39th asia expert meeting on regulations relating to ... · point1: application for safety...

39th Asia Expert Meeting on Regulations relating to Electric Vehicle

Including Measurement of net power (R85),

Date : 21 November 2014 (FRI) Place : VIETNAM REGISTER, Ministry of Transport 18 Pham Hung Rd., My Dinh, Tu Liem, Ha Noi

8:30 - 9:30 Registration

9:30 - 9:40 Opening address: from VR

9:40 - 9:50 Message: from JASIC

9:50 - 10:00 Photo Session

10:00 - 10:30 Technical Requirement for Electrical Vehicle

: from Mr. Takashi HIRAI

Q & A & Discussion

10:30 - 10:50 Coffee Break (20 minutes)

10:50 - 11:50 R85 General Information, Technical Requirements & Testing

: from Mr. Yoshihiro SAKAGUCHI

Q & A & Discussion

11:50 - 12:00 Closing address: from VR

Electrical Vehicle Regulation

November 21st, 2014Takashi HIRAI

Chief Representative, JASIC Jakarta OfficeJAPAN

2

Point1: Application for Safety Regulation in Japan (#1)

ROADVEHICLESACT(LawNo.185ofJune1,1951)

Article41(SystemsandDevicesofMotorVehicles)Nomotorvehicleshallbeusedforoperationunlessitconformstothetechnicalstandardsforsafety,environmentalpollutioncontrolandenvironmentalconservationsetbytheMLITOrdinanceconcerningthesystemsanddevicesenumeratedineachofthefollowingItems:

*“operation”shallmeantheuseofaroadvehicleincompliancewiththeproperuseofthedevicethereof(excepttheuseinplacesotherthanonroads),forthetransportationofpersonsorgoodsorotherwise.

Article99(ApplicationMutatisMutandisofProvisionsofSafetyRegulations)TheprovisionsofArticles40to42inclusiveshallapplymutatismutandistotheuseofthosemotorvehiclesusedinplacesotherthanroadswhichcarryagreatnumberofpersonsorareotherwiseparticularlyimportantforpurposesofsafetyorpollutioncontrolorotherenvironmentalconservation,asprovidedforbytheCabinetOrder.

3

Point1: Application for Safety Regulation in Japan (#2)

ENFORCEMENTCABINETORDERFORROADVEHICLESACT(CabinetOrderNo.254ofJune30,1951)

Article13(MotorVehiclestowhichProvisionsofSafetyRegulationsApplyMutatisMutandis)ThemotorvehiclesofArticle99oftheActshallbemotorvehiclesequippedtoaccommodateelevenormorepassengers.

4

[point‐1] UN/ECE Regulations are Regulations for Type Approval. Technical requirement for non‐type approved vehicle such as

modified vehicle, hand‐made vehicle etc. may be regulated by each government.

“1958 Agreement”[Article 3]Wheeled vehicles, equipment or parts for which type approvals have been issued by a Contracting Party in accordance with Article 2 of this Agreement and manufactured either in the territory of a Contracting Party applying the Regulation concerned, or in such other country as is designated by the Contracting Party which has duly approved the types of wheeled vehicles, equipment or parts concerned shall be held to be in conformity with the legislation of all the Contracting Parties applying the said Regulation through type approval.

[point‐2] Basically, same technical requirements should be applied to

Both EV and non‐EV for type approvals. However, some of them could be added or relaxed for EV.

Point2: Basic Concept of Regulations for EV

5

[Point‐1] WhatVehiclesshouldberegulated?

① InJapan,VehicledrivenonpublicRoadandMotorVehicleswithelevenormoreaccommodationforpassengers.Forexample,GolfCartisoutofthescopeofSafetyRegulationinJapan.

[Point‐2] WhatTechnicalrequirementshouldbeappliedforEV?

② Fortypeapprovedvehicle,thesevehiclesshouldberegulatedsimilartotherequirementforordinaryvehicles.Ofcourse,somerequirementswouldbeaddedorrelaxedforEV.

③ However,fornon‐typeapprovedvehiclesuchasmodifiedvehicle,hand‐madevehicle,itisimpossibletobeappliedthesimilartechnicalrequirement.(EG:Crashtest)

What is Basic Concept of Regulations for EV in Vietnam?

6

[Point‐1] WhatVehiclesshouldberegulated?

① InJapan,VehicledrivenonpublicRoadandMotorVehicleswithelevenormoreaccommodationforpassengers.Forexample,GolfCartisoutofthescopeofSafetyRegulationinJapan.

[Point‐2] WhatTechnicalrequirementshouldbeappliedforEV?

② Fortypeapprovedvehicle,thesevehiclesshouldberegulatedsimilartotherequirementforordinaryvehicles.Ofcourse,somerequirementswouldbeaddedorrelaxedforEV.

③ However,fornon‐typeapprovedvehiclesuchasmodifiedvehicle,hand‐madevehicle,itisimpossibletobeappliedthesimilartechnicalrequirement.(EG:Crashtest)

The Scope of Today’s presentation

7

What is the UN/ECE Regulation for EV?

SpecialRequirementforEVUN‐R100 ELECTRICPOWERTRAINUN‐R12 STEERINGMECHANISMUN‐R94 PROTECTIONOFTHEOCCUPANTSINTHE

EVENTOFAFRONTALCOLLISIONUN‐R95 PROTECTIONOFTHEOCCUPANTSINTHE

EVENTOFALATERALCOLLISIONUN‐R85 MEASUREMENTOFENGINEPOWER

R13H BRAKING(M1)・・・・・

*SeveraltestconditionandrequirementisregulatedinsomeregulationssuchasR13H

NoRequirementforEVEmissionRegulation

Contents

‐ Overview of R100, R12, R94, R95

‐ Technical Requirements1. In‐use Safety(R100 Part Ⅰ)a. Protection against Electrical Shockb. Functional Safety

2. Post‐crash Safety(R12, R94, R95) a. Protection against Electrical Shockb. REESS Requirements

3. REESS Safety(R100 PartⅡ)8

JapaneseRegulation

UN R

WP29 ELSA1)

1997 R100-00

2007 Approval of ELSA

Attachment1102) Main Issue : Electrical Shock

Attachment1113) In-Use Discussion

Post-Crash Discussion

2010 R100-01 R100-01(Part Ⅰ)

2011 R12-04R94-02R95-03

R12-04R94-02R95-03

Main Issue : Battery

2013 R100-02 R100-02(Part Ⅱ)

1) Informal Group on Electric Safety2) Technical Standard for Protection of Occupants

against High Voltage in Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Electric Vehicles3) Technical Standard for Protection of Occupants against High Voltage

after Collision in Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Overview of R100, R12, R94, R95 ‐History

9

Overview of R100, R12, R94, R95 ‐Scope

UN R Scope Comments

R100 Series 01 Safety requirements with respect to the electric power train of road vehicles

Dedicated to EV, HEV, and FCVR100 Series 02

Part ⅡSafety requirements with respect to the Rechargeable Energy Storage System(REESS) of road vehicles

R12 Series 04 Safety Requirements with respect to the electric power train of road vehicles after full-wrap frontal collision(5.5)

