39th international association of hydrogeologists congress

International Association of Hydrogeologists - Canadian National Chapter

HOSTED BY:

September 16-21, 2012 • Niagara Falls, Canada

Congress Program and Abstracts

39th InternatIonal assocIatIon of hydrogeologIsts congress

PlATINum SPONSOrS:

I A H 2 0 1 2 C o n g r e s s • n I A g A r A F A l l s , C A n A d A 1

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s Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Message from the Chairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Message from the IAH-CNC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Congress Sponsors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Trade Exhibition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Hotel Floor Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Social Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Plenary Speakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Distinguished Lectures (NGWA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Congress Program Overview “At A Glance” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Monday Technical Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Tuesday Technical Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Thursday Technical Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Friday Technical Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Abstract Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Abstracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

I A H 2 0 1 2 C o n g r e s s • n I A g A r A F A l l s , C A n A d A2

IAH 2012 Congress SecretariatSteve Holysh, Congress Co-chair, EventsKen Howard, Congress Co-Chair, Technical Co-chair Rick Gerber, Technical Co-chair

Andrew Piggott, Finance Christopher Munro, Publicity Joanne Thompson, IAH-CNC Liaison

Technical Committee Rick Gerber, Ken Howard, Steve Holysh, Andrew Piggott, Bob Betcher, Don Goodyear, Katie Howson, Dave Ketcheson, Claire Milloy, Leif Nelson, Martin Shepley, Mike Fairbanks, Steve Davies, Tony Lotimer, Rasheeda Byer-Coward, Mandy Meriano, Dave Sawicki, Wendy Kemp

Finance Committee Andrew Piggott, Jim Roy, Diane Bloomfield, Daron Abbey, Patty Meyer, Mary Jane Conboy

Publicity Committee Christopher Munro, Ken Howard, Joanne Thompson, Don Ford

Events Committee Steve Holysh, Karina Howard, Gunther Funk, Wendy Kemp, Lloyd Lemon, Scott MacRitchie, Magdi Widaatalla, Shelly Cuddy, Tanya Kampherm Martin, Nicholas Howden, Don Ford, Christopher Munro

Field Trips Steve Holysh, Jayme Campbell, Kevin Fitzpatrick, Karina Howard, Ken Howard, Rick Gerber, Mike Mateyk, Derek Ford, Stephen Worthington, Daryl Cowell, Tony Shaw, Rob Blair, Gunther Funk, Eric Hodgins, Frank Brunton, Steve Usher, Andy Bajc, Stewart Hamilton, Hazen Russell, Terry Carter, Shelly Cuddy, Dave Slain

International Scientific Advisory CommitteeIan Acworth AustraliaPeter Dillon AustraliaRicardo Hirata BrazilDidier Pennequin FranceWilli Struckmeier GermanyAlistair Allen IrelandBruce Misstear IrelandJoel Carrillo Rivera MexicoAntonio Chambel PortugalAlan MacDonald ScotlandChristine Colvin South AfricaAlper Baba TurkeyKevin Hiscock United KingdomRichard Taylor United Kingdom

North American Scientific Advisory CommitteeSteve Davies CanadaGunther Funk CanadaDick Jackson CanadaMarie Laroque CanadaTony Lotimer CanadaLeif Nelson CanadaChris Neville CanadaMartin Shepley CanadaDale Van Stempvoort CanadaSteve Worthington CanadaLenny Konikow United StatesVicki Kretsinger United StatesJim Lamoreaux United StatesJack Sharp United States

a c k n o w l e d g m e n t s


Volunteers – Session LeadersThe following people acted as “champions” for the Congress technical sessions. They proposed and helped to organize the sessions, helped promote the Congress, encouraged abstract submissions and reviewed abstracts. Many are also volunteering to help chair the sessions. Their efforts are greatly appreciated and invaluable to the success of the Congress.

Energy and ClimateGroundwater and Climate Change: Linkages and Adaptation Richard Taylor (UK), Diana Allen (Canada), Makoto Taniguchi (Japan), Jianyao Chen (China)Jason Gurdak (USA), Tim Green (USA), Bridget Scanlon (USA)Geothermal EnergyGrant Ferguson (Canada), Han Zaisheng (China), Alper Baba (Turkey)

Hydrogeological Issues Surrounding Shale Oil and GasAvner Vengosh (USA), Ramon Aravena (Canada)Hydrogeological Issues Related to Oil SandsSteve Wallace (Canada), Jon Fennell (Canada)Carbon SequestrationDan Palombi (Canada), James Brydie (Canada)

Karst HydrogeologyKarst Aquifers, Environmental Problems and Global ChangeDerek Ford (Canada), Liu Zaihua (China)Characterization and Management of Karst AquifersNico Goldscheider (Germany), Barbara Mahler (USA), Geary Schindel (USA)Modeling Karst Aquifer SystemsNeven Kresic (USA), Nicolas Massei (France)

Topics in General Karst HydrogeologyStephen Worthington (Canada), Nadine Goeppert (Germany), Jiang Guanghui (China)Artificial Tracers and Environmental Isotopes to Understand and Quantify Water Flow-paths and Pollutant Transport in Karst AquifersPiotr Maloszewski (Germany), Przemyslaw Wachniew (Poland), Ralf Benischke (Austria)

Groundwater-Surface Water InteractionsGroundwater-surface Water Interactions and EcohydrologyBruce Misstear (Ireland), Philippe Van Cappellen (Canada), Raoul-Marie Couture (Canada), Fereidoun Rezanezhad (Canada), Marie Larocque (Canada), Masaki Hayashi (Canada), Allison Aldous (USA), Joseph Gurrieri (USA), Hillol Guha (USA), Andrea Bradford (Canada)Vadose zone processes: Edwin Cey (Canada), James Smith (Canada)

Groundwater Management- TechnicalGroundwater Recharge: Advances in understanding recharge processes, characterizing spatial/temporal variability, and techniques for managed aquifer rechargePeter Dillon (Australia), Victor Heilweil (USA)HydrogeophysicsAnthony Endres (Canada), Peete Pehme (Canada)The Role of Aquitards in Aquifer ProtectionWendy Timms (Australia), Jim Hendry (Canada)Frontiers in Numerical ModellingJohn Molson (Canada), Rene Therrien (Canada)Transboundary Aquifer Systems of the AmericasAlfonso Rivera (Canada)Cold Regions HydrogeologyJeff McKenzie (Canada), Victor Bense (UK)

Hydrogeologic Characterization of Fractured Rock SettingsKent Novakowski (Canada)Three-Dimensional Geologic/Hydrogeologic MappingHazen Russell (Canada), Holger Kessler (UK)Regional Groundwater Flow Systems: Theory and ApplicationJosé Joel Carillo Rivera (Mexico), Judit Mádl-Szónyi (Hungary), Joszef Tóth (Canada)Urban Hydrogeology IssuesKen Howard (Canada), Dan Rogers (USA), Stephen Foster (UK)Development and Application of Conceptual Models in Numerical ModellingMike Wireman (USA), Denis Peach (UK)


Groundwater Management - Policy and GovernanceGroundwater and Development: Towards the Effective Integration of Hydrogeology in ‘Water and Sanitation’ ProjectsAlan MacDonald (UK), Cathy Ryan (Canada), Michael Campana (USA)Lessons Learned from Groundwater Work AbroadAlan Fryar (USA), Adam Milewski (USA)Groundwater Sustainability: Locally to GloballyTom Gleeson (Canada), William Alley (USA), Marios Sophocleous (USA)Groundwater Quality and Policies for Groundwater ProtectionEsther Wattel-Koekkoek (Netherlands), Jana Levison (Canada)Groundwater for Decision MakersAndrew Stone (USA)

Groundwater QualityNutrients in GroundwaterDave Rudolph (Canada), Ian Clark (Canada)Nuclear Waste ManagementMark Jensen (Canada)New Developments in Soil and Groundwater RemediationJason Gerhard (Canada), Neil Thomson (Canada)NAPL Source Zones: Flow and Mass Transfer

Kevin Mumford (Canada), John Christ (USA)Fate of Nanoparticles and Colloids in the EnvironmentDenis M. O’Carroll (Canada), Sarah Dickson (Canada)Groundwater Tracers/IsotopesRobert Michel (USA)Contaminant HydrogeologyDale Van Stempvoort (Canada)

General HydrogeologyEducation and Core Competencies for Professional HydrogeologistsDick Jackson (Canada)Book on Groundwater Resources in CanadaAlfonso Rivera (Canada)Young Scientists: Showcasing Research of Early Career Hydrogeologists (Posters Only)Judith Flügge (Germany), Grant Ferguson (Canada)Data Management and AnalysisJamey Rosen (Canada)

Volunteers – StudentsNumerous students have graciously volunteered their time to assist the Congress organizing committee with various tasks including help with technical presentations and mid-Congress field trips. We wish to specifically thank Adrienne Bangsund, Mahsa Shayan, Marie-Claude Lapointe, Tibor Lengyel, Behnam Doulatyari, Robin Barnes, Candace Freckelton, Sarah Beatty, Patricia Bobeck, Thair Patros, Owen Miles, Uwe Scneidewind, Tianjiao Li, Carlos Maldaner, Patrick Scannell, Gabrielle Klappstein and Daniel Skoreyko. We also wish to thank those student volunteers who come forward to offer assistance following the printing of this program. Thanks everyone, your assistance is vital to the Congress success and greatly appreciated.


Welcome to Niagara Falls, Canada and the 39th Congress of the International Association of Hydrogeologists. On behalf of the entire organizing committee it is our honour and pleasure to be your host.

Our setting here in Niagara Falls is uniquely placed beside one of the largest waterfalls in the world. The Niagara River drains the vast Great Lakes Watershed with an incredible average volume of about 2,400 cubic metres per second moving over the falls. The Ordovician and Silurian Age rocks that comprise Niagara’s bedrock, including the cliffs along the Niagara Gorge, are also renowned amongst North American hydrogeologists owing to the fact that they host some of most famous, and most early investigated, contaminated groundwater sites in North America.

Since receiving approval in 2008 to host the Congress in Canada, the organizing committee has been working hard to ensure that your trip to Niagara Falls will be successful both from a technical and social perspective. Our workload was significantly increased when we received over 500 abstracts in the closing two days of abstract acceptance back in March. We have been truly delighted with the level of interest in the Niagara Falls Congress. We initially planned for 300 to 600 delegates; however the elevated level of interest has now resulted in over 750 technical papers to be presented at the Congress and the registration of over 900 delegates and guests. Truly this represents a success for the IAH and for Canadian hydrogeology!

We trust that you will find the Congress, with its wide ranging groundwater topics, to be technically stimulating. We have invited four of Canada’s and the world’s premier hydrogeologists, Dr. Jozef Tóth, Dr. Frank Schwartz, Dr. John Cherry and Dr. Allan Freeze to challenge us in the Plenary sessions. We have also invited the National

Ground Water Association to provide their two key annual lectures – the Darcy and the McEllhiney – at the Congress. Our social program is highlighted by Thursday evening’s Dinner by the Falls, where you will have the opportunity to descend to the bottom of the falls and experience its power first hand as the water thunders down from above.

We are extremely grateful for the support of our sponsors and exhibitors. We encourage all delegates to visit our sponsor and exhibitor booths while attending Sunday’s ice breaker reception as well as on Monday and Tuesday during the breaks.

We trust that you will find the Congress to be an enjoyable and memorable event. We also hope that you take some time out of the busy Congress schedule to take a stroll along the Niagara River to reflect and unwind. Enjoy your visit to Canada!

m e s s a g e f r o m t h e c h a i r s

Steve HolyshCo-Chair

Ken HowardCo-Chair

m e s s a g e f r o m t h e i a h c n cIt is my pleasure to be able to welcome hydrogeologists from the around the world to the 39th IAH Congress, “Confronting Global Change”, on behalf the IAH Canadian National Chapter. 2012 is the 40th anniversary of the IAH CNC and we are pleased that you will be here to help us celebrate this occasion. To mark this occasion, we will be presenting a plenary program that includes Jozef Tóth, John Cherry, Allan Freeze and Frank Schwartz, four Canadians who have helped to define our discipline. This will be part of an excellent technical program that features many sessions related to the theme of the congress along with the NGWA’s Darcy and McEllhiney Lectures. Additionally, we are pleased to offer a fantastic social program and several field trips around the Niagara Region and beyond, all of which will offer the opportunity to meet old friends and make some new ones. The IAH CNC is pleased that you have chosen to join us in Canada in 2012 and hopes that you have an enjoyable 39th IAH Congress.

Grant FergusonPresident, IAH CNC


BGC is an international consulting firm providing services in applied earth sciences with specific emphasis on geotechnical engineering, hydrogeology, hydrology, geomorphology and engineering geology. We specialize in providing consulting services to the resource, development, and transportation sectors where we apply our high level of technical skill and experience to every problem we solve for our clients.

BGC has a team of over 170 engineers, geoscientists, and technologists who provide a full range of investigation, assessment, design and construction supervision services worldwide. Senior staff members have shaped best-practice standards for engineering and geoscience in Canada and internationally. We have successfully undertaken projects throughout North and South America, Europe, Africa, Australia and Asia, and have offices in Canada, Chile, Argentina and Germany.

We have developed an active research and development initiative and our staff has authored over 200 peer reviewed papers in international journals and conference proceedings as well as book chapters and books. BGC has a technical staff of over 60 individuals with graduate degrees, many of whom are actively pursuing applied research projects.

We are involved in numerous projects that are at the research front and are well funded by the private industry. Some members of our staff act as adjunct professors at the University of British Columbia and are invited to give guest lectures at a variety of other universities. We are routinely contacted to act as reviewers for international journals. BGC also seeks input from specialists in academia for projects that require highly specialized input that is not found in-house.

P l a t i n u m s P o n s o r s



Schlumberger Water Services (SWS) operates globally and specializes in the exploration, identification, development, and management of sustainable water resources. Leveraging oilfield industry experience and proprietary subsurface characterization technologies, SWS provides private and public sector clients with the decision-making framework needed for addressing water supply and disposal challenges.

Schlumberger invests heavily in breakthrough technology that meets the changing needs of our clients. By integrating first-in-class technologies across a full spectrum of disciplines, we provide reliable solutions that are unequalled in the industry. Today, clients benefit from our specialized geoscience-based technologies that include:

• Real-time groundwater monitoring (Diver-NETZ*) and multilevel well systems (Westbay* System) • High volume water extraction and injection pumps (REDA*)• Industry-leading geophysical logging tools (FMI*, CMR*, RST*)• Web-based environmental information management systems (HydroManager)• High-performing modeling and simulation software (Visual MODFLOW Flex*, Petrel*, ECLIPSE*)

Schlumberger technology builds the scientific foundation that supports decisions and creates confidence in our clients.

SWS’ global network of water professionals has unparalleled expertise and experience in applying practical solutions for water projects and is devoted to delivering projects on time and on budget. Our commitment to best practices, technical excellence, and safety every time and all the time is paramount in every aspect of a project – our clients are confident and secure in our standards of work.*Mark of Schlumberger


The Ontario Geological Survey (OGS) is a branch of the Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines. In support of Ontario government priorities, the OGS geoscience program provides up-to-date knowledge on Ontario’s geology, geological history, and Earth resources contained within the rocks and glacial deposits. The Earth resources include metallic and non-metallic mineral resources, groundwater, and renewable (e.g., ground heat) and non-renewable (e.g., hydrocarbon) energy endowment and potential. OGS products include data sets, reports, maps and knowledge about the two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) geology, landscape and Earth resource inventories and potential.

The OGS carries out field-based investigations to define and understand geological processes and the Earth resources to support mineral investment priorities and inferences about the state of the environment, natural hazards, public health and safety, and climate change adaptation. The OGS collaborates with provincial, national and international geoscience partners to create a more robust provincial geoscientific “evidence base” to support policy and decisions on sustainable use of land, minerals, energy, groundwater, and living with environmental change. As the steward of Ontario’s public geoscience data and information, the OGS provides public access to these information and knowledge holdings.

The OGS groundwater program is focused on three topics: a) 3-D Sediment Mapping, including the development of 3-D models of the glacial deposits that overlie bedrock and characterization of the geometry and properties of aquifers and aquitards; b) 3-D Bedrock Mapping, including the development of a testable sequence stratigraphic framework and delineation, characterization and mapping of regional scale groundwater flow systems; and c) Ambient Groundwater Geochemistry, which includes characterization and mapping of the chemistry of natural groundwater of southern Ontario and evaluation of the relationship between rock and groundwater chemistry.




Matrix Solutions* is a Canadian, employee-owned, multi-service environmental and engineering consulting company with offices strategically located across Canada. With a team of over 500, we are recognized leaders in providing scientifically sound, innovative and pragmatic solutions in:

• Water Resource Assessment and Management • Hydrogeology, Hydrology and Hydrotechnical Engineering • Environmental / Socio-economic Impact Assessments and Audits • Environmental Management, Planning and Risk Assessment

• Site Assessments, Remediation and Reclamation • Emergency Spill Response and Regulatory Compliance• Air, Water, Soil, Vegetation, Fish and Wildlife Monitoring • Public Consultation and Stakeholder Engagement

Expertise in Hydrogeology, Hydrology and Hydrotechnical Engineering Our registered Professional Hydrogeologists, Hydrologists and Hydrotechnical Engineers deliver multi-disciplinary water supply, watershed management and hydrotechnical engineering solutions to water resource challenges.

Water Supply Development, Protection and Optimization From independent sources to combined surface and groundwater supplies, we have the expertise to complete exploration, quantify resource capacity, design effective wells / intakes, and secure licensing permits. We use advanced field techniques, data management and analysis strategies in order to optimize results and minimize impacts. Our pioneering source water protection solutions maintain valuable water resources through effective planning, monitoring and risk management.

Watershed Management and PlanningOur multi-disciplinary team offers complete solutions to manage natural (flooding / drought / climate change) or anthropogenic (pumping / land-use / contamination) impacts through effective monitoring, proactive characterization, cumulative impact assessment, and thorough planning. Solutions incorporate our integrated knowledge of hydrologic and hydrogeologic systems, impact evaluation for aquatic and terrestrial features, and optimized monitoring / management tools.

Hydrotechnical EngineeringThrough monitoring, statistical assessment and engineered solutions, we design a full range of watercourse crossing infrastructure for both resource management and municipal applications. We specialize in complex crossing scenarios, ecologically sound solutions to bank erosion, sediment control, and flood protection using both inert and bio-engineered solutions.* AquaResource and Matrix merged in December, 2011.


g o l d s P o n s o r s

Syncrude Canada Ltd. is one of the largest operators in Canada’s growing oil sands industry, with a 34-year history of responsible operations and ongoing innovation. Based in Fort McMurray, Alberta, and with a large research and development facility in Edmonton, Syncrude is known for pioneering many of the technologies used today in the industry, including an expanding suite of techniques to improve environmental and economic performance. As one example, Syncrude will soon commence start-up of a $1.6 billion project to reduce air emissions. Syncrude is also a recognized leader in Aboriginal relations, as evidenced by annual procurement of more than $150 million from local Aboriginal companies and its status as one of the country’s largest employers of Aboriginal people. Current production capacity is 350,000 barrels per day of high quality light, sweet crude oil, and cumulative production now exceeds 2.2 billion barrels. Syncrude annually contributes more than $6 billion to Canada’s economy through the payment of wages, royalties and taxes and procurement of goods and services.

Suncor Energy’s vision is to be Canada’s leading integrated energy company. With low-cost, reliable operations and an excellent suite of growth projects, we aim to successfully complete globally. As we responsibly develop the oil sands, we are also investing in renewable energy — wind power and biofuels.

In 1967, we pioneered the commercial development of Canada’s oil sands — one of the largest petroleum resource basins in the world. Since then, Suncor has grown to become a globally competitive integrated energy company with a balanced portfolio of high-quality assets, a strong balance sheet and significant growth prospects. Across our operations, we intend to achieve production of one million barrels of oil equivalent per day by 2020.

Suncor is also investing in clean, renewable energy sources operating six wind power projects with a total capacity of 255 megawatts that will result in the avoidance of approximately 500,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide annually. Our St. Clair, Ontario ethanol facility is Canada’s largest biofuels plant with a production capacity of 400 million litres per year. Blending ethanol into our Petro-Canada™ gasoline contributes to the avoidance of up to 600,000 tonnes of CO2 emissions per year.


s i l v e r s P o n s o r s

b r o n z e s P o n s o r s

iah sPonsor

coffee sPonsor

GENIVAR is a growing Canadian company providing professional services in Urban Infrastructure, Transportation, Environment, Industrial and Energy, Mining, and Project Management. Newly merged with WSP Group of Great Britain, our combined entity is 14,500 employees strong with over 300 offices on all continents. GENIVAR’s extensive team of hydrogeologists, geologists, geotechnical engineers, environmental scientists, and engineers are client-focused, providing a full range of services over the entire project cycle, including project development, baseline and characterization studies, detailed design, permitting and implementation, and monitoring. GENIVAR is pleased to sponsor the 2012 IAH Congress in Niagara Falls.

Golder Associates is a respected, employee-owned, global company providing consulting, design, and construction services in our specialist areas of earth, environment, and the related areas of energy. From offices worldwide, our employees work with clients to manage their environmental and engineering activities in a technically sound, economically viable, and socially responsible manner. Golder has one of the largest groups of water resources and contaminant hydrogeologists in Canada; we have been solving the most challenging groundwater problems for over 40 years. www.golder.com

Cenovus Energy is a Canadian oil company. We are committed to applying fresh, progressive thinking to safely and responsibly unlock energy resources the world needs. Our operations include oil sands projects in northern Alberta, which use specialized methods to drill and pump the oil to the surface, and established natural gas and oil production in Alberta and Saskatchewan. We also have 50 percent ownership in two U.S. refineries. For more information, visit www.cenovus.com.

Stantec is a recognized leader in water related projects providing planning and design services. Our hydrogeologists, geochemists, scientists, and engineers have an in-depth understanding of ground and surface water systems and are well-versed in watershed management, aquifer storage and protection, concrete and earthen dams, bank protection, stream restoration, floodplain mapping, area drainage and watercourse master planning. Our services are provided on projects around the world through approximately 12,000 employees operating out of more than 190 locations in North America and 4 locations internationally.


t r a d e e x h i b i t i o n

1 IAH Canada2 IAH International3 Taylor & Francis4 EARTHFX Inc .5 KISTERS North America, Inc6 National Ground Water Assoc .7 Solinst Canada Ltd .8 GNS Science /

Rafter Radiocarbon9 Isotope Tracer Technologies

10 Commission Geologique du Canada/Quebec / Geological Survey of Canada

11 Geonics12 AquaResource /

Matrix Solutions13 Beta Analytic Inc .14 Hoskin Scientific15 IAH Australia

16 Heron Instruments17 British Geological Survey18 Ontario Oil, Gas & Salt19 Ontario Geological Survey20 Schlumberger21 RWDI22 DHI23 British Geological Survey24 British Geological Survey


h o t e l f l o o r P l a n s

ROOM DIMENSIONS THETR CLSRM HLWSQ CONFR RECEP BQT BTH BTH (8x10) (10x10)

Great Room ABC 165 x 86 = 14190 sq. ft. 2200 1200 - - 1800 1440 102 84Great Room A 55 x 86 = 4730 sq. ft. 600 350 70 80 550 480 38 32Great Room B 55 x 86 = 4730 sq. ft. 600 350 70 80 550 480 38 32Great Room C 55 x 86 = 4730 sq. ft. 600 350 70 80 550 480 38 32Stage 23 x 33 = 759 sq. ft. - - - - - - - -

Great Room Prefunction 28 x 180 = 5042 sq. ft. - - - - 500 - - - Fallsview Studio ABC 95 x 27 = 2565 sq. ft. 160 120 - - 200 168 - -Fallsview Studio A 34 x 26 = 884 sq. ft. 60 36 22 20 80 60 - -Fallsview Studio B 27 x 27 = 729 sq. ft. 40 24 18 16 60 36 - -Fallsview Studio C 34 x 26 = 884 sq. ft. 60 36 22 20 80 60 - -

Studio Room Prefunction 28 x 40 = 1120 sq. ft. - - - - 128 - - -

3rd level - Conference Center

FALLSVIEWSTUDIO A

FALLSVIEWSTUDIO B

FALLSVIEWSTUDIO C

Falls Avenue

Service Hallway

STUDIO ROOMPREFUNCTION SPACE

Exit Corridor

Women’s WR

Men’s WR

BusinessCentre

To

GREAT ROOMPREFUNCTION SPACE

Direct Entrance To Crowne Plaza

STAGE GREAT ROOM C GREAT ROOM B GREAT ROOM A

Freight

13 footceilings

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

18 Foot Ceilings

ROOM DIMENSIONS THETR CLSRM HLWSQ CONFR RECEP BQT BTH BTH (8x10) (10x10)

Great Room ABC 165 x 86 = 14190 sq. ft. 2200 1200 - - 1800 1440 102 84Great Room A 55 x 86 = 4730 sq. ft. 600 350 70 80 550 480 38 32Great Room B 55 x 86 = 4730 sq. ft. 600 350 70 80 550 480 38 32Great Room C 55 x 86 = 4730 sq. ft. 600 350 70 80 550 480 38 32Stage 23 x 33 = 759 sq. ft. - - - - - - - -

Great Room Prefunction 28 x 180 = 5042 sq. ft. - - - - 500 - - - Fallsview Studio ABC 95 x 27 = 2565 sq. ft. 160 120 - - 200 168 - -Fallsview Studio A 34 x 26 = 884 sq. ft. 60 36 22 20 80 60 - -Fallsview Studio B 27 x 27 = 729 sq. ft. 40 24 18 16 60 36 - -Fallsview Studio C 34 x 26 = 884 sq. ft. 60 36 22 20 80 60 - -

Studio Room Prefunction 28 x 40 = 1120 sq. ft. - - - - 128 - - -

3rd level - Conference Center

FALLSVIEWSTUDIO A

FALLSVIEWSTUDIO B

FALLSVIEWSTUDIO C

Falls Avenue

Service Hallway

STUDIO ROOMPREFUNCTION SPACE

Exit Corridor

Women’s WR

Men’s WR

BusinessCentre

To

GREAT ROOMPREFUNCTION SPACE

Direct Entrance To Crowne Plaza

STAGE GREAT ROOM C GREAT ROOM B GREAT ROOM A

Freight

13 footceilings

E

E

E

E

E

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E

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18 Foot Ceilings

ROOM DIMENSIONS THETR CLSRM HLWSQ CONFR RECEP BQT

Strategy Room 1 30 x 51 = 1530 sq. ft. 140 90 40 35 160 108Strategy Room 2 38 x 51 = 1938 sq. ft. 170 120 50 45 190 144Strategy Room 3 38 x 51 = 1938 sq. ft. 170 120 50 45 190 144Strategy Room 5 38 x 26 = 988 sq. ft. 55 40 30 24 85 60Strategy Room 6 21 x 19 = 399 sq. ft. 20 18 12 12 30 24Strategy Room 7 30 x 37 = 1110 sq. ft. 80 58 24 22 85 72

Upper Fallsview Studio A 33 x 25 = 825 sq. ft. 55 36 18 18 60 48Upper Fallsview Studio B 35 x 25 = 875 sq. ft. 60 40 22 18 70 60Prefunction Space 28 x 40 = 1120 sq. ft. - - - - 300 -Executive Boardroom 24 x 27 = 648 sq. ft. B O A R D R O O M O N L Y ( 1 6 p e o p l e )

5th level - Conference Center

STRATEGYROOM 7

Service Hallway

Raised Corridor

STRATEGYROOM 2

STRATEGYROOM 1

STRATEGYROOM 3

UPPERFALLSVIEWSTUDIO A

STRATEGYROOM 6

STRATEGYROOM 5

STRATEGYROOM 4

Men'sWR

Women'sWR

UPPER FALLSVIEW/ STRATEGY

PREFUNCTIONSPACE

STRATEGY ROOM PREFUNCTION SPACE

UPPERFALLSVIEWSTUDIO B

E

Freight

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EXECUTIVEBOARDROOM

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9 Foot Ceilings

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s o c i a l P ro g r a mIcebreaker “Meet and Greet” ReceptionSunday, September 16, 2012, 6:00 p.m. - 8:00 p.m. • Location: Sheraton on the Falls Hotel - IAH 2012 Congress Trade ShowCome and meet up with old acquaintances, or introduce yourself to new colleagues from around the world, as we join together for a complimentary “drinks and nibbles” cocktail reception in the IAH 2012 Congress Trade Show Hall.

University of Waterloo Alumni MeetingMonday, September 17, 2012, 7:00 p.m. - 9:00 p.m. • Location: Sheraton on the Falls Hotel - Fallsview Studio BCCalling all University of Waterloo alumni! At the end of the first full day of the congress, please join us in Fallsview Studio BC for a drink (or two) as we catch up on old times.

Regional Groundwater Flow CommissionMonday September 17, 2012, 7:00 p.m. - to 9:00 p.m. • Location: Sheraton on the Falls Hotel – Upper Fallsview Studio BThe Regional Groundwater Flow Commission invites you to attend a kick off social event where we can meet your fellow hydrogeologists with a passion for regional groundwater flow. Come and enjoy a drink at this, the unofficial kick off for this new IAH Commission.

Early Career Hydrogeologists’ SocialMonday, September 17, 2012, 6:00 p.m. - 9:00 p.m. • Location: Sheraton on the Falls Hotel – Strategy Room 3 The Early Career Hydrogeologists’ Network is sponsoring a social night for our newest professionals. If you are 35 years of age or under, or are at the beginning (first 5 to 10 years) of your professional career in hydrogeology, don’t miss this night and this chance to meet other hydrogeologists that are getting started in their careers, just like you!

IAH 2012 Congress Fun Night – Dinner by the Falls!Thursday, September 21, 2012, 6:00 p.m. -10:00 p.m. • Location: Elements Restaurant at Table RockShuttle service will be available from the Sheraton on the Falls Hotel beginning at 6:00 p.m.Join us on Thursday evening for what promises to be an unforgettable evening. Not only will the evening feature great food, drinks and entertainment served at Niagara Park’s Elements Restaurant at the brink of Canada’s “Horseshoe Falls”, we will also have exclusive access to the tunnels beneath Niagara’s thunderous falls. You can walk to the bottom of the Horseshoe Falls and gaze with wonder as a large part of the continent’s drainage thunders down mere feet in front of you. The evening will provide an opportunity to connect with colleagues for a final time prior to the closing of the congress on Friday.

IAH CNC 40th Birthday PartyFriday, September 22, 2012, 4:00 p.m. -5:00 p.m. • Location: Sheraton on the Falls Hotel-Great Hall CCome and join the IAH CNC as we celebrate our 40th birthday party at the closing ceremony for this very successful 39th IAH Niagara Falls Congress. Enjoy a drink and a piece of cake to help us launch the next 40 years of hydrogeology in Canada.

IAH Social Board - In addition to the pre-planned events, be sure to check out the IAH Social Board at the registration desk. We encourage those who would like to assemble groups of like-minded hydrogeologists to go out for drinks or dinner to post a “meeting message” on the board. We hope that this will create a way for many delegates to get together for dinner and/or drinks after the day’s events so that no one is going out for dinner alone. With so many individuals coming from around the world, we hope that this will become another effective way for delegates to meet each other.


