy, Level C evidence,

228–229Hyperexcitability of brainstem circuits, 145Hypertension/hypotension, 164–165Hypomagnesaemia, 214Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis,

158, 173

IIdiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), 26Idiopathic scoliosis (IS), 164Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies,

allergen-specific, 112Indication creep, 99

Infantile migraine, 169Injection technique, 76–83

glabellar site, 76linear injection of corrugators muscles, 77foccipital site, 78, 79fon-label injection, 79–83temporal site, 77–78, 78f

Inner ear, 127International Classification of Headache

Disorders (ICHD), 122ICHD-III beta, 140, 143

International Headache Society (IHS), 1, 121,122

Interstitial cystitis (IC), 169–170Intranasal lidocaine, 49Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 166–167Isometheptene, 46–47

JJuvenile idiopathic scoliosis, 164

KKenalog-10, 76Ketorolac (Toradol), 49

LLabetalol, 54Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPR), 2Lasmiditan, 114Lesser occipital nerve (LON), 200, 202Lisinopril, 53Locus coeruleus (LC), 172Lumbar puncture (LP), 26, 32Lund-Mackay (L-M) score, 97

MMagnesium, 54

Level B evidence, 213acute management, 214prevention, 214

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 30Mal de Debarquement syndrome (MDS), 145Marcaine, 76Marijuana, 221Mast cells, 112, 113Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), 161Medication overuse headache (MOH), 27,

49–50Megaplacebo, 99Melatonin, Level U evidence, 217Memory deficits, cognitive and, 158Meniere, Prosper, 146Meniere’s disease, 140, 144, 146

vestibular migraine and, 123, 127, 134

Index 245

Meridians, 226Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase

(MTHFR), 217Metoclopramide, 43, 44Metoprolol, 52MIDAS questionnaire, 56Middle turbinate headache, 102–103MIG-99, 216Migraine, 1–2, 4, 7, 19–20

and allergy, 3–4and allodynia, 94–95aura and, 10–12without aura, 19tdiagnostic criteria for, 2tgenesis of, 12genetic basis of, 115medical management of, 3medication, response to, 175neuroanatomy of, 9fpain mechanisms and anatomy, 8–10pathophysiology of, 113pharmacological management (see

Migraine, pharmacological managementof)

with typical aura, 20tvestibular (see Vestibular migraine (VM))

Migraine, pharmacological management of, 37abortive medications, 38

antiemetics, 43–45antihistamines, 45barbiturates, 47benzodiazepines, 47corticosteroids, 46ergots and derivatives, 42–43intranasal lidocaine, 49isometheptene, 46–47medication overuse headaches, 49–50non-opioid analgesics, 47–49nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,

47–49opioids, 45–46serotonin receptor agonists, 38–42

abortive treatment plans, 56inpatient treatment plans, 58prophylactic treatment plans, 58

comorbidities (see Comorbidities,migraine)

developing pharmacological treatment plan,55–56

inpatient management, 59tpharmacological therapy in pregnant

patients, 54preemptive treatment, 50prophylaxis, 50

anticonvulsants, 53–54antidepressants, 53antihypertensives, 52–53botulinum toxin, 51–52magnesium and other prophylactic

medications, 54Migraine associated vertigo. See Vestibular

migraine (VM)Migraine disability score (MIDAS), 103Migraine during menses (MM), 214Migraine headache, 70, 121, 124–125, 127,

128f, 132, 133, 134botulinum toxin for, 79

botulinum toxin type A, 71–72BTX-A and surgical treatment of

migraine headaches, 74–75causes of therapeutic failures, 85injection technique (see Injection

technique)marketing, 85–86possible complications/adverse effects,

83–84proposed mechanisms by which

botulinum toxin affects headache,73–74

relevant anatomy, 72–73treatment of ptosis, 85work-up, 75–76

recommendations, 86–87Migraine surgery, 104Migraine with aura (MA), 214Migrainous positional vertigo (MPV), 145–146

Migrainous vertigo. See Vestibular migraine(VM)

Mind/body techniques, 227biofeedback, 228cognitive-behavioral therapy, 228relaxation training, 227–228

Mitochondriopathy, 175Mitral valve prolapse (MVP), 166Mood disorders (anxiety, depression, suicide),

147–148Motion intolerance, 144–145MR angiography (MRA), 30Mucosal contact point headache, 101–102Musculoskeletal, 162

benign paroxysmal torticollis, 163complex regional pain syndrome, 163essential tremor, 163–164fibromyalgia, 162idiopathic scoliosis, 164