Post-crash safety regulations applied to all the vehicles

Additional requirements dedicated to EV, HEV, and FCV

R94 Series 02 Safety Requirements with respect to the electric power train of road vehicles after frontal offset collision(5.2.8)

R95 Series 03 Safety Requirements with respect to the electric power train of road vehicles after lateral collision(5.3.7)

10

Overview of R100, R12, R94, R95 ‐Objective Parts

Charging Inlets- Normal- Quick Traction Motor

Inverter

Integrated Box- On-board Charger- DC/DC Converter

High Voltage Cables

High Voltage Battery

Other High Voltage Components- Air Compressor for HVAC- PTC Heater

High Voltage↓

> 60 Vdcor

> 30 Vac

11

Overview of R100, R12, R94, R95Basic concept for the Protection against Electrical Shock

Electrical Shock :The passage of an electric current through the human body by directcontact or indirect contact with 2 points which have different electricpotential(voltage)

Direct Contact :The contact of persons with live parts(the conductive parts intended to beelectrically energized in normal use

Indirect Contact :The contact of persons with exposed conductive parts

－

＋＋

－－

＋＋

－－

＋＋

－－

＋＋

－

Direct Contact Indirect Contact12

Overview of R100, R12, R94, R95Basic Concept for the Protection against Electrical Shock

(1) Protection against direct contactwith live parts of the

powertrain

(2)Protection against indirect contacts with exposed conductive

parts of the powertrain

(3) Maintenance of 500Ω/Volt or higher insulation resistance

Potential equalization resistance between exposed conductive parts and electrical chassis be below 0.1.

Minimum insulation resistance of 500/volt, which eliminates occupant harming risks. Insulation resistance will be harmonized with related standards based on the latest studies.

Prevention by insulation and/or by the use of barriers, enclosures, or others

Ensure occupant safety by 3 approaches

13

R100 Part Ⅰ Technical Requirements1. Protection against Electrical Shock

Protection against Direct ContactProtection against Direct Contact

<Requirement>The protection against direct contact with live parts1) shall comply with- IPXXD2) inside the passenger compartment or luggage compartment and- IPXXB3) in areas other than the passenger compartment or luggage compartment. These protections (solid insulator, barrier, enclosure, etc.) shallnot be able to be opened, disassembled or removed without the use of tools.

1) live parts : the conductive parts intended to be electrically energized in normal use.2) IPXXB, IPXXD : protection degrees

<Purpose>to prevent human body from touching “high voltage”.

<Measures>barrier, enclosure : ex. aluminum casting case etc.

exception : connector, service disconnect

14


IPXXB – 80mm standard finger cannot touch live parts (5.1.1.2)

IPXXD –100mm wire cannot touch live parts (5.1.1.1)

IPXXB – 80mm standard finger cannot touch live parts (5.1.1.3)

the passenger compartment or luggage compartment

areas other thanthe passenger compartmentor luggage compartment

Connectors(including vehicle inlet)


15


<Requirement>The symbol shall appear on or near the REESS. The symbol background shallbe yellow, the bordering and the arrow shall be black.

The symbol shall also be visible on enclosures and barriers,which, when removed expose live parts of high voltage circuits.This provision is optional to any connector for high voltage buses.This provision shall not apply to any of the following cases:(a)Where barriers or enclosures cannot be physically accessed, opened, orremoved; unless other vehicle components are removed with the use of tools;(b) Where barriers or enclosures are located underneath the vehicle floor.

Cables for high voltage buses which are not located within enclosures shallbe identified by having an outer covering with the colour orange.

<Purpose>to prevent users from opening, disassembling, removing unconsciously.


16

EUR/US ASIA

RUSSIA

ARABIA



17

Protection against Indirect ContactProtection against Indirect Contact

<Requirement>For protection against electrical shock which could arise from indirect contact,the exposed conductive parts, such as the conductive barrier and enclosure,shall be galvanically connected securely to the electrical chassis byconnection with electrical wire or ground cable, or by welding, or byconnection using bolts, etc. so that no dangerous potentials are produced.

The resistance between all exposed conductive parts and the electricalchassis shall be lower than 0.1 ohm when there is current flow of at least0.2 amperes.

This requirement is satisfied if the galvanic connection has been establishedby welding.

<Purpose>to prevent human body from getting an electric shock even if isolationresistance between the live parts and the exposed conductive partsdecreases.


18

<Requirement>In the case of motor vehicles which are intended to be connected to thegrounded external electric power supply through the conductive connection,a device to enable the galvanical connection of the electrical chassis to theearth ground shall be provided.

The device should enable connection to the earth ground before exteriorvoltage is applied to the vehicle and retain the connection until after theexterior voltage is removed from the vehicle.

Compliance to this requirement may be demonstrated either by using theconnector specified by the car manufacturer, or by analysis.

<Background>The grounding of the electrical chassis of the vehicle lowers the risk of theelectrical shock during the charging.

Protection against Indirect ContactProtection against Indirect Contact


19

Isolation ResistanceIsolation Resistance

<Requirement>If AC high voltage buses and DC high voltage buses are galvanically isolatedfrom each other, isolation resistance between the high voltage bus and theelectrical chassis shall have a minimum value of 100 ohms/volt of theworking voltage for DC buses, and a minimum value of 500 ohms/volt of theworking voltage for AC buses.

<Purpose>to prevent a leak current from passing through the human body.※ sufficiently lower than the internal resistance of the human body

Motor Inverter Battery

AC≧500Ω/V DC≧100Ω/V

respectively

Motor Inverter Battery

AC+DC≧500Ω/V

simultaneously

Isolated Non-isolated



<Exception for Fuel cell vehicles>If the minimum isolation resistance requirement cannot be maintained overtime, then protection shall be achieved by any of the following:(a) Double or more layers of solid insulators, barriers or enclosures that meet the requirement in paragraph 5.1.1. independently;(b) On-board isolation resistance monitoring system together with a warningto the driver if the isolation resistance drops below the minimum requiredvalue.

<Reason>difficult to keep isolation resistance of FCVs


21


<Requirement>For the vehicle inlet intended to be conductively connected to the groundedexternal AC power supply and the electrical circuit that is galvanicallyconnected to the vehicle inlet during charging of the REESS, the isolationresistance between the high voltage bus and the electrical chassis shall be atleast 1 megohm when the charger coupler is disconnected. During themeasurement, the traction battery may be disconnected.

<Reason>Same as IEC requirement.

REESS

Charger

to the groundedexternal AC power supply

vehicle inlet

electrical circuit

≧1MΩ


Indicator for “Ready to Run”Indicator for “Ready to Run”

<Requirement>At least a momentary indication shall be given to the driver when the vehicle is in "active driving possible mode".

However, this provision does not apply under conditions where an internalcombustion engine provides directly or indirectly the vehicle's propulsionpower.

When leaving the vehicle, the driver shall be informed by a signal (e.g. optical or audible signal) if the vehicle is still in the active driving possible mode.

<Background>This requirement follows the provision in R100-00, but the exemption is added in consideration of hybrid vehicles.

R100 Part Ⅰ Technical Requirements2. Functional Safety

23

Prevention against Vehicle Movement with Charging ConnectionPrevention against Vehicle Movement with Charging Connection

<Requirement>If the on-board REESS can be externally charged by the user, vehiclemovement by its own propulsion system shall be impossible as long as theconnector of the external electric power supply is physically connected to thevehicle inlet.