P l e n a ry s P e a k e rsMonday, September 17, 8:45 a.m. – 10:00 a.m., Great Room B/C

When and how hydrogeology began in Canada!József Tóth

Prior to 1957, only five geologists at the Geological Survey of Canada were dedicated institutionally to the study of Canada’s groundwater resources. As demand increased for water supplies on the Prairies, the provincial governments started groundwater exploration programs and mission-oriented research in the 1950s. The Research Council of Alberta established a Groundwater Division in 1955. Due, however, to the scarcity of groundwater professionals, the 10 or 15 early staff comprised geologists, geophysicists, engineers, even a paleontologist, from Canada, Europe and the USA, all blissfully ignorant of hydrogeology; we were to learn groundwater on the job! Ignorance of hydrogeology turned out a blessing in disguise. It elicited questions in a hydrogeologic terra incognita and we had to find our own answers. Combined with youthful energy, unbridled enthusiasm, natural curiosity and due diligence, the situation fostered original thinking, inventions and discoveries. To boot, our masters knew even less; by default, we were given intellectual freedom! Things were similar in the other provinces and at the GSC, leading to healthy cross-fertilization between different groups and to the start of courses at universities.

With that background, progress in scope and level of groundwater studies was fast. Through the 1960s and ‘70s the main topics of interest were: i) Hydraulics of regional groundwater flow; ii) Natural effects of groundwater flow; iii) Buried-valley aquifers, hydrogeological mapping; iv) Recharge-mechanisms and water balance; v) Hydraulic parameters of the rock framework; vi) Groundwater chemistry in flow-systems; vii) Air-photo analysis; viii) Overseas projects. Results were published in leading periodicals soon. What produced them? My view: Genuine interest in the science and dedication to work. As tribute to their pioneer work, I name ten major contributors to early Canadian hydrogeology: J. Charron, J. Cherry, R. Clissold, E. Christiansen, R. van Everdingen, R. Farvolden, A. Freeze, A. Linsey, W. Meneley, P. Meyboom, J. Mollard, and J. Tóth.

Dr. Jószef Tóth is recognized as a true Canadian hydrogeological pioneer. As such, Joe’s knowledge of the roots of Canadian hydrogeology is unsurpassed. In addition to his seminal and award winning publications on gravity driven groundwater flow stretching back to the early 1960’s, Joe has also recognized the importance of documenting the historical evolution of groundwater flow system thinking. Dr. Tóth introduced hydrogeology at the University of Alberta (U of A) in 1966 and joined the Geology Department as full professor in 1980. While at the Alberta Research Council through the 1960s and 1970s Joe was the champion of the groundwater mapping series that led to the publication of groundwater availability maps across much of the Province. He taught at the U of A until his retirement as professor

emeritus in 1996. Joe’s more than 90 publications have stimulated extensive research internationally on groundwater problems. His recent text book Gravitation Systems of Groundwater Flow has been well received and described as his “scientific autobiography”.

P l e n a ry s P e a k e rs s P o n s o r


Monday, September 17, 12:45 p.m. – 2:00 p.m., Great Room B/C

The Response of Prairie Lakes to Extreme Variability in Climate: Integrated Observational and Model-based AnalysesFrank Schwartz, School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio aThe Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of central North America is a “unique and extraordinary biome1”. Before widespread agricultural development, “it was part of one of largest grassland ecosystems on earth1”. This 750,000 km2 region extends from southern Canada, including Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba to the United States including Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota, and Iowa. Although the PPR represents about 10% of the total breeding and nesting area for waterfowl in North America, it produces more than 50% of all breeding ducks and more than 60% of continental mallards. Most studies of lakes and wetlands in the PPR rely on careful observations of a few clusters of potholes. Our focus has been on the surface water complexes of the PPR comprising waterbodies ranging in size a few square meters to several 10s of square kilometers and encompassing a range of climates from arid southern Saskatchewan to much moister central Minnesota.

Satellite observations for the first time have made it possible to describe spatially the exact numbers of ponds, lakes, and wetlands in the PPR. Landsat data has shown that water areas and numbers of potholes follow well-defined power laws. Their slopes and intercepts change intra-annually and interannually as a function of climate. Yet, there are limitations with these data in terms of backwards availability of records in time, numbers of cloud-free days, and resolution. A new type of hydrologic model, applicable to a diverse assemblage of surface-water bodies, provides a quantitative understanding of water-body numbers and their size distributions. The super-resolved calibration of this model is novel because it integrates power-laws developed from satellite observations, and long term measurements of wetlands in the Cottonwood Lake Study Area in a Genetic Algorithm framework. Results for the 20th Century show the tremendous variability in pothole systems through long terms droughts (e.g., Dust Bowl Drought of the 1930s) and a recent deluge (1993-2001). The time required for surface waters to adjust to drier or wetter conditions is proportional to the size of the water body. Thus drying in spring through summer months in a given year mostly affects the puddles and smaller potholes in the complex. The larger potholes and lakes respond to droughts and deluge that span a number of years.

Our most recent studies have developed new data driven modeling approaches based on space-for-time substitutions that have potentially wide application in climate-impact assessments. We are also pursuing a long-standing goal to examine how climate-driven variability in water bodies can influence ecological interconnections and populations.

Dr. Frank Schwartz currently serves as a professor in the School of Earth Sciences at the Ohio State University and is the Ohio Eminent Scholar in hydrogeology. In addition to his renowned text books, including Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology (co-authored with Patrick Domenico) and the more recent Fundamentals of Groundwater (co-authored with Hubao Zhang), Frank Schwartz has published over 150 refereed papers encompassing field and theoretical aspects of mass transport, contaminant hydrogeology and groundwater chemistry. Always interested in the value of scientific contributions to the common knowledge base, Dr. Schwartz has also co-authored papers on the use of the statistics around citations of papers to the attributed value of research to the groundwater community.


Thursday, September 20, 8:30 a.m. – 9:30 a.m., Great Room B/C

Radioactive Waste Disposal in Canada; Historical Review and CritiqueJohn A. Cherry, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario

Radioactive waste has been produced in Canada since the early 1950’s and the waste has been accumulating since that time without pursuit of a clear and consistent science -based national policy or plan as to the ultimate disposal of the wastes. However, there seems to be a general expectation that the waste should be placed in the subsurface in a manner that will isolate it from the biosphere for a very long time so that future generations will not have the responsibility for it’s care. This talk examines the nature and current status of the radioactive waste situation in Canada.

The Canadian nuclear fuel cycle involves radioactive waste production that begins at the mine sites, formerly in northern Ontario and now in northern Saskatchewan and ends at the electrical power plants, mostly in southern Ontario with one plant in Quebec and one in New Brunswick. Nuclear power is an essential part of the mix of power sources in Ontario where about 50 percent of the electricity is nuclear. The first large nuclear power plants went on-line in Ontario in 1971, after more than 20 years of research and development concerning the Candu reactors, mostly at the Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories (CRNL) near Pembrook, ON and to a much lesser degree at the Whiteshell Nuclear Research Laboratories (WNRE) east of Winnipeg in Manitoba.

Excluding the wastes at mine sites, there are two broad categories of the waste based on the nature of the radioactivity: the first category is the low and intermediate level waste (referred to here as low level waste) and the second one is the high-level waste, which is nuclear fuel now stored at the nuclear reactors where it is produced. The general expectation is that the first category of waste needs isolation from the biosphere for thousands of years and the used fuel for millions of years to allow radioactive decay to reduce the hazard to minimal levels. Between 1968 and 1985, I was a participant in field studies of: 1) the shallow burial site for low level waste in a clayey aquitard at the WNRE, 2) the contaminated shallow subsurface zones in sandy glacial deposits at the CRNL and 3) the shallow low-level waste burial area at the Bruce Nuclear Power Development (BNPD). For a short period of time before 1980, I contributed to projects concerning the initial concepts for creation of deep geological repositories for used fuel. The focus of the research in these early years was on development of the understanding needed for prediction of the long-term transport and fate of radionuclides in the subsurface environment and on creation of designs for subsurface waste isolation.

By the early to mid 1980’s, it became evident that highest degree of long-term predictability (ie over geologic time) of contaminant transport can be best achieved when the wastes are buried below the water table in diffusion- controlled, low permeability, stable sedimentary hydrogeologic environments (ie waste entombment). This greatly reduces the uncertainties inherent in prediction of contaminant transport by advection, particularly in geologic media that may be fractured. However, the important decisions concerning where and how to bury the low level wastes at the CRNL, WNRE and the BNPD had to be made long before the science of contaminant hydrogeology was sufficiently advanced to play a substantial role and therefore these ‘shallow waste burials’ are not what they would or could have been if advanced hydrogeologic knowledge had been available for use in the early years of the nuclear power development. In 2009 after more than two decades absence from this field, I began to examine the current status of radioactive waste ‘management’ in Canada with initial interest in determining what has happened at the ‘old’ radioactive waste burial sites and how the advances in hydrogeologic science over the past thirty years have been incorporated or not into the waste management decision making by the Canadian nuclear industry concerning the ultimate long-term ‘disposal’ of all of the waste types. This is particularly relevant now because of movement towards decommissioning some of the old nuclear research facilities and the oldest nuclear power plants and the debate concerning the future of nuclear power in Canada.

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The status of the Canadian program for emplacing the used fuel in a deep geological repository that can be used initially for dry storage and eventually for permanent entombment is important in this context because the nuclear industry made a commitment beginning in the late 1970’s to work with urgency towards establishment of such a repository and, after large financial expenditures over thirty years, no such used fuel repository is in sight in Canada while European countries are advancing rapidly to creating their repositories. There is the question as whether or not Canada is deficient in good hydrogeologic conditions for deep geological repositories and whether this has caused the Canadian task to be particularly difficult or are there other factors that have limited the progress. In the past there has been minimum external independent review and transparency concerning radioactive waste in Canada, however there is now a commitment by the nuclear industry to rectify this deficiency. This talk is aimed at; 1) identifying issues and drawing attention to many of them by the Canadian hydrogeologic community because many of the key issues are hydrogeologic in nature and, 2) examining the question as to whether or not the nature of independent peer review and transparency, as practiced by the Canadian Nuclear industry meets the generally accepted standards of the scientific community.

Dr. John Cherry is one of the true leaders in the development and application of contaminant hydrogeology and remediation. His record of innovative research and publication is unrivaled. He has the rare combination of understanding and predicting problems, the technical expertise to pursue them, the intellectual rigor to properly analyze and interpret the results and the communication skills to educate others about his insights.

Dr. Cherry holds geological engineering degrees from the University of Saskatchewan and the University of California, Berkley and a Ph.D. in hydrogeology from the University of Illinois. He joined the faculty at the University of Waterloo in 1971 where his research focused on field studies of the migration and fate of

contaminants in groundwater and groundwater remediation. Although retired from the University of Waterloo since 2006, John still remains active in our discipline. The University of Waterloo has granted John the title “Distinguished Professor Emeritus” in 2007. John is currently the Director of the University Consortium for Field-Focused Groundwater Contamination Research is also an adjunct professor in the School of Engineering at the University of Guelph.

Thursday, September 20, 12:45 p.m. – 2:00 p.m., Great Room B/C

Why did the Chicken Cross the Street? Twelve Premises that Define the Role of Technical Input into Decision-Making in the Real WorldR. Allan Freeze, Surrey, BC, Canada

Hydrogeologists are asked to provide technical input in a wide variety of decision-making milieu, including those associated with engineering design, resource management, regulatory enforcement, legal proceedings and policy development. The decisions that are made in these various arenas, even those that appear at first glance to be purely technical, are in effect almost always social decisions, and the decision-maker will routinely pay considerable attention to the social, economic, legal and political inputs to the decision. These wider considerations usually lead to a multi-objective decision framework wherein each objective has its own costs, benefits and risks, with the various objectives sometimes acting in concert and sometimes acting at cross purposes. In the traditional, financially-driven formulation of such a decision framework, the influence of the technical input is usually limited to just one part of one term in the decision-maker’s objective function.

All decisions are made under uncertainty of one kind or another. This uncertainty is usually bound up in the risk term of the objective function, where risk is defined as the probability of an undesired outcome times the cost associated with such an outcome. The

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dominant costs associated with the failure of an engineered facility do not usually lie in the technical retrofit, but rather in the political repercussions, potential legal actions, regulatory penalties, and loss of credibility in the public domain. A decision-maker, who to a technical participant appears risk-averse, may actually be reflecting a realistic appraisal of the social costs of failure.

In a financially-driven decision analysis, the utility of all costs, benefits and risks can usually be stated in dollars. However, in a more holistic analysis involving objectives that place value on human health and safety, aesthetic issues, or the loss of happiness and well-being, there will be disparate units of utility that require conversion to a common metric through weighting functions and so-called intensity matching. Such conversions introduce a subjective component into decision-making that is difficult to avoid. The subjectiveness of risk estimates can sometimes lead decision-makers to be guided by a personal preference for one outcome over another, whereby their risk-averseness (or their overconfidence) can become an unethical exercise in control.

Decisions are commonly affected by the psychological state of the decision-maker, including his or her risk perceptions, risk-aversion profile, political leanings, ethical standards, and moral principles. Moreover, almost all environmental decisions involve input from multiple stakeholders, who each have their own perspectives on the appropriateness of the project objectives, the project’s time horizon, and the acceptability of the levels of risk. It is a multi-party world of conflict, games-playing, and political strategy that places considerable value on the delicate arts of negotiation and mediation. For the technically-trained hydrogeologist, this world can either be an unexpected nightmare of frustration and disillusion, or a richer, more-interesting, more-challenging forum in which to carry out technical work.

Dr. Allan Freeze is a former Professor and Director of the Geological Engineering Program at the University of British Columbia. Dr. Freeze began his career working as a field hydrologist in the Canadian provinces and developed a reputation as an expert in the numerical analysis of regional groundwater flow. He has authored over 100 technical and scientific publications covering a wide spectrum of topics including mapping groundwater systems; 2-D and 3-D modeling of regional flow; rainfall-runoff theory and streamflow generation; deep-well injection of waste; nuclear-waste disposal and waste management; stochastic analysis of subsurface flow; geotechnical studies of consolidation, land subsidence, slope stability, and damsite seepage; groundwater in mountainous terrains; Pb-Zn ore formation in sedimentary

basins; hydrogeological decision analysis; risk assessment and data worth; and the history of science. On top of this, his influential textbook, co-authored with Dr. John Cherry has been the “go to” textbook for nearly three generations of hydrogeologists since its 1979 publication. Most recently, Dr. Freeze was a member of the expert panel that authored the 2009 Council of Canadian Academies The Sustainable Management of Groundwater in Canada report.

Friday, September 21, 3:00 p.m. - 4:00 p.m., Great Room B/C

How far have we come, and where are we going?Garth Van der Kamp, Environment Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

No one will want to miss Garth Van der Kamp answering the sorts of question we inevitably ask after an IAH Congress of 750 papers and plenary presentations from some of the world’s most eminent hydrogeologists: “How far have we come, and where are we going?”. Garth roots his presentation in the 1962 National Research Council of Canada Hydrology Symposium No. 3 – GROUNDWATER (Calgary) where, almost 50 years ago Tóth, Meyboom, Farvolden and others vigorously debated, amongst other things, the nature of groundwater flow in basins. To find out Garth’s take on this event, where he heads from here, and the conclusions he draws, you will need to attend! There can be no better way to bring the intellectual side of our meeting to an end before the closing ceremonies, our awards and the IAH-CNC 40th birthday celebration.


d i s t i n g u i s h e d l e c t u r e s ( n g w a )

McEllhiney Lecture: Monday, September 17, 6:00 p.m. – 7:00 p.m., Great Room B/C

Life-Cycle Economic Analysis of Water Wells - Considerations for Design and ConstructionMarvin F. Glotfelty, Clear Creek Associates, Tucson, Arizona

The presentation will provide a practical discussion focusing on the long term economic analyses associated with well construction. More expensive initial water well costs may actually pay for themselves in the early life of the well, in addition to providing ongoing dividends in value and economics for many subsequent years.

Key points incorporated into the lecture include:

• The total cost of wells can significantly increase by using the least expensive “low-bid” approach to well construction in some cases• Some well construction materials or methods that appear to be beneficial and cost-efficient may have “hidden” costs that can

actually increase O&M costs or reduce the useful life of a well• Analytical methods and techniques can maximize water production and water quality in both new and existing wells.• The lecture will discuss several elements of well design/construction that impact the total (life cycle) cost of water wells including

screen type, construction material, well development method, and frequency of well cleaning.

An independent analysis undertaken in 2003, 2008 and 2010 on over 70 municipal wells installed between 1993 and 2010 has revealed essentially consistent results. The analysis focused on the actual construction costs of the wells as well as additional economic elements including:

• Initial capital cost• Energy requirements for water pumping• Operations and maintenance costs• Probable well longevity• Replacement schedules.

An example life-cycle economic analysis comparing low-carbon steel vs. stainless steel well screen will be presented.

Marvin F. Glotfelty, RG, cofounder and principal hydrogelogist with Clear Creek Associates, a groundwater consulting firm with offices in Scottsdale and Tucson, Arizona, is a licensed well driller in Arizona and has served as the technical director of the Arizona Water Well Association since 1990. He is a registered geologist in Arizona and California. Glotfelty received his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in geology from Northern Arizona University, where he currently serves on advisory councils for the College of Engineering, Forestry, and Natural Sciences, and the Department of Geology. During his professional career, spanning more than two decades, Glotfelty has participated in almost every aspect of the hydrogeologic sciences including recharge projects, water supply studies, water rights issues, groundwater quality, well installation programs, and well

rehabilitation projects. He’s been involved with the design, installation, rehabilitation, or abandonment of more than 700 water wells in the southwestern United States. Glotfelty is currently serving as the 2012 NGWREF McEllhiney Lecturer.


Darcy Lecture: Tuesday, September 18, 8:30 a.m. – 9:30 a.m., Great Room B/C

Transport of Viruses in Partially Saturated Soil and GroundwaterS. Majid Hassanizadeh, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands

Surface water is often used for recharge of aquifers used in drinking water production. But it can be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms and viruses from wastewater discharges or manure runoff. These pathogens have to be removed to produce safe drinking water such as passing surface water through soil. However, to assure production of safe drinking water from surface water, adequate travel times and travel distances are needed. In this regard, it is important to determine various factors that affect the rate of removal of pathogenic viruses during soil passage. These factors include hydraulic conditions (such as flow velocity and saturation) and geochemical conditions (pH, ionic strength, concentration of calcium). In this lecture, Hassanizadeh will:

• Present the results of a large number of laboratory and field experiments involving bacteriophages (viruses affecting bacteria), which were carried out under a variety of conditions under steady-state flow settings.

• Show how the data from the experiments was used to derive (empirical) relationships between removal rate coefficients and geochemical conditions as well as saturation.

• Explain how in the case of unsaturated flow, the role of air/water interfaces in the removal of viruses was also investigated.• Present findings from experiments performed under transient flow conditions where saturation has been changed significantly.• Show how the experiments, as well as other researchers’ results, have demonstrated that both drainage and imbibition fronts

cause a remobilization of adsorbed viruses.• Discuss the mechanisms behind this remobilization.• Provide evidence from pore-scale visualization experiments performed in a micromodel.

Dr. Majid Hassanizadeh has been a professor of hydrogeology on the faculty of geosciences at Utrecht University since 2004 and is the senior adviser with the Soil and Groundwater Department of Deltares research institute. He earned his B.Sc. from Pahlavi University in Iran, and his M.E. and Ph.D. from Princeton University; all three degrees are in civil engineering. Hassanizadeh has worked at Abadan Institute of Technology and Yekom Consulting Engineers, both in Iran, and the National Institute of Public Health and Environment and Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands, the latter of which named him an Antoni van Leeuwenhoek professor in 2001-2003. He has also held visiting faculty positions at the University of Notre Dame; University of Bordeaux, France; EPF Lausanne, Switzerland; and Stuttgart University, Germany.

Hassanizadeh’s research focuses on flow and transport in porous media through theory development, experimental studies, and modeling work. His current research includes pore-network modeling and experimental studies of two-phase flow, pore-network modeling of adsorbing solutes in unsaturated soil, transport of colloids and microorganisms in variably saturated soil, and novel remediation methods for NAPL-polluted soils.


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Del

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egis

trat

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/ Spe

aker

Pre

sent

atio

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esk

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or

15:4

5 - 1

8:00

Vario

us ti

mes

14:0

0 - 1

5:15

Con

gres

s Lu

nche

on -

Gre

at R

oom

B/C

Plen

ary

Pres

enta

tion

- Fra

nk S

chw

artz

- G

reat

Roo

m B

/CTh

e R

espo

nse

of P

rairi

e La

kes

to E

xtre

me

Varia

bilit

y in

Clim

ate:

In

tegr

ated

Obs

erva

tiona

l and

Mod

el-b

ased

Ana

lyse

s

Ref

resh

men

t Bre

ak -

Trad

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ow

P r o g r a m “at a g l a n c e ” : m o n d ay


7:30

- 18

:30

8:30

- 9:

30

9:30

- 10

:00

Stra

tegy

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m 1

Stra

tegy

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m 2

Stra

tegy

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m 3

Stra

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m 5

Stra

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m 7

Falls

view

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Uppe

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T1-A

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Frac

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of

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parti

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T1-F

Hy

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to

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IV

T1-G

Tran

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Nutri

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in

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ter I

12:0

0 - 1

3:00

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m 2

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m 3

Stra

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m 5

Stra

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Falls

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ndwa

ter I

I

15:1

5 - 1

5:45

Stra

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m 1

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tegy

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m 2

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 3

Stra

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Roo

m 5

Stra

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Falls

view

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T3-A

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Issu

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T3-E

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T3-F

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T3-G

Ge

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- Da

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Anal

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T3-H

Nutri

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in

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ndwa

ter I

II

18:0

0 - 1

9:30

Cong

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m B

/C

13:0

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5:15

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15:4

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8:00

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ocia

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l Gen

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Mee

ting

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C

n.b.

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race

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15:4

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8:00

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Tues

day,

Sept

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10:0

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2:00

P r o g r a m “at a g l a n c e ” : t u e s d ay


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m 2

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Falls

view

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:00

10:0

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8:00

18:3

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9:30

7:30

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:30

8:30

- 9:

30

9:30

- 17

:30

9:30

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:00

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Falls

view

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view

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I

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Geo

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HH

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12:0

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2:45

`

12:4

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4:00

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m 2

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m 3

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m 5

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Falls

view

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Upp

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view

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TH2-

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Geo

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I

TH2-

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15:4

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7:30

18:0

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2:30

IAH

201

2 C

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18:

00

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gres

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Gre

at R

oom

B/C

Plen

ary

Pres

enta

tion

- R. A

llan

Free

ze -

Gre

at R

oom

B/C

Why

did

the

Chi

cken

Cro

ss th

e St

reet

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elve

Pre

mis

es th

at D

efin

e th

e R

ole

of T

echn

ical

Inpu

t int

o D

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ion-

Mak

ing

in th

e R

eal W

orld

14:0

0 - 1

5:45

Post

er P

rese

ntat

ions

/Rec

eptio

n - G

reat

Roo

m A

/ G

reat

Roo

m F

oyer

Thur

sday

, Sep

tem

ber 2

0, 2

012

Del

egat

e R

egis

trat

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aker

Pre

sent

atio

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esk

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Flo

or

Plen

ary

Pres

enta

tion

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n A

. Che

rry

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at R

oom

B/C

Rad

ioac

tive

Was

te D

ispo

sal i

n C

anad

a; H

isto

rical

Rev

iew

and

Crit

ique

Ref

resh

men

t Bre

ak -

Gre

at R

oom

A /

Gre

at R

oom

Foy

er

10:0

0 - 1

2:00

Wed

nesd

ay, S

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mbe

r 19,

201

2

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ers

on D

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at R

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er

n.b.

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mis

sion

on

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st H

ydro

geol

ogy

• 8:3

0 - 1

0:00

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pper

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lsvi

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tudi

o B

Vario

us ti

mes

IAH

Div

isio

n / N

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tings

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eld

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t in

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at R

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9:3

0 - 1

0:00

for l

oadi

ng in

stru

ctio

ns)

IAH

CN

C A

nnua

l Gen

eral

Mee

ting

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at R

oom

C

P r o g r a m “at a g l a n c e ” : w e d n e s d ay / t h u r s d ay


7:30

- 16

:30

8:30

- 16

:00

Stra

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m 1

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m 2

Stra

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m 3

Stra

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m 5

Stra

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m 7

Falls

view

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view

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pper

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lsvi

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Re

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I

F1-B

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In

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I

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Book

on

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in

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Char

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and

Man

agem

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of K

arst

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ifers

I

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ear W

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M

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F1-F

De

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Ap

plic

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M

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F1-G

Gen

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Hy

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F1-H

Geo

ther

mal

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I

10:0

0 - 1

0:30

Stra

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m 1

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 2

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 3

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 5

Stra

tegy

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m 7

Falls

view

ABC

Upp

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alls

view

AU

pper

Fal

lsvi

ew B

F2-A

Gro

undw

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Re

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F2-B

GW

SW

In

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II

F2-C

Educ

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n an

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Com

pete

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F2-D

Char

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and

Man

agem

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of K

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ifers

II

F2-E

Nucl

ear W

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M

anag

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F2-F

De

velo

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Ap

plic

atio

n of

Co

ncep

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M

odel

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F2-G

Gen

eral

Hy

drog

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I

F2-H

Geo

ther

mal

En

ergy

II

12:0

0 - 1

3:00

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rate

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1St

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2St

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Educ

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Com

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fer S

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F3-F

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15:0

0 - 1

6:00

16:0

0 - 1

7:30

13:0

0 - 1

5:00

Clos

ing

Plen

ary

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th V

an d

er K

amp

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at R

oom

B/C

How

far h

ave

we

com

e, a

nd w

here

are

we

goin

g?

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shm

ent B

reak

- G

reat

Roo

m A

/ G

reat

Roo

m F

oyer

10:3

0 - 1

2:00

Awar

ds P

rese

ntat

ions

and

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sing

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emon

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reat

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m B

/CIA

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C 40

th B

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eleb

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egis

tratio

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peak

er P

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ion

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d Fl

oor

Post

ers

on D

ispl

ay -

Gre

at R

oom

A /

Gre

at R

oom

Foy

er

8:30

- 10

:00

Cong

ress

Lun

cheo

n - G

reat

Roo

m B

/C

P r o g r a m “at a g l a n c e ” : f r i d ay


m o n d ay t e c h n i c a l P r o g r a m

Sess

ion

M1-

ASe

ssio

n M

1-B

Sess

ion

M1-

CSe

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n M

1-D

Sess

ion

M1-

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1-F

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M1-

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n M

1-H

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 1

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 2

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 3

Stra

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Roo

m 5

Stra

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m 7

Falls

view

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dio

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CU

pper

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tudi

o A

Upp

er F

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view

Stu

dio

B

Tim

eG

W &

Clim

ate

Cha

nge

I(p

p 52

-54)

Vado

se Z

one

Proc

esse

s I

(pp

54-5

7)

Hyd

roge

olog

ical

Issu

es R

elat

ed

to O

il Sa

nds

I(p

p 57

-59)

Kar

st A

rtifi

cial

Tra

cers

and

Is

otop

es I

(pp

59-6

1)Ti

me

Con

tam

inan

t Hyd

roge

olog

y I

(pp

61-6

4)

Less

ons

Lear

ned

from

Wor

king

A

broa

d(p

p 65

-68)

Man

agem

ent a

nd U

tiliz

atio

n of

Sa

line

Wat

ers

(pp

68-7

0)

Gro

undw

ater

Qua

lity

and

Polic

ies

for G

W P

rote

ctio

n I

(pp

71-7

3)

10:3

0-10

:45

602

- Effe

cts

of la

nd c

over

and

fe

rtiliz

atio

n m

etho

d on

wat

er fl

ow

and

solu

te tr

ansp

ort i

n fiv

e ly

sim

eter

s: A

long

-term

stu

dy u

sing

st

able

wat

er is

otop

es

Intro

duct

ion

to O

il S

ands

- S

essi

on

Intro

duct

ion

Mod

ellin

g of

trac

er d

ata

to

estim

ate

hydr

ogeo

logi

cal

para

met

ers

in K

arst

- ex

ampl

es10

:30-

10:4

5

318

- Ide

ntifi

catio

n of

TC

E s

ourc

e zo

nes

usin

g ge

oche

mic

al tr

acer

s in

a v

alle

y fil

l aqu

ifer

575

- Enh

anci

ng c

apac

ity fo

r wat

er-

reso

urce

stu

dies

in th

e M

iddl

e E

ast a

nd N

orth

Afri

ca: B

uild

ing

oppo

rtuni

ty o

ut o

f sci

ence

and

te

chno

logy

181

- Glo

bal O

verv

iew

of S

alin

e an

d B

rack

ish

Gro

undw

ater

: G

enes

is a

nd O

ccur

renc

e

704

- The

Wat

er F

ram

ewor

k an

d G

roun

dwat

er D

irect

ives

–

prot

ectin

g E

urop

e’s

grou

ndw

ater

10:4

5-11

:00

785

- Usi

ng

15N

and

18

O f

or

grou

ndw

ater

nitr

ate

sour

ce

iden

tific

atio

n: A

cau

tiona

ry v

ados

e zo

ne ta

le

1066

- W

ater

and

Can

ada’

s O

il S

ands

Indu

stry

– R

epor

t of t

he

Roy

al S

ocie

ty o

f Can

ada

402

- Gro

undw

ater

hy

drog

eoch

emis

try in

the

unsa

tura

ted

zon

e of

a

pale

okar

stifi

ed D

evon

ian

limes

tone

, SE

Aus

tralia

10:4

5-11

:00

760

- Sha

llow

, mix

ed o

rgan

ic

plum

e ev

olut

ion

in h

eter

ogen

eous

se

dim

ents

457

- Res

earc

h to

Edu

catio

n:

Har

ness

ing

the

Pow

er o

f Rem

ote

Sen

sing

Acr

oss

the

Mid

dle

Eas

t

368

- Sal

ine

Wat

er M

anag

emen

t by

Man

aged

Aqu

ifer R

echa

rge

(MA

R) u

sed

to M

itiga

te M

ine

Dew

ater

ing

Impa

cts

1200

- O

verv

iew

of G

roun

dwat

er

Qua

lity

Pol

icie

s in

Nor

th A

mer

ica

11:0

0-11

:15

253

- Vul

nera

bilit

y of

glo

bal

grou

ndw

ater

reso

urce

s to

clim

ate

varia

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

268

- Dyn

amic

s of

pre

fere

ntia

l flo

w

thro

ugh

a sa

ndy

(sub

)soi

l: fie

ld

evid

ence

and

a p

arsi

mon

ious

m

odel

ling

appr

oach

454

- Env

ironm

enta

l tra

cer

appl

icat

ion

stud

y at

a D

inar

ic

Mou

ntai

ns k

arst

wat

er s

yste

m, t

he

Gac

ka R

iver

Bas

in (C

roat

ia).