Myobloc, neurotoxin, 68

246 Index

Nn-6 linoleic acid (n-6 LA), 220Naratriptan (Amerge), 40t, 41, 57Nasal anatomy, 93Nasal neurophysiology, 93–94Nasal trigger site, 203

compression points, 203outcomes of decompression, 204surgical decompression, 204

National Center for Complementary andAlternative Medicine (NCCAM), 209

National Center for Complementary andIntegrative Health (NCCIH), 209

Neck exercises, 225tNeural hyperresponsiveness, 153Neurogenic inflammation, 153Neuroimaging, headache evaluation, 29–31Neurokinin ANeuroplasticity, 94Niacin, Level U evidence, 222N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor

glutamate receptors, 8Non-opioid analgesics, 47–49Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

(NSAIDs), 39t, 47–49, 56, 57Nortriptyline, 131–132Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), 172–173Nutraceutical dosing information, 212–213tNutraceuticals, 211

OOccipital trigger site, 200

compression points, 200–201outcomes of decompression, 203surgical decompression

of central occipital site, 201–202of lesser occipital site, 202–203

Olfaction, 150burning mouth syndrome, 151osmophobia, 150phantageusia, 151phantosmia, 150

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 FA),219

Omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 FA),219

Onabotulinumtoxin A (Onabot), 51–52, 68Ondansetron, 45Opiates, 39tOpioids, 45–46, 58Osmophobia, 125, 150Over-the-counter (OTC) medications, 39t, 98

PPainful bladder syndrome (PBS). See

Interstitial cystitis (IC)Paroxysmal hemicrania, 21Parthenolide, 216Patent foramen ovale (PFO), 165–166Peanuts, 130Pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD), 170Petasites (butterbur), Level A evidence,

211–213Phantageusia, 151Phantosmia, 150Phenothiazines, 39tPhytoestrogens, Level U evidence, 221Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating

polypeptide-38 (PACAP-38), 8, 10Platelet-activating factor (PAF), 220Pneumatized left middle turbinate, 203fPositron emission tomography (PET), 12Posttraumatic headaches (PTHs), 160Potential trigger foods, 223tPreemptive treatments, 38Pregnancy complications, 169Primary angiitis of the central nervous system

(PACNS), 26Primary headache, 18

cluster headache, 21–23migraine, 19–20tension-type headache, 20–21

Probable migrainous vertigo. See Vestibularmigraine (VM)

Prochlorperazine, 43, 44Promethazine, 43, 131Prophylactic therapies, 38, 51Propranolol, 52, 54, 133Proton pump inhibitors, 3Ptosis, treatment of, 85Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA), 211

QQuality of life

allergic rhinitis, 116, 118BTX-A, 71headache on, 111, 170migraine headache on, 70, 158, 178prophylactic medications, 50TTH on, 21

RRaynaud’s phenomenon (RP), 165Raynaud’s syndrome, 165Red ear syndrome (RES), 152

Index 247

Red flags, 29tRegulatory T cells (Tregs), 113Relaxation training, Level A evidence,

227–228Restless legs syndrome (RLS), 149–150Reversible vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS),

24Rhinogenic headache, 91

diagnosing, 95chronic rhinosinusitis, 96CT scanning in diagnosing CRS, 96–97headache attributed to acute

rhinosinusitis, 95–96Rhinosinusitis (sinus headache), 154–155Riboflavin, Level B evidence, 214–216, 215fRizatriptan (Maxalt), 40t, 41Rocking, 124, 145

SSausage poison, 66Secondary headache, 23

causes of, 24theadache

associated with vascular disease, 24–26due to intracranial hypertension and

hypotension, 26–27medication overuse headache, 27sinus headache, 27–28

Selective estrogen receptor modulators(SERMs), 221

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs),132

Self-perception, 157Sensitization, 10, 49, 73, 114, 140Sensory, 151

allergy, 153–154allodynia, 151–152red ear syndrome, 152rhinosinusitis, 154–155temporomandibular disorder symptoms,

155tooth pain, 155trigeminal neuralgia, 155–156

Septoplasty, 103Serotonin (5-HT) receptor, 40

1D (5-HT 1D) receptors, 8Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake

inhibitors (SNRIs), 132Serotonin receptor agonists, 38–42, 114Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache

attacks (SUNHA), 21Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22), 95Sinus headache, 1, 3, 27–28, 111, 154Sinus headache and rhinogenic headache, 91

diagnosing rhinogenic headaches, 95chronic rhinosinusitis, 96CT scanning in diagnosing CRS, 96–97headache attributed to acute

rhinosinusitis, 95–96interpretation of rhinogenic headache

surgical literature, 104–105making correct diagnosis, 97–98migraine, allodynia, and the nose, 94–95nasal anatomy, 93nasal neurophysiology, 93–94surgical literature, reviewing, 98

concha bullosa–related headache,102–103

middle turbinate headache, 102–103migraine surgery, 104mucosal contact point headache,