This requirement shall be demonstrated by using the connector specified bythe car manufacturer.

<Purpose>To prevent a vehicle from tearing off the charging cable.


24

Indicator of the drive directionIndicator of the drive direction

<Requirement >The state of the drive direction control unit shall be identified to the driver.

<Background>Electric vehicles normally control the drive direction only by the tractionmotor control, not by mechanical devices such as reverse gear .


25

R12, R94, R95 Technical Requirements

BackgroundBackground

R100 requires not to get an electrical shock even if one failure occurs.※ For example, if the insulation resistance becomes low, but the

potential equalization still comply with the indirect contact requirement, there are no risks of having the electrical shock.

This technical regulation aims to provide the requirements for post-crash safety, then it considers minimum requirements for the protection of occupants of a vehicle.

The condition of the electrical shock includes not only the direct contact, the indirect contact, the insulation resistance, but also the voltage and the energy of the electrical shock circuit.

26

R12, R94, R95 Technical Requirements1. Protection against Electrical Shock

<Requirement>After the impact at least one of the four criteria specified1. Absence of high voltage2. Low electrical energy3. Physical protection4. Isolation resistance

<Background>Explained in the previous slide.

27

R12, R94, R95 Technical Requirements2. REESS Requirements

Electrolyte SpillageElectrolyte Spillage

<Requirement>In the period from the impact until 30 minutes after no electrolyte from the REESS shall spill into the passenger compartment and no more than 7 percent of electrolyte shall spill from the REESS except open type traction batteries outside the passenger compartment. For open type tractionBatteries no more than 7 per cent with a maximum of 5.0 liters shall spill outside the passenger compartment.

<Purpose>to prevent electrolyte from catching fire.

28

REESS RetentionREESS Retention

<Requirement>REESS located inside the passenger compartment shall remain in the location in which they are installed and REESS components shall remain inside REESS boundaries.No part of any REESS that is located outside the passenger compartment for electric safety assessment shall enter the passenger compartment during or after the impact test.

<Purpose>to prevent persons from getting hurt by REESS.

R12, R94, R95 Technical Requirements2. REESS Requirements

29

R100 Part ⅡThe Structural Feature of the Regulation

Technical RequirementsPart Ⅰ : Vehicle requirements regarding the electrical safety

(= the requirements of R100-01)

Part Ⅱ : Safety requirements for REESS(= the requirements added in R100-02)

Approval ProvisionsPart 1 : Vehicle type approval including REESS

Part 2 : REESS type approval

30

At the manufacturer's choice the test may be performed as

(a) Vehicle based testsor

(b) Component based tests

<Background> Vehicle manufacturers can secure the REESS safety

by whole vehicle(the control system, vehicle body structure).

It is difficult for some of REESS suppliersto test the REESS system as a part of vehicle.

R100 Part ⅡThe Selection of Test Method (Vehicle / Component)

31

SOC SOH Operational Limit Diagnosis

R100 Part ⅡBattery Management System(BMS)

32

1. Vibration(Component Based Test)to verify the safety performance of the REESS under a vibration environment during thenormal operation of the vehicle.

2. Thermal Shock and Thermal Cycling(Component Based Test)to verify the resistance of the REESS to sudden changes in temperature.

3. Mechanical Shock(Vehicle Based Test(R12, R94, R95) or Component Based Test)to verify the safety performance of the REESS during a vehicle crash.

4. Mechanical Integrity(Vehicle Based Test(R12, R94, R95) or Component Based Test)to verify the safety performance of the REESS during vehicle crash situation.

5. Fire Resistance(Vehicle Based Test or Component Based Test)to verify the resistance of the REESS, against exposure to fire from outside of the vehicle.

6. External Short Circuit Protection(Component Based Test)to verify the performance of the short circuit protection.

7. Overcharge Protection(Component Based Test)to verify the performance of the overcharge protection.

8. Over-discharge Protection(Component Based Test)to verify the performance of the over-discharge protection.

9. Over-temperature Protection(Component Based Test)to verify the performance of the protection measures of the REESS against internaloverheating during the operation

10. Emission(No need for Lithium ion battery)

R100 Part ⅡTechnical Requirements

33

Ref. Current Activities in WP29 for EV

34

Organization WP29

GRPE

GRSP

Electric Vehicles and Environment (EVE)

Electric Vehicles Safety (EVS)

June 2011The US (NHTSA, EPA), the EC and Japan agreed to co‐sponsor such a group.

November 2011The US, EC and Japan presented the draft proposal to establish 2 working

groups to address safety and environmental issues of EVs.

March 2012AC3 agreed development of UN GTR on EVS.

1. UN GTR on EV (Electric Vehicle)

35

Technical sponsor: EU, Japan, USA, ChinaChairman: Mr. Nha Nguyen(NHTSA, USA)Co-vice chairpersons: Mr. Johan Renders(EU), Ms. Chen Chunmei(MIIT, China)Secretary: Mr. Kazuyuki Narusawa (NTSEL, Japan)

a. In-use:a) Protection against electrical shockb) Safety requirements for conductive and inductive charging including connectivityc) Safety requirements for REESS risks, including thermal shock, thermal cycling,

mechanical shock, over-discharge, isolation resistance, over-charge, vibration, fire resistance and short circuit, etc.

b. Post-crash:a) Protection against electrical shockb) REESS crashworthiness including the limitation of electrolyte leakage, physical battery

retention, and the maintenance of essential safety performance.c) REESS safety assessment and stabilization procedure.

Object of the proposalThe GTR will cover high voltage electrical safety, electrical components such as electric connectors and inlets, and REESS-- in particular those containing flammable electrolyte. The provisions will address the safety of electric vehicles, both in-use and post-crash.

The key items

1.1 Electric Vehicles Safety (EVS)

December 2015: Submit draft GTR as informal document to GRSPMay 2016: Submit draft GTR as formal document to GRSPJune 2016: Submit draft GTR as informal document to WP.29November 2016: Submit draft GTR as formal document for a vote at WP.29 36

Technical sponsor: EU, Japan, USA, China

Chairman: Mr. Michael Olechiw (EPA, USA)

Co-vice chairpersons: Mr. Kazuyuki Narusawa (NTSEL, Japan), Ms. Chen Chunmei (MIIT, China)

Secretary: Mr. Stéphane Couroux (MOT, Canada)

The key itemsIt is important to provide a forum for sharing information about developing techniques for such important considerations such as measuring the energy efficiency of future electric vehicles, battery durability, cold start performance, and recharging performance.

TOR of EVEScope

The term and the work in the groups will cover both battery electric (BEV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) (including plug-in hybrids (PHEV)) within the range of the1998 Agreement.

37

1.2 Electric Vehicles and Environment (EVE)

The co-sponsors aim toExchange information on current and future regulatory requirements for electric vehicles in different markets,

Minimize the differences between these regulatory requirements, with a view toward facilitating the development of vehicles to comply with such requirements

Where possible, develop common requirements in the form of one or more UN Global Technical Regulations (GTR)

38

1.2.1 The new mandate of EVE IWG(Approved in Nov.2014)

Part A (by June 2015) further develop the recommendations for future work outlined in the

Electric Vehicle Regulatory Reference Guide.Part B (needs to be approved by WP.29/AC.3 after June 2015) in the case that not all gtr(s) identified in Part A work are suitable for

development by other WP.29 informal working groups, develop new gtr(s) identified in the workplan.