11:0

0-11

:15

782

- Tra

nspo

rt m

odel

ling

to

inve

stig

ate

the

fate

of p

-TS

A in

gr

ound

wat

er

882

- SW

AT M

odel

ing

and

Rem

ote

Sen

sing

App

licat

ions

for t

he

Ass

essm

ent o

f Hyd

rolo

gic

Res

pons

es to

Clim

atic

Cha

nges

in

a M

edite

rran

ean

Atla

ntic

Sys

tem

394

- Sel

ectiv

e G

roun

dwat

er

Ext

ract

ion

(SG

E):

Usi

ng

Dia

gnos

tic T

echn

olog

ies

and

Wel

l M

odifi

catio

n to

Sel

ect a

nd E

xtra

ct

Onl

y th

e B

est W

ater

203

- Mon

itorin

g th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of th

e N

itrat

es D

irect

ive’

s A

ctio

n P

rogr

amm

es

11:1

5-11

:30

398

- Dis

tribu

tion

and

tem

pora

l va

riatio

ns in

pal

eo-g

roun

dwat

er o

n th

e A

ustra

lian

cont

inen

t

553

- Pre

fere

ntia

l flo

w in

un

satu

rate

d so

ils: F

rom

real

ity to

si

mul

atio

n

621

- Use

of e

nviro

nmen

tal

isot

opes

and

hyd

roch

emis

try in

the

stud

y of

a m

ount

ain

kars

t sys

tem

11:1

5-11

:30

479

- App

licat

ion

of th

e di

scre

te

fract

ure

netw

ork

(DFN

) app

roac

h to

cha

ract

eriz

e be

droc

k aq

uife

r co

ntam

inat

ion

at a

form

er d

ry

clea

ner s

ite

596

- Ind

o-G

erm

an c

olla

bora

tion

in

bank

filtr

atio

n: e

ight

yea

rs o

f pr

ojec

ts, e

xcha

nges

and

trai

ning

429

- Eva

luat

ion

of a

mul

ched

drip

irr

igat

ion

syst

em u

sing

sal

ine

wat

er fo

r cot

ton

in a

n ar

id a

rea

of

Nor

thw

est C

hina

133

- Agr

icul

tura

l pra

ctic

es a

nd

nitra

te m

onito

ring

in D

enm

ark:

Tr

end

reve

rsal

11:3

0-11

:45

934

- Pal

eow

ater

in

Cam

bria

n-Ve

ndia

n (E

diac

aran

) aqu

ifer o

f the

B

altic

Bas

in -

isot

opic

and

ge

oche

mic

al e

volu

tion

sinc

e La

te

Ple

isto

cene

798

- Vis

cosi

ty d

epen

dant

dua

l-pe

rmea

bilit

y m

odel

ling

of li

quid

m

anur

e m

ovem

ent i

n m

acro

poro

us s

oil

1014

- U

pdat

ed D

evon

ian

Hyd

rost

ratig

raph

y in

Nor

thea

st

Alb

erta

256

- Oxy

gen

isot

opes

in d

iffer

ent

wat

er s

tage

s of

the

Mur

ánsk

a P

lani

na P

late

au k

arst

ic s

prin

gs11

:30-

11:4

5

650

- Firs

t eva

luat

ion

of p

estic

ides

an

d ph

arm

aceu

tical

s in

the

allu

vial

aq

uife

r of t

he A

llier

Riv

er (M

assi

f C

entra

l, Fr

ance

)

341

- Ass

essi

ng V

olat

ile O

rgan

ic

Com

poun

d C

onta

min

atio

n in

Soi

l an

d G

roun

dwat

er in

an

Indu

stria

l C

ompl

ex in

Eas

tern

Tha

iland

926

- Lon

g-te

rm S

alin

ity C

hang

es

in a

n In

land

Aqu

ifer,

NS

W,

Aus

tralia

586

- The

val

ue o

f lon

g-te

rm

dedi

cate

d gr

ound

wat

er m

onito

ring

to s

uppo

rt aq

uife

r pro

tect

ion

polic

y m

easu

res

– A

bbot

sfor

d-S

umas

A

quife

r Cas

e S

tudy

(Can

ada)

.

11:4

5-12

:00

465

- Gro

undw

ater

reso

urce

s m

anag

emen

t und

er c

limat

e ch

ange

con

ditio

ns -

Inte

grat

ion

of

geol

ogic

al a

nd g

roun

dwat

er fl

ow

mod

els

for a

coa

stal

aqu

ifer i

n H

anko

, sou

ther

n Fi

nlan

d

870

- Dua

l dom

ain

mod

elin

g of

m

acro

pore

flow

and

tran

spor

t -

dual

per

mea

bilit

y ve

rsus

dua

l po

rosi

ty

1020

- C

limat

e: a

driv

ing

forc

e af

fect

ing

wat

er s

ecur

ity in

the

oil

sand

s

173

- Mod

el b

ased

ch

arac

teriz

atio

n of

mul

ti flo

w p

ath

syst

ems

in k

arst

aqu

ifers

usi

ng

trace

r dat

a11

:45-

12:0

0

700

- Cha

lleng

es is

sued

by

chlo

rinat

ed e

then

es p

lum

es

wan

derin

g be

low

kin

derg

arte

ns

405

- Stri

ving

tow

ards

sta

te-c

ontro

l on

gro

undw

ater

reso

urce

s: a

cas

e of

the

Kat

hman

du V

alle

y, N

epal

1069

- A

pply

ing

Hyd

roge

olog

ical

P

rinci

ples

and

NI 4

3-10

1, to

A

sses

s Li

thiu

m B

rine

Res

ourc

es in

th

e H

igh

And

es

334

- Agr

icul

ture

and

Gro

undw

ater

P

rote

ctio

n –

A P

ragm

atic

Ont

ario

A

ppro

ach

Mon

day,

Sep

tem

ber 1

7M

onda

y, S

epte

mbe

r 17

374

- Gro

undw

ater

and

clim

ate:

ch

alle

nges

and

opp

ortu

nitie

s

314

- Nat

ural

pro

cess

es d

omin

ate

the

deliv

ery

of p

olyc

yclic

aro

mat

ic

com

poun

ds to

the

Ath

abas

ca

Del

ta d

owns

tream

of A

lber

ta o

il sa

nds



Sess

ion

M1-

ASe

ssio

n M

1-B

Sess

ion

M1-

CSe

ssio

n M

1-D

Sess

ion

M1-

ESe

ssio

n M

1-F

Sess

ion

M1-

GSe

ssio

n M

1-H

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 1

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 2

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 3

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 5

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 7

Falls

view

Stu

dio

AB

CU

pper

Fal

lsvi

ew S

tudi

o A

Upp

er F

alls

view

Stu

dio

B

Tim

eG

W &

Clim

ate

Cha

nge

I(p

p 52

-54)

Vado

se Z

one

Proc

esse

s I

(pp

54-5

7)

Hyd

roge

olog

ical

Issu

es R

elat

ed

to O

il Sa

nds

I(p

p 57

-59)

Kar

st A

rtifi

cial

Tra

cers

and

Is

otop

es I

(pp

59-6

1)Ti

me

Con

tam

inan

t Hyd

roge

olog

y I

(pp

61-6

4)

Less

ons

Lear

ned

from

Wor

king

A

broa

d(p

p 65

-68)

Man

agem

ent a

nd U

tiliz

atio

n of

Sa

line

Wat

ers

(pp

68-7

0)

Gro

undw

ater

Qua

lity

and

Polic

ies

for G

W P

rote

ctio

n I

(pp

71-7

3)

10:3

0-10

:45

602

- Effe

cts

of la

nd c

over

and

fe

rtiliz

atio

n m

etho

d on

wat

er fl

ow

and

solu

te tr

ansp

ort i

n fiv

e ly

sim

eter

s: A

long

-term

stu

dy u

sing

st

able

wat

er is

otop

es

Intro

duct

ion

to O

il S

ands

- S

essi

on

Intro

duct

ion

Mod

ellin

g of

trac

er d

ata

to

estim

ate

hydr

ogeo

logi

cal

para

met

ers

in K

arst

- ex

ampl

es10

:30-

10:4

5

318

- Ide

ntifi

catio

n of

TC

E s

ourc

e zo

nes

usin

g ge

oche

mic

al tr

acer

s in

a v

alle

y fil

l aqu

ifer

575

- Enh

anci

ng c

apac

ity fo

r wat

er-

reso

urce

stu

dies

in th

e M

iddl

e E

ast a

nd N

orth

Afri

ca: B

uild

ing

oppo

rtuni

ty o

ut o

f sci

ence

and

te

chno

logy

181

- Glo

bal O

verv

iew

of S

alin

e an

d B

rack

ish

Gro

undw

ater

: G

enes

is a

nd O

ccur

renc

e

704

- The

Wat

er F

ram

ewor

k an

d G

roun

dwat

er D

irect

ives

–

prot

ectin

g E

urop

e’s

grou

ndw

ater

10:4

5-11

:00

785

- Usi

ng

15N

and

18

O f

or

grou

ndw

ater

nitr

ate

sour

ce

iden

tific

atio

n: A

cau

tiona

ry v

ados

e zo

ne ta

le

1066

- W

ater

and

Can

ada’

s O

il S

ands

Indu

stry

– R

epor

t of t

he

Roy

al S

ocie

ty o

f Can

ada

402

- Gro

undw

ater

hy

drog

eoch

emis

try in

the

unsa

tura

ted

zon

e of

a

pale

okar

stifi

ed D

evon

ian

limes

tone

, SE

Aus

tralia

10:4

5-11

:00

760

- Sha

llow

, mix

ed o

rgan

ic

plum

e ev

olut

ion

in h

eter

ogen

eous

se

dim

ents

457

- Res

earc

h to

Edu

catio

n:

Har

ness

ing

the

Pow

er o

f Rem

ote

Sen

sing

Acr

oss

the

Mid

dle

Eas

t

368

- Sal

ine

Wat

er M

anag

emen

t by

Man

aged

Aqu

ifer R

echa

rge

(MA

R) u

sed

to M

itiga

te M

ine

Dew

ater

ing

Impa

cts

1200

- O

verv

iew

of G

roun

dwat

er

Qua

lity

Pol

icie

s in

Nor

th A

mer

ica

11:0

0-11

:15

253

- Vul

nera

bilit

y of

glo

bal

grou

ndw

ater

reso

urce

s to

clim

ate

varia

bilit

y an

d ch

ange

268

- Dyn

amic

s of

pre

fere

ntia

l flo

w

thro

ugh

a sa

ndy

(sub

)soi

l: fie

ld

evid

ence

and

a p

arsi

mon

ious

m

odel

ling

appr

oach

454

- Env

ironm

enta

l tra

cer

appl

icat

ion

stud

y at

a D

inar

ic

Mou

ntai

ns k

arst

wat

er s

yste

m, t

he

Gac

ka R

iver

Bas

in (C

roat

ia).

11:0

0-11

:15

782

- Tra

nspo

rt m

odel

ling

to

inve

stig

ate

the

fate

of p

-TS

A in

gr

ound

wat

er

882

- SW

AT M

odel

ing

and

Rem

ote

Sen

sing

App

licat

ions

for t

he

Ass

essm

ent o

f Hyd

rolo

gic

Res

pons

es to

Clim

atic

Cha

nges

in

a M

edite

rran

ean

Atla

ntic

Sys

tem

394

- Sel

ectiv

e G

roun

dwat

er

Ext

ract

ion

(SG

E):

Usi

ng

Dia

gnos

tic T

echn

olog

ies

and

Wel

l M

odifi

catio

n to

Sel

ect a

nd E

xtra

ct

Onl

y th

e B

est W

ater

203

- Mon

itorin

g th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of th

e N

itrat

es D

irect

ive’

s A

ctio

n P

rogr

amm

es

11:1

5-11

:30

398

- Dis

tribu

tion

and

tem

pora

l va

riatio

ns in

pal

eo-g

roun

dwat

er o

n th

e A

ustra

lian

cont

inen

t

553

- Pre

fere

ntia

l flo

w in

un

satu

rate

d so

ils: F

rom

real

ity to

si

mul

atio

n

621

- Use

of e

nviro

nmen

tal

isot

opes

and

hyd

roch

emis

try in

the

stud

y of

a m

ount

ain

kars

t sys

tem

11:1

5-11

:30

479

- App

licat

ion

of th

e di

scre

te

fract

ure

netw

ork

(DFN

) app

roac

h to

cha

ract

eriz

e be

droc

k aq

uife

r co

ntam

inat

ion

at a

form

er d

ry

clea

ner s

ite

596

- Ind

o-G

erm

an c

olla

bora

tion

in

bank

filtr

atio

n: e

ight

yea

rs o

f pr

ojec

ts, e

xcha

nges

and

trai

ning

429

- Eva

luat

ion

of a

mul

ched

drip

irr

igat

ion

syst

em u

sing

sal

ine

wat

er fo

r cot

ton

in a

n ar

id a

rea

of

Nor

thw

est C

hina

133

- Agr

icul

tura

l pra

ctic

es a

nd

nitra

te m

onito

ring

in D

enm

ark:

Tr

end

reve

rsal

11:3

0-11

:45

934

- Pal

eow

ater

in

Cam

bria

n-Ve

ndia

n (E

diac

aran

) aqu

ifer o

f the

B

altic

Bas

in -

isot

opic

and

ge

oche

mic

al e

volu

tion

sinc

e La

te

Ple

isto

cene

798

- Vis

cosi

ty d

epen

dant

dua

l-pe

rmea

bilit

y m

odel

ling

of li

quid

m

anur

e m

ovem

ent i

n m

acro

poro

us s

oil

1014

- U

pdat

ed D

evon

ian

Hyd

rost

ratig

raph

y in

Nor

thea

st

Alb

erta

256

- Oxy

gen

isot

opes

in d

iffer

ent

wat

er s

tage

s of

the

Mur

ánsk

a P

lani

na P

late

au k

arst

ic s

prin

gs11

:30-

11:4

5

650

- Firs

t eva

luat

ion

of p

estic

ides

an

d ph

arm

aceu

tical

s in

the

allu

vial

aq

uife

r of t

he A

llier

Riv

er (M

assi

f C

entra

l, Fr

ance

)

341

- Ass

essi

ng V

olat

ile O

rgan

ic

Com

poun

d C

onta

min

atio

n in

Soi

l an

d G

roun

dwat

er in

an

Indu

stria

l C

ompl

ex in

Eas

tern

Tha

iland

926

- Lon

g-te

rm S

alin

ity C

hang

es

in a

n In

land

Aqu

ifer,

NS

W,

Aus

tralia

586

- The

val

ue o

f lon

g-te

rm

dedi

cate

d gr

ound

wat

er m

onito

ring

to s

uppo

rt aq

uife

r pro

tect

ion

polic

y m

easu

res

– A

bbot

sfor

d-S

umas

A

quife

r Cas

e S

tudy

(Can

ada)

.

11:4

5-12

:00

465

- Gro

undw

ater

reso

urce

s m

anag

emen

t und

er c

limat

e ch

ange

con

ditio

ns -

Inte

grat

ion

of

geol

ogic

al a

nd g

roun

dwat

er fl

ow

mod

els

for a

coa

stal

aqu

ifer i

n H

anko

, sou

ther

n Fi

nlan

d

870

- Dua

l dom

ain

mod

elin

g of

m

acro

pore

flow

and

tran

spor

t -

dual

per

mea

bilit

y ve

rsus

dua

l po

rosi

ty

1020

- C

limat

e: a

driv

ing

forc

e af

fect

ing

wat

er s

ecur

ity in

the

oil

sand

s

173

- Mod

el b

ased

ch

arac

teriz

atio

n of

mul

ti flo

w p

ath

syst

ems

in k

arst

aqu

ifers

usi

ng

trace

r dat

a11

:45-

12:0

0

700

- Cha

lleng

es is

sued

by

chlo

rinat

ed e

then

es p

lum

es

wan

derin

g be

low

kin

derg

arte

ns

405

- Stri

ving

tow

ards

sta

te-c

ontro

l on

gro

undw

ater

reso

urce

s: a

cas

e of

the

Kat

hman

du V

alle

y, N

epal

1069

- A

pply

ing

Hyd

roge

olog

ical

P

rinci

ples

and

NI 4

3-10

1, to

A

sses

s Li

thiu

m B

rine

Res

ourc

es in

th

e H

igh

And

es

334

- Agr

icul

ture

and

Gro

undw

ater

P

rote

ctio

n –

A P

ragm

atic

Ont

ario

A

ppro

ach

Mon

day,

Sep

tem

ber 1

7M

onda

y, S

epte

mbe

r 17

374

- Gro

undw

ater

and

clim

ate:

ch

alle

nges

and

opp

ortu

nitie

s

314

- Nat

ural

pro

cess

es d

omin

ate

the

deliv

ery

of p

olyc

yclic

aro

mat

ic

com

poun

ds to

the

Ath

abas

ca

Del

ta d

owns

tream

of A

lber

ta o

il sa

nds


Sess

ion

M2-

ASe

ssio

n M

2-B

Sess

ion

M2-

CSe

ssio

n M

2-D

Sess

ion

M2-

ESe

ssio

n M

2-F

Sess

ion

M2-

GSe

ssio

n M

2-H

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 1

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 2

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 3

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 5

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 7

Falls

view

Stu

dio

ABC

Uppe

r Fal

lsvi

ew S

tudi

o A

Uppe

r Fal

lsvi

ew S

tudi

o B

Tim

eG

W &

Clim

ate

Chan

ge II

(pp

74-7

6)Va

dose

Zon

e Pr

oces

ses

II(p

p 76

-78)

Hydr

ogeo

logi

cal I

ssue

s Re

late

d to

Oil

Sand

s II

(pp

79-8

0)

Kars

t Arti

ficia

l Tra

cers

and

Is

otop

es II

(pp

81-8

2)Ti

me

NAPL

Sou

rce

Zone

s(p

p 82

-84)

Gro

undw

ater

Su

stai

nabi

lity

I(p

p 85

-86)

Gro

undw

ater

For

De

cisi

on M

aker

s I

(pp

87-8

8)

Gro

undw

ater

Qua

lity

and

Polic

ies

for G

W P

rote

ctio

n II

(pp

89-9

1)

14:0

0-14

:15

935

- Lin

king

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd

grou

ndw

ater

: im

pact

of c

limat

e m

odel

unc

erta

inty

on

pred

icte

d re

char

ge

533

- Effe

cts

of e

ntra

pped

air

on

grou

ndw

ater

flow

and

dis

solv

ed

gase

s: a

2-d

imen

sion

al p

ilot-s

cale

sa

nd ta

nk e

xper

imen

t

622

- A m

ulti-

trace

r inv

estig

atio

n of

co

ntam

inan

t atte

nuat

ion

proc

esse

s in

the

UK

Cha

lk a

quife

r14

:00-

14:1

5

462

- Hig

h-R

esol

utio

n C

hara

cter

izat

ion

of C

hlor

inat

ed

Solv

ent D

if fus

ion

and

Deg

rada

tion

Proc

esse

s in

a C

lay

Aqui

tard

160

- Acc

redi

tatio

n of

dril

ling

com

pani

es -

getti

ng th

e m

essa

ge

acro

ss

871

- Nitr

ate

pollu

tion

in

inte

nsiv

ely

farm

ed re

gion

s: W

hat

are

the

pros

pect

s fo

r sus

tain

ing

high

-qua

lity

grou

ndw

ater

?

14:1

5-14

:30

823

- Hyd

roge

olog

ical

mod

elin

g of

cl

imat

e ch

ange

impa

ct fo

r a s

mal

l-sc

ale

grou

ndw

ater

rese

rvoi

r

539

- Inf

iltra

tion

into

soi

ls

expr

essi

ng fr

actio

nal w

etta

bilit

y an

d co

ntac

t ang

le d

ynam

ics

355

- Del

inea

tion

of th

e G

roun

dwat

er C

ontri

butio

n Zo

ne o

f Je

ita S

prin

g, L

eban

on, u

sing

Tr

acer

Tes

ts in

a K

arst

Aqu

ifer

Syst

em

14:1

5-14

:30

883

- Dev

elop

ing

a vi

sual

te

chni

que

to a

sses

s no

nwet

ting

phas

e di

ssol

utio

n in

sat

urat

ed

poro

us m

edia

usi

ng tr

appe

d ga

s

170

- A re

view

of S

wed

ish

grou

ndw

ater

pol

icy

359

- Ass

essi

ng th

e vu

lner

abilit

y of

th

e Te

jo a

quife

r sys

tem

in th

e Se

túba

l Pen

insu

la, P

ortu

gal,

by a

sp

ecifi

c in

dex

base

d on

land

use

cr

iteria

14:3

0-14

:45

821

- Sim

ulat

ed im

pact

s of

do

wns

cale

d cl

imat

e sc

enar

ios

on

grou

ndw

ater

tem

pera

ture

and

di

scha

rge

in s

mal

l unc

onfin

ed

aqui

fers

449

- Vad

ose

zone

resp

onse

to

pum

ping

in u

ncon

fined

aqu

ifers

409

- Rev

isiti

ng a

nd R

evie

win

g th

e Fi

eld

Obs

erva

tions

of a

Plu

me

of

Proc

ess-

Affe

cted

Wat

er a

t an

Oil

Sand

s M

inin

g Fa

cilit

y

761

- Rea

ctiv

e ar

tific

ial t

race

rs a

s a

tool

for i

n-si

tu e

valu

atio

n of

na

tura

l atte

nuat

ion

and

enha

nced

un

ders

tand

ing

of re

leva

nt

proc

esse

s in

kar

st a

quife

rs

14:3

0-14

:45

1018

- C

ompr

ehen

ding

LN

APL

Body

Dis

tribu

tion

at a

For

mer

W

aste

Oil

Faci

lity

thro

ugh

Mul

tiple

Li

nes

of E

vide

nce

527

- Con

front

ing

Glo

bal

Gro

undw

ater

Dep

letio

n22

0 - A

Col

labo

rativ

e Ap

proa

ch fo

r Ed

ucat

ing

the

Publ

ic a

bout

G

roun

dwat

er M

anag

emen

t

523

- Hyd

roge

olog

ical

Ass

essm

ent

of N

itrat

e Im

pact

s at

a M

unic

ipal

W

ell i

n an

Agr

icul

tura

l Set

ting

usin

g N

MAN

to E

valu

ate

Nitr

ogen

M

anag

emen

t and

BM

Ps

14:4

5-15

:00

611

- The

rela

tions

hip

betw

een

grou

ndw

ater

rech

arge

and

clim

ate

varia

bilit

y –

an e

xam

ple

from

the

Aust

ralia

n no

rther

n tro

pica

l sa

vann

ah

508

- Sal

ts d

ynam

ics

in th

e gl

acia

ted

plai

ns o

f Nor

th A

mer

ica;

th

e ro

le o

f bar

e so

il ev

apor

atio

n

383

- See

page

from

an

oil s

ands

ta

ilings

pon

d: L

abor

ator

y an

d fie

ld

inve

stig

atio

ns

Intro

duct

ion

to K

arst

Pos

ters

14:4

5-15

:00

1021

- M

appi

ng s

ub-s

urfa

ce

grou

ndw

ater

con

tam

inat

ion

with

so

il ga

s ra

don

– pa

rtitio

n co

effic

ient

s fo

r sel

ecte

d N

APL

198

- Gro

undw

ater

foot

prin

t re

veal

s th

e gl

obal

use

and

abu

se

of a

rene

wab

le re

sour

ce

275

- Gro

und

Wat

er S

cien

ce in

to

Wat

er P

olic

y: T

he Im

porta

nce

And

Mea

ns O

f Effe

ctiv

e C

omm

unic

atio

n W

ith D

ecis

ion-

Mak

ers

211

- Inf

luen

ce o

f the

em

issi

on

polic

y on

rain

wat

er a

nd s

hallo

w

grou

ndw

ater

qua

lity

durin

g th

e 19

80-2

011

perio

d in

the

Net

herla

nds

15:0

0-15

:15

806

- Dro

ught

, clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd

grou

ndw

ater

leve

ls in

sou

th-

wes

tern

Ont

ario

573

- Hig

h El

evat

ion

Gro

undw

ater

D

epen

dent

Eco

syst

ems:

Mod

elin

g ec

ohyd

rolo

gy to

qua

ntify

ing

hist

oric

al a

nd re

stor

atio

n sc

enar

ios

1032

- In

tram

olec

ular

car

bon

isot

ope

anal

ysis

of a

cid

extra

ctab

le o

rgan

ics:

A n

ovel

ap

proa

ch to

sou

rce

disc

rimin

atio

n of

“nap

hthe

nic

acid

s”

15:0

0-15

:15

1039

- Se

para

tion

of p

heno

lic a

nd

PAH

plu

mes

from

wea

ther

ing

creo

sote

NAP

L: c

oupl

ed e

ffect

s of

R

aoul

t’s L

aw a

nd d

iffer

entia

l so

rptio

n

432

- Sus

tain

able

yie

ld

deve

lopm

ent o

f gro

undw

ater

re

sour

ces

885

- Im

plem

entin

g Sc

ienc

e-ba

sed

Dia

log

for I

nteg

rate

d G

roun

dwat

er

Res

ourc

e M

odel

s an

d M

anag

emen

t

352

- Pol

icy

mea

sure

s to

pro

tect

dr

inki

ng w

ater

reso

urce

s: H

ow to

m

onito

r effe

ctiv

ity a

nd e

ffici

ency

Mon

day,

Sep

tem

ber 1

7M

onda

y, S

epte

mbe

r 17

930

- Nat

ural

set

ting

of th

e At

haba

sca

oil s

ands

regi

on:

impl

icat

ions

for w

ater

qua

lity

507

- Gro

undw

ater

sus

tain

abilit

y -

Wha

t is

it?



m o n d ay t e c h n i c a l P r o g r a mS

essi

on M

3-A

Ses

sion

M3-

BS

essi

on M

3-C

Ses

sion

M3-

DS

essi

on M

3-E

Ses

sion

M3-

FS

essi

on M

3-G

Ses

sion

M3-

HS

essi

on M

3-J

Str

ateg

y R

oom

1S

trat

egy

Roo

m 2

Str

ateg

y R

oom

3S

trat

egy

Roo

m 5

Str

ateg

y R

oom

7Fa

llsvi

ew S

tudi

o A

BC

Upp

er F

alls

view

Stu

dio

AU

pper

Fal

lsvi

ew S

tudi

o B

Gre

at R

oom

C

Tim

eG

W &

Clim

ate

Cha

nge

III(p

p 92

-94)

GW

/SW

Inte

ract

ion

Ses

sion

I(p

p 94

-98)

Hyd

roge

olog

ical

Issu

es R

elat

ed

to O

il S

ands

III

(pp

99-1

02)

Topi

cs in

Gen

eral

Kar

st

Hyd

roge

olog

y(p

p 10

3-10

6)Ti

me

Con

tam

inan

t H

ydro

geol

ogy

II(p

p 10

7-11

0)

Gro

undw

ater

S

usta

inab

ility

II(p

p 11

1-11

5)

Gro

undw

ater

For

Dec

isio

n M

aker

s II

(pp

115-

118)

Gro

undw

ater

Qua

lity

and

Pol

icie

s fo

r G

W P

rote

ctio

n III

(pp

119-

123)

Trac

ers

& Is

otop

es I

(pp

124-

126)

15:4

5-16

:00

631

- C

hara

cter

isin

g gr

ound

wat

er

– su

rfac

e w

ater

inte

ract

ion

to

asse

ss im

pact

s to

gro

undw

ater

fr

om m

inin

g ac

tiviti

es

448

- In

situ

rem

edia

tion

of a

cid-

extr

acta

ble

orga

nics

in o

il sa

nds

proc

ess-

affe

cted

gro

undw

ater

15:4

5-16

:00

127

- C

hara

cter

izat

ion

of

Gro

undw

ater

in S

hallo

w a

nd D

eep

Aqu

ifers

of A

gric

ultu

re D

omin

ated

B

hara

thap

uzha

Riv

er B

asin

, K

eral

a, In

dia

668

- G

over

nanc

e m

easu

res

to

effe

ctiv

ely

man

age

grou

ndw

ater

st

orag

e

323

- E

duca

ting

Ele

cted

R

epre

sent

ativ

es In

Cal

iforn

ia:

Suc

cess

ful S

trat

egie

s T

hat

Pro

mot

e G

roun

dwat

er

833

- P

ract

ices

of g

roun

dwat

er

prot

ectio

n po

litic

s fo

r Lj

ublja

na

drin

king

wat

er s

ourc

e (S

love

nia)

219

- Art

ifici

al s

wee

tene

rs a

nd

phar

mac

eutic

al c

ompo

unds

as

co-

trac

ers

of u

rban

was

tew

ater

in

grou

ndw

ater

16:0

0-16

:15

656

- The

rol

e of

pea

t dou

ble

poro

sity

on

grou

ndw

ater

-sur

face

w

ater

inte

ract

ion

in a

dra

ined

fen

550

- P

erfo

rman

ce o

f See

page

M

itiga

tion

and

Pre

ssur

e R

elie

f S

yste

ms

for T

ailin

gs D

ams

on

Larg

e P

leis

toce

ne C

hann

el

Dep

osits

16:0

0-16

:15

135

- D

evel

opm

ent o

f a m

icro

bial

co

ntam

inat

ion

susc

eptib

ility

mod

el

for

priv

ate

grou

ndw

ater

sou

rces

in

the

Rep

ublic

of I

rela

nd

309

- The

impo

rtan

ce o

f tem

pora

l di

strib

utio

n an

d sc

ale

whe

n de

term

inin

g su

stai

nabl

e yi

elds

in

sem

i-arid

reg

ions

389

- G

roun

d W

ater

and

In

tern

atio

nal S

ecur

ity73

5 -

Sco

pe a

nd li

mita

tions

of l

and

plan

ning

tool

s in

gro

undw

ater

re

sour

ces

prot

ectio

n: a

por

trai

t of

the

prov

ince

of Q

uebe

c

277

- N

itrat

e re

mov

al a

nd s

ulfa

te

prod

uctio

n in

gro

undw

ater

as

resu

lt of

den

itrifi

catio

n pr

oces

ses

in a

pre

dom

inan

t citr

icul

tura

l zon

e in

Nor

thea

ster

n M

exic

o

16:1

5-16

:30

510

- C

hara

cter

isin

g gr

ound

wat

er

resi

lienc

e to

clim

ate

chan

ge in

A

fric

a

685

- O

ccur

renc

e of

Mn

in a

lluvi

al

aqui

fer

as a

con

sequ

ence

of

surf

ace

– gr

ound

wat

er in

tera

ctio

n in

the

Po

ega

valle

y -

Cro

atia

908

- N

umer

ical

Mod

ellin

g of

Gas

F

low

in th

e S

unco

r C

oke

Sto

ckpi

le

Cov

ers

200

- Q

uant

ifyin

g th

e N

utrie

nt

Inpu

ts in

to K

arst

Con

duit

Fed

E

phem

eral

Lak

es (

Turlo

ughs

) in

Ir

elan

d16

:15-

16:3

0

329

- M

odel

ling

chlo

ride

tran

spor

t th

roug

h a

surf

icia

l gla

ciol

acus

trin

e / t

ill s

eque

nce

usin

g hi

gh-

reso

lutio

n po

re w

ater

m

easu

rem

ents

322

- C

onse

rvin

g an

d ex

tend

ing

the

usef

ul li

fe o

f the

larg

est a

quife

r in

Nor

th A

mer

ica:

The

Hig

h P

lain

s/O

galla

la a

quife

r

468

- G

roun

dwat

er r

esou

rce

mod

ellin

g: a

reg

ulat

or-le

d na

tiona

l pr

ogra

mm

e fr

om E

ngla

nd a

nd

Wal

es

272

- The

Out

com

es fr

om th

e O

ntar

io C

lean

Wat

er A

ct (

CW

A)

Ass

essm

ent R

epor

ts a

nd N

ext

Ste

ps in

the

CW

A S

cien

ce

280

- S

imul

atio

ns o

f Trit

ium

age

an

d !