101–102surgical intervention for CRS-related

pain, 100surgical placebo effect, 98–99

Sinusitis, 27, 154Sleep disturbance, 149SNARE (synaptosomal associated protein

receptor) complex, 69SNOOP, red flag mnemonic, 28, 29tSodium channel blockers, 131Sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), 8, 9, 93Sports-related concussions, 159Sternocleidomastoid (SCM), 200, 202Stroke and heart attacks, 164Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), 24, 32Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT), 113Sublingual immunotherapy treatment (SLIT),

113Substance P (SP), 8, 74, 113Sumatriptan, 40t, 57, 58Superior salivatory nucleus (SSN), 154, 172

synapsing, 8Supraorbital nerve (SON), 195, 196

endoscopic visualization of, 197fSupratrochlear nerve (STN), 195, 196Surgery for migraine, 193

atypical trigger sites, 204compression points, 204surgical decompression, 204–205

frontal trigger site, 195compression points, 195outcomes of decompression, 197surgical decompression, 196

nasal trigger site, 203compression points, 203outcomes of decompression, 204surgical decompression, 204

248 Index

occipital trigger site, 200compression points, 200–201outcomes of decompression, 203surgical decompression of central

occipital site, 201–202surgical decompression of lesser

occipital site, 202–203temporal trigger site, 197

compression points, 198outcomes of decompression, 200surgical decompression, 198–199

trigger site localization, 194Surgical intervention, 3

for CRS-related pain, 100Surgical placebo effect, 98–99

TTachykinins, 94Tanacetum parthenium L, 216Temporal trigger site, 197

compression points, 198outcomes of decompression, 200surgical decompression, 198–199

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD), 28symptoms, 155

Tension-type headache (TTH), 20–21Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 221Thermoregulation, 156Thioctic (alpha lipoic) acid, 218Third occipital nerve (TON), 200, 201, 202Timolol, 52Tinnitus, 146–147Tooth pain, 155Topiramate, 11, 53, 132Tramadol, 46Transient aphasia, 147Transient Receptor Potential cation channel,

subfamily A, member 1 (TRPA1) receptor,7

Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid type 1(TRPV1) receptor, 7

Traumatic brain injury, concussion and,159–161

Trauma-triggered migraine (TTM), 160Tricyclic antidepressants, 131, 175

for vestibular migraine, 131–132Trigeminal autonomic cephalgias (TACs),

21–22distinguishing features of, 22t

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN), 31, 155–156Trigeminocervical complex (TCC), 8–9Trigger point injections and release, Level C

evidence, 227

Trigger site localization, 194Triptans, 10, 38–42, 47, 56–57, 175

UUnilateral autonomic symptoms, 22, 156Unilateral discomfort, 101Unilateral headache, 19

VVascular disease associated with headache, 25tVasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), 8, 9, 94,

114Verapamil, 52, 133Vertigo, 1, 3Vestibular migraine (VM), 121, 141–144

allergy treatment, 133–134diagnosis of, 125–126diagnostic criteria for, 122–123epidemiology of, 123food triggers in migraine, 128–131,

129–130tmedication treatment of, 131and Ménière’s disease, 127pathophysiology, 126

brainstem, 126cortex, 126inner ear, 127

patient follow-up, 134preventive medications for, 131

anticonvulsants, 132benzodiazepines, 133beta blockers, 133calcium channel blockers, 133tricyclic antidepressants, 131–132

symptoms, 123–125Vestibular ocular reflex (VOR), 125Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (VEMP)

testing, 144Visual analog scales, 103Vitamin B2, 215Vitamin content of foods, 219tVitamins B6, B9, B12, Level U evidence,

217–218Vulvodynia, 170–171

WWernicke’s area, 147White matter signal abnormalities, 176–177Wurstgift, 66

XXeomin, neurotoxin, 68

Index 249

YYeast, as migraine trigger, 223t

autolyzed, 129tbrewer’s, 129t, 219t

ZZolmitriptan (Zomig), 40t, 41, 57Zygomaticotempotal nerve (ZTN), 197–198

decompression of, 198–199

250 Index