Timeline[Part A] June 2015 Report the Status of Part A and proposed gtr request fot Part B to

GRPE and WP29/AC3 If AC.3 approves gtr development to go forward, the following timeline could be

considered:

[Part B] November 2015 Approval of the Part B work by WP29/AC.3 January 2018 Submit the draft gtr based on an informal document by GRPE June 2018 Approve the gtr based on a working document by GRPE November 2018 Final adoption of the gtr by WP.29/AC.3

2. QRTV (Quiet Road Transport Vehicles )

Measures Ensuring the Audibility of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles

At 145th WP29 (June 2008), National Federation of the Blind (NFB) made a presentation regarding the possible danger for blind people caused by “quiet cars”.

WP29 agreed to establish an informal group for this issue under GRB.

2010-2011: Discussion in GRB

March 2011: WP29 adapted new RE3 including QRTVBasically Japanese guideline

GRB Informal group on Quiet Road Transport Vehicles (QRTV)

39

2.1 Current status

Working schedule

Establish an informal group for this issue under GRB.Chairman : US, Vice- chairman : JAPAN

September, 2011 : Provide a status report to the GRBJune, 2012 : AC3 agreed to develop the UNGTR 18-20 July, 2012 : 1st meeting, Washington D.C., USADecember, 2012 : 2nd meeting, Berlin, Germany 16-18 April, 2013 : 3rd meeting, Brussels, Belgium16-18 July, 2013 : 4th meeting, Washington D.C., USA10-12 December, 2013 : 5th meeting, Tokyo, JapanNovember, 2015 : Provide a draft GTR on QRTV to WP29

Informal document GRB-55-12-Rev.1

US proposed for Global technical regulation (UN GTR) on QRTV at 55th GRB (February 2012)

NHTSA issued NPRM in January 2013, which will be also reflected to QRTV GTR

Informal Group on QRTV https://www2.unece.org/wiki/display/trans/GTR+for+QRTV40

<Address>Wisma 46 – Kota BNI, Suite 19.08, 19th FloorJl.Jend.SudirmanKav.1,Jakarta10220<Phone&FAX>Tel.+62‐21‐251‐3255Fax.+62‐21‐251‐3256<E‐mail>[email protected]

JASICJakartaOffice

lenovo BNI

Elevatorhall

Thank you very much!

UN No.85MEASUREMENT OF

ENGINE POWER

21 Nov.2014JASIC

Yoshihiro Sakaguchi

1

i-MiEV OUTLANDER plug-in hybrid EV

UN No.85 MEASUREMENT OF ENGINE POWER

2

Both vehicle models has been approved by UN regulations

as show below.

Front motor Rear motor

Contents

1. What’s UN No.85 ?

2. Explanation of the test equipment.

3. Explanation of the

certification test method.


3


UN No.85 outlineUniform provisions concerning the approval of internal combustion

engines or electric drive trains intended for the propulsion of motor vehicles of categories M and N with regard to the measurement of netpower and the maximum 30 minutes power of electric drive trains.

As positioning of an organization, It belongs in “The Working Party on Pollution and Energy” of WP29.

WP29 : World forum for harmonization of vehicle regulations.It belongs to UN/ECE and affiliated with the committee and the 6 working parties.It carries out a discussion and voting of a proposed standardwhich was studied technically by the working party.


4

United Nations (UN)

U.N. Economic Commission for Europe

WP29World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations.

GRSG GRSP GRRFGRPE* GRB GRE

*GRPE : The Working Party on Pollution and Energy

UN No.85 MEASUREMENT OF NET POWER



5

About Mutual recognition

Certification bythe government C

MutualRecognition

Vehicle Manufacturesand Vehicle Parts maker

Certification bythe government A

market Cmarket A market B

If the test of UN No.85 is certified by a country adopting the regulations, additional certification by the other countries, joining the agreement and applying the same regulations, is not necessary.



6

IndividualRecognition

Vehicle Manufacturesand Vehicle Parts maker

Certification bythe government A

Certification bythe government B

market Cmarket A market B



7

The countries which have adopted UN No.85

Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Sweden, Belgium, Hungary,

Czech Republic, Spain, Serbia, United Kingdom, Austria, Luxembourg,

Switzerland, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Romania, Poland, Portugal,

Russian Federation, Greece, Ireland, Croatia, Slovenia, Slovakia,

Belarus, Estonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Latvia, Bulgaria,

Lithuania, Turkey, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, ・・・

1. Scope

2. Definitions

3. Application for approval

4. Approval

5. Specifications and tests

6. Conformity of production

7. Penalties for non-conformity

8. Modification and extension of approval of the drive train type

9. Production definitely discontinued

10. Names and addresses of technical services responsible for conducting tests, and of administrative departments


Contents of UN No.851. What’s UN No.85 ?

8

ANNEXES

Annex 1 - Essential characteristics of the internal combustion engine and information concerning the conduct of tests

Annex 2 - Essential characteristics of the electric drive train and information concerning the conduct of tests

Annex 3 - Communication concerning the approval or extension or refusal orwithdrawal of approval or production definitely discontinued of a drive train type pursuant to Regulation No. 85

Annex 4 - Arrangements of approval marks Annex 5 - Method for measuring internal combustion engine net powerAnnex 6 - Method for measuring net power and the maximum 30 minutes

power of electric drive trainsAnnex 7 - Checks on conformity of production



9

Contents of UN No.85

This regulation is described about the power test of a internal combustion

engine and an electric motor.

Today, we focus on the electric motor, I will explain about how to test and

overview of the test.



10

Today's candidate for explanation

Internal combustion engine Electric motor

2. Explanation of test equipment. Electric motor test bench


11

Testing Motor

Dynamo

Torque,Speedmeter

The connection of the component. Cooling system : Water

Water hose

Test benchsystem Wiring

Voltage meter

DynamoTorque/Speedmeter

TestingMotor

Motorcontroller

DCPower source

Water Pump

Dynamo control PCand

Data acquisition PC

(Input Voltage)

Radiator

(Commercially available software )

Torque request

Motor controlPCDynamo

controlunit


2. Explanation of test equipment.

12Speed request

Coolantwater lineRadiator

Waterpump

In the bench test, the construction will be as shown when the motor is cooled by a radiator..

However, in an actual vehicle , other components are also set in the same line.


motor-Amotorcontroller-A motor-B

anothercomponent


13

heat up

Bench cooling system system

Actual vehicle cooling system(example)

motorcontroller-B

Problem of the cooling system

Oil hose

WiringVoltage meter

DynamoTorque/Speedmeter

TestingMotor

Motorcontroller

DCPower source Oil Pump

Dynamo control PCand

Data acquisition PC

Torque request

(Input Voltage)

Motor controlPC

Oil cooler

Water tub

Dynamo control

unit



14

Test benchsystem

(Commercially available software )

The connection of the component. Cooling system : Oil

Speed request

About cooling system.