18O

dis

trib

utio

ns in

gr

ound

wat

er b

y us

ing

surf

ace-

subs

urfa

ce c

oupl

ing

full-

3D

dist

ribut

ion

mod

el (

GE

TF

LOW

S)

16:3

0-16

:45

184

- Ada

ptat

ion

and

miti

gatio

n to

cl

imat

e ch

ange

: Dem

onst

ratio

n of

m

etho

dolo

gy e

volv

ed in

UN

ES

CO

–

IHP

GW

ES

pro

ject

914

- E

valu

atio

n of

the

inte

ract

ion

river

– g

roun

dwat

er –

wet

land

in

tera

ctio

n in

Son

so L

agoo

n (C

olom

bia)

445

- P

roce

ss-a

ffect

ed

grou

ndw

ater

in th

e oi

l san

ds

min

ing

oper

atio

ns a

nd th

eir

rem

edia

l lan

dsca

pe

202

- H

ypog

ene

kars

tific

atio

n -

Spe

cific

pro

blem

at d

am s

ite

hydr

ogeo

logy

16:3

0-16

:45

430

- C

oast

al a

quife

r co

ntam

inat

ion

by a

rsen

ic a

nd

phos

phor

ous

from

a fe

rtili

zer

prod

uctio

n pl

ant

953

- E

xplo

ratio

n &

wel

lfiel

d co

nstr

uctio

n in

the

Rum

Saq

tr

ansb

ound

ary

aqui

fer

(Jor

dan-

Sau

di A

rabi

a)

528

- R

oad

Map

to C

onsi

sten

t G

uide

lines

for

Land

Dev

elop

men

t A

pplic

atio

ns

576

- S

cien

ce B

ased

Sou

rce

Wat

er P

rote

ctio

n P

olic

y D

evel

opm

ent w

ithin

the

Gra

nd

Riv

er W

ater

shed

, Ont

ario

, Can

ada

382

- C

l and

C is

otop

e an

alys

is to

as

sess

the

e ffe

ctiv

enes

s of

ch

lorin

ated

eth

ylen

e de

grad

atio

n by

zer

o-va

lent

iron

: Evi

denc

e fr

om

dual

ele

men

t and

pro

duct

isot

ope

valu

es

16:4

5-17

:00

956

- G

roun

dwat

er –

sur

face

wat

er

inte

ract

ions

with

in a

cry

stal

line

and

carb

onat

e ba

sin.

The

For

ca-

Tavi

gnan

o B

asin

(C

orsi

ca,

Fra

nce)

.

1027

- H

ydro

geol

ogic

al

Con

side

ratio

ns in

the

Rec

over

y of

B

itum

en D

irect

ly O

verla

in b

y N

on-

salin

e G

roun

dwat

er a

t a P

ropo

sed

SA

GD

Pro

ject

in N

orth

east

Alb

erta

378

- The

rol

e of

sul

fate

di

ssol

utio

n in

ear

ly p

erm

eabi

lity

deve

lopm

ent i

n ca

rbon

ate

succ

essi

ons

16:4

5-17

:00

500

- F

irst r

esul

ts o

n th

e ge

oche

mic

al c

harc

teriz

atio

n of

so

me

arse

nic

cont

amin

ated

gr

ound

wat

er to

bet

ter

addr

ess

thei

r ex

ploi

tatio

n fo

r ci

vil u

se

271

- W

ater

Qua

ntity

Ris

k A

sses

smen

t and

Ris

k M

anag

emen

t/Clim

ate

Cha

nge

Ada

ptat

ion

Eva

luat

ion

Pro

cess

S

uppo

rtin

g th

e O

ntar

io C

lean

W

ater

Act

(C

WA

)

287

- G

roun

dwat

er m

anag

emen

t ca

paci

ty s

uppo

rt to

lake

, riv

er a

nd

aqui

fer

basi

n or

gani

satio

ns o

f A

fric

a

243

- G

roun

dwat

er P

rote

ctio

n P

lans

to im

prov

e su

stai

nabl

e dr

inki

ng w

ater

pro

tect

ion

715

- P

aram

eter

opt

imiz

atio

n of

M

OD

FLO

W m

odel

ing

in S

zige

tköz

an

d su

rrou

ndin

g ar

ea (

NW

H

unga

ry)

17:0

0-17

:15

772

- G

roun

dwat

er-S

urfa

ce-W

ater

In

tera

ctio

n at

the

Peb

ble

Site

, A

lask

a, U

SA

967

- The

Col

d La

ke B

eave

r R

iver

B

asin

reg

iona

l gro

undw

ater

mod

el:

Pro

vidi

ng a

fram

ewor

k fo

r po

licy

deve

lopm

ent a

nd c

umul

ativ

e im

pact

ass

essm

ent

397

- O

verla

nd F

low

in P

eak

Clu

ster

Are

a, a

Cas

e S

tudy

in Y

aji

Exp

erim

enta

l Site

in G

uilin

17:0

0-17

:15

1000

- Im

pact

of T

extil

e In

dust

ries

on G

roun

dwat

er Q

ualit

y P

ande

sara

Reg

ion

of S

urat

–Ind

ia

892

- U

sing

env

ironm

enta

l tra

cers

to

und

erst

and

rech

arge

pro

cess

es

and

enab

le s

usta

inab

le

grou

ndw

ater

use

in G

ibso

ns,

Brit

ish

Col

umbi

a

895

- W

hy g

roun

dwat

er

func

tioni

ng is

neg

lect

ed b

y de

cisi

on m

aker

s of

Mex

ico?

936

- G

rave

l Pit

Reh

abili

tatio

n N

ear

Sha

llow

Mun

icip

al W

ells

–

Thr

eat o

r O

ppor

tuni

ty?

738

- Im

pact

of a

quife

r he

tero

gene

ity o

n gr

ound

wat

er a

ge

in th

e Va

lcar

tier

delta

ic s

and

aqui

fer

17:1

5-17

:30

788

- Ass

essm

ent o

f Agr

icul

tura

l R

etur

n F

low

s U

nder

Cha

ngin

g C

limat

e an

d C

rop

Wat

er

Man

agem

ent

294

- Lo

cal-s

cale

spa

tial a

nd

tem

pora

l var

iabi

lity

of s

trea

mbe

d te

mpe

ratu

res

in a

gro

undw

ater

-fed

st

ream

988

- R

egio

nal C

umul

ativ

e E

ffect

s G

roun

dwat

er M

anag

emen

t with

in

the

Nor

ther

n A

thab

asca

Oil

San

ds

676

- In

-Cav

e an

d S

urfa

ce

Geo

phys

ics

to D

etec

t a “

Lost

” R

iver

in th

e U

pper

Lev

els

of th

e M

amm

oth

Cav

e S

yste

m, K

entu

cky

17:1

5-17

:30

205

- H

igh

arse

nic

leve

ls in

wat

er

reso

urce

s re

sulti

ng fr

om g

eoge

nic

reso

urce

s: A

cas

e st

udy

from

M

urat

lar

Reg

ion,

NW

Tur

key

603

- Aus

tral

ia’s

Gro

undw

ater

F

utur

e: T

he R

ole

of M

ulti-

Dis

cipl

inar

y S

cien

ce A

ppro

ache

s in

Impr

ovin

g N

atio

nal W

ater

S

ecur

ity.

952

- The

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Law

on

the

Use

of T

rans

boun

dary

Aqu

ifers

–

enha

ncin

g se

curit

y of

sha

red

wat

ers

948

- The

Dec

omm

issi

onin

g O

f A

rtes

ian

Wel

ls In

Ont

ario

- A

Cas

e S

tudy

In P

eel R

egio

n

17:3

0-17

:45

537

- M

etho

ds to

iden

tify

grou

ndw

ater

inte

ract

ion

with

riv

er

wat

er in

the

catc

hmen

t of t

he R

iver

Va

ntaa

, sou

ther

n F

inla

nd

995

- E

valu

atio

n of

the

Cum

ulat

ive

Effe

cts

of G

roun

dwat

er U

se in

A

lber

ta's

Oil

San

ds

749

- U

nsat

urat

ed z

one

air

Pco

2 es

timat

ion

from

mea

sure

men

ts in

ka

rst w

ater

17

:30-

17:4

5

505

- A m

ultid

isci

plin

ary

appr

oach

to

del

inea

te s

ourc

es o

f ura

nium

in

grou

ndw

ater

598

- G

roun

dwat

er s

usta

inab

ility

of

Nor

th C

hina

Pla

in, C

hina

961

- W

hat r

ole

can

early

car

eer

hydr

ogeo

logi

sts

play

as

grou

ndw

ater

adv

ocat

es?

966

- D

eriv

atio

n of

nat

ural

ba

ckgr

ound

leve

ls a

nd th

resh

old

valu

es fo

r bo

th p

ristin

e an

d hu

man

im

pact

ed g

roun

dwat

er b

odie

s

17:4

5-18

:00

614

- U

nder

stan

ding

Sub

terr

anea

n H

ydro

logy

in th

e D

elin

eatio

n of

W

etla

nds

– a

Tem

pora

ry H

illsl

ope

Wet

land

on

Bas

emen

t Gra

nite

498

- Alb

erta

's O

il S

ands

Pro

ject

s -

Gro

undw

ater

With

draw

al

Pre

dict

ion

Unc

erta

inty

776

- P

aram

etriz

atio

n of

a

phys

ical

ly-b

ased

mod

el fo

r de

scrib

ing

regi

onal

gro

und

wat

er

flow

in a

fiss

ured

/kar

stifi

ed a

quife

r17

:45-

18:0

0

554

- Top

rea

sons

not

to u

se

mon

itorin

g w

ells

for

char

acte

rizat

ion

– a

case

for

high

re

solu

tion

char

acte

rizat

ion

207

- M

odifi

catio

n of

the

DR

AS

TIC

m

etho

dolo

gy fo

r as

sess

ing

grou

ndw

ater

vul

nera

bilit

y in

urb

an

area

s af

fect

ed b

y la

nd s

ubsi

denc

e ef

fect

s

Mon

day,

Sep

tem

ber

17

673

- B

uffe

ring

Cap

acity

of

Gro

undw

ater

for

Dro

ught

s:

Exa

mpl

es fr

om U

S H

igh

Pla

ins

and

Cen

tral

Val

ley

455

- G

roun

dwat

er a

nd ir

rigat

ion

from

qua

ntita

tive

and

qual

itativ

e pe

rspe

ctiv

es w

ith c

ase

stud

y in

the

Nor

th C

hina

Pla

in

128

- C

arbo

nate

Aqu

ifers

, Kar

st

and

Gla

ciat

ion

in C

anad

a: A

R

evie

w

Mon

day,

Sep

tem

ber

17



Sess

ion

M3-

ASe

ssio

n M

3-B

Sess

ion

M3-

CSe

ssio

n M

3-D

Sess

ion

M3-

ESe

ssio

n M

3-F

Sess

ion

M3-

GSe

ssio

n M

3-H

Sess

ion

M3-

JSt

rate

gy R

oom

1St

rate

gy R

oom

2St

rate

gy R

oom

3St

rate

gy R

oom

5St

rate

gy R

oom

7Fa

llsvi

ew S

tudi

o A

BC

Upp

er F

alls

view

Stu

dio

AU

pper

Fal

lsvi

ew S

tudi

o B

Gre

at R

oom

C

Tim

eG

W &

Clim

ate

Cha

nge

III(p

p 92

-94)

GW

/SW

Inte

ract

ion

Sess

ion

I(p

p 94

-98)

Hyd

roge

olog

ical

Issu

es R

elat

ed

to O

il Sa

nds

III(p

p 99

-102

)

Topi

cs in

Gen

eral

Kar

st

Hyd

roge

olog

y(p

p 10

3-10

6)Ti

me

Con

tam

inan

t H

ydro

geol

ogy

II(p

p 10

7-11

0)

Gro

undw

ater

Su

stai

nabi

lity

II(p

p 11

1-11

5)

Gro

undw

ater

For

Dec

isio

n M

aker

s II

(pp

115-

118)

Gro

undw

ater

Qua

lity

and

Polic

ies

for G

W P

rote

ctio

n III

(pp

119-

123)

Trac

ers

& Is

otop

es I

(pp

124-

126)

15:4

5-16

:00

631

- Cha

ract

eris

ing

grou

ndw

ater

–

surfa

ce w

ater

inte

ract

ion

to

asse

ss im

pact

s to

gro

undw

ater

fro

m m

inin

g ac

tiviti

es

448

- In

situ

rem

edia

tion

of a

cid-

extra

ctab

le o

rgan

ics

in o

il sa

nds

proc

ess-

affe

cted

gro

undw

ater

15:4

5-16

:00

127

- Cha

ract

eriz

atio

n of

G

roun

dwat

er in

Sha

llow

and

Dee

p A

quife

rs o

f Agr

icul

ture

Dom

inat

ed

Bha

rath

apuz

ha R

iver

Bas

in,

Ker

ala,

Indi

a

668

- Gov

erna

nce

mea

sure

s to

ef

fect

ivel

y m

anag

e gr

ound

wat

er

stor

age

323

- Edu

catin

g E

lect

ed

Rep

rese

ntat

ives

In C

alifo

rnia

: S

ucce

ssfu

l Stra

tegi

es T

hat

Pro

mot

e G

roun

dwat

er

833

- Pra

ctic

es o

f gro

undw

ater

pr

otec

tion

polit

ics

for L

jubl

jana

dr

inki

ng w

ater

sou

rce

(Slo

veni

a)

219

- Arti

ficia

l sw

eete

ners

and

ph

arm

aceu

tical

com

poun

ds a

s co

-tra

cers

of u

rban

was

tew

ater

in

grou

ndw

ater

16:0

0-16

:15

656

- The

role

of p

eat d

oubl

e po

rosi

ty o

n gr

ound

wat

er-s

urfa

ce

wat

er in

tera

ctio

n in

a d

rain

ed fe

n

550

- Per

form

ance

of S

eepa

ge

Miti

gatio

n an

d P

ress

ure

Rel

ief

Sys

tem

s fo

r Tai

lings

Dam

s on

La

rge

Ple

isto

cene

Cha

nnel

D

epos

its

16:0

0-16

:15

135

- Dev

elop

men

t of a

mic

robi

al

cont

amin

atio

n su

scep

tibili

ty m

odel

fo

r priv

ate

grou

ndw

ater

sou

rces

in

the

Rep

ublic

of I

rela

nd

309

- The

impo

rtanc

e of

tem

pora

l di

strib

utio

n an

d sc

ale

whe

n de

term

inin

g su

stai

nabl

e yi

elds

in

sem

i-arid

regi

ons

389

- Gro

und

Wat

er a

nd

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sec

urity

735

- Sco

pe a

nd li

mita

tions

of l

and

plan

ning

tool

s in

gro

undw

ater

re

sour

ces

prot

ectio

n: a

por

trait

of

the

prov

ince

of Q

uebe

c

277

- Nitr

ate

rem

oval

and

sul

fate

pr

oduc

tion

in g

roun

dwat

er a

s re

sult

of d

enitr

ifica

tion

proc

esse

s in

a p

redo

min

ant c

itric

ultu

ral z

one

in N

orth

east

ern

Mex

ico

16:1

5-16

:30

510

- Cha

ract

eris

ing

grou

ndw

ater

re

silie

nce

to c

limat

e ch

ange

in

Afri

ca

685

- Occ

urre

nce

of M

n in

allu

vial

aq

uife

r as

a co

nseq

uenc

e of

su

rface

– g

roun

dwat

er in

tera

ctio

n in

the

Po

ega

valle

y - C

roat

ia

908

- Num

eric

al M

odel

ling

of G

as

Flow

in th

e S

unco

r Cok

e S

tock

pile

C

over

s

200

- Qua

ntify

ing

the

Nut

rient

In

puts

into

Kar

st C

ondu

it Fe

d E

phem

eral

Lak

es (T

urlo

ughs

) in

Irela

nd16

:15-

16:3

0

329

- Mod

ellin

g ch

lorid

e tra

nspo

rt th

roug

h a

surfi

cial

gla

ciol

acus

trine

/ t

ill s

eque

nce

usin

g hi

gh-

reso

lutio

n po

re w

ater

m

easu

rem

ents

322

- Con

serv

ing

and

exte

ndin

g th

e us

eful

life

of t

he la

rges

t aqu

ifer

in N

orth

Am

eric

a: T

he H

igh

Pla

ins/

Oga

llala

aqu

ifer

468

- Gro

undw

ater

reso

urce

m

odel

ling:

a re

gula

tor-

led

natio

nal

prog

ram

me

from

Eng

land

and

W

ales

272

- The

Out

com

es fr

om th

e O

ntar

io C

lean

Wat

er A

ct (C

WA

) A

sses

smen

t Rep

orts

and

Nex

t S

teps

in th

e C

WA

Sci

ence

280

- Sim

ulat

ions

of T

ritiu

m a

ge

and

!18

O d

istri

butio

ns in

gr

ound

wat

er b

y us

ing

surfa

ce-

subs

urfa

ce c

oupl

ing

full-

3D

dist

ribut

ion

mod

el (G

ETF

LOW

S)

16:3

0-16

:45

184

- Ada

ptat

ion

and

miti

gatio

n to

cl

imat

e ch

ange

: Dem

onst

ratio

n of

m

etho

dolo

gy e

volv

ed in

UN

ES

CO

–

IHP

GW

ES

pro

ject

914

- Eva

luat

ion

of th

e in

tera

ctio

n riv

er –

gro

undw

ater

– w

etla

nd

inte

ract

ion

in S

onso

Lag

oon

(Col

ombi

a)

445

- Pro

cess

-affe

cted

gr

ound

wat

er in

the

oil s

ands

m

inin

g op

erat

ions

and

thei

r re

med

ial l

ands

cape

202

- Hyp

ogen

e ka

rstif

icat

ion

- S

peci

fic p

robl

em a

t dam

site

hy

drog

eolo

gy16

:30-

16:4

5

430

- Coa

stal

aqu

ifer

cont

amin

atio

n by

ars

enic

and

ph

osph

orou

s fro

m a

ferti

lizer

pr

oduc

tion

plan

t

953

- Exp

lora

tion

& w

ellfi

eld

cons

truct

ion

in th

e R

um S

aq

trans

boun

dary

aqu

ifer (

Jord

an-

Sau

di A

rabi

a)

528

- Roa

d M

ap to

Con

sist

ent

Gui

delin

es fo

r Lan

d D

evel

opm

ent

App

licat

ions

576

- Sci

ence

Bas

ed S

ourc

e W

ater

Pro

tect

ion

Pol

icy

Dev

elop

men

t with

in th

e G

rand

R

iver

Wat

ersh

ed, O

ntar

io, C

anad

a

382

- Cl a

nd C

isot

ope

anal

ysis

to

asse

ss th

e ef

fect

iven

ess

of

chlo

rinat

ed e

thyl

ene

degr

adat

ion

by z

ero-

vale

nt ir

on: E

vide

nce

from

du

al e

lem

ent a

nd p

rodu

ct is

otop

e va

lues

16:4

5-17

:00

956

- Gro

undw

ater

– s

urfa

ce w

ater

in

tera

ctio

ns w

ithin

a c

ryst

allin

e an

d ca

rbon

ate

basi

n. T

he F

orca

-Ta

vign

ano

Bas

in (C

orsi

ca,

Fran

ce).

1027

- H

ydro

geol

ogic

al

Con

side

ratio

ns in

the

Rec

over

y of

B

itum

en D

irect

ly O

verla

in b

y N

on-

salin

e G

roun

dwat

er a

t a P

ropo

sed

SA

GD

Pro

ject

in N

orth

east

Alb

erta

378

- The

role

of s

ulfa

te

diss

olut

ion

in e

arly

per

mea

bilit

y de

velo

pmen

t in

carb

onat

e su

cces

sion

s16

:45-

17:0

0

500

- Firs

t res

ults

on

the

geoc

hem

ical

cha

rcte

rizat

ion

of

som

e ar

seni

c co

ntam

inat

ed

grou

ndw

ater

to b

ette

r add

ress

th

eir e

xplo

itatio

n fo

r civ

il us

e

271

- Wat

er Q

uant

ity R

isk

Ass

essm

ent a

nd R

isk

Man

agem

ent/C

limat

e C

hang

e A

dapt

atio

n E

valu

atio

n P

roce

ss

Sup

porti

ng th

e O

ntar

io C

lean

W

ater

Act

(CW

A)

287

- Gro

undw

ater

man

agem

ent

capa

city

sup

port

to la

ke, r

iver

and

aq

uife

r bas

in o

rgan

isat

ions

of

Afri

ca

243

- Gro

undw

ater

Pro

tect

ion

Pla

ns to

impr

ove

sust

aina

ble

drin

king

wat

er p

rote

ctio

n

715

- Par

amet

er o

ptim

izat

ion

of

MO

DFL

OW

mod

elin

g in

Szi

getk

öz

and

surr

ound

ing

area

(NW

H

unga

ry)

17:0

0-17

:15

772

- Gro

undw

ater

-Sur

face

-Wat

er

Inte

ract

ion

at th

e P

ebbl

e S

ite,

Ala

ska,

US

A

967

- The

Col

d La

ke B

eave

r Riv

er

Bas

in re

gion

al g

roun

dwat

er m

odel

: P

rovi

ding

a fr

amew

ork

for p

olic

y de

velo

pmen

t and

cum

ulat

ive

impa

ct a

sses

smen

t

397

- Ove

rland

Flo

w in

Pea

k C

lust

er A

rea,

a C

ase

Stu

dy in

Yaj

i E

xper

imen

tal S

ite in

Gui

lin17

:00-

17:1

5

1000

- Im

pact

of T

extil

e In

dust

ries

on G

roun

dwat

er Q

ualit

y P

ande

sara

Reg

ion

of S

urat

–Ind

ia

892

- Usi

ng e

nviro

nmen

tal t

race

rs

to u

nder

stan

d re

char

ge p

roce

sses

an

d en

able

sus

tain

able

gr

ound

wat

er u

se in

Gib

sons

, B

ritis

h C

olum

bia

895

- Why

gro

undw

ater

fu

nctio

ning

is n

egle

cted

by

deci

sion

mak

ers

of M

exic

o?

936

- Gra

vel P

it R

ehab

ilita

tion

Nea

r Sha

llow

Mun

icip

al W

ells

–

Thre

at o

r Opp

ortu

nity

?

738

- Im

pact

of a

quife

r he

tero

gene

ity o

n gr

ound

wat

er a

ge

in th

e Va

lcar

tier d

elta

ic s

and

aqui

fer

17:1

5-17

:30

788

- Ass

essm

ent o

f Agr

icul

tura

l R

etur

n Fl

ows

Und

er C

hang

ing

Clim

ate

and

Cro

p W

ater

M

anag

emen

t

294

- Loc

al-s

cale

spa

tial a

nd

tem

pora

l var

iabi

lity

of s

tream

bed

tem

pera

ture

s in

a g

roun

dwat

er-fe

d st

ream

988

- Reg

iona

l Cum

ulat

ive

Effe

cts

Gro

undw

ater

Man

agem

ent w

ithin

th

e N

orth

ern

Ath

abas

ca O

il S

ands

676

- In-

Cav

e an

d S

urfa

ce

Geo

phys

ics

to D

etec

t a “L

ost”

Riv

er in

the

Upp

er L

evel

s of

the

Mam

mot

h C

ave

Sys

tem

, Ken

tuck

y17

:15-

17:3

0

205

- Hig

h ar

seni

c le

vels

in w

ater

re

sour

ces

resu

lting

from

geo

geni

c re

sour

ces:

A c

ase

stud

y fro

m

Mur

atla

r Reg

ion,

NW

Tur

key

603

- Aus

tralia

’s G

roun

dwat

er

Futu

re: T

he R

ole

of M

ulti-

Dis

cipl

inar

y S

cien

ce A

ppro

ache

s in

Impr

ovin

g N

atio

nal W

ater

S

ecur

ity.

952

- The

Uni

ted

Nat

ions

Law

on

the

Use

of T

rans

boun

dary

Aqu

ifers

–

enha

ncin

g se

curit

y of

sha

red

wat

ers

948

- The

Dec

omm

issi

onin

g O

f A

rtesi

an W

ells

In O

ntar

io -

A C

ase

Stu

dy In

Pee

l Reg

ion

17:3

0-17

:45

537

- Met

hods

to id

entif

y gr

ound

wat

er in

tera

ctio

n w

ith ri

ver

wat

er in

the

catc

hmen

t of t

he R

iver

Va

ntaa

, sou

ther

n Fi

nlan

d

995

- Eva

luat

ion

of th

e C

umul

ativ

e E

ffect

s of

Gro

undw

ater

Use

in

Alb

erta

's O

il S

ands

749

- Uns

atur

ated

zon

e ai

r Pco

2 es

timat

ion

from

mea

sure

men

ts in

ka

rst w

ater

17

:30-

17:4

5

505

- A m

ultid

isci

plin

ary

appr

oach

to

del

inea

te s

ourc

es o

f ura

nium

in

grou

ndw

ater

598

- Gro

undw

ater

sus

tain

abili

ty o

f N

orth

Chi

na P

lain

, Chi

na96

1 - W

hat r

ole

can

early

car

eer

hydr

ogeo

logi

sts

play

as

grou

ndw

ater

adv

ocat

es?

966

- Der

ivat

ion

of n

atur

al

back

grou

nd le

vels

and

thre

shol

d va

lues

for b

oth

pris

tine

and

hum

an

impa

cted

gro

undw

ater

bod

ies

17:4

5-18

:00

614

- Und

erst

andi

ng S

ubte

rran

ean

Hyd

rolo

gy in

the

Del

inea

tion

of

Wet

land

s –

a Te

mpo

rary

Hill

slop

e W

etla

nd o

n B

asem

ent G

rani

te

498

- Alb

erta

's O

il S

ands

Pro

ject

s -

Gro

undw

ater

With

draw

al

Pre

dict

ion

Unc

erta

inty

776

- Par

amet

rizat

ion

of a

ph

ysic

ally

-bas

ed m

odel

for

desc

ribin

g re

gion

al g

roun

d w

ater

flo

w in

a fi

ssur

ed/k

arst

ified

aqu

ifer

17:4

5-18

:00

554

- Top

reas

ons

not t

o us

e m

onito

ring

wel

ls fo

r ch

arac

teriz

atio

n –

a ca

se fo

r hig

h re

solu

tion

char

acte

rizat

ion

207

- Mod

ifica

tion

of th

e D

RA

STI

C

met

hodo

logy

for a

sses

sing

gr

ound

wat

er v

ulne

rabi

lity

in u

rban

ar

eas

affe

cted

by

land

sub

side

nce

effe

cts

Mon

day,

Sep

tem

ber 1

7

673

- Buf

ferin

g C

apac

ity o

f G

roun

dwat

er fo

r Dro

ught

s:

Exa

mpl

es fr

om U

S H

igh

Pla

ins

and

Cen

tral V

alle

y

455

- Gro

undw

ater

and

irrig

atio

n fro

m q

uant

itativ

e an

d qu

alita

tive

pers

pect

ives

with

cas

e st

udy

in th

e N

orth

Chi

na P

lain

128

- Car

bona

te A

quife

rs, K

arst

an

d G

laci

atio

n in

Can

ada:

A

Rev

iew

Mon

day,

Sep

tem

ber 1

7


t u e s d ay t e c h n i c a l P r o g r a mSe

ssio

n T1

-ASe

ssio

n T1

-BSe

ssio

n T1

-CSe

ssio

n T1

-DSe

ssio

n T1

-ESe

ssio

n T1

-FSe

ssio

n T1

-GSe

ssio

n T1

-HSt

rate

gy R

oom

1St

ateg

y R

oom

2St

rate

gy R

oom

3St

rate

gy R

oom

5St

rate

gy R

oom

7Fa

llsvi

ew S

tudi

o A

BC

Upp

er F

alls

view

Stu

dio

AU

pper

Fal

lsvi

ew S

tudi

o B

Tim

eG

W &

Clim

ate

Cha

nge

IV(p

p 12

7-12

9)G

W S

W In

tera

ctio

n II

(pp

129-

133)

Reg

iona

l GW

Flo

w I

(pp

133-

136)

Frac

ture

d R

ock

I(p

p 13

6-13

9)Ti

me

Fate

of N

anop

artic

les

(pp

139-

142)

Hyd

roge

olog

ical

Issu

es R

elat

ed

to O

il Sa

nds

IV(p

p 14

3-14

5)

Tran

sbou

ndar

y A

quife

rs(p

p 14

5-14

9)N

utrie

nts

in G

roun

dwat

er I

(pp

149-

152)

10:0

0-10

:15

866

- The

effe

ct o

f lak

e lo

adin

g on

gr

ound

wat

er le

vels

aro

und

Lake

Tu

tche

wop

in th

e M

urra

y-D

arlin

g B

asin

, sou

thea

ster

n A

ustra

lia10

:00-

10:1

5

1025

- Fi

eld

scal

e m

odel

ling

of

nZV

I tra

nspo

rt82

5 - M

anag

ing

Hid

den

Trea

sure

s A

cros

s Fr

ontie

rs: E

mer

ging

In

tern

atio

nal C

usto

mar

y N

orm

s fo

r th

e M

anag

emen

t of

Tran

sbou

ndar

y A

quife

rs

10:1

5-10

:30

503

- Env

ironm

enta

l Flo

ws

and

Leve

ls R

ecom

men

datio

ns fo

r G

roun

dwat

er-D

epen

dent

Wet

land

s in

Ore

gon,

US

A10

:15-

10:3

0

240

- Del

iver

y of

iron

-bas

ed

nano

parti

cles

to T

CE

sou

rce

zone

499

- Kno

wle

dge:

A k

ey fo

r co

oper

atio

n an

d m

anag

emen

t of

trans

boun

dary

aqu

ifers

10:3

0-10

:45

172

- Clim

ate

chan

ge im

pact

s on

su

rface

wat

er –

gro

undw

ater

in

tera

ctio

ns in

sou

th w

este

rn

Aus

tralia

346

- The

gro

undw

ater

dep

ende

nt

ecos

yste

m o

f the

Sag

ittar

io R

iver

, ce

ntra

l Ita

ly

351

- The

hyd

roge

olog

ical

ch

arac

teriz

atio

n an

d re

gion

al

hydr

aulic

func

tion

of fa

ults

in th

e P

anno

nian

Bas

in, H

unga

ry

881

- Pos

itron

em

issi

on p

roje

ctio

n im

agin

g of

DN

AP

L TC

E m

igra

tion

in a

lim

esto

ne fr

actu

re10

:30-

10:4

5

376

- Nan

o-sc

ale

Zero

Val

ent I

ron

(NZV

I) fo

r Site

Rem

edia

tion:

Sm

all-

scal

e Fi

eld

App

licat

ion

1033

- O

verv

iew

of t

he

Gro

undw

ater

Com

pone

nt fo

r the

Jo

int C

anad

a-A

lber

ta

Impl

emen

tatio

n P

lan

for O

il S

ands

M

onito

ring

250

- A 3

D u

nifie

d ge

olog

ical

co

ncep

tual

mod

el o

f the

Milk

Riv

er

Tran

sbou

ndar

y A

quife

r (A

lber

ta-

Mon

tana

)

230

- Eva

luat

ion

of N

itrat

e Im

pact

s at

a M

unic

ipal

wel

l in

an

Agr

icul

tura

l Set

ting

usin

g M

ass

Bal

ance

Mod

elin

g Te

chni

ques

10:4

5-11

:00

675

- Dyn

amic

Bay

esia

n N

etw

orks

fo

r the

ass

essm

ent o

f Clim

ate

Cha

nge

impa

cts

on o

vere

xplo

ited

aqui

fers

sys

tem

s

829

- Lan

d-oc

ean

linka

ge v

ia

grou

ndw

ater

at v

aryi

ng s

cale

s:

dire

ct in

puts

of w

ater

and

nut

rient

s to

coa

stal

zon

es

777

- Stra

tigra

phic

Con

trols

on

Gro

undw

ater

Flo

w in

a D

olos

tone

M

unic

ipal

Sup

ply

Aqu

ifer

526

- Ben

efit

of in

clin

ed c

oreh

oles

fo

r dis

cret

e fra

ctur

e ne

twor

k ch

arac

teriz

atio

n of

a S

iluria

n do

lost

one

aqui

fer i

n G

uelp

h,

Ont

ario

10:4

5-11

:00

915

- Rea

ctiv

ity o

f Nan

o-sc

ale

Zero

Val

ent I

ron

(nZV

I) Fo

llow

ing

Fiel

d S

cale

Inje

ctio

n

1016

- Fr

amin

g gr

ound

wat

er

vuln

erab

ility

and

risk

in th

e O

il S

ands

: an

appr

oach

to id

entif

y an

d di

scer

n

724

- Map

ping

tran

sbou

ndar

y bu

ried

valle

y aq

uife

rs a

long

the

Man

itoba

-Nor

th D

akot

a bo

rder

681

- Nitr

ate

Con

tam

inat

ion

Sou

rces

of a

City

Pro

duct

ion

Wel

l

11:0

0-11

:15

188

- New

Fie

ld G

uide

s fo

r In

vent

ory

and

Mon

itorin

g of

G

roun

dwat

er D

epen

dent

E

cosy

stem

s

228

- Reg

iona

l gro

undw

ater

flow

an

d or

e ge

nesi

s at

MV

T le

ad-z

inc

depo

sits

, Pin

e P

oint

, NW

T,

Can

ada

845

- Con

cept

ualiz

atio

n of

flow

an

d tra

nspo

rt in

frac

ture

d ro

cks:

A

n up

date

11:0

0-11

:15

903

- Em

ploy

ing

Syn

chro

tron

X-

Ray

Mic

roto

mog

raph

y to

Stu

dy

Silv

er N

anop

artic

le T

rans

port

Thro

ugh

Soi

ls

998

- Wat

er C

onse

rvat

ion

Pol

icy

and

Pra

ctic

e fo

r Oil

San

ds

Ope

ratio

ns in

Alb

erta

853

- Can

ada/

U.S

. tra

nsbo

unda

ry

geol

ogic

al m

aps

of th

e R

iche

lieu/

Lake

Cha

mpl

ain

and

Yam

aska

bas

ins

807

- Qua

ntify

ing

grou

ndw

ater

ni

trate

leac

hing

und

er a

n ag

ricul

tura

l fie

ld: u

nusu

al s

patia

l-te

mpo

ral p

atte

rns

and

a ne

w

appr

oach

11:1

5-11

:30

473

- Com

para

tive

anal

ysis

of

wet

land

eco

syte

ms

in th

e flo

w

syst

em c

onte

xt

891

- Hyd

roge

oche

mis

try a

nd

aqui

fer d

ynam

ics

in th

e no

rther

n re

gion

s of

Gha

na

864

- Int

erpr

etin

g gr

ound

wat

er

flow

rate

s in

hig

hly

hete

roge

neou

s fra

ctur

ed b

edro

ck a

quife

rs u

sing

en

viro

nmen

tal t

race

rs11

:15-

11:3

0

633

- Tra

nspo

rt of

eng

inee

red

Ag

nano

parti

cles

thro

ugh

wat

er

satu

rate

d fra

ctur

ed m

edia

509

- Kee

ping

SA

GD

Oil

San

ds

Pro

ject

s in

line

with

Alb

erta

’s

Reg

ulat

ory

Fram

ewor

k

795

- Iss

ues

and

App

roac

hes

to

Eva

luat

ing

Sha

red

Gro

undw

ater

R

esou

rces

on

the

Mex

ico-

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Bor

der

247

- Im

porta

nce

of re

pres

enta

tive

and

sour

ce s

peci

fic m

onito

ring

of

nitra

te c

once

ntra

tions

in E

U

desi

gnat

ed v

ulne

rabl

e zo

nes

11:3

0-11

:45

584

- Com

plex

bas

e flo

w in

st

ratif

ied

galc

ial d

rift a

quife

rs:

ecol

ogic

al im

plic

atio

ns

919

- Ind

uced

tem

pera

ture

gr

adie

nts

to c

hara

cter

ise

pref

eren

tial g

roun

dwat

er fl

owpa

ths

in o

pen

bore

hole

s11

:30-

11:4

5

940

- Ass

essi

ng B

edro

ck A

quife

r Vu

lner

abili

ty to

Sew

age-

deriv

ed

Con

tam

inan

ts

1036

- Ta

iling

s po

nds

clos

ure

in

the

oil s

ands

: the

cha

lleng

e an

d th

e pa

th fo

rwar

d

811

- Cor

rela

ting

Gov

erna

nce

of

Tran

sbou

ndar

y Fr

eshw

ater

R

esou

rces

to M

anag

eabl

e H

ydro

logi

c U

nits

on

the

Mex

ico-

U.S

. Bor

der

327

- Usi

ng a

mul

tivar

iate

st

atis

tical

met

hod

for a

sses

sing

gr

ound

wat

er c

onta

min

atio

n du

e to

pe

stic

ides

in T

ejo

allu

vial

aqu

ifer,

Por

tuga

l

11:4

5-12

:00

873

- Dyn

amic

s of

stre

am

catc

hmen

ts in

gro

undw

ater

do

min

ated

sys

tem

s

558

- App

licat

ion

of D

istri

bute

d Te

mpe

ratu

re S

ensi

ng w

ithin

B

oreh

oles

for F

ract

ured

Roc

k S

ite

Cha

ract

eriz

atio

n11

:45-

12:0

0

983

- Inj

ectio

n of

gel

ling

collo

idal

si

lica

solu

tion

into

por

ous

med

iaO

il S

ands

Q&

A30

3 - T

rans

boun

dary

Mas

sacr

e aq

uife

r – A

vita

l res

ourc

e fo

r po

pula

tion

from

the

Nor

thea

st o

f H

aiti

467

- Spa

tial a

naly

sis

of n

atio

nal

scal

e gr

ound

wat

er n

itrat

e m

onito

ring

data

in Ir

elan

d

Tues

day,

Sep

tem

ber 1

8Tu

esda

y, S

epte

mbe

r 18

659

- Fro

m g

loba

l dep

letio

n to

su

stai

nabl

e us

e of

meg

a-sc

ale

grou

ndw

ater

sys

tem

s

1067

- P

ast a

nd fu

ture

con

tribu

tion

of g

loba

l gro

undw

ater

dep

letio

n to

se

a-le

vel r

ise

141

- Coa

stal

gro

undw

ater

vu

lner

abili

ty d

ue to

glo

bal

envi

ronm

enta

l cha

nge

137

- Gro

undw

ater

flow

sys

tem

s an

d m

oder

n hy

drog

eolo

gy: t

he

stor

y of

hal

f a c

entu

ry

736

- The

Sym

biot

ic R

elat

ions

hip

Bet

wee

n G

roun

dwat

er A

nd

Geo

tech

nica

l Eng

inee

ring

982

- Use

of T

herm

al C

ondu

ctiv

e H

eatin

g to

Rem

ove

Chl

orin

ated

S

olve

nts

from

Fra

ctur

ed B

edro

ck -

Impo

rtanc

e of

Site

C

hara

cter

izat

ion

224

- Cum

ulat

ive

Effe

cts

Ass

essm

ent G

roun

dwat

er

Man

agem

ent F

ram

ewor

k(G

WM

F)

for A

lber

ta's

Oil

San

ds

461

- Im

plem

entin

g a

Non

Tr

aditi

onal

App

roac

h: C

alifo

rnia

C

entra

l Val

ley

Dai

ry

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

Mon

itorin

g P

rogr

am


t u e s d ay t e c h n i c a l P r o g r a m

Sess

ion

T1-A

Sess

ion

T1-B

Sess

ion

T1-C

Sess

ion

T1-D

Sess

ion

T1-E

Sess

ion

T1-F

Sess

ion

T1-G

Sess

ion

T1-H

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 1

Stat

egy

Roo

m 2

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 3

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 5

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 7

Falls

view

Stu

dio

AB

CU

pper

Fal

lsvi

ew S

tudi

o A

Upp

er F

alls

view

Stu

dio

B

Tim

eG

W &

Clim

ate

Cha

nge

IV(p

p 12

7-12

9)G

W S

W In

tera

ctio

n II

(pp

129-

133)

Reg

iona

l GW

Flo

w I

(pp

133-

136)

Frac

ture

d R

ock

I(p

p 13

6-13

9)Ti

me

Fate

of N

anop

artic

les

(pp

139-

142)

Hyd

roge

olog

ical

Issu

es R

elat

ed

to O

il Sa

nds

IV(p

p 14

3-14

5)

Tran

sbou

ndar

y A

quife

rs(p

p 14

5-14

9)N

utrie

nts

in G

roun

dwat

er I

(pp

149-

152)

10:0

0-10

:15

866

- The

effe

ct o

f lak

e lo

adin

g on

gr

ound

wat

er le

vels

aro

und

Lake

Tu

tche

wop

in th

e M

urra

y-D

arlin

g B

asin

, sou

thea

ster

n A

ustra

lia10

:00-

10:1

5

1025

- Fi

eld

scal

e m

odel

ling

of

nZV

I tra

nspo

rt82

5 - M

anag

ing

Hid

den

Trea

sure

s A

cros

s Fr

ontie

rs: E

mer

ging

In

tern

atio

nal C

usto

mar

y N

orm

s fo

r th

e M

anag

emen

t of

Tran

sbou

ndar

y A

quife

rs

10:1

5-10

:30

503

- Env

ironm

enta

l Flo

ws

and

Leve

ls R

ecom

men

datio

ns fo

r G

roun

dwat

er-D

epen

dent

Wet

land

s in

Ore

gon,

US

A10

:15-

10:3

0

240

- Del

iver

y of

iron

-bas

ed

nano

parti

cles

to T

CE

sou

rce

zone

499

- Kno

wle

dge:

A k

ey fo

r co

oper

atio

n an

d m

anag

emen

t of

trans

boun

dary

aqu

ifers

10:3

0-10

:45

172

- Clim

ate

chan

ge im

pact

s on

su

rface

wat

er –

gro

undw

ater

in

tera

ctio

ns in

sou

th w

este

rn

Aus

tralia

346

- The

gro

undw

ater

dep

ende

nt

ecos

yste

m o

f the

Sag

ittar

io R

iver

, ce

ntra

l Ita

ly

351

- The

hyd

roge

olog

ical

ch

arac

teriz

atio

n an

d re

gion

al

hydr

aulic

func

tion

of fa

ults

in th

e P

anno

nian

Bas

in, H

unga

ry

881

- Pos

itron

em

issi

on p

roje

ctio

n im

agin

g of

DN

AP

L TC

E m

igra

tion

in a

lim

esto

ne fr

actu

re10

:30-

10:4

5

376

- Nan

o-sc

ale

Zero

Val

ent I

ron

(NZV

I) fo

r Site

Rem

edia

tion:

Sm

all-

scal

e Fi

eld

App

licat

ion

1033

- O

verv

iew

of t

he

Gro

undw

ater

Com

pone

nt fo

r the

Jo

int C

anad

a-A

lber

ta

Impl

emen

tatio

n P

lan

for O

il S

ands

M

onito

ring

250

- A 3

D u

nifie

d ge

olog

ical

co

ncep

tual

mod

el o

f the

Milk

Riv

er

Tran

sbou

ndar

y A

quife

r (A

lber

ta-

Mon

tana

)

230

- Eva

luat

ion

of N

itrat

e Im

pact

s at

a M

unic

ipal

wel

l in

an

Agr

icul

tura

l Set

ting

usin

g M

ass

Bal

ance

Mod

elin

g Te

chni

ques

10:4

5-11

:00

675

- Dyn

amic

Bay

esia

n N

etw

orks

fo

r the

ass

essm

ent o

f Clim

ate

Cha

nge

impa

cts

on o

vere

xplo

ited

aqui

fers

sys

tem

s

829

- Lan

d-oc

ean

linka

ge v

ia

grou

ndw

ater

at v

aryi

ng s

cale

s:

dire

ct in

puts

of w

ater

and

nut

rient

s to

coa

stal

zon

es

777

- Stra

tigra

phic

Con

trols

on

Gro

undw

ater

Flo

w in

a D

olos

tone

M

unic

ipal

Sup

ply

Aqu

ifer

526

- Ben

efit

of in

clin

ed c

oreh

oles

fo

r dis

cret

e fra

ctur

e ne

twor

k ch

arac

teriz

atio

n of

a S

iluria

n do

lost

one

aqui

fer i

n G

uelp

h,

Ont

ario

10:4

5-11

:00

915

- Rea

ctiv

ity o

f Nan

o-sc

ale

Zero

Val

ent I

ron

(nZV

I) Fo

llow

ing

Fiel

d S

cale

Inje

ctio

n

1016

- Fr

amin

g gr

ound

wat

er

vuln

erab

ility

and

risk

in th

e O

il S

ands

: an

appr

oach

to id

entif

y an

d di

scer

n

724

- Map

ping

tran

sbou

ndar

y bu

ried

valle

y aq

uife

rs a

long

the

Man

itoba

-Nor

th D

akot

a bo

rder

681

- Nitr

ate

Con

tam

inat

ion

Sou

rces

of a

City

Pro

duct

ion

Wel

l

11:0

0-11

:15

188

- New

Fie

ld G

uide

s fo

r In

vent

ory

and

Mon

itorin

g of

G

roun

dwat

er D

epen

dent

E

cosy

stem

s

228

- Reg

iona

l gro

undw

ater

flow

an

d or

e ge

nesi

s at

MV

T le

ad-z

inc

depo

sits

, Pin

e P

oint

, NW

T,

Can

ada

845

- Con

cept

ualiz

atio

n of

flow

an

d tra

nspo

rt in

frac

ture

d ro

cks:

A

n up

date

11:0

0-11

:15

903

- Em

ploy

ing

Syn

chro

tron

X-

Ray

Mic

roto

mog

raph

y to

Stu

dy

Silv

er N

anop

artic

le T

rans

port

Thro

ugh

Soi

ls

998

- Wat

er C

onse

rvat

ion

Pol

icy

and

Pra

ctic

e fo

r Oil

San

ds

Ope

ratio

ns in

Alb

erta

853

- Can

ada/

U.S

. tra

nsbo

unda

ry

geol

ogic

al m

aps

of th

e R

iche

lieu/

Lake

Cha

mpl

ain

and

Yam

aska

bas

ins

807

- Qua

ntify

ing

grou

ndw

ater

ni

trate

leac

hing

und

er a

n ag

ricul

tura

l fie

ld: u

nusu

al s

patia

l-te

mpo

ral p

atte

rns

and

a ne

w

appr

oach

11:1

5-11

:30

473

- Com

para

tive

anal

ysis

of

wet

land

eco

syte

ms

in th

e flo

w

syst

em c

onte

xt

891

- Hyd

roge

oche

mis

try a

nd

aqui

fer d

ynam

ics

in th

e no

rther

n re

gion

s of

Gha

na

864

- Int

erpr

etin

g gr

ound

wat

er

flow

rate

s in

hig

hly

hete

roge

neou

s fra

ctur

ed b

edro

ck a

quife

rs u

sing

en

viro

nmen

tal t

race

rs11

:15-

11:3

0

633

- Tra

nspo

rt of

eng

inee

red

Ag

nano

parti

cles

thro

ugh

wat

er

satu

rate

d fra

ctur

ed m

edia

509

- Kee

ping

SA

GD

Oil

San

ds

Pro

ject

s in

line

with

Alb

erta

’s

Reg

ulat

ory

Fram

ewor

k

795

- Iss

ues

and

App

roac

hes

to

Eva

luat

ing

Sha

red

Gro

undw

ater

R

esou

rces

on

the

Mex

ico-

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Bor

der

247

- Im

porta

nce

of re

pres

enta

tive

and

sour

ce s

peci

fic m

onito

ring

of

nitra

te c

once

ntra

tions

in E

U

desi

gnat

ed v

ulne

rabl

e zo

nes

11:3

0-11

:45

584

- Com

plex

bas

e flo

w in

st

ratif

ied

galc

ial d

rift a

quife

rs:

ecol

ogic

al im

plic

atio

ns

919

- Ind

uced

tem

pera

ture

gr

adie

nts

to c

hara

cter

ise

pref

eren

tial g

roun

dwat

er fl

owpa

ths

in o

pen

bore

hole

s11

:30-

11:4

5

940

- Ass

essi

ng B

edro

ck A

quife

r Vu

lner

abili

ty to

Sew

age-

deriv

ed

Con

tam

inan

ts

1036

- Ta

iling

s po

nds

clos

ure

in

the

oil s

ands

: the

cha

lleng

e an

d th

e pa

th fo

rwar

d

811

- Cor

rela

ting

Gov

erna

nce

of

Tran

sbou

ndar

y Fr

eshw

ater

R

esou

rces

to M

anag

eabl

e H

ydro

logi

c U

nits

on

the

Mex

ico-

U.S

. Bor

der

327

- Usi

ng a

mul

tivar

iate

st

atis

tical

met

hod

for a

sses

sing

gr

ound

wat

er c

onta

min

atio

n du

e to

pe

stic

ides

in T

ejo

allu

vial

aqu

ifer,

Por

tuga

l

11:4

5-12

:00

873

- Dyn

amic

s of

stre

am

catc

hmen

ts in

gro

undw

ater

do

min

ated

sys

tem

s

558

- App

licat

ion

of D

istri

bute

d Te

mpe

ratu

re S

ensi

ng w

ithin

B

oreh

oles

for F

ract

ured

Roc

k S

ite

Cha

ract

eriz

atio

n11

:45-

12:0

0

983

- Inj

ectio

n of

gel

ling

collo

idal

si

lica

solu

tion

into

por

ous

med

iaO

il S

ands

Q&

A30

3 - T

rans

boun

dary

Mas

sacr

e aq

uife

r – A

vita

l res

ourc

e fo

r po

pula

tion

from

the

Nor

thea

st o

f H

aiti

467

- Spa

tial a

naly

sis

of n

atio

nal

scal

e gr

ound

wat

er n

itrat

e m

onito

ring

data

in Ir

elan

d

Tues

day,

Sep

tem

ber 1

8Tu

esda

y, S

epte

mbe

r 18

659

- Fro

m g

loba

l dep

letio

n to

su

stai

nabl

e us

e of

meg

a-sc

ale

grou

ndw

ater

sys

tem

s

1067

- P

ast a

nd fu

ture

con

tribu

tion

of g

loba

l gro

undw

ater

dep

letio

n to

se

a-le

vel r

ise

141

- Coa

stal

gro

undw

ater

vu

lner

abili

ty d

ue to

glo

bal

envi

ronm

enta

l cha

nge

137

- Gro

undw

ater

flow

sys

tem

s an

d m

oder

n hy

drog

eolo

gy: t

he

stor

y of

hal

f a c

entu

ry

736

- The

Sym

biot

ic R

elat

ions

hip

Bet

wee

n G

roun

dwat

er A

nd

Geo

tech

nica

l Eng

inee

ring

982

- Use

of T

herm

al C

ondu

ctiv

e H

eatin

g to

Rem

ove

Chl

orin

ated

S

olve

nts

from

Fra

ctur

ed B

edro

ck -

Impo

rtanc

e of

Site

C

hara

cter

izat

ion

224

- Cum

ulat

ive

Effe

cts

Ass

essm

ent G

roun

dwat

er

Man

agem

ent F

ram

ewor

k(G

WM

F)

for A

lber

ta's

Oil

San

ds

461

- Im

plem

entin

g a

Non

Tr

aditi

onal

App

roac

h: C

alifo

rnia

C

entra

l Val

ley

Dai

ry

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

Mon

itorin

g P

rogr

am


t u e s d ay t e c h n i c a l P r o g r a mS

essi

on T

2-A

Ses

sion

T2-

BS

essi

on T

2-C

Ses

sion

T2-

DS

essi

on T

2-E

Ses

sion

T2-

FS

essi

on T

2-G

Ses

sion

T2-

HS

trat

egy

Roo

m 1

Sta

tegy

Roo

m 2

Str

ateg

y R

oom

3S

trat

egy

Roo

m 5

Str

ateg

y R

oom

7Fa

llsvi

ew S

tudi

o A

BC

Upp

er F

alls

view

Stu

dio

AU

pper

Fal

lsvi

ew S

tudi

o B

Tim

eG

W &

Clim

ate

Cha

nge

V(p

p 15

3-15

4)G

W/S

W In

tera

ctio

n III

(pp

155-

159)

Reg

iona

l GW

Flo

w II

(pp

159-

163)

Frac

ture

d R

ock

II(p

p 16

3-16

6)Ti

me

Con

tam

inan

t Hyd

roge

olog

y III

(pp

166-

171)

Aqu

itard

s I

(pp

171-

175)

Car

bon

Seq

uest

ratio

n(p

p 17

5-18

0)N

utri

ents

in G

roun

dwat

er II

(pp

180-

184)

13:0

0-13

:15

246

- Con

sequ

ence

s an

d un

certa

intie

s of

clim

ate

chan

ge fo

r th

ree

Med

iterr

anea

n aq

uife

rs a

nd

depe

nden

t eco

syst

ems

801

- Im

pact

of t

rees

on

grou

ndw

ater

bal

ance

s69

4 - S

tudy

of G

roun

dwat

er

Dis

char

ging

at S

eeps

alo

ng

Mou

ntai

n B

edro

ck S

lope

s

535

- Inv

estig

atin

g th

e im

pact

of

hydr

aulic

con

nect

ions

bet

wee

n gr

anul

ar a

nd fr

actu

red

rock

aq

uife

rs o

n hy

drau

lic te

stin

g13

:00-

13:1

5

446

- Eth

anol

impa

cts

on g

asol

ine

spill

s –

Impl

icat

ions

from

two

field

ex

perim

ents

391

- Gro

undw

ater

Res

ourc

es a

nd

Geo

logi

cal S

tora

ge o

f Car

bon

Dio

xide

13:1

5-13

:30

769

- Ant

hrop

ogen

ic a

nd c

limat

e ch

ange

effe

ct o

n se

awat

er

intru

sion

in D

ar E

s S

alaa

m c

oast

al

aqui

fer

289

- Tre

e-w

ater

use

and

gr

ound

wat

er le

vel c

hang

es in

an

unco

nfin

ed a

lluvi

al a

quife

r at

Mau

les

Cre

ek, N

arra

bri,

NS

W,

Aus

tralia

475

- Gro

undw

ater

dis

char

ge

indu

ced

hypo

geni

c ka

rstif

icat

ion

in

extre

me

geom

icro

biol

ogic

al

envi

ronm

ent

583

- App

licat

ion

of th

e D

iscr

ete

Frac

ture

Net

wor

k (D

FN) A

ppro

ach

at th

e S

chko

pau

Site

, Ger

man

y13

:15-

13:3

0

317

- On

the

valu

e of

geo

chem

ical

da

ta fo

r und

erst

andi

ng

grou

ndw

ater

flow

and

nat

ural

at

tenu

atio

n of

a le

acha

te p

lum

e at

a

form

er la

ndfil

l

143

- Hyd

roge

olog

y of

the

Bas

al

Aqu

ifer i

n th

e A

lber

ta a

nd W

illis

ton

basi

ns a

nd it

s C

O2

stor

age

pote

ntia

l

13:3

0-13

:45

393

- Aqu

ifer –

Riv

er R

elat

ions

hip

As

Crit

eria

For

Sel

ect E

ucal

yptu

s Fo

rest

ry A

reas

, Ibi

cui R

iver

C

atch

men

t, R

io G

rand

e D

o S

ul,

Bra

zil

189

- Ide

ntifi

catio

n of

Gro

undw

ater

flo

w s

yste

ms

resp

onse

in D

râa

basi

n (M

oroc

co)

521

- Hyd

raul

ic fa

ctor

s co

ntro

lling

gr

ound

wat

er fl

ow in

the

fract

ured

ro

ck a

quife

rs o

f the

Sag

uena

y-La

c-S

aint

-Jea

n re

gion

, Que

bec,

C

anad

a

13:3

0-13

:45

618

- Com

preh

ensi

ve c

once

ptua

l m

odel

of a

n Ita

lian

meg

asite

co

mbi

ning

num

eric

al fl

ow a

nd

trans

port

mod

elin

g, M

LS a

nd C

SI A

of

nitr

ogen

and

chl

orin

ated

so

lven

ts

632

- At t

he e

nd o

f the

line

: diff

use

grou

ndw

ater

dis

char

ge a

nd

pala

eohy

drol

ogy

at th

e te

rmin

us o

f th

e G

reat

Arte

sian

Bas

in

385

- 11F

-Hyp

othe

ses

in C

arbo

n S

eque

stra

tion

522

- Com

paris

on b

etw

een

two

on-

site

san

itatio

n sy

stem

s us

ing

perm

eabl

e re

activ

e ba

rrie

rs (P

RB

) to

rem

ove

nutri

ents

and

pat

hoge

ns

13:4

5-14

:00

495

- Est

imat

ing

wat

ersh

ed-s

cale

di

strib

utio

n of

dep

ress

ion-

focu

ssed

gr

ound

wat

er re

char

ge u

sing

aer

ial

phot

ogra

phy

and

a si

mpl

e w

ater

ba

lanc

e ap

proa

ch

536

- Ver

ifica

tion

of D

arcy

flow

co

nditi

ons

in s

tradd

le p

acke

r tes

ts

13:4

5-14

:00

840

- Lab

orat

ory

stud

ies

on th

e so

rptio

n be

havi

our o

f was

tew

ater

de

rived

pha

rmac

eutic

al re

sidu

es

756

- Vul

nera

bilit

y of

wat

er s

uppl

y w

ells

ben

eath

regi

onal

aqu

itard

s in

an

urb

an s

ettin

g

612

- Mod

elin

g im

pact

s of

co

mpe

ting

grou

ndw

ater

use

in

Gip

psla

nd B

asin

, Aus

tralia

854

- Am

mon

ium

and

nitr

ate

rem

oval

by

anam

mox

act

ivity

in

high

ly c

onta

min

ated

gro

undw

ater

14:0

0-14

:15

459

- Im

pact

s of

sea

leve

l ris

e an

d in

crea

sing

fres

h w

ater

dem

and

on

sust

aina

ble

grou

ndw

ater

m

anag

emen

t

601

- The

use

of w

ater

bal

ance

an

d ca

rbon

ate

reac

tion

mod

ellin

g to

pre

dict

the

initi

al fo

rmat

ion

of

mou

nd s

prin

g st

ruct

ures

, cen

tral

Sou

th A

ustra

lia

969

- Mea

surin

g th

e ve

rtica

l hy

drau

lic p

rope

rties

of a

bed

rock

aq

uife

r usi

ng p

umpi

ng te

sts

14:0

0-14

:15

843

- Lon

g-te

rm d

iscr

ete

mon

itorin

g of

a s

tabl

e he

rbic

ide

plum

e in

a fr

actu

red

dolo

ston

e aq

uife

r

809

- Pre

fere

ntia

l flo

w p

aths

in

glac

ial a

quita

rds

399

- Pot

entia

l far

fiel

d im

pact

s fro

m C

O2

stor

age

on fr

eshw

ater

re

sour

ces:

an

Alb

erta

, Can

ada

case

stu

dy

989

- Ana

mm

ox a

ctiv

ity in

ag

ricul

tura

l fie

lds

with

Con

trolle

d Ti

le D

rain

age

14:1

5-14

:30

661

- Dev

elop

men

t of a

GIS

B

ased

App

roac

h fo

r the

A

sses

smen

t of R

elat

ive

Sea

wat

er

Intru

sion

Vul

nera

bilit

y in

the

Pro

vinc

e of

Nov

a S

cotia

, Can

ada

466

- Qua

ntify

ing

the

Gro

undw

ater

C

ompo

nent

with

in th

e W

ater

B

alan

ce o

f a L

arge

Lak

e in

a

Gla

ciat

ed W

ater

shed

: Lak

e P

yhäj

ärvi

, SW

Fin

land

387

- Reg

iona

l Hyd

roge

olog

y of

S

outh

wes

tern

Sas

katc

hew

an33

9 - D

elin

eatio

n of

a H

ighl

y Tr

ansm

issi

ve Z

one

with

in

Reg

iona

lly E

xten

sive

Dol

osto

ne

Bed

rock

14:1

5-14

:30

922

- Stu

dy o

n th

e ev

alua

tion

of

the

adve

ctio

n di

sper

sion

ph

enom

enon

of g

roun

dwat

er

592

- Map

ping

and

ass

essi

ng

varia

bly

satu

rate

d cl

ay a

quita

rds

bene

ath

the

wat

er ta

ble

in th

e D

arlin

g R

iver

floo

dpla

in, M

urra

y-D

arlin

g B

asin

, S.E

. Aus

tralia

639

- Lon

g te

rm m

onito

ring

of

fresh

wat

er a

quife

rs in

the

vici

nity

of

a C

CS

pro

ject

713

- In-

situ

den

itrifi

catio

n of

hig

hly

perm

eabl

e, a

erob

ic g

roun

dwat

er

usin

g ac

etat

e in

a c

ross

-inje

ctio

n sc

hem

e

14:3

0-14

:45

802

- A c

ompa

rison

of u

rban

gr

ound

wat

er re

char

ge e

stim

ates

us

ing

clas

sica

l and

mod

ified

soi

l m

oist

ure

bala

nce

mod

els

525

- Ove

r-ex

ploi

tatio

n of

G

roun

dwat

er a

nd C

hang

es in

G

roun

dwat

er F

low

Dire

ctio

ns in

an

Agr

icul

ture

Dom

inat

ed A

rea

703

- Fro

zen

grou

ndw

ater

see

ps:

a ne

w m

etho

d to

qua

ntify

gr

ound

wat

er d

isch

arge

from

di

scre

te fe

atur

es u

sing

ther

mal

in

frare

d im

agin

g

14:3

0-14

:45

529

- Ana

erob

ic A

ttenu

atio

n P

ilot

Stu

dy41

3 - G

eote

chni

cal c

entri

fuge

pe

rmea

met

er fo

r cha

ract

eriz

ing

aqui

tard

s: p

ore

wat

er c

hem

istry

an

d po

tent

ial i

nter

-aqu

ifer l

eaka

ge

733

- CO

2-S

tora

ge in

Eas

tern

G

erm

any

– In

vest

igat

ion

of

pote

ntia

l fai

ling

zone

s an

d br

ine

risin

g zo

nes

with

geo

elec

tric

and

elec

trom

agne

tic m

etho

ds

436

- A c

ompa

rison

of n

itrog

en

fate

and

tran

spor

t in

catc

hmen

ts

unde

rlain

by

aqui

fers

of h

igh

and

low

per

mea

bilit

y us

ing

chem

ical

an

d is

otop

ic to

ols

14:4

5-15

:00

819

- A w

inte

r wat

er b

alan

ce

appr

oach

to q

uant

ifyin

g la

ke-

grou

ndw

ater

inte

ract

ions

in th

e B

eave

r Riv

er B

asin

, Alb

erta

482

- A fi

eld-

base

d st

udy

to

inve

stig

ate

hydr

olog

ic c

onne

ctiv

ity

and

driv

ing

mec

hani

sms

in a

S

wis

s pr

ealp

ine

rese

arch

ch

atch

men

t

14:4

5-15

:00

973

- The

pot

entia

l im

pact

of

natu

rally

-atte

nuat

ed le

acha

te fr

om

the

Mer

rick

Land

fill o

n th

e Li

ttle

Stu

rgeo

n R

iver

538

- Ide

ntify

ing

Aqu

itard

s in

S

eque

nces

of F

ract

ured

S

edim

enta

ry R

ock

Hyd

roge

olog

ic

Uni

ts

921

- Mul

tiple

inve

stig

atio

ns to

as

sess

cla

ims

of C

O2

leak

age

from

the

IEA

-GH

G W

eybu

rn-

Mid

ale

CO

2 m

onito

ring

and

stor

age

proj

ect.