Oil temp characteristics when a programed cycle test is carried out on the test bench.



15

Oil temp characteristics when the cycle testis carried out by the actual vehicle.

The oil cooling system of the test bench vs the actual vehicle.

Example of “cycle test”.JC-08, UN No.84, NEDC, etc.Measurement of Fuel Consumption

About Auxiliaries

The auxiliaries necessary for the drive train operation in the intend applicationshall be installed in the same position as in the vehicle.



Air compressor for brakes, Power steering compressor, Suspension system,Air conditioner system, etc.

Where accessories cannot be removed, the power they absorb in the unloaded condition may be determined and added to the measured power.

Auxiliaries to be fitted

Auxiliaries to be removed

16

The document which should be prepared

1 Test motor and controller Model type, ID no. , Serial no. etc.

2 Auxiliaries (cooling system) 3 Measuring equipment Model type, ID no. ,Serial no.

Manufacturer, Inspection date,Expiration date etc.



17

By preparing these kind of documents in advance, the certification test will proceed smoothly.

The document which should be prepared2. Explanation of test equipment.


18

We have submitted a information concerning the conduct of tests to the certifying officer. Annex2 and Annex3Annex 2Essential characteristics of the electric drive train and information concerning the conduct of tests

1. General1.1. Make: .........................1.2.Type: ...........................1.5 Test Voltage: ………….-----

2. Motor2.1. Working principle2.1.1. Direct current (DC)/alternative current (AC)1 number of phases: ………2.1.5. Number of poles of the motor: .............-----

3. Motor controller4. Cooling system

Accuracy of measurements

DC Voltage source : Maximum voltage drop is 5%.periods of less than 10sec, excluded.

Torque : +/-1% of measurement torque.The accuracy in the lower half of the measuringrange of the dynamometer bench may be +/-2% of measured torque.

Motor speed ： 0.5% of measured speed.

Motor inlet air temp. : +/-2K



19

The certification test in a UN No.85 regulation require only the NET power test to a internal combustion engine.

However, the test of an electric motor require the following two data.

1. Determination of the NET power.

2. Determination of the maximum 30minutes power.

3. Explanation of the certification test method.

20


1. Measure the maximum power of a full motor load.This test shall consist of a run at full setting of the power controller.

2. Measurements shall be taken with a sufficient number of motor speed points to define the power curve correctlybetween zero and the highest motor speed.

3. Whole test shall be completed within 5minutes.

4. The application value of the power should not have a difference over +/‐2% to a measurement value.

5. Just before beginning the test, the motor shall be run on the benchfor three minutes delivering a power equal to 80% of the maximum power at the speed recommended by the manufacture.

Outline of the determination of the NET power


21


Just before NET measurement, it needs to be warmed up will 80% of the maximum output for 3 minutes.

Warm up of a motor before the NET power test

80% of the max, power

Maximum power

Measurable power and speed range

Motor Speed

Input Voltage

Shaft Power = 80%of max, power

Shaft Torque

3min.


This output characteristic is the PMSMpermanent magnet synchronous motor.

22


Data of 3minutes warm-up3. Explanation of the certification test method.

3 minutes

23


Determination of the NET power

The shaft power value is calculated in the following formula.

P2 ∗ ∗ ∗60 ∗ 1000

P : Shaft power [kW]

N : Motor revolution speed[min-1 (rpm)]

T : Torque[Nm]

π : Circle ratio (The ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter)

Therefore, motor speed and torque are measured.

And voltage is also measured in order to prove that

the value has not changed.

The item of the data which should be measured.


24


3. Explanation of the certification test method.Determination of the NET power

25


In order to record the voltage and the rotational speed and the torque,we will prepare tables and graphs like this when measuring the NET.

2．Examination table

Motor controller

ＴargetSpeed

RevolutionSpeed

Torque Input Voltage

min-1 min-1 Nm Ｖ(DC)100 100.1 200.5 2.1 300.2500 500.1 200.2 10.5 300.21000 999.7 200.1 20.9 300.12000 1999.9 200.0 41.9 300.22500 2500.1 199.6 52.3 300.22750 2750.0 199.5 57.5 300.13000 3000.0 191.6 60.2 300.13250 3250.2 176.8 60.2 300.23500 3500.1 164.5 60.3 300.24000 3999.9 144.0 60.3 300.14500 4499.7 128.4 60.5 300.15000 5000.4 115.3 60.4 300.26000 6000.2 96.3 60.5 300.17000 6999.9 82.3 60.3 300.18000 8000.1 71.4 59.8 300.19000 9000.0 63.8 60.1 300.19250 9250.1 61.9 60.0 300.19500 9500.2 36.5 36.4 300.29750 9750.4 1.0 1.0 300.2

7

No.

Electric motor

Shaft Power

kW123456

19

89101112131415161718

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

Torq

ue

(Nm

)

Shaf

t P

ow

er (k

W)

Revolution Speed (min-1)

Shaft Power Torque


Motor controller

ＴargetSpeed

RevolutionSpeed


min-1 min-1 Nm Ｖ(DC)100 100.1 200.5 2.1 300.2500 500.1 200.2 10.5 300.21000 999.7 200.1 20.9 300.12000 1999.9 200.0 41.9 300.22500 2500.1 199.6 52.3 300.22750 2750.0 199.5 57.5 300.13000 3000.0 191.6 60.2 300.13250 3250.2 176.8 60.2 300.23500 3500.1 164.5 60.3 300.24000 3999.9 144.0 60.3 300.14500 4499.7 128.4 60.5 300.15000 5000.4 115.3 60.4 300.26000 6000.2 96.3 60.5 300.17000 6999.9 82.3 60.3 300.18000 8000.1 71.4 59.8 300.19000 9000.0 63.8 60.1 300.19250 9250.1 61.9 60.0 300.19500 9500.2 36.5 36.4 300.29750 9750.4 1.0 1.0 300.2

7

No.

Electric motor

Shaft Power

kW123456

19

89101112131415161718

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

Torq

ue

(Nm

)

Shaf

t P

ow

er (k

W)


Shaft Power Torque

2. Measurements shall be taken with a sufficient number of motor speed points to define a power curve correctlybetween zero and the highest motor speed.

→ A sufficient number of target motor speed needs to be decided.

Determination of the target speed for NET power test3. Explanation of the certification test method.

This power characteristic is the PM synchronous motor.

26


Note : Above data is an example .


Motor controller

ＴargetSpeed

RevolutionSpeed


min-1 min-1 Nm Ｖ(DC)100 100.1 300.3 3.1 250.1500 500.1 300.2 15.7 250.01000 999.7 300.1 31.4 250.11500 1500.1 300.1 47.1 250.22000 1999.9 300.1 62.8 250.22500 2500.1 299.0 78.3 250.32750 2750.0 278.3 80.1 250.13000 3000.0 255.7 80.3 250.13500 3500.1 219.1 80.3 250.24000 3999.9 191.7 80.3 250.14500 4499.7 170.8 80.5 250.15000 5000.4 153.5 80.4 250.26000 6000.2 128.1 80.5 250.17000 6999.9 109.5 80.3 250.18000 8000.1 95.3 79.8 250.29000 9000.0 85.0 80.1 250.19250 9250.1 51.6 50.0 250.19500 9500.2 26.5 26.4 250.29750 9750.4 1.0 1.0 250.319

89101112131415161718

7

No.

Electric motor

Shaft Power

kW123456

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000

Torq

ue (N

m)

Shaf

t pow

er (k

W)


Shaft Power Torque

Actual speed and the maximum torque are measured at each target speed. Then a shaft power is calculated by multiplying the speed and the torque .


Determination of the NET power3. Explanation of the certification test method.

In the case of the PM Synchronous Motor 27


Other controlled motor

Maximum Power

3. Explanation of the certification test method.Determination of the NET power

28


In the case of the PM Synchronous Motor

Other types motor

Maximum Power

In the case of the Induction Motor

29



Determination of the NET power

Outline of the Maximum 30 min. power test

1. The maximum power value that can be outputted by continuation for 30 minutes.

2. The electric drive train shall run at the bench at a power which is the best estimate of the manufacturer for the maximum 30 minutes power.

3. The speed must be in a speed range, which the NET poweris greater than 90% of the maximum power.This speed shall be recommended by the manufacture.

4. The power must be in a range of +/‐5% of the power value at the start of this test.

5. The application value of the power should not have a difference over +/‐2% to a measurement value.

30



Determination of the measurement point

90% of max. power

NETpower

Maximum power

Measurable area

In the case of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 31



Motor coil temp.motor speed

Upper limit of the motor coil temp.

torque

power

32


3. Explanation of the certification test method.Determination of the measurement point

Temperature rise of the coil due to the current.

motor speed

Example of when the applied torque is too large.

Overrun

30min.

Over +/-5%

33

motor coil temp.Upper limit of the motor coil temp.



torque

power

NG

34


3. Explanation of the certification test method.Determination of the measurement power, so that the motor coil

temp. does not exceed the upper limit.

Upper limit of the motor coil temp.Higher coil temp. rise

Coil temp.of each power

Each power

Higher power(Larger torque)

35

IEC 60085 Thermal class(℃)

90 105 120 130 155 180 200 220 250

Examples of items to limit the motor torque1. Motor coil temp.

The purpose of having many coils inside the motor is to excite magnetic field, therefore the coil will heat up when applying high current.Copper wire that make up the coil is divided into insulation class in the table below.

2. Temp. of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor(IGBT) in ControllerSame as IGBT inside motor controller, high current flows will generateheat too. Normally, the upper limit temperature is set by the transistor maker.

Thus, temperature limit are set on motor and controller, respectively. If this limit starts, the torque of motor will be reduced, in order to lower the temperature.



36

Maximum 30min. power test sheet. (example)3. Explanation of the certification test method.


2．Examination tableMotor controller

RevolutionSpeed

ShaftPower

InputVoltage

min-1 kW V(DC)

Start

05min. later

10min. later

15min. later

20min. later

25min. later

30min. later

Average (7points)

No.

Electric motor

Time Torque

( hr ：min ：sec ) Nm

1

2

3

7

4

5

6

0

30

60

90

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Start 05min.

later

10min.

later

15min.

later

20min.

later

25min.

later

30min.

later

Tor

que

(Nm

)

Sha

ft o

utput

pow

er （

ｋW

)

Time

Shaft

Power

Torque

In order to record the voltage and the rotational speed and the torque,We will prepare tables and graphs like this when measuring the Maximum30minutes power.

2．Examination tableMotor controller

RevolutionSpeed

ShaftPower

InputVoltage

min-1 kW V(DC)Start 16:11:44 4999.8 50.4 250.2

05min. later 16:16:44 4999.7 50.3 250.110min. later 16:21:44 5000.1 50.3 250.215min. later 16:26:44 5000.5 50.2 250.020min. later 16:31:44 5000.6 50.2 250.225min. later 16:36:44 5000.1 50.1 250.130min. later 16:41:44 4999.8 50.0 250.2

Average (7points) 5000.1 50.2 250.17 95.5

95.9

4 95.95 95.86 95.6

1 96.32 96.13 96.0

No.

Electric motor

Time Torque

( hr ：min ：sec ) Nm

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Start 05min.later

10min.later

15min.later

20min.later

25min.later

30min.later

Torq

ue (N

m)

Shaf

t pow

er (k

W)

Time

ShaftPower

Torque

We will measure the motor speed, torque, power, and voltage at the start of the test. And 5minutes later, 10minutes later, We will record similar items.In this example, the interval is 5 minutes.

37

Within 2% of the applicant value.



Example of a Maximum 30min. power test3. Explanation of the certification test method.

1. Many countries have Introduced UN No.85.

2. UN No.85 belongs to UN regulations.

3. A test bench is necessary to measure an power characteristicof an electric motor to pass a certification test.

4. An extra cooling system may be introduced when necessary.

5. UN No.85 certification test has two test.Determination of the NET power.Determination of the maximum 30minutes power.


Summary


Thank you very much

for your attention.

Danh sa.ch can be) tham gia

Hoi nghi chuyen gia Chau A Ian 39 ye Xe dien

Ha NOi, 21-11-2014

TT Ho va ten (64, narnR,) Dun vi PI . ) Ghi chti (rz;:y.

1. Takashi Hirai JASIC - Jakarta Office

2. Yuki Toba General Safety Subcommittee

3. Yoshihiro Sakaguchi General Safety Subcommittee

Icy' Ab,,,,„

, 4. Dang V* Ha_ Peludy ard,,ibtal Pker..61/

PhO Cuc twang

5. Nguy6n Dong Phong Phong VAQ

6. Nguy6n Van Platrung Phong VAQ iCiccii„v

7. NguyL Manh Twang Ph6ng VAQ gy-- (j

8. Doan Manh H' Ph6ng VAQ 14 4.- ---- I.4 ' --- 9. To Hoang Tung Phong VAQ

10. TrAn Ngoc Trung Ph6ng VAQ le I

11. Nguy6n Manh Thuan Ph6ng VAQ

,.--"L 12. TrAn Huy Khanh Phong VAQ

13. TrAn Trung HiL PhOng VAQ

14. Nguy6n Dire thanh PhOng VAQ titl

15. Pham Minh Thanh Trung tam VMTC -

16. Pham Minh V* Trung tam VMTC ------

17. NguyL Gia Thinh Trung tam VMTC

18. WI Dire Chi6n Trung tam VMTC

19. Dao Huy Hai Trung tam VMTC _ 7__ 2 A .,

20. Le Dirc Chung Trung tam VMTC

21. NguyL Hodi Bac Trung tam VMTC (If fiii/ ,,

22. va Thanh Niem Trung tam VMTC

23. Nguy'L Cham Anh Trung tam VMTC A441—

24. Dinh Quang va Trung tam VMTC

25. Le Wong Hai Trung tam VMTC / //1-----

26. NguyL Minh Manh Trung tam VMTC

27. Cu Huy Son Trung tam VMTC ____Toutrffe__ Trung tam NETC " ALT, 28. 1-16 vie't Hai

29. Hoang Van Minh Trung tam NETC it

30. Trinh Ti'L va Trung tam NETC L--

31. Nguy'L Van Truyen Trung tam NETC ____,. „____---

32. Nguyen Thai Duang PhOng VAR

33. NguyL Phuong Nam PhOng VAR f C)'%.._--

34. Hoang Xuan Thao PhOng VAR /-7J

35. NguyL Hitu Phan Ph6ng HTQT

36. va Thi Thu PhOngHTQT

37. .9 cf 13,itz'u( ,Mo 1- l/ VT _ 13.o 6-7v,--- V ---

38. 1)&3 (1,442, Xot, r

VtiVi.- C.- dlil Or

39. 11/ vidii.:-/tc.a7 1/(A424: Iii-!- Mr /?/'/--

40. 1/074 1a;✓ i_aii„ r

VA, Le- /W1 (c-rs _

P.zeina°77 fr0Ai V.&47a4- p/edionta ktdoev Ueha v_04c1 4AI -cadie,77, ner,7t

,cate7-7,

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. /Mg- 2-e‘okzeicei rapiy Insfeelie-)-1/ ,a7d.