774

- Cha

ract

eriz

atio

n of

nut

rient

s in

the

fresh

-sal

ine

wat

er in

terfa

ce

in c

oast

al a

quife

rs

15:0

0-15

:15

1035

- Q

uant

ifyin

g G

roun

dwat

er

Dep

ende

ncie

s of

Sou

ther

n O

ntar

io

Wet

land

s

426

- Cha

ract

eriz

atio

n of

G

roun

dwat

er F

low

Sys

tem

s of

the

Chi

Riv

er S

ub-b

asin

Par

t II,

Nor

th-

east

, Tha

iland

15:0

0-15

:15

206

- Con

tribu

tion

of

phot

odeg

rada

tion

to th

e na

tura

l at

tenu

atio

n of

RD

X a

nd

nitro

glyc

erin

(NG

) on

train

ing

rang

es

375

- Hyd

roge

olog

y an

d S

olut

e Tr

ansp

ort i

n a

Com

plex

, Fra

ctur

ed

Sha

le, F

ort à

la C

orne

, S

aska

tche

wan

, Can

ada

1090

- G

eoch

emis

try o

f aqu

ifer

syst

ems

at th

e Q

UE

ST

CC

S

proj

ect s

ite: i

nitia

l ins

ight

s

1060

- D

irect

sim

ulat

ion

of

grou

ndw

ater

age

and

tran

sit t

ime:

ap

plic

atio

n to

nut

rient

m

anag

emen

t in

the

Lake

Rot

orua

ca

tchm

ent,

New

Zea

land

Cha

ired

Dis

cuss

ion

Tues

day,

Sep

tem

ber

18Tu

esda

y, S

epte

mbe

r 18

771

- Coa

stal

Aqu

ifer

Man

agem

ent:

Clim

ate

Cha

nge

or

Too

Man

y Fa

ucet

s?

867

- Rol

e of

gro

undw

ater

flow

sy

stem

s in

the

ecol

ogy

of w

etla

nds

695

- How

do

you

char

acte

rize

aqui

tard

pro

perti

es?

974

- Nat

ural

Atte

nuat

ion

of S

eptic

S

yste

m N

itrog

en b

y A

nam

mox



essi

on T

2-A

Ses

sion

T2-

BS

essi

on T

2-C

Ses

sion

T2-

DS

essi

on T

2-E

Ses

sion

T2-

FS

essi

on T

2-G

Ses

sion

T2-

HS

trat

egy

Roo

m 1

Sta

tegy

Roo

m 2

Str

ateg

y R

oom

3S

trat

egy

Roo

m 5

Str

ateg

y R

oom

7Fa

llsvi

ew S

tudi

o A

BC

Upp

er F

alls

view

Stu

dio

AU

pper

Fal

lsvi

ew S

tudi

o B

Tim

eG

W &

Clim

ate

Cha

nge

V(p

p 15

3-15

4)G

W/S

W In

tera

ctio

n III

(pp

155-

159)

Reg

iona

l GW

Flo

w II

(pp

159-

163)

Frac

ture

d R

ock

II(p

p 16

3-16

6)Ti

me

Con

tam

inan

t Hyd

roge

olog

y III

(pp

166-

171)

Aqu

itard

s I

(pp

171-

175)

Car

bon

Seq

uest

ratio

n(p

p 17

5-18

0)N

utri

ents

in G

roun

dwat

er II

(pp

180-

184)

13:0

0-13

:15

246

- Con

sequ

ence

s an

d un

certa

intie

s of

clim

ate

chan

ge fo

r th

ree

Med

iterr

anea

n aq

uife

rs a

nd

depe

nden

t eco

syst

ems

801

- Im

pact

of t

rees

on

grou

ndw

ater

bal

ance

s69

4 - S

tudy

of G

roun

dwat

er

Dis

char

ging

at S

eeps

alo

ng

Mou

ntai

n B

edro

ck S

lope

s

535

- Inv

estig

atin

g th

e im

pact

of

hydr

aulic

con

nect

ions

bet

wee

n gr

anul

ar a

nd fr

actu

red

rock

aq

uife

rs o

n hy

drau

lic te

stin

g13

:00-

13:1

5

446

- Eth

anol

impa

cts

on g

asol

ine

spill

s –

Impl

icat

ions

from

two

field

ex

perim

ents

391

- Gro

undw

ater

Res

ourc

es a

nd

Geo

logi

cal S

tora

ge o

f Car

bon

Dio

xide

13:1

5-13

:30

769

- Ant

hrop

ogen

ic a

nd c

limat

e ch

ange

effe

ct o

n se

awat

er

intru

sion

in D

ar E

s S

alaa

m c

oast

al

aqui

fer

289

- Tre

e-w

ater

use

and

gr

ound

wat

er le

vel c

hang

es in

an

unco

nfin

ed a

lluvi

al a

quife

r at

Mau

les

Cre

ek, N

arra

bri,

NS

W,

Aus

tralia

475

- Gro

undw

ater

dis

char

ge

indu

ced

hypo

geni

c ka

rstif

icat

ion

in

extre

me

geom

icro

biol

ogic

al

envi

ronm

ent

583

- App

licat

ion

of th

e D

iscr

ete

Frac

ture

Net

wor

k (D

FN) A

ppro

ach

at th

e S

chko

pau

Site

, Ger

man

y13

:15-

13:3

0

317

- On

the

valu

e of

geo

chem

ical

da

ta fo

r und

erst

andi

ng

grou

ndw

ater

flow

and

nat

ural

at

tenu

atio

n of

a le

acha

te p

lum

e at

a

form

er la

ndfil

l

143

- Hyd

roge

olog

y of

the

Bas

al

Aqu

ifer i

n th

e A

lber

ta a

nd W

illis

ton

basi

ns a

nd it

s C

O2

stor

age

pote

ntia

l

13:3

0-13

:45

393

- Aqu

ifer –

Riv

er R

elat

ions

hip

As

Crit

eria

For

Sel

ect E

ucal

yptu

s Fo

rest

ry A

reas

, Ibi

cui R

iver

C

atch

men

t, R

io G

rand

e D

o S

ul,

Bra

zil

189

- Ide

ntifi

catio

n of

Gro

undw

ater

flo

w s

yste

ms

resp

onse

in D

râa

basi

n (M

oroc

co)

521

- Hyd

raul

ic fa

ctor

s co

ntro

lling

gr

ound

wat

er fl

ow in

the

fract

ured

ro

ck a

quife

rs o

f the

Sag

uena

y-La

c-S

aint

-Jea

n re

gion

, Que

bec,

C

anad

a

13:3

0-13

:45

618

- Com

preh

ensi

ve c

once

ptua

l m

odel

of a

n Ita

lian

meg

asite

co

mbi

ning

num

eric

al fl

ow a

nd

trans

port

mod

elin

g, M

LS a

nd C

SI A

of

nitr

ogen

and

chl

orin

ated

so

lven

ts

632

- At t

he e

nd o

f the

line

: diff

use

grou

ndw

ater

dis

char

ge a

nd

pala

eohy

drol

ogy

at th

e te

rmin

us o

f th

e G

reat

Arte

sian

Bas

in

385

- 11F

-Hyp

othe

ses

in C

arbo

n S

eque

stra

tion

522

- Com

paris

on b

etw

een

two

on-

site

san

itatio

n sy

stem

s us

ing

perm

eabl

e re

activ

e ba

rrie

rs (P

RB

) to

rem

ove

nutri

ents

and

pat

hoge

ns

13:4

5-14

:00

495

- Est

imat

ing

wat

ersh

ed-s

cale

di

strib

utio

n of

dep

ress

ion-

focu

ssed

gr

ound

wat

er re

char

ge u

sing

aer

ial

phot

ogra

phy

and

a si

mpl

e w

ater

ba

lanc

e ap

proa

ch

536

- Ver

ifica

tion

of D

arcy

flow

co

nditi

ons

in s

tradd

le p

acke

r tes

ts

13:4

5-14

:00

840

- Lab

orat

ory

stud

ies

on th

e so

rptio

n be

havi

our o

f was

tew

ater

de

rived

pha

rmac

eutic

al re

sidu

es

756

- Vul

nera

bilit

y of

wat

er s

uppl

y w

ells

ben

eath

regi

onal

aqu

itard

s in

an

urb

an s

ettin

g

612

- Mod

elin

g im

pact

s of

co

mpe

ting

grou

ndw

ater

use

in

Gip

psla

nd B

asin

, Aus

tralia

854

- Am

mon

ium

and

nitr

ate

rem

oval

by

anam

mox

act

ivity

in

high

ly c

onta

min

ated

gro

undw

ater

14:0

0-14

:15

459

- Im

pact

s of

sea

leve

l ris

e an

d in

crea

sing

fres

h w

ater

dem

and

on

sust

aina

ble

grou

ndw

ater

m

anag

emen

t

601

- The

use

of w

ater

bal

ance

an

d ca

rbon

ate

reac

tion

mod

ellin

g to

pre

dict

the

initi

al fo

rmat

ion

of

mou

nd s

prin

g st

ruct

ures

, cen

tral

Sou

th A

ustra

lia

969

- Mea

surin

g th

e ve

rtica

l hy

drau

lic p

rope

rties

of a

bed

rock

aq

uife

r usi

ng p

umpi

ng te

sts

14:0

0-14

:15

843

- Lon

g-te

rm d

iscr

ete

mon

itorin

g of

a s

tabl

e he

rbic

ide

plum

e in

a fr

actu

red

dolo

ston

e aq

uife

r

809

- Pre

fere

ntia

l flo

w p

aths

in

glac

ial a

quita

rds

399

- Pot

entia

l far

fiel

d im

pact

s fro

m C

O2

stor

age

on fr

eshw

ater

re

sour

ces:

an

Alb

erta

, Can

ada

case

stu

dy

989

- Ana

mm

ox a

ctiv

ity in

ag

ricul

tura

l fie

lds

with

Con

trolle

d Ti

le D

rain

age

14:1

5-14

:30

661

- Dev

elop

men

t of a

GIS

B

ased

App

roac

h fo

r the

A

sses

smen

t of R

elat

ive

Sea

wat

er

Intru

sion

Vul

nera

bilit

y in

the

Pro

vinc

e of

Nov

a S

cotia

, Can

ada

466

- Qua

ntify

ing

the

Gro

undw

ater

C

ompo

nent

with

in th

e W

ater

B

alan

ce o

f a L

arge

Lak

e in

a

Gla

ciat

ed W

ater

shed

: Lak

e P

yhäj

ärvi

, SW

Fin

land

387

- Reg

iona

l Hyd

roge

olog

y of

S

outh

wes

tern

Sas

katc

hew

an33

9 - D

elin

eatio

n of

a H

ighl

y Tr

ansm

issi

ve Z

one

with

in

Reg

iona

lly E

xten

sive

Dol

osto

ne

Bed

rock

14:1

5-14

:30

922

- Stu

dy o

n th

e ev

alua

tion

of

the

adve

ctio

n di

sper

sion

ph

enom

enon

of g

roun

dwat

er

592

- Map

ping

and

ass

essi

ng

varia

bly

satu

rate

d cl

ay a

quita

rds

bene

ath

the

wat

er ta

ble

in th

e D

arlin

g R

iver

floo

dpla

in, M

urra

y-D

arlin

g B

asin

, S.E

. Aus

tralia

639

- Lon

g te

rm m

onito

ring

of

fresh

wat

er a

quife

rs in

the

vici

nity

of

a C

CS

pro

ject

713

- In-

situ

den

itrifi

catio

n of

hig

hly

perm

eabl

e, a

erob

ic g

roun

dwat

er

usin

g ac

etat

e in

a c

ross

-inje

ctio

n sc

hem

e

14:3

0-14

:45

802

- A c

ompa

rison

of u

rban

gr

ound

wat

er re

char

ge e

stim

ates

us

ing

clas

sica

l and

mod

ified

soi

l m

oist

ure

bala

nce

mod

els

525

- Ove

r-ex

ploi

tatio

n of

G

roun

dwat

er a

nd C

hang

es in

G

roun

dwat

er F

low

Dire

ctio

ns in

an

Agr

icul

ture

Dom

inat

ed A

rea

703

- Fro

zen

grou

ndw

ater

see

ps:

a ne

w m

etho

d to

qua

ntify

gr

ound

wat

er d

isch

arge

from

di

scre

te fe

atur

es u

sing

ther

mal

in

frare

d im

agin

g

14:3

0-14

:45

529

- Ana

erob

ic A

ttenu

atio

n P

ilot

Stu

dy41

3 - G

eote

chni

cal c

entri

fuge

pe

rmea

met

er fo

r cha

ract

eriz

ing

aqui

tard

s: p

ore

wat

er c

hem

istry

an

d po

tent

ial i

nter

-aqu

ifer l

eaka

ge

733

- CO

2-S

tora

ge in

Eas

tern

G

erm

any

– In

vest

igat

ion

of

pote

ntia

l fai

ling

zone

s an

d br

ine

risin

g zo

nes

with

geo

elec

tric

and

elec

trom

agne

tic m

etho

ds

436

- A c

ompa

rison

of n

itrog

en

fate

and

tran

spor

t in

catc

hmen

ts

unde

rlain

by

aqui

fers

of h

igh

and

low

per

mea

bilit

y us

ing

chem

ical

an

d is

otop

ic to

ols

14:4

5-15

:00

819

- A w

inte

r wat

er b

alan

ce

appr

oach

to q

uant

ifyin

g la

ke-

grou

ndw

ater

inte

ract

ions

in th

e B

eave

r Riv

er B

asin

, Alb

erta

482

- A fi

eld-

base

d st

udy

to

inve

stig

ate

hydr

olog

ic c

onne

ctiv

ity

and

driv

ing

mec

hani

sms

in a

S

wis

s pr

ealp

ine

rese

arch

ch

atch

men

t

14:4

5-15

:00

973

- The

pot

entia

l im

pact

of

natu

rally

-atte

nuat

ed le

acha

te fr

om

the

Mer

rick

Land

fill o

n th

e Li

ttle

Stu

rgeo

n R

iver

538

- Ide

ntify

ing

Aqu

itard

s in

S

eque

nces

of F

ract

ured

S

edim

enta

ry R

ock

Hyd

roge

olog

ic

Uni

ts

921

- Mul

tiple

inve

stig

atio

ns to

as

sess

cla

ims

of C

O2

leak

age

from

the

IEA

-GH

G W

eybu

rn-

Mid

ale

CO

2 m

onito

ring

and

stor

age

proj

ect.

774

- Cha

ract

eriz

atio

n of

nut

rient

s in

the

fresh

-sal

ine

wat

er in

terfa

ce

in c

oast

al a

quife

rs

15:0

0-15

:15

1035

- Q

uant

ifyin

g G

roun

dwat

er

Dep

ende

ncie

s of

Sou

ther

n O

ntar

io

Wet

land

s

426

- Cha

ract

eriz

atio

n of

G

roun

dwat

er F

low

Sys

tem

s of

the

Chi

Riv

er S

ub-b

asin

Par

t II,

Nor

th-

east

, Tha

iland

15:0

0-15

:15

206

- Con

tribu

tion

of

phot

odeg

rada

tion

to th

e na

tura

l at

tenu

atio

n of

RD

X a

nd

nitro

glyc

erin

(NG

) on

train

ing

rang

es

375

- Hyd

roge

olog

y an

d S

olut

e Tr

ansp

ort i

n a

Com

plex

, Fra

ctur

ed

Sha

le, F

ort à

la C

orne

, S

aska

tche

wan

, Can

ada

1090

- G

eoch

emis

try o

f aqu

ifer

syst

ems

at th

e Q

UE

ST

CC

S

proj

ect s

ite: i

nitia

l ins

ight

s

1060

- D

irect

sim

ulat

ion

of

grou

ndw

ater

age

and

tran

sit t

ime:

ap

plic

atio

n to

nut

rient

m

anag

emen

t in

the

Lake

Rot

orua

ca

tchm

ent,

New

Zea

land

Cha

ired

Dis

cuss

ion

Tues

day,

Sep

tem

ber

18Tu

esda

y, S

epte

mbe

r 18

771

- Coa

stal

Aqu

ifer

Man

agem

ent:

Clim

ate

Cha

nge

or

Too

Man

y Fa

ucet

s?

867

- Rol

e of

gro

undw

ater

flow

sy

stem

s in

the

ecol

ogy

of w

etla

nds

695

- How

do

you

char

acte

rize

aqui

tard

pro

perti

es?

974

- Nat

ural

Atte

nuat

ion

of S

eptic

S

yste

m N

itrog

en b

y A

nam

mox



essi

on T

3-A

Ses

sion

T3-

BS

essi

on T

3-C

Ses

sion

T3-

DS

essi

on T

3-E

Ses

sion

T3-

FS

essi

on T

3-G

Ses

sion

T3-

HS

essi

on T

3-J

Str

ateg

y R

oom

1S

tate

gy R

oom

2S

trat

egy

Roo

m 3

Str

ateg

y R

oom

5S

trat

egy

Roo

m 7

Falls

view

Stu

dio

AB

CU

pper

Fal

lsvi

ew S

tudi

o A

Upp

er F

alls

view

Stu

dio

BG

reat

Roo

m C

Tim

eH

ydro

geol

ogic

al Is

sues

S

urro

undi

ng S

hale

Oil

and

Gas

(pp

184-

187)

GW

/SW

Inte

ract

ion

Ses

sion

IV(p

p 18

7-19

1)R

egio

nal G

W F

low

III

(pp

191-

193)

Col

d R

egio

ns H

ydro

geol

ogy

(pp

194-

197)

Tim

eU

rban

Hyd

roge

olog

y(p

p 19

7-20

1)A

quita

rds

II(p

p 20

2-20

5)G

ener

al H

ydro

geol

ogy

I - D

ata

Man

agem

ent &

Ana

lysi

s(p

p 20

5-20

9)

Nut

rien

ts in

Gro

undw

ater

III

(pp

209-

212)

Trac

ers

and

Isot

opes

II(p

p 21

2-21

5)

15:4

5-16

:00

688

- An

anal

ysis

of t

he s

patio

-te

mpo

ral d

ynam

ics

of s

umm

er

evap

otra

nspi

ratio

n fro

m a

bor

eal

patte

rned

fen,

Que

bec,

Can

ada

1041

- M

appi

ng R

egio

nal

Gro

undw

ater

Flo

w S

yste

ms

in th

e A

lber

ta B

asin

818

- Gro

undw

ater

flow

in th

awin

g pe

rmaf

rost

sys

tem

s

15:4

5-16

:00

286

- Aqu

itard

sto

rativ

ity e

stim

ates

ba

sed

upon

geo

phys

ical

(cro

ss-

hole

and

MA

SW

) mea

sure

men

ts

of th

e bu

lk m

odul

us

690

- A n

ew lo

ok o

n ol

d da

ta:

Usa

bilit

y of

con

tinuo

usly

mea

sure

d di

scha

rge

rate

s to

mon

itor t

he

agei

ng o

f drin

king

wat

er

abst

ract

ion

wel

ls

1092

- Im

pact

s of

diff

use

pollu

tion

on s

tream

wat

er a

nd g

roun

dwat

er

in a

n ar

ea o

f int

ensi

ve a

rabl

e ag

ricul

ture

in e

aste

rn E

ngla

nd

817

- Reg

iona

l map

ping

of

grou

ndw

ater

geo

chem

ical

regi

mes

in

sou

ther

n O

ntar

io

16:0

0-16

:15

667

- Effe

ct o

f eva

potra

nspi

ratio

n ca

ptur

e on

stre

am d

eple

tion

estim

atio

n

754

- Mea

sure

men

t Noi

se,

Stru

ctur

al U

ncer

tain

ty a

nd

Aut

omat

ed P

aram

eter

Est

imat

ion

Met

hods

: App

licat

ion

to a

com

plex

se

tting

– th

e W

ater

loo

Mor

aine

648

- Per

maf

rost

deg

rada

tion

as a

co

ntro

l on

hydr

ogeo

logi

cal r

egim

e sh

ifts

in a

war

min

g cl

imat

e16

:00-

16:1

5

273

- Det

erm

inin

g th

e in

situ

co

mpr

essi

bilit

y an

d sp

ecifi

c st

orag

e of

a 4

00 m

thic

k cl

ayst

one

aqui

tard

usi

ng p

ress

ure

trans

duce

rs

492

- The

Val

ue o

f Wat

er A

naly

tics

in D

ecis

ion-

Mak

ing

380

- Effe

cts

of s

prin

g pl

owin

g of

fo

rage

cro

ps o

n ni

trate

leac

hing

fro

m p

otat

o pr

oduc

tion

syst

ems

in

Prin

ce E

dwar

d Is

land

, Can

ada

827

- Ide

ntifi

catio

n of

leak

ing

wel

lbor

e flu

ids

from

the

geoc

hem

istry

of d

eep

form

atio

n w

ater

s an

d na

tura

l gas

es, s

outh

-w

este

rn O

ntar

io

16:1

5-16

:30

178

- Mon

itorin

g w

ells

and

net

wor

k de

sign

for s

hale

-gas

dev

elop

men

t ar

eas

515

- Ark

ell S

prin

g G

roun

ds

Ada

ptiv

e M

anag

emen

t Pro

gram

an

d O

pera

tiona

l Tes

ting

Pro

gram

in

Sup

port

of In

crea

sed

Wat

er

Taki

ng

655

- Pot

entia

l inf

low

of s

ubgl

acia

l fe

ed g

roun

dwat

er to

pro

glac

ial

lake

s al

ong

the

wes

tern

mar

gin

of

the

Gre

enla

nd Ic

e S

heet

16:1

5-16

:30

706

- Gro

undw

ater

: A n

egle

cted

co

nstra

int i

n ur

ban

plan

ning

. Le

sson

s fro

m fo

ur m

ajor

Del

ta

citie

s in

def

fere

nt c

limat

ic z

ones

321

- Usi

ng B

arom

etric

Dat

a to

D

eter

min

e A

quife

r Iso

latio

n26

5 - U

sing

frac

tal g

eom

etry

to

mea

sure

the

shap

e of

nitr

ate

disp

ersi

on p

lum

e in

Cam

pina

de

Faro

aqu

ifer (

Por

tuga

l)

842

- Im

pact

s O

f Reg

iona

l Man

ure

Spr

eadi

ng o

n G

roun

dwat

er Q

ualit

y In

a L

ong-

term

Irrig

ated

Are

a:Th

e B

atte

rsea

Dra

inag

e B

asin

, Pic

ture

B

utte

, Alb

erta

863

- Use

of I

soto

pe a

nd C

hem

ical

T o

ols

for U

nder

stan

ding

the

Pro

cess

es th

at C

ontro

l the

C

hem

ical

Com

posi

tion

of B

rines

in

the

Sal

ar d

e A

taca

ma,

Nor

ther

n C

hile

16:3

0-16

:45

1031

- M

onito

ring

of G

ases

in

Gro

undw

ater

in A

lber

ta21

2 - C

ompl

ex g

roun

dwat

er

divi

des:

exp

erie

nce

in th

e U

K w

ith

unce

rtain

ty a

nd m

anag

emen

t16

:30-

16:4

5

156

- Key

Env

ironm

enta

l Pol

icy

Cha

nges

Req

uire

d to

Rev

erse

U

rban

Gro

undw

ater

Deg

rada

tion

in th

e R

ouge

Riv

er W

ater

shed

in

Sou

thea

ster

n M

ichi

gan,

US

A

379

- Geo

chem

ical

effe

cts

of

incr

emen

tal h

igh-

pres

sure

sq

ueez

ing

on p

ore

wat

ers

of d

eep

argi

llace

ous

aqui

tard

s

579

- An

inte

rope

rabl

e fe

dera

tion

of h

ydro

geol

ogic

al re

sear

ch d

ata

for V

icto

ria, A

ustra

lia

734

- Im

pact

of a

gric

ultu

ral

man

agem

ent o

n gr

ound

wat

er

nitra

te c

once

ntra

tions

in a

n Iri

sh

kars

t aqu

ifer

958

- The

car

bona

te c

oast

al

aqui

fer o

f Bon

ifaci

o (C

orsi

ca,

Fran

ce).

Gro

undw

ater

pat

hway

s an

d su

bmar

ine

grou

ndw

ater

di

scha

rges

16:4

5-17

:00

150

- Wat

er M

anag

emen

t Iss

ues

Ass

ocia

ted

with

Bak

ken

Oil

Sha

le

Dev

elop

men

t in

Wes

tern

Nor

th

Dak

ota

308

- The

cha

ract

eris

tics

of s

oil

and

wat

er lo

ss fr

om k

arst

hill

slop

e w

ith d

iffer

ent l

and-

use

type

s in

no

rthw

est G

uang

xi o

f Chi

na

126

- Hyd

raul

ic Im

peda

nce

Tom

ogra

phy:

A F

low

Sys

tem

s A

ppro

ach

to In

vers

e M

odel

ing

16:4

5-17

:00

155

- Man

agin

g th

e R

esto

ratio

n of

M

unic

ipal

Wel

l Sys

tem

Cap

acity

in

a C

ompl

ex E

nviro

nmen

t

424

- Por

e w

ater

geo

chem

istry

of

the

clay

-ric

h aq

uita

rd, a

s in

dica

tors

of

por

e w

ater

sou

rces

245

- Onl

ine

Link

age

of

Gro

undw

ater

Dat

a in

Nor

th

Am

eric

a

464

- Nitr

ate

in g

roun

dwat

er: u

sing

nu

mer

ical

mod

ellin

g to

ass

ess

catc

hmen

t man

agem

ent s

olut

ions

996

- A m

ultip

le tr

acer

/ ge

oche

mic

al a

ppro

ach

to

char

acte

rizin

g w

ater

and

co

ntam

inan

t mov

emen

t thr

ough

ab

ando

ned

min

e w

orki

ngs

near

R

ico,

Col

orad

o

17:0

0-17

:15

687

- Lar

ge s

cale

aqu

ifer i

njec

tion

sche

mes

to m

itiga

te im

pact

s of

co

al s

eam

gas

exp

lora

tion

in

Que

ensl

and,

Aus

tralia

709

- Ass

essi

ng th

e im

pact

of

urba

niza

tion

on g

roun

dwat

er-

depe

nden

t eco

syst

ems

usin

g M

IKE

-SH

E

331

- New

Insi

ghts

on

Topo

grap

hica

lly-D

riven

G

roun

dwat

er F

low

Sys

tem

s in

M

ount

aino

us T

erra

in

763

- Lin

kage

s be

twee

n ch

ange

s in

lake

sur

face

are

a an

d th

e di

strib

utio

n of

per

maf

rost

, Yuk

on

Flat

s ba

sin,

inte

rior A

lask

a, U

SA

17:0

0-17

:15

335

- Del

inea

tion

of a

hig

hly

trans

mis

sive

aqu

ifer a

long

the

Toro

nto-

York

Spa

dina

Sub

way

E

xten

sion

(TY

SS

E) p

roje

ct

666

- Int

egrit

y of

a s

urfic

ial c

laye

y aq

uita

rd c

onta

inin

g la

rge

DN

AP

L m

ass

over

lyin

g a

regi

onal

aqu

ifer

171

- Gro

undw

ater

and

E

arth

quak

e H

azar

ds10

91 -

Ass

essm

ent o

f Im

pact

s of

P

otat

o P

rodu

ctio

n on

Gro

undw

ater

Q

ualit

y

762

- Eco

toxi

colo

gica

l stu

dies

for

sim

ulat

ing

the

impa

ct o

f flu

ores

cent

dye

s on

gro

undw

ater

an

d su

rface

wat

er in

con

trast

ing

scen

ario

s

17:1

5-17

:30

680

- Eva

luat

ion

And

Man

agem

ent

Of W

ater

Res

ourc

es In

An

Oil

And

G

as E

xplo

ratio

n E

nviro

nmen

t: A

Sou

th A

frica

n P

ersp

ectiv

e

186

- Par

amet

eris

atio

n A

nd

Unc

erta

intie

s A

ssoc

iate

d W

ith

Riv

er B

asef

low

In T

he N

atta

i Riv

er,

Aus

tralia

585

- Dis

tribu

tion

of g

roun

dwat

er

tem

pera

ture

in n

este

d flo

w

syst

ems

1040

- N

oble

gas

and

isot

ope

geoc

hem

istry

in w

este

rn C

anad

ian

Arc

tic w

ater

shed

s: tr

acin

g gr

ound

wat

er re

char

ge in

pe

rmaf

rost

terr

ain

17:1

5-17

:30

846

- Ana

lysi

s of

Low

Impa

ct

Des

ign

(LID

) Stra

tegi

es u

sing

Ful

ly-

Inte

grat

ed F

ully

-Dis

tribu

ted

Sur

face

Wat

er/G

roun

dwat

er

Mod

els

897

- Con

trast

ing

arom

atic

hy

droc

arbo

n m

igra

tion

thro

ugh

a cl

ay a

quita

rd d

ue to

anc

ient

ve

geta

tion

loca

tion

920

- Gro

undw

ater

Spr

eads

heet

s –

a S

impl

e E

ffici

ent R

esou

rce

for

Hyd

roge

olog

y T e

achi

ng, R

esea

rch

and

Pra

ctic

e

717

- The

isot

ope

geoc

hem

istry

of

wat

er re

sour

ces

in Z

ariv

ar L

ake

area

- Wes

t of I

ran

17:3

0-17

:45

179

- Ide

ntifi

catio

n an

d m

onito

ring

of v

ulne

rabl

e aq

uife

rs in

sha

le-g

as

deve

lopm

ent a

reas

731

- Mod

ellin

g S

urfa

ce-

Gro

undw

ater

Inte

ract

ions

usi

ng

Inte

grat

ed H

ydro

logi

c M

odel

s17

:30-

17:4

5

563

- Man

agem

ent o

f en

viro

nmen

tal i

ssue

s in

clud

ing

grou

ndw

ater

on

larg

est m

unic

ipal

in

frast

ruct

ure

proj

ect S

outh

east

C

olle

ctor

Tru

nk S

ewer

252

- App

licat

ion

of m

ultip

le

orga

nic

trace

rs fo

r ass

essi

ng

fluxe

s th

roug

h aq

uita

rds

and

pote

ntia

l con

nect

ivity

with

sur

face

w

ater

s

531

- Inn

ovat

ive

high

effi

cien

cy

turn

-key

sol

utio

ns to

mon

itor h

igh

dens

ity g

roun

dwat

er n

etw

orks

17:4

5-18

:00

17:4

5-18

:00

336

- Sto

rmw

ater

Man

agem

ent

and

the

Gro

undw

ater

Res

ourc

e w

ithin

Urb

aniz

ed W

ater

shed

s

691

- Gro

undw

ater

leve

l pre

dict

ion

usin

g a

clus

terin

g ap

proa

ch a

nd

wav

elet

neu

ral n

etw

ork

mod

elin

g

Tues

day,

Sep

tem

ber

18

311

- An

over

view

on

the

pote

ntia

l of

gro

undw

ater

con

tam

inat

ion

from

sh

ale

gas

deve

lopm

ent a

nd h

ydro

-fra

ctur

ing

279

- Num

eric

al a

nd fi

eld

stud

ies

on a

ccum

ulat

ion

of tr

ansp

orte

d m

atte

rs a

roun

d st

agna

tion

poin

ts

547

- Geo

phys

ical

per

maf

rost

m

appi

ng a

nd p

erm

afro

st-

hydr

olog

y in

tera

ctio

n - U

.S.

Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y st

udie

s in

Yu

kon

Flat

s, A

lask

a, U

SA

381

- Mar

s-lik

e gu

lly fo

rmat

ion

by

pere

nial

dis

char

ge o

f Hig

h la

titud

e (8

1° N

) sal

ine

sprin

gs

222

- Gro

undw

ater

Use

For

Urb

an

Dev

elop

men

t – A

n O

verv

iew

Of

Cur

rent

Tre

nds

And

Issu

es A

risin

g

Tues

day,

Sep

tem

ber

18


t u e s d ay t e c h n i c a l P r o g r a mSe

ssio

n T3

-ASe

ssio

n T3

-BSe

ssio

n T3

-CSe

ssio

n T3

-DSe

ssio

n T3

-ESe

ssio

n T3

-FSe

ssio

n T3

-GSe

ssio

n T3

-HSe

ssio

n T3

-JSt

rate

gy R

oom

1St

ateg

y R

oom

2St

rate

gy R

oom

3St

rate

gy R

oom

5St

rate

gy R

oom

7Fa

llsvi

ew S

tudi

o A

BC

Upp

er F

alls

view

Stu

dio

AU

pper

Fal

lsvi

ew S

tudi

o B

Gre

at R

oom

C

Tim

eH

ydro

geol

ogic

al Is

sues

Su

rrou

ndin

g Sh

ale

Oil

and

Gas

(pp

184-

187)

GW

/SW

Inte

ract

ion

Sess

ion

IV(p

p 18

7-19

1)R

egio

nal G

W F

low

III

(pp

191-

193)

Col

d R

egio

ns H

ydro

geol

ogy

(pp

194-

197)

Tim

eU

rban

Hyd

roge

olog

y(p

p 19

7-20

1)A

quita

rds

II(p

p 20

2-20

5)G

ener

al H

ydro

geol

ogy

I - D

ata

Man

agem

ent &

Ana

lysi

s(p

p 20

5-20

9)

Nut

rient

s in

Gro

undw

ater

III

(pp

209-

212)

Trac

ers

and

Isot

opes

II(p

p 21

2-21

5)

15:4

5-16

:00

688

- An

anal

ysis

of t

he s

patio

-te

mpo

ral d

ynam

ics

of s

umm

er

evap

otra

nspi

ratio

n fro

m a

bor

eal

patte

rned

fen,

Que

bec,

Can

ada

1041

- M

appi

ng R

egio

nal

Gro

undw

ater

Flo

w S

yste

ms

in th

e A

lber

ta B

asin

818

- Gro

undw

ater

flow

in th

awin

g pe

rmaf

rost

sys

tem

s

15:4

5-16

:00

286

- Aqu

itard

sto

rativ

ity e

stim

ates

ba

sed

upon

geo

phys

ical

(cro

ss-

hole

and

MA

SW

) mea

sure

men

ts

of th

e bu

lk m

odul

us

690

- A n

ew lo

ok o

n ol

d da

ta:

Usa

bilit

y of

con

tinuo

usly

mea

sure

d di

scha

rge

rate

s to

mon

itor t

he

agei

ng o

f drin

king

wat

er

abst

ract

ion

wel

ls

1092

- Im

pact

s of

diff

use

pollu

tion

on s

tream

wat

er a

nd g

roun

dwat

er

in a

n ar

ea o

f int

ensi

ve a

rabl

e ag

ricul

ture

in e

aste

rn E

ngla

nd

817

- Reg

iona

l map

ping

of

grou

ndw

ater

geo

chem

ical

regi

mes

in

sou

ther

n O

ntar

io

16:0

0-16

:15

667

- Effe

ct o

f eva

potra

nspi

ratio

n ca

ptur

e on

stre

am d

eple

tion

estim

atio

n

754

- Mea

sure

men

t Noi

se,

Stru

ctur

al U

ncer

tain

ty a

nd

Aut

omat

ed P

aram

eter

Est

imat

ion

Met

hods

: App

licat

ion

to a

com

plex

se

tting

– th

e W

ater

loo

Mor

aine

648

- Per

maf

rost

deg

rada

tion

as a

co

ntro

l on

hydr

ogeo

logi

cal r

egim

e sh

ifts

in a

war

min

g cl

imat

e16

:00-

16:1

5

273

- Det

erm

inin

g th

e in

situ

co

mpr

essi

bilit

y an

d sp

ecifi

c st

orag

e of

a 4

00 m

thic

k cl

ayst

one

aqui

tard

usi

ng p

ress

ure

trans

duce

rs

492

- The

Val

ue o

f Wat

er A

naly

tics

in D

ecis

ion-

Mak

ing

380

- Effe

cts

of s

prin

g pl

owin

g of

fo

rage

cro

ps o

n ni

trate

leac

hing

fro

m p

otat

o pr

oduc

tion

syst

ems

in

Prin

ce E

dwar

d Is

land

, Can

ada

827

- Ide

ntifi

catio

n of

leak

ing

wel

lbor

e flu

ids

from

the

geoc

hem

istry

of d

eep

form

atio

n w

ater

s an

d na

tura

l gas

es, s

outh

-w

este

rn O

ntar

io

16:1

5-16

:30

178

- Mon

itorin

g w

ells

and

net

wor

k de

sign

for s

hale

-gas

dev

elop

men

t ar

eas

515

- Ark

ell S

prin

g G

roun

ds

Ada

ptiv

e M

anag

emen

t Pro

gram

an

d O

pera

tiona

l Tes

ting

Pro

gram

in

Sup

port

of In

crea

sed

Wat

er

Taki

ng

655

- Pot

entia

l inf

low

of s

ubgl

acia

l fe

ed g

roun

dwat

er to

pro

glac

ial

lake

s al

ong

the

wes

tern

mar

gin

of

the

Gre

enla

nd Ic

e S

heet

16:1

5-16

:30

706

- Gro

undw

ater

: A n

egle

cted

co

nstra

int i

n ur

ban

plan

ning

. Le

sson

s fro

m fo

ur m

ajor

Del

ta

citie

s in

def

fere

nt c

limat

ic z

ones

321

- Usi

ng B

arom

etric

Dat

a to

D

eter

min

e A

quife

r Iso

latio

n26

5 - U

sing

frac

tal g

eom

etry

to

mea

sure

the

shap

e of

nitr

ate

disp

ersi

on p

lum

e in

Cam

pina

de

Faro

aqu

ifer (

Por

tuga

l)

842

- Im

pact

s O

f Reg

iona

l Man

ure

Spr

eadi

ng o

n G

roun

dwat

er Q

ualit

y In

a L

ong-

term

Irrig

ated

Are

a:Th

e B

atte

rsea

Dra

inag

e B

asin

, Pic

ture

B

utte

, Alb

erta

863

- Use

of I

soto

pe a

nd C

hem

ical

T o

ols

for U

nder

stan

ding

the

Pro

cess

es th

at C

ontro

l the

C

hem

ical

Com

posi

tion

of B

rines

in

the

Sal

ar d

e A

taca

ma,

Nor

ther

n C

hile

16:3

0-16

:45

1031

- M

onito

ring

of G

ases

in

Gro

undw

ater

in A

lber

ta21

2 - C

ompl

ex g

roun

dwat

er

divi

des:

exp

erie

nce

in th

e U

K w

ith

unce

rtain

ty a

nd m

anag

emen

t16

:30-

16:4

5

156

- Key

Env

ironm

enta

l Pol

icy

Cha

nges

Req

uire

d to

Rev

erse

U

rban

Gro

undw

ater

Deg

rada

tion

in th

e R

ouge

Riv

er W

ater

shed

in

Sou

thea

ster

n M

ichi

gan,

US

A

379

- Geo

chem

ical

effe

cts

of

incr

emen

tal h

igh-

pres

sure

sq

ueez

ing

on p

ore

wat

ers

of d

eep

argi

llace

ous

aqui

tard

s

579

- An

inte

rope

rabl

e fe

dera

tion

of h

ydro

geol

ogic

al re

sear

ch d

ata

for V

icto

ria, A

ustra

lia

734

- Im

pact

of a

gric

ultu

ral

man

agem

ent o

n gr

ound

wat

er

nitra

te c

once

ntra

tions

in a

n Iri

sh

kars

t aqu

ifer

958

- The

car

bona

te c

oast

al

aqui

fer o

f Bon

ifaci

o (C

orsi

ca,

Fran

ce).

Gro

undw

ater

pat

hway

s an

d su

bmar

ine

grou

ndw

ater

di

scha

rges

16:4

5-17

:00

150

- Wat

er M

anag

emen

t Iss

ues

Ass

ocia

ted

with

Bak

ken

Oil

Sha

le

Dev

elop

men

t in

Wes

tern

Nor

th

Dak

ota

308

- The

cha

ract

eris

tics

of s

oil

and

wat

er lo

ss fr

om k

arst

hill

slop

e w

ith d

iffer

ent l

and-

use

type

s in

no

rthw

est G

uang

xi o

f Chi

na

126

- Hyd

raul

ic Im

peda

nce

Tom

ogra

phy:

A F

low

Sys

tem

s A

ppro

ach

to In

vers

e M

odel

ing

16:4

5-17

:00

155

- Man

agin

g th

e R

esto

ratio

n of

M

unic

ipal

Wel

l Sys

tem

Cap

acity

in

a C

ompl

ex E

nviro

nmen

t

424

- Por

e w

ater

geo

chem

istry

of

the

clay

-ric

h aq

uita

rd, a

s in

dica

tors

of

por

e w

ater

sou

rces

245

- Onl

ine

Link

age

of

Gro

undw

ater

Dat

a in

Nor

th

Am

eric

a

464

- Nitr

ate

in g

roun

dwat

er: u

sing

nu

mer

ical

mod

ellin

g to

ass

ess

catc

hmen

t man

agem

ent s

olut

ions

996

- A m

ultip

le tr

acer

/ ge

oche

mic

al a

ppro

ach

to

char

acte

rizin

g w

ater

and

co

ntam

inan

t mov

emen

t thr

ough

ab

ando

ned

min

e w

orki

ngs

near

R

ico,

Col

orad

o

17:0

0-17

:15

687

- Lar

ge s

cale

aqu

ifer i

njec

tion

sche

mes

to m

itiga

te im

pact

s of

co

al s

eam

gas

exp

lora

tion

in

Que

ensl

and,

Aus

tralia

709

- Ass

essi

ng th

e im

pact

of

urba

niza

tion

on g

roun

dwat

er-

depe

nden

t eco

syst

ems

usin

g M

IKE

-SH

E

331

- New

Insi

ghts

on

Topo

grap

hica

lly-D

riven

G

roun

dwat

er F

low

Sys

tem

s in

M

ount

aino

us T

erra

in

763

- Lin

kage

s be

twee

n ch

ange

s in

lake

sur

face

are

a an

d th

e di

strib

utio

n of

per

maf

rost

, Yuk

on

Flat

s ba

sin,

inte

rior A

lask

a, U

SA

17:0

0-17

:15

335

- Del

inea

tion

of a

hig

hly

trans

mis

sive

aqu

ifer a

long

the

Toro

nto-

York

Spa

dina

Sub

way

E

xten

sion

(TY

SS

E) p

roje

ct

666

- Int

egrit

y of

a s

urfic

ial c

laye

y aq

uita

rd c

onta

inin

g la

rge

DN

AP

L m

ass

over

lyin

g a

regi

onal

aqu

ifer

171

- Gro

undw

ater

and

E

arth

quak

e H

azar

ds10

91 -

Ass

essm

ent o

f Im

pact

s of

P

otat

o P

rodu

ctio

n on

Gro

undw

ater

Q

ualit

y

762

- Eco

toxi

colo

gica

l stu

dies

for

sim

ulat

ing

the

impa

ct o

f flu

ores

cent

dye

s on

gro

undw

ater

an

d su

rface

wat

er in

con

trast

ing

scen

ario

s

17:1

5-17

:30

680

- Eva

luat

ion

And

Man

agem

ent

Of W

ater

Res

ourc

es In

An

Oil

And

G

as E

xplo

ratio

n E

nviro

nmen

t: A

Sou

th A

frica

n P

ersp

ectiv

e

186

- Par

amet

eris

atio

n A

nd

Unc

erta

intie

s A

ssoc

iate

d W

ith

Riv

er B

asef

low

In T

he N

atta

i Riv

er,

Aus

tralia

585

- Dis

tribu

tion

of g

roun

dwat

er

tem

pera

ture

in n

este

d flo

w

syst

ems

1040

- N

oble

gas

and

isot

ope

geoc

hem

istry

in w

este

rn C

anad

ian

Arc

tic w

ater

shed

s: tr

acin

g gr

ound

wat

er re

char

ge in

pe

rmaf

rost

terr

ain

17:1

5-17

:30

846

- Ana

lysi

s of

Low

Impa

ct

Des

ign

(LID

) Stra

tegi

es u

sing

Ful

ly-

Inte

grat

ed F

ully

-Dis

tribu

ted

Sur

face

Wat

er/G

roun

dwat

er

Mod

els

897

- Con

trast

ing

arom

atic

hy

droc

arbo

n m

igra

tion

thro

ugh

a cl

ay a

quita

rd d

ue to

anc

ient

ve

geta

tion

loca

tion

920

- Gro

undw

ater

Spr

eads

heet

s –

a S

impl

e E

ffici

ent R

esou

rce

for

Hyd

roge

olog

y T e

achi

ng, R

esea

rch

and

Pra

ctic

e

717

- The

isot

ope

geoc

hem

istry

of

wat

er re

sour

ces

in Z

ariv

ar L

ake

area

- Wes

t of I

ran

17:3

0-17

:45

179

- Ide

ntifi

catio

n an

d m

onito

ring

of v

ulne

rabl

e aq

uife

rs in

sha

le-g

as

deve

lopm

ent a

reas

731

- Mod

ellin

g S

urfa

ce-

Gro

undw

ater

Inte

ract

ions

usi

ng

Inte

grat

ed H

ydro

logi

c M

odel

s17

:30-

17:4

5

563

- Man

agem

ent o

f en

viro

nmen

tal i

ssue

s in

clud

ing

grou

ndw

ater

on

larg

est m

unic

ipal

in

frast

ruct

ure

proj

ect S

outh

east

C

olle

ctor

Tru

nk S

ewer

252

- App

licat

ion

of m

ultip

le

orga

nic

trace

rs fo

r ass

essi

ng

fluxe

s th

roug

h aq

uita

rds

and

pote

ntia

l con

nect

ivity

with

sur

face

w

ater

s

531

- Inn

ovat

ive

high

effi

cien

cy

turn

-key

sol

utio

ns to

mon

itor h

igh

dens

ity g

roun

dwat

er n

etw

orks

17:4

5-18

:00

17:4

5-18

:00

336

- Sto

rmw

ater

Man

agem

ent

and

the

Gro

undw

ater

Res

ourc

e w

ithin

Urb

aniz

ed W

ater

shed

s

691

- Gro

undw

ater

leve

l pre

dict

ion

usin

g a

clus

terin

g ap

proa

ch a

nd

wav

elet

neu

ral n

etw

ork

mod

elin

g

Tues

day,

Sep

tem

ber 1

8

311

- An

over

view

on

the

pote

ntia

l of

gro

undw

ater

con

tam

inat

ion

from

sh

ale

gas

deve

lopm

ent a

nd h

ydro

-fra

ctur

ing

279

- Num

eric

al a

nd fi

eld

stud

ies

on a

ccum

ulat

ion

of tr

ansp

orte

d m

atte

rs a

roun

d st

agna

tion

poin

ts

547

- Geo

phys

ical

per

maf

rost

m

appi

ng a

nd p

erm

afro

st-

hydr

olog

y in

tera

ctio

n - U

.S.

Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y st

udie

s in

Yu

kon

Flat

s, A

lask

a, U

SA

381

- Mar

s-lik

e gu

lly fo

rmat

ion

by

pere

nial

dis

char

ge o

f Hig

h la

titud

e (8

1° N

) sal

ine

sprin

gs

222

- Gro

undw

ater

Use

For

Urb

an

Dev

elop

men

t – A

n O

verv

iew

Of

Cur

rent

Tre

nds

And

Issu

es A

risin

g

Tues

day,

Sep

tem

ber 1

8


t h u r s d ay t e c h n i c a l P r o g r a mSe

ssio

n TH

1-A

Sess

ion

TH1-

BSe

ssio

n TH

1-C

Sess

ion

TH1-

DSe

ssio

n TH

1-E

Sess

ion

TH1-

FSe

ssio

n TH

1-G

Sess

ion

TH1-

HSt

rate

gy R

oom

1St

rate

gy R

oom

2St

rate

gy R

oom

3St

rate

gy R

oom

5St

rate

gy R

oom

7Fa

llsvi

ew S

tudi

o A

BC

Upp

er F

alls

view

Stu

dio

AU

pper

Fal

lsvi

ew S

tudi

o B

Tim

eG

roun

dwat

er R

echa

rge

I(p

p 21

6-21

8)G

W/S

W In

tera

ctio

n V

(pp

218-

222)

Reg

iona

l GW

Flo

w IV

(pp

223-

226)

Kar

st A

quife

rs, E

nviro

nmen

tal

Prob

lem

s an

d G

loba

l Cha

nge

I(p

p 22

6-22

9)Ti

me

Soil

and

Gro

undw

ater

R

emed

iatio

n I

(pp

229-

232)

Num

eric

al M

odel

ling

I(p

p 23

3-23

6)

3D G

eolo

gic

and

Hyd

roge

olog

ic

Map

ping

I(p

p 23

7-24

0)

Hyd

roge

ophy

sics

I(p

p 24

0-24

3)

10:0

0-10

:15

149

- Dyn

amic

Opt

imiz

atio

n M

etho

d to

Det

erm

ine

Stre

am F

low

D

eple

tion

Usi

ng th

e H

unt’s

Mod

el

443

- Com

paris

on o

f giv

en h

ead

and

flux

uppe

r bou

ndar

y in

nu

mer

ical

sim

ulat

ion

of

grou

ndw

ater

flow

pat

tern

s

144

- Opp

ortu

nist

ic C

aptu

re in

S

pele

ogen

esis

on

Ont

ario

's

Nia

gara

Esc

arpm

ent

10:0

0-10

:15

890

- Geo

logi

cal,

hydr

aulic

and

ge

oche

mic

al c

onst

rain

ts o

n a

num

eric

al fl

ow m

odel

of a

TC

E-

cont

amin

ated

aqu

ifer

955

- The

Nee

d fo

r Im

prov

ed D

ata

Col

lect

ion

to S

uppo

rt 3-

D

Hyd

rost

ratig

raph

ic M

odel

ling:

A

Can

adia

n P

ersp

ectiv

e

520

- Hyd

roge

ophy

sica

l mon

itorin

g of

soi

l moi

stur

e dy

nam

ics

in

Qua

tern

ary

outw

ash

depo

sits

at

the

Ark

ell R

esea

rch

Sta

tion

10:1

5-10

:30

887

- Ver

ifica

tion

of a

new

ap

proa

ch fo

r ups

calin

g 2-

dim

ensi

onal

gro

undw

ater

-sur

face

w

ater

inte

ract

ions

868

- Mod

elin

g th

e ev

olut

ion

of th

e M

onté

régi

e E

st re

gion

al fr

actu

red-

rock

aqu

ifer s

yste

m

950

- Hyd

roge

olog

ical

app

roac

h fo

r gro

undw

ater

flow

and

pr

otec

tion

in k

arst

usi

ng a

3D

m

odel

– C

ase

stud

y of

the

Bel

jani

ca M

assi

f

10:1

5-10

:30

337

- Wat

er ta

ble

resp

onse

at a

to

pose

quen

ce lo

cate

d in

a

Gua

rani

Aqu

ifer S

yste

m (G

AS

) ou

tcro

p ar

ea in

Bro

tas

(SP

), B

razi

l

968

- Int

egra

tion

of g

eolo

gica

l and

hy

drog

eolo

gica

l map

ping

for u

se

in m

odel

ling

grou

ndw

ater

flow

in

Alb

erta

577

- Geo

elec

trica

l Mon

itorin

g of

S

hallo

w V

ados

e Zo

ne M

oist

ure

Dyn

amic

s

10:3

0-10

:45

301

- An

anal

ytic

al m

odel

for

pred

ictio

n of

wat

er ta

ble

fluct

uatio

ns in

ani

sotro

pic

aqui

fer

in re

spon

se to

tim

e va

ryin

g re

char

ge

658

- Sta

tistic

al M

odel

ling

of

Turlo

ugh

Hyd

roec

olog

y fo

r G

roun

dwat

er F

lood

Pre

dict

ion

in

Irela

nd

778

- Sta

ble

isot

ope

stud

ies

on

altit

ude

effe

ct a

nd k

arst

gr

ound

wat

er c

atch

men

t de

linea

tion

of th

e Je

ita s

prin

g in

Le

bano

n

10:3

0-10

:45

847

- Env

ironm

enta

l Site

In

vest

igat

ion:

Ste

p “0

“ in

the

Rem

edia

tion

Pro

cess

804

- Nat

iona

l sca

le g

roun

dwat

er

mod

ellin

g: A

n ex

ampl

e fro

m th

e U

K

369

- Reg

iona

l bed

rock

aqu

ifers

an

d a

geol

ogic

al g

roun

dwat

er

mod

el fo

r sou

ther

n O

ntar

io

768

- Mon

itorin

g W

inte

r Pro

cess

es

usin

g G

roun

d P

enet

ratin

g R

adar

10:4

5-11

:00

549

- Mul

tiple

-met

hods

ana

lysi

s of

re

char

ge a

t the

des

Ang

lais

ca

tchm

ent,

Que

bec

145

- Sim

ulat

ing

the

hydr

olog

ical

dy

nam

ics

of b

edro

ck s

prin

gs

unde

r cur

rent

con

ditio

ns a

nd

clim

ate

chan

ge s

cena

rios

356

- Hyd

roge

olog

ical

In

vest

igat

ions

in a

Kar

st A

quife

r for

In

vest

men

ts in

the

Was

tew

ater

S

ecto

r to

Pro

tect

the

Drin

king

W

ater

Res

ourc

es o

f Bei

rut

10:4

5-11

:00

487

- Sca

le u

p of

Ex

Situ

A

pplic

atio

n of

Sel

f Sus

tain

ing

Trea

tmen

t for

Act

ive

Rem

edia

tion

(STA

R) –

Col

umn

Sca

le to

P

roto

type

Rea

ctor

370

- App

licat

ion

of “p

anel

-dat

a”

mod

elin

g to

pre

dict

gro

undw

ater

le

vels

in th

e N

eish

aboo

r Pla

in, I

ran

726

- Thr

ee-D

imen

sion

al (3

-D)

Geo

logi

c M

appi

ng o

f Gla

cial

D

epos

its a

t the

Ont

ario

Geo

logi

cal

Sur

vey:

Exa

mpl

es fr

om S

outh

ern

Ont

ario

696

- On

the

limita

tions

of u

sing

th

e E

M31

and

EM

38 fr

eque

ncy

dom

ain

elec

trom

agne

tic to

ols

for

elec

trica

l sou

ndin

gs

11:0

0-11

:15

305

- Ass

essi

ng th

e ef

fect

s of

land

su

rface

repr

esen

tatio

n on

re

char

ge s

imul

ated

by

mod

els

of

vary

ing

com

plex

ity

886

- Int

egra

ted

Gro

undw

ater

-S

urfa

ce W

ater

Mod

ellin

g w

ith

GS

FLO

W in

a C

ompl

ex

Wat

ersh

ed o

n th

e N

iaga

ra

Esc

arpm

ent

822

- Em

ploy

ing

pars

imon

y an

d is

otop

e-ba

sed

age

data

for

grou

ndw

ater

mod

ellin

g of

dat

a-po

or re

gion

al a

quife

r sys

tem

s –

exam

ple

from

Nub

ian

aqui

fer

syst

em o

f Cha

d, E

gypt

, Lib

ya a

nd

196

- Clim

ate

Cha

nge

and

Kar

st

Wat

er P

rote

ctio

n in

Sou

thw

est

Chi

na11

:00-

11:1

5

490

- Per

sulfa

te T

reat

men

t Tra

in:

An

Exp

erim

enta

l and

Mod

ellin

g st

udy

692

- Dev

elop

men

t of t

he

SID

&G

RID

GIS

em

bedd

ed

hydr

olog

ical

mod

el

480

- The

UK

Nat

iona

l Geo

logi

cal

Mod

el –

a fr

amew

ork

for f

ores

ight

-ba

sed

deci

sion

s on

ste

war

dshi

p of

th

e su

bsur

face

env

ironm

ent

635

- Pro

gres

s in

geo

-ele

ctric

al

met

hods

for h

ydro

geol

ogic

al

map

ping

?

11:1

5-11

:30

494

- Pre

dict

ing

Gro

undw

ater

Yi

eld

Follo

win

g La

ndsc

ape-

Sca

le

Fore

st R

esto

ratio

n in

a S

emi-A

rid

Reg

ion

560

- Pat

hway

s fo

r del

iver

y of

di

ffuse

con

tam

inan

ts to

sur

face

w

ater

rece

ptor

s

606

- Env

ironm

enta

l tra

cers

in th

e G

reat

Arte

sian

bas

in: w

hat d

oes

it te

ll us

abo

ut g

roun

dwat

er fl

ow?

102

- Atm

osph

eric

CO

2 si

nk d

ue

to ro

ck w

eath

erin

g: s

ilica

te

wea

ther

ing

or c

arbo

nate

w

eath

erin

g?11

:15-

11:3

0

963

- Ele

ctro

kine

tic- e

nhan

ced

Am

endm

ent D

eliv

ery

for B

iolo

gica

l R

emed

iatio

n of

Low

Per

mea

bilit

y M

ater

ials

: Res

ults

of t

he F

irst F

ield

P

ilot

767

- A P

aral

lel C

ompu

tatio

nal

Fram

ewor

k to

Sol

ve F

low

and

Tr

ansp

ort i

n In

tegr

ated

Sur

face

-S

ubsu

rface

Hyd

rolo

gic

Sys

tem

s

884

- Ass

essi

ng s

altw

ater

intru

sion

us

ing

elec

trica

l res

istiv

ity

tom

ogra

phy

and

bore

hole

ge

ophy

sics

in a

coa

stal

san

dsto

ne

aqui

fer,

New

Bru

nsw

ick,

Can

ada

11:3

0-11

:45

551

- Moi

stur

e Lo

adin

g E

ffect

s in

G

roun

dwat

er O

bser

vatio

n W

ell

Rec

ords

485

- Usi

ng a

n in

tern

al tr

acer

to

eval

uate

equ

ilibr

ium

in d

iffus

ion

sam

pler

s fo

r a s

tudy

of a

ben

zene

gr

ound

wat

er p

lum

e di

scha

rgin

g to

La

ke M

ichi

gan

1064

- H

ydro

chem

ical

and

E

nviro

nmen

tal I

soto

pic

Con

tribu

tions

to G

roun

dwat

er F

low

M

odel

ling

in th

e N

orth

ern

Ath

abas

ca R

egio

n

11:3

0-11

:45

985

- Lab

mea

sure

men

t and

m

odel

ing

aide

d de

sign

of P

RB

s89

4 - S

imul

atin

g su

rface

wat

er -

grou

ndw

ater

inte

ract

ion

durin

g ba

seflo

w c

ondi

tions

with

a c

oupl

ed

flow

mod

el: t

he B

ertra

nd C

reek

W

ater

shed

, BC

347

- The

ver

tical

com

pone

nts

of

grou

ndw

ater

flow

in m

ultil

ayer

aq

uife

rs a

s m

easu

red

by a

hea

t-pu

lse

flow

met

er

11:4

5-12

:00

199

- Est

imat

ing

grou

ndw

ater

re

char

ge in

gro

undw

ater

-fed

farm

land

s us

ing

four

en

viro

nmen

tal t

race

rs

371

- Ana

lysi

s of

flow

pat

hway

s in

Iri

sh c

atch

men

ts u

nder

lain

by

fract

ured

and

kar

stifi

ed b

edro

ck

719

- Usa

bilit

y of

isot

ope

data

for

verif

icat

ion

of th

e co

ncep

tual

m

odel

of a

regi

onal

gro

undw

ater

flo

w re

gim

e in

SE

Hun

gary

11:4

5-12

:00

970

- The

effe

cts

of v

eloc

ity a

nd

feed

-sta

rve

cycl

es o

n bi

obar

rier

tech

nolo

gy in

ben

ch-s

cale

fra

ctur

ed li

mes

tone

sam

ples

232

- Eva

luat

ion

of lo

ng-te

rm

artif

icia

l gro

undw

ater

rech

arge

th

roug

h le

aky

rice

padd

ies

with

50

0 ye

ars

hist

ory

302

- 3-D

gro

undw

ater

map

ping

in

Nyb

org,

Den

mar

k: C

onst

rain

ts o

n th

e gr

ound

wat

er re

sour

ce in

duce

d by

larg

e-sc

ale

geol

ogic

al

stru

ctur

es a

nd s

alin

e po

re w

ater

805

- Sei

smic

effe

cts

on a

quife

r pr

oper

ties

– Th

e in

term

edia

te-fi

eld

resp

onse

indu

ced

by th

e 20

09

L’A

quila

ear

thqu

ake,

cen

tral I

taly

702

- The

bui

ldin

g an

d ap

plic

atio

n of

3D

geo

logi

cal m

odel

s at

a w

ater

su

pply

com

pany

in N

orth

Wes

t G

erm

any

Thur

sday

, Sep

tem

ber 2

0Th

ursd

ay, S

epte

mbe

r 20

755

- A R

eass

essm

ent o

f the

W

ater

-Tab

le F

luct

uatio

n M

etho

d fo

r Est

imat

ing

Gro

undw

ater

R

echa

rge

711

- Mod

elin

g ag

e di

strib

utio

ns in

tra

nsie

nt g

roun

dwat

er fl

ow

syst

ems

981

- Rem

edia

tion

of S

oil a

nd

Gro

undw

ater

Impa

cted

by

Chl

orin

ated

Sol

vent

s - S

tate

of t

he

Pra

ctic

e


t h u r s d ay t e c h n i c a l P r o g r a m

Sess

ion

TH1-

ASe

ssio

n TH

1-B

Sess

ion

TH1-

CSe

ssio

n TH

1-D

Sess

ion

TH1-

ESe

ssio

n TH

1-F

Sess

ion

TH1-

GSe

ssio

n TH

1-H

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 1

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 2

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 3

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 5

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 7

Falls

view

Stu

dio

AB

CU

pper

Fal

lsvi

ew S

tudi

o A

Upp

er F

alls

view

Stu

dio

B

Tim

eG

roun

dwat

er R

echa

rge

I(p

p 21

6-21

8)G

W/S

W In

tera

ctio

n V

(pp

218-

222)

Reg

iona

l GW

Flo

w IV

(pp

223-

226)

Kar

st A

quife

rs, E

nviro

nmen

tal

Prob

lem

s an

d G

loba

l Cha

nge

I(p

p 22

6-22

9)Ti

me

Soil

and

Gro

undw

ater

R

emed

iatio

n I

(pp

229-

232)

Num

eric

al M

odel

ling

I(p

p 23

3-23

6)

3D G

eolo

gic

and

Hyd

roge

olog

ic

Map

ping

I(p

p 23

7-24

0)

Hyd

roge

ophy

sics

I(p

p 24

0-24

3)

10:0

0-10

:15

149

- Dyn

amic

Opt

imiz

atio

n M

etho

d to

Det

erm

ine

Stre

am F

low

D

eple

tion

Usi

ng th

e H

unt’s

Mod

el

443

- Com

paris

on o

f giv

en h

ead

and

flux

uppe

r bou

ndar

y in

nu

mer

ical

sim

ulat

ion

of

grou

ndw

ater

flow

pat

tern

s

144

- Opp

ortu

nist

ic C

aptu

re in

S

pele

ogen

esis

on

Ont

ario

's

Nia

gara

Esc

arpm

ent

10:0

0-10

:15

890

- Geo

logi

cal,

hydr

aulic

and

ge

oche

mic

al c

onst

rain

ts o

n a

num

eric

al fl

ow m

odel

of a

TC

E-

cont

amin

ated

aqu

ifer

955

- The

Nee

d fo

r Im

prov

ed D

ata

Col

lect

ion

to S

uppo

rt 3-

D

Hyd

rost

ratig

raph

ic M

odel

ling:

A

Can

adia

n P

ersp

ectiv

e

520

- Hyd

roge

ophy

sica

l mon

itorin

g of

soi

l moi

stur

e dy

nam

ics

in

Qua

tern

ary

outw

ash

depo

sits

at

the

Ark

ell R

esea

rch

Sta

tion

10:1

5-10

:30

887

- Ver

ifica

tion

of a

new

ap

proa

ch fo

r ups

calin

g 2-

dim

ensi

onal

gro

undw

ater

-sur

face

w

ater

inte

ract

ions

868

- Mod

elin

g th

e ev

olut

ion

of th

e M

onté

régi

e E

st re

gion

al fr

actu

red-

rock

aqu

ifer s

yste

m

950

- Hyd

roge

olog

ical

app

roac

h fo

r gro

undw

ater

flow

and

pr

otec

tion

in k

arst

usi

ng a

3D

m

odel

– C

ase

stud

y of

the

Bel

jani

ca M

assi

f

10:1

5-10

:30

337

- Wat

er ta

ble

resp

onse

at a

to

pose

quen

ce lo

cate

d in

a

Gua

rani

Aqu

ifer S

yste

m (G

AS

) ou

tcro

p ar

ea in

Bro

tas

(SP

), B

razi

l

968

- Int

egra

tion

of g

eolo

gica

l and

hy

drog

eolo

gica

l map

ping

for u

se

in m

odel

ling

grou

ndw

ater

flow

in

Alb

erta

577

- Geo

elec

trica

l Mon

itorin

g of

S

hallo

w V

ados

e Zo

ne M

oist

ure

Dyn

amic

s

10:3

0-10

:45

301

- An

anal

ytic

al m

odel

for

pred

ictio

n of

wat

er ta

ble

fluct

uatio

ns in

ani

sotro

pic

aqui

fer

in re

spon

se to

tim

e va

ryin

g re

char

ge

658

- Sta

tistic

al M

odel

ling

of

Turlo

ugh

Hyd

roec

olog

y fo

r G

roun

dwat

er F

lood

Pre

dict

ion

in

Irela

nd

778

- Sta

ble

isot

ope

stud

ies

on

altit

ude

effe

ct a

nd k

arst

gr

ound

wat

er c

atch

men

t de

linea

tion

of th

e Je

ita s

prin

g in

Le

bano

n

10:3

0-10

:45

847

- Env

ironm

enta

l Site

In

vest

igat

ion:

Ste

p “0

“ in

the

Rem

edia

tion

Pro

cess

804

- Nat

iona

l sca

le g

roun

dwat

er

mod

ellin

g: A

n ex

ampl

e fro

m th

e U

K

369

- Reg

iona

l bed

rock

aqu

ifers

an

d a

geol

ogic

al g

roun

dwat

er

mod

el fo

r sou

ther

n O

ntar

io

768

- Mon

itorin

g W

inte

r Pro

cess

es

usin

g G

roun

d P

enet

ratin

g R

adar

10:4

5-11

:00

549

- Mul

tiple

-met

hods

ana

lysi

s of

re

char

ge a

t the

des

Ang

lais

ca

tchm

ent,

Que

bec

145

- Sim

ulat

ing

the

hydr

olog

ical

dy

nam

ics

of b

edro

ck s

prin

gs

unde

r cur

rent

con

ditio

ns a

nd

clim

ate

chan

ge s

cena

rios

356

- Hyd

roge

olog

ical

In

vest

igat

ions

in a

Kar

st A

quife

r for

In

vest

men

ts in

the

Was

tew

ater

S

ecto

r to

Pro

tect

the

Drin

king

W

ater

Res

ourc

es o

f Bei

rut

10:4

5-11

:00

487

- Sca

le u

p of

Ex

Situ

A

pplic

atio

n of

Sel

f Sus

tain

ing

Trea

tmen

t for

Act

ive

Rem

edia

tion

(STA

R) –

Col

umn

Sca

le to

P

roto

type

Rea

ctor

370

- App

licat

ion

of “p

anel

-dat

a”

mod

elin

g to

pre

dict

gro

undw

ater

le

vels

in th

e N

eish

aboo

r Pla

in, I

ran

726

- Thr

ee-D

imen

sion

al (3

-D)

Geo

logi

c M

appi

ng o

f Gla

cial

D

epos

its a

t the

Ont

ario

Geo

logi

cal

Sur

vey:

Exa

mpl

es fr

om S

outh

ern

Ont

ario

696

- On

the

limita

tions

of u

sing

th

e E

M31

and

EM

38 fr

eque

ncy

dom

ain

elec

trom

agne

tic to

ols

for

elec

trica

l sou

ndin

gs

11:0

0-11

:15

305

- Ass

essi

ng th

e ef

fect

s of

land

su

rface

repr

esen

tatio

n on

re

char

ge s

imul

ated

by

mod

els

of

vary

ing

com

plex

ity

886

- Int

egra

ted

Gro

undw

ater

-S

urfa

ce W

ater

Mod

ellin

g w

ith

GS

FLO

W in

a C

ompl

ex

Wat

ersh

ed o

n th

e N

iaga

ra

Esc

arpm

ent

822

- Em

ploy

ing

pars

imon

y an

d is

otop

e-ba

sed

age

data

for

grou

ndw

ater

mod

ellin

g of

dat

a-po

or re

gion

al a

quife

r sys

tem

s –

exam

ple

from

Nub

ian

aqui

fer

syst

em o

f Cha

d, E

gypt

, Lib

ya a

nd

196

- Clim

ate

Cha

nge

and

Kar

st

Wat

er P

rote

ctio

n in

Sou

thw

est

Chi

na11

:00-

11:1

5

490

- Per

sulfa

te T

reat

men

t Tra

in:

An

Exp

erim

enta

l and

Mod

ellin

g st

udy

692

- Dev

elop

men

t of t

he

SID

&G

RID

GIS

em

bedd

ed

hydr

olog

ical

mod

el

480

- The

UK

Nat

iona

l Geo

logi

cal

Mod

el –

a fr

amew

ork

for f

ores

ight

-ba

sed

deci

sion

s on

ste

war

dshi

p of

th

e su

bsur

face

env

ironm

ent

635

- Pro

gres

s in

geo

-ele

ctric

al

met

hods

for h

ydro

geol

ogic

al

map

ping

?

11:1

5-11

:30

494

- Pre

dict

ing

Gro

undw

ater

Yi

eld

Follo

win

g La

ndsc

ape-

Sca

le

Fore

st R

esto

ratio

n in

a S

emi-A

rid

Reg

ion

560

- Pat

hway

s fo

r del

iver

y of

di

ffuse

con

tam

inan

ts to

sur

face

w

ater

rece

ptor

s

606

- Env

ironm

enta

l tra

cers

in th

e G

reat

Arte

sian

bas

in: w

hat d

oes

it te

ll us

abo

ut g

roun

dwat

er fl

ow?

102

- Atm

osph

eric

CO

2 si

nk d

ue

to ro

ck w

eath

erin

g: s

ilica

te

wea

ther

ing

or c

arbo

nate

w

eath

erin

g?11

:15-

11:3

0

963

- Ele

ctro

kine

tic- e

nhan

ced

Am

endm

ent D

eliv

ery

for B

iolo

gica

l R

emed

iatio

n of

Low

Per

mea

bilit

y M

ater

ials

: Res

ults

of t

he F

irst F

ield

P

ilot

767

- A P

aral

lel C

ompu

tatio

nal

Fram

ewor

k to

Sol

ve F

low

and

Tr

ansp

ort i

n In

tegr

ated

Sur

face

-S

ubsu

rface

Hyd

rolo

gic

Sys

tem

s

884

- Ass

essi

ng s

altw

ater

intru

sion

us

ing

elec

trica

l res

istiv

ity

tom

ogra

phy

and

bore

hole

ge

ophy

sics

in a

coa

stal

san

dsto

ne

aqui

fer,

New

Bru

nsw

ick,

Can

ada

11:3

0-11

:45

551

- Moi

stur

e Lo

adin

g E

ffect

s in

G

roun

dwat

er O

bser

vatio

n W

ell

Rec

ords

485

- Usi

ng a

n in

tern

al tr

acer

to

eval

uate

equ

ilibr

ium

in d

iffus

ion

sam

pler

s fo

r a s

tudy

of a

ben

zene

gr

ound

wat

er p

lum

e di

scha

rgin

g to

La

ke M

ichi

gan

1064

- H

ydro

chem

ical

and

E

nviro

nmen

tal I

soto

pic

Con

tribu

tions

to G

roun

dwat

er F

low

M

odel

ling

in th

e N

orth

ern

Ath

abas

ca R

egio

n

11:3

0-11

:45

985

- Lab

mea

sure

men

t and

m

odel

ing

aide

d de

sign

of P

RB

s89

4 - S

imul

atin

g su

rface

wat

er -

grou

ndw

ater

inte

ract

ion

durin

g ba

seflo

w c

ondi

tions

with

a c

oupl

ed

flow

mod

el: t

he B

ertra

nd C

reek

W

ater

shed

, BC

347

- The

ver

tical

com

pone

nts

of

grou

ndw

ater

flow

in m

ultil

ayer

aq

uife

rs a

s m

easu

red

by a

hea

t-pu

lse

flow

met

er

11:4

5-12

:00

199

- Est

imat

ing

grou

ndw

ater

re

char

ge in

gro

undw

ater

-fed

farm

land

s us

ing

four

en

viro

nmen

tal t

race

rs

371

- Ana

lysi

s of

flow

pat

hway

s in

Iri

sh c

atch

men

ts u

nder

lain

by

fract

ured

and

kar

stifi

ed b

edro

ck

719

- Usa

bilit

y of

isot

ope

data

for

verif

icat

ion

of th

e co

ncep

tual

m

odel

of a

regi

onal

gro

undw

ater

flo

w re

gim

e in

SE

Hun

gary

11:4

5-12

:00

970

- The

effe

cts

of v

eloc

ity a

nd

feed

-sta

rve

cycl

es o

n bi

obar

rier

tech

nolo

gy in

ben

ch-s

cale

fra

ctur

ed li

mes

tone

sam

ples

232

- Eva

luat

ion

of lo

ng-te

rm

artif

icia

l gro

undw

ater

rech

arge

th

roug

h le

aky

rice

padd

ies

with

50

0 ye

ars

hist

ory

302

- 3-D

gro

undw

ater

map

ping

in

Nyb

org,

Den

mar

k: C

onst

rain

ts o

n th

e gr

ound

wat

er re

sour

ce in

duce

d by

larg

e-sc

ale

geol

ogic

al

stru

ctur

es a

nd s

alin

e po

re w

ater

805

- Sei

smic

effe

cts

on a

quife

r pr

oper

ties

– Th

e in

term

edia

te-fi

eld

resp

onse

indu

ced

by th

e 20

09

L’A

quila

ear

thqu

ake,

cen

tral I

taly

702

- The

bui

ldin

g an

d ap

plic

atio

n of

3D

geo

logi

cal m

odel

s at

a w

ater

su

pply

com

pany

in N

orth

Wes

t G

erm

any

Thur

sday

, Sep

tem

ber 2

0Th

ursd

ay, S

epte

mbe

r 20

755

- A R

eass

essm

ent o

f the

W

ater

-Tab

le F

luct

uatio

n M

etho

d fo

r Est

imat

ing

Gro

undw

ater

R

echa

rge

711

- Mod

elin

g ag

e di

strib

utio

ns in

tra

nsie

nt g

roun

dwat

er fl

ow

syst

ems

981

- Rem

edia

tion

of S

oil a

nd

Gro

undw

ater

Impa

cted

by

Chl

orin

ated

Sol

vent

s - S

tate

of t

he

Pra

ctic

e


t h u r s d ay t e c h n i c a l P r o g r a mSe

ssio

n TH

2-A

Sess

ion

TH2-

BSe

ssio

n TH

2-C

Sess

ion

TH2-

DSe

ssio

n TH

2-E

Sess

ion

TH2-

FSe

ssio

n TH

2-G

Sess

ion

TH2-

HSt

rate

gy R

oom

1St

rate

gy R

oom

2St

rate

gy R

oom

3St

rate

gy R

oom

5St

rate

gy R

oom

7Fa

llsvi

ew S

tudi

o A

BC

Upp

er F

alls

view

Stu

dio

AU

pper

Fal

lsvi

ew S

tudi

o B

Tim

eG

roun

dwat

er R

echa

rge

II(p

p 24

3-24

6)G

W/S

W In

tera

ctio

n VI

(pp

246-

249)

Gro

undw

ater

& D

evel

opm

ent –

W

ater

& S

anita

tion

(pp

250-

252)

Kar

st A

quife

rs, E

nviro

nmen

tal

Prob

lem

s an

d G

loba

l Cha

nge

II(p

p 25

3-25

5)Ti

me

Soil

and

Gro

undw

ater

R

emed

iatio

n II

(pp

256-

259)

Num

eric

al M

odel

ling

II(p

p 25

9-26

1)3D

Geo

logi

c an

d H

ydro

geol

ogic

M

appi

ng II

(p

p 26

1-26

4)

Hyd

roge

ophy

sics

II(p

p 26

4-26

7)

14:0

0-14

:15

447

- Est

imat

ion

of G

roun

dwat

er

Rec

harg

e C

hang

e at

a H

unga

rian

Test

Site

Usi

ng E

nviro

nmen

tal

Isot

ope

Mea

sure

men

ts

486

- Loc

atin

g gr

ound

wat

er

disc

harg

e fro

m fr

actu

red

bedr

ock

alon

g th

e E

ram

osa

Riv

er u

sing

in

frare

d th

erm

ogra

phy

511

- The

role

of h

ydro

geol

ogic

al

scie

nce

in A

frica

n w

ater

sup

ply

and

sani

tion

prog

ram

mes

898

- A S

chem

atic

Car

bon

Sin

k M

odel

in K

arst

Roc

ky

Des

ertif

icat

ion

Con

trolli

ng A

reas

14:0

0-14

:15

1030

- E

nhan

ced

In-S

itu

Bio

rem

edia

tion

of C

hlor

inat

ed

Sol

vent

s

532

- Ore

-form

ing

fluid

flow

and

so

lute

tran

spor

t dur

ing

the

form

atio

n of

unc

onfo

rmity

-rel

ated

ur

aniu

m d

epos

its: i

nsig

hts

from

nu

mer

ical

mod

elin

g

844

- Usi

ng C

PT/

SM

R a

nd m

ulti-

leve

l pie

zom

etric

dat

a to

ass

ess

aqui

fer h

eter

ogen

eity

at t

he s

ub-

wat

ersh

ed s

cale

14:1

5-14

:30

816

- Ret

hink

ing

Rec

harg

e54

8 - G

roun

dwat

er-s

urfa

ce w

ater

in

tera

ctio

ns in

urb

an s

tream

s78

9 - A

Fre

sh A

ppro

ach

to a

Tr

aditi

onal

Pro

blem

of P

rovi

ding

A

id.

241

- The

Rel

atio

n B

etw

een

Dis

solv

ed O

xyge

n an

d ot

her

Phy

sico

chem

ical

Pro

perti

es in

B

arto

n S

prin

gs, C

entra

l Tex

as14

:15-

14:3

0

977

- Sel

f-Sus

tain

ing

Trea

tmen

t fo

r Act

ive

Rem

edia

tion

(STA

R) f

or

Tric

hlor

oeth

ylen

e-C

onta

min

ated

S

oils

via

Veg

etab

le O

il S

mou

lder

ing

994

- Gro

undw

ater

Mod

ellin

g:

Sup

porti

ng E

lect

rific

atio

n of

the

Mot

or V

ehic

le

519

- Aqu

ifer C

hara

cter

izat

ion

with

in D

awso

n C

ount

y, N

ebra

ska

Usi

ng S

urfa

ce N

ucle

ar M

agne

tic

Res

onan

ce a

nd A

dditi

onal

S

uppo

rting

Dat

a

14:3

0-14

:45

338

- Cos

t Ver

sus

Acc

urac

y of

Fi

eld

Met

hods

to A

sses

s G

roun

dwat

er D

isch

arge

to

Stre

ams

541

- Gro

undw

ater

Dev

elop

men

t on

the

Em

bera

Indi

an C

omar

ca,

Sou

ther

n D

arié

n P

rovi

nce,

P

anam

a

433

- Diu

rnal

var

iatio

ns o

f hy

drog

eoch

emis

try in

a k

arst

st

ream

in G

uanc

un, G

uang

xi, S

W

Chi

na a

nd th

e ef

fect

of d

iel

biog

eoch

emic

al p

roce

sses

14:3

0-14

:45

1017

- A

Stru

ctur

ed M

etho

dolo

gy

for O

bjec

tive

Rem

edy

Sel

ectio

n at

C

hlor

inat

ed S

olve

nt S

ites

830

- Est

imat

ing

subm

arin

e gr

ound

wat

er d

isch

arge

usi

ng

num

eric

al m

odel

ing

and

geom

atic

s

460

- Ex-

post

eva

luat

ion

of a

n in

nova

tive

3D m

odel

ing

appr

oach

fo

r ana

lysi

s of

clim

ate

chan

ge

effe

cts

on g

roun

dwat

er c

aptu

re

zone

s

588

- NM

R L

oggi

ng: A

tool

for

quan

tifyi

ng e

ffect

ive

poro

sity

and

hy

drau

lic c

ondu

ctiv

ity w

ithin

the

Mur

ray

Dar

ling

Bas

in o

f Aus

tralia

14:4

5-15

:00

516

- Ass

essm

ent o

f pot

entia

l ef

fect

s of

con

tam

inat

ed

grou

ndw

ater

dis

char

ge to

an

urba

n st

ream

851

- Hyd

roge

olog

ists

With

out

Bor

ders

: Con

nect

ing

Hyd

roge

olog

ists

with

Dev

elop

men

t258

- Int

erpr

etat

ion

of w

ater

te

mpe

ratu

re a

nd e

lect

ric

cond

uctiv

ity m

easu

rem

ents

in th

e pr

ofile

of t

he K

rásn

ohor

ská

jask

ya

Cav

e un

derg

roun

d st

ream

14:4

5-15

:00

960

- Per

sulfa

te T

reat

men

t of

Man

ufac

ture

d G

as P

lant

R

esid

uals

: Exp

ecta

tions

and

C

ompr

ehen

sive

Pilo

t-Sca

le S

tudy

849

- A c

ompa

rison

of d

ual-

cont

inuu

m a

nd e

quiv

alen

t por

ous

med

ium

met

hods

for t

he

sim

ulat

ion

of g

roun

dwat

er fl

ow in

fra

ctur

ed-p

orou

s aq

uife

rs

888

- Thr

ee d

imen

sion

al

reco

nstru

ctio

n an

d vi

sual

izat

ion

of

geol

ogic

al s

yste

ms

from

pro

cess

-ba

sed

cont

amin

ant m

appi

ng

332

- Gro

undw

ater

sto

rage

ch

ange

det

ectio

n us

ing

grou

nd-

base

d te

mpo

ral m

icro

-gra

vity

ch

ange

s in

Wat

erlo

o M

orai

ne

15:0

0-15

:15

677

- Inc

reas

ing

Res

ilien

ce o

f G

roun

dwat

er R

esou

rces

to

Dro

ught

thro

ugh

Man

aged

Aqu

ifer

Rec

harg

e

770

- Usi

ng th

e di

scre

te fr

actu

re

netw

ork

appr

oach

to c

hara

cter

ize

grou

ndw

ater

and

sur

face

wat

er

inte

ract

ions

in th

e be

droc

k st

ream

bed

of th

e E

ram

osa

Riv

er

1059

- H

ydro

geol

ogic

al E

valu

atio

n of

Min

e W

aste

Fac

ilitie

s in

Hig

h-M

ount

ain

Kar

st T

erra

in –

Les

sons

Le

arne

d fro

m th

e P

eruv

ian

And

es15

:00-

15:1

5

834

- Eva

luat

ing

Per

form

ance

M

etric

s fo

r Enh

ance

d In

Situ

B

iore

med

iatio

n of

a D

NA

PL

Sou

rce

Zone

865

- Dis

cret

izin

g a

disc

rete

fra

ctur

e m

odel

for t

he s

imul

atio

n of

so

lute

tran

spor

t

1062

- E

volu

tion

of a

num

eric

al p

it sl

ope

dew

ater

ing

sim

ulat

ion

thro

ugh

refin

emen

t of a

3D

ge

olog

y m

odel

916

- Tim

e-la

pse

Mon

itorin

g of

S

ubsu

rface

Rem

edia

tion

with

E

lect

rical

Res

istiv

ity T

omog

raph

y E

xplo

red

via

Cou

pled

-Mod

el

Sim

ulat

ions

15:1

5-15

:30

306

- Arti

ficia

l rec

harg

e as

sess

men

t in

salin

ized

coa

stal

aq

uife

rs: C

omac

chio

cas

e st

udy

(IT)

689

- Det

erm

inat

ion

of n

utrie

nt

thre

shol

d va

lues

rele

vant

to

grou

ndw

ater

-dep

ende

nt te

rres

trial

ec

osys

tem

s (G

WD

TEs)

in Ir

elan

d

404

- Hyd

roch

emic

al a

nd is

otop

ic

desc

riptio

n of

gro

und

and

supe

rfici

al w

ater

in E

l Caj

on

Hyd

roel

ectri

c po

wer

plan

t15

:15-

15:3

0

841

- Per

mea

ble

adso

rptiv

e ba

rrie

r, as

a b

otto

m li

ner,

in a

n in

dust

rial l

andf

ill to

rem

ove

PAH

1061

- A

n A

irbor

ne G

eoph

ysic

al

Met

hod

of M

appi

ng A

quife

rs

15:3

0-15

:45

665

- Dev

elop

men

t of w

ater

qua

lity

guid

ance

for m

anag

ed a

quife

r re

char

ge in

Indi

a

262

- A g

roun

dwat

er p

ersp

ectiv

e on

hot

spot

s of

hyp

orhe

ic n

itrog

en

cycl

ing

in lo

wla

nd ri

vers

169

- Thr

eats

to th

e co

asta

l tuf

a de

posi

ts o

f sou

th–w

est W

este

rn

Aus

tralia

15:3

0-15

:45

Thur

sday

, Sep

tem

ber 2

0Th

ursd

ay, S

epte

mbe

r 20

580

- Clo

ggin

g Id

entif

icat

ion

and

Con

trol D

urin

g M

anag

ed A

quife

r R

echa

rge

812

- Orig

in o

f Spr

ings

on

Mou

ntai

n S

lope

s an

d Im

plic

atio

ns

for S

mal

l Wat

er S

uppl

ies

249

- Dea

ling

with

Unc

erta

inty

in

Sou

rce

Wat

er P

rote

ctio

n

312

- Thr

ee-D

imen

sion

al

Hyd

roge

olog

ical

Mod

el o

f the

C

uvel

ai-E

tosh

a B

asin

: Asp

ects

of

Kal

ahar

i Sed

imen

tatio

n, N

orth

ern

Nam

ibia


t h u r s d ay t e c h n i c a l P r o g r a m

Sess

ion

TH2-

ASe

ssio

n TH

2-B

Sess

ion

TH2-

CSe

ssio

n TH

2-D

Sess

ion

TH2-

ESe

ssio

n TH

2-F

Sess

ion

TH2-

GSe

ssio

n TH

2-H

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 1

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 2

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 3

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 5

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 7

Falls

view

Stu

dio

AB

CU

pper

Fal

lsvi

ew S

tudi

o A

Upp

er F

alls

view

Stu

dio

B

Tim

eG

roun

dwat

er R

echa

rge

II(p

p 24

3-24

6)G

W/S

W In

tera

ctio

n VI

(pp

246-

249)

Gro

undw

ater

& D

evel

opm

ent –

W

ater

& S

anita

tion

(pp

250-

252)

Kar

st A

quife

rs, E

nviro

nmen

tal

Prob

lem

s an

d G

loba

l Cha

nge

II(p

p 25

3-25

5)Ti

me

Soil

and

Gro

undw

ater

R

emed

iatio

n II

(pp

256-

259)

Num

eric

al M

odel

ling

II(p

p 25

9-26

1)3D

Geo

logi

c an

d H

ydro

geol

ogic

M

appi

ng II

(p

p 26

1-26

4)

Hyd

roge

ophy

sics

II(p

p 26

4-26

7)

14:0

0-14

:15

447

- Est

imat

ion

of G

roun

dwat

er

Rec

harg

e C

hang

e at

a H

unga

rian

Test

Site

Usi

ng E

nviro

nmen

tal

Isot

ope

Mea

sure

men

ts

486

- Loc

atin

g gr

ound

wat

er

disc

harg

e fro

m fr

actu

red

bedr

ock

alon

g th

e E

ram

osa

Riv

er u

sing

in

frare

d th

erm

ogra

phy

511

- The

role

of h

ydro

geol

ogic

al

scie

nce

in A

frica

n w

ater

sup

ply

and

sani

tion

prog

ram

mes

898

- A S

chem

atic

Car

bon

Sin

k M

odel

in K

arst

Roc

ky

Des

ertif

icat

ion

Con

trolli

ng A

reas

14:0

0-14

:15

1030

- E

nhan

ced

In-S

itu

Bio

rem

edia

tion

of C

hlor

inat

ed

Sol

vent

s

532

- Ore

-form

ing

fluid

flow

and

so

lute

tran

spor

t dur

ing

the

form

atio

n of

unc

onfo

rmity

-rel

ated

ur

aniu

m d

epos

its: i

nsig

hts

from

nu

mer

ical

mod

elin

g

844

- Usi

ng C

PT/

SM

R a

nd m

ulti-

leve

l pie

zom

etric

dat

a to

ass

ess

aqui

fer h

eter

ogen

eity

at t

he s

ub-

wat

ersh

ed s

cale

14:1

5-14

:30

816

- Ret

hink

ing

Rec

harg

e54

8 - G

roun

dwat

er-s

urfa

ce w

ater

in

tera

ctio

ns in

urb

an s

tream

s78

9 - A

Fre

sh A

ppro

ach

to a

Tr

aditi

onal

Pro

blem

of P

rovi

ding

A

id.

241

- The

Rel

atio

n B

etw

een

Dis

solv

ed O

xyge

n an

d ot

her

Phy

sico

chem

ical

Pro

perti

es in

B

arto

n S

prin

gs, C

entra

l Tex

as14

:15-

14:3

0

977

- Sel

f-Sus

tain

ing

Trea

tmen

t fo

r Act

ive

Rem

edia

tion

(STA

R) f

or

Tric

hlor

oeth

ylen

e-C

onta

min

ated

S

oils

via

Veg

etab

le O

il S

mou

lder

ing

994

- Gro

undw

ater

Mod

ellin

g:

Sup

porti

ng E

lect

rific

atio

n of

the

Mot

or V

ehic

le

519

- Aqu

ifer C

hara

cter

izat

ion

with

in D

awso

n C

ount

y, N

ebra

ska