第 39 回アジア専門家会議（電気自動車の規制動向、R85）報告

2014/12/8 最終

日時：2014 年 11 月 21 日（金）9:00~11:30

場所：ハノイ・ベトナム登録局(Vietnam Register)9F 会議室

出席者：（VR） Mr. Dang Viet Ha, Deputy General Director

Mr. Nguyen Dong Phong, Vehicle Certification Department Deputy Director

Mr. Nguyen Van Phuong, Vehicle Certification Department Deputy Director

Mr. Nguyen Huu Phan, Director International Cooperation Department Ms Nguyen Viet Huong ほか約 25 名、別紙参照

（日本）坂口（三菱/JASIC）、平井（JASIC ジャカルタ）、戸羽（JASIC）

（概要）

・冒頭、VR の Deputy General Director より挨拶。JASIC より本会議開催にあたり VR と出席者に謝

辞。

・続いて JASIC ジャカルタ事務所長の平井より電気自動車に対する日本の規制状況、国連での規制動

向及び関連情報について、坂口氏（三菱/JASIC）より R85 の電気モーターでの馬力測定法について講

義を行い、質疑を行った。

・ベトナムでは電気自動車を環境に優しい車として普及を促進する活動を行っており、電気自動車全般

に関して幅広く関心がもたれている印象。

（講義内容、質疑詳細）

Technical Requirement for Electrical Vehicle 平井所長よりプレゼン。

・ベトナム政府からのリクエストで EV 関係の法規について専門家会議を開催することになった。まず

EV に必要とされる規制全般について解説する。

・まず日本の電気自動車に対する規制の適用状況について説明する。日本の法規はまず公道を走行して

よい車両の要件という観点から規制されており、公道を走行しないノンロード車についてはカバーし

ていない。ただし、ノンロード車両についても、道路運送車両法の第 99 条、同施行令第 13 条で乗員

11 人以上の車両に対しては、保安基準を適用することが明記されている。

・また、UN 規則は型式認証対象車両のための法規であり、型式認証対象ではない単品のハンドメイド

車両や改造車などについては各国政府が国内法規において個別で規制を行うことになる。

・VR から事前質問のあったゴルフカートのような車両は、日本においては「公道を走行」せず「11 人

以上の乗員」にも該当しないので規制対象外の扱い。

・EV に適用される技術要件は従来のガソリン車などと基本的には同じであるべき。

・また、単品のハンドメイド車や改造車については、たとえば衝突要件などを量産車と同様な要件を適

用することは不可能なのでなんらかの措置が必要。

・UN 規則では技術要件については EV もノン EV も基本的には同じ。ものによっては EV の特性に合

わせて要件を緩和したり、EV のための追加要件を規定するケースもある。今日はそういった EV 特有

の部分について、型式認証対象の車両の技術要件にフォーカスして説明する。

<UN 規則に規定されている EV 特有の要件>

・UN 規則で EV 特有の技術要件が含まれるものは R100、R12、R94、R95、R13H などがある。EV

はガソリン車と違いエミッションを出さないのでエミッションの規則はない。

・衝突安全要件はガソリン車と異なり EV 車については高電圧による危険性が懸念される。またバッテ

リーの安全性も担保が必要なため、そのための要件が R12、R94、R95 に規定されている。日本は UN

規則にこういった規定が入る前から国内規制を導入してきた。UN 規則はこういった規制を既存法規

を段階的に改正する形で導入した。

・高電圧保護規定の基本コンセプトは、乗員が直接・間接的にふれるポイントについての電圧規定と保

護、絶縁抵抗要件。

・機能安全要件としては ready to run インジケーターの規定がある。ガソリン車はエンジンが作動して

いるかどうかすぐわかるが、EV のモーターが作動状態にあるかどうかを音で判別することが難しいた

め、走行可能な状態であることをインジケーターで表示する。また、外部充電中に車両を動かすこと

を防ぐため、充電状態を示す。EV はギアなどのメカニカルな手段ではなく traction motor control で

制御するため、走行方向についてもインジケーターで表示する。

・R100 ではカバーされていない衝突後の安全要件については R12、R94、R95 で規定している。

・REESS については R100 および衝突後の要件について R12、R94、R95 で規定している。

・R100 の認可については車両ベース、コンポーネントベースいずれかをメーカーが選択できる。

<参考情報・最近の WP29 の活動から EV 関連のものについて紹介>

・1998 年協定下の GTR 検討において、2011 年から日米欧が共同スポンサーとなって EV に関する GTR

検討を始めた。安全・環境の二面から検討を行い、EVS の GTR を作ることが 2012 年 3 月の WP29

で承認された。

・EVS インフォーマルグループは EU、日本、US、中国がスポンサー、US 議長のもと EU、中国が共

同議長、日本が事務局。US と中国は 1958 年協定の締約国ではないが、世界的な国際基準調和のため

には US 中国も含めた活動は重要。走行中の高電圧安全と衝突要件がメイン。2015 年 12 月 GRSP に

ドラフトを提出し、2016 年 11 月 WP29 での採決をめざしている。

・一方環境面については、EVE インフォーマルグループが検討を行っている。こちらは各国の現行規

制や将来規制の情報交換がメインで、検討対象課題としてはエネルギー消費効率測定法やバッテリー

の耐久性など。先週の WP29 で新マンデートが承認された。その内容は、レファレンスガイドでまと

めた課題について今後 GTR の検討の可能性について継続検討するためのもの。2015 年 6 月まで検討

を行い、その結果 GTR を検討すると結論づけた項目については 2018 年 11 月の WP29 での投票をめ

ざして GTR のドラフティングを行う予定。

・もう一件、EV に関するトピック。EV や HV はモーター走行時の音が静かなため、視覚障害者にと

っては危険性を伴うという指摘があり、そういった車への対策として音による接近通報装置の検討を

WP29/GRB で行うことになった。日本はすでにこういったガイドラインを世界に先駆けて導入してお

り、日本の業界はそれに沿って自主的に接近通報装置を搭載している。発生させる音については実際

に視覚障害者を対象とした体験会を行って評価のうえ決定した。WP29/GRB では日本のガイドライン

をベースとした国際ガイドライン成立後、GTR の検討を始めた。2015 年 11 月の WP29 に GTR ドラ

フト提出をめざしているが、US の国内法規制定プロセスの都合から議論に遅れが生じている。先週の

WP29 で GTR と並行して UN 規則の検討を始めることが承認され、GTR よりも早く UN 規則が成立

する可能性が高い。EV、HV は一定速度以上で走行していればエンジン音がなくともタイヤ騒音など

で存在が確認できるので、モーターのみで低速走行する時に後付の音によって車両の存在を歩行者に

知らせることが接近通報装置の目的。

R85 General Information, Technical Requirements & Testing 坂口氏（三菱/JASIC）よりプレゼン。

・WP29 の枠組みでは R85 採用国同士では認可証が相互承認を行うため、同一型式車両を複数の国に出

す際に個別認証の手続きが不要。多くの国が R85 を採用して相互承認が成立している。日本は R85

をまだ採用していないが現在検討中。

・R85 では ICE と電動モーターの両方をカバーしているが今日は電動モーター部分に特化して試験装

置と試験方法について説明する。

<試験装置の説明>

・電動モーターの特性を計測する試験機はダイナモ、ダイナモ制御装置、回転計測、トルク計、電圧計、

電流計、電力計、模擬バッテリー等で構成されている。R85 では，モーターとコントローラーを冷却

するための冷却システムに実車の冷却システムを使用する事を要求している。EV の場合、台上試験で

は他のコンポーネントからの発熱影響が考慮されず実車より高い冷却性能が出力されるため、実車の

冷却能力への補正が必要となる。そのため、オイルクーラーを水槽で冷却するオイル冷却システムに

よりシステムのオイル温度を制御するシステムを開発し、認証官の了承を得たうえで活用している。

場合によっては、ベンチ設備に追加して冷却システムの設備を準備する必要があるということ。

・試験時に使用する補機、取り外すべき補機についての規定、認証時に提出するドキュメント、測定精

度は R85 に明記されている。

<試験法の説明>

・NET パワーと 30 分間最大出力の両方を試験する必要がある。

・NET パワーの試験概要は以下の通り。

1. 試験モータの最大負荷時の出力の最大値。アクセル制御が最大となる制御でトルクを印加する。

2. ゼロから最高回転数まで出力曲線を描くために、十分な回転数計測点でデータを取得すること。

3. 計測は 5 分間で終了させる必要がある。

4. 申請値は、計測値に対して+/- 2%以上の差が無いこと。

5. NET 計測前に最大出力の 80%の出力で、メーカの推奨する回転速度で 3 分間モータを駆動させる

こと。

・上記 5 にあるように、NET 測定の前に 3 分間のウォームアップが必要。3 分間のウォームアップ試験

結果はエビデンスとして認証官に提出する。

・ウォームアップの直後に NET パワー測定。モーター出力を計測するため、トルクと回転数と電圧を

計測する。

・30 分間最大出力値の測定方法は以下の通り。

1. 30 分間連続で出力することが可能な、最大の出力値。

2. 電気式ドライブトレーンは、30 分間最大出力についてメーカーが最適とみなす出力で、ベンチ上

で運転するものとする。

3. 回転速度は、最大出力の 90%を超えるような速度範囲になければならない。この速度はメーカー

によって推奨されるものとする。

4. 出力は、テスト開始時の出力に対して、+/-5%の範囲内になければならない。

5. 申請値は、計測値に対して+/- 2%の差が無いこと。

・事前に計測する回転数を決定する必要があるため、計測するポイントを見つけ出す準備の試験が必要。

（全体を通して質疑）

Q1：平井さんに質問。EV、HV の視覚障害者に対する措置はどういったものか？

A1：国際ガイドラインは既に存在しており、EV と HV が 20km/h 以下の速度で走行する際に、従来の

ガソリン車等と同レベルの音を出す装置を装着することを推奨している。視覚障害者への注意喚起

のため、静かな車に音を出す装置を装着するということ。

Q2：その装置が出す音について具体的な技術要件はあるのか。

A2：ガイドラインにはないが、現在検討中の GTR と UN 規則では音量、周波数要件などを検討してお

り、2015 年に提案される予定のドラフトには盛り込まれる。

Q3：どのメーカーが EV、HV を市場に出しているのか。なかなか普及しないのはどういう原因がある

か。

A3：EV を量産しているのはどういったところか。という質問に対しては、日本メーカーでは日産、三

菱など、日本メーカー以外では BMW の i3 など。普及が難しい理由については、まずインフラの

問題。即ちバッテリー充電のための設備が必要になるが十分でないこと。また、バッテリー充電に

かかる時間も重要。何時間もかかるのでは普及はむずかしく、充電時間が短縮されないかぎり大幅

な普及は難しいのでは。日本は PHEV を出しているが。また、暑い地域ではエアコンが必須でそ

の分バッテリーの消耗が早くなるため、一充電走行距離が一定のことも問題だろう。

Q4：EMC についてはどのように評価するのか。

A4：EMC の要件は当然 EV にも適用されるが、EV 特有の要件が何かあるわけではないので、本日の

説明には含めなかった。

Q5：バッテリーの廃棄についてはどう処理されているのか。

A5：使用済みバッテリーの廃棄の問題も重要な問題。日本では、地方自治体やガソリンスタンドなどで

回収するのが一般的。また、一部の事業者では、リサイクル・バッテリーとして再利用するケース

もあると聞いている。

Q6：HV のエミッション規制はどういう法規なのか。また、日本では今 HEV はどのくらい普及してい

るのか。

A6：HEV の試験法は従来のエミッション規則の中に盛り込まれている。今日は EV 特有のものに特化

して説明したのでふれなかった。ふたつ目の質問については今具体的な情報が手元にないが、HEV

台数が増加していることは確か。

Q7：EV についてはベトナムでも Green Car のためのインセンティブ政策をとっている。日本ではどう

いった取り組みをしているのか。目標台数など定めたりしているのか。

A7：EV、HEV を含めた環境に優しい車に対し、日本は補助金と税制優遇措置をとっている。EV 自体

の価格はまだ高いが、補助金と減税措置によりユーザー負担を減らすことで、EV の普及に努めて

いる。

Q8：R85 について。30 分間の最大出力というのはどういうことか。

A8：モータは発熱により温度が上昇すると、パワーが低下する。エンジンであればファン等の冷却によ

り温度バランスを保てるが、電気モーターでは温度バランスを保てない場合があり、パワー低下に

至るため、冷却システムが安定して作動しなければいけない。それを担保するため、30 分間高負荷

継続状態のパワー低下が 5%以内であるよう規定を定めている。冷却システムが適切に作動してい

ればきちんと温度管理ができ、パワーの低下を防ぐことができる。

Q9：日本には REESS の基準はあるか。REESS に不具合があったらどうするのか。

A9：REESS システムに不具合があればメーカーがリコール措置を取る。

VR：電気自動車はベトナムで非常に関心が高い。また電動二輪車についても大きな問題となっている。

今後も JASIC と VR 間で情報交換など続けたい。興味深い講義をしてくれた JASIC の専門家、今

日の出席者全員に感謝。

以上

39th asia expert meeting on regulations relating to ... · point1: application for safety...

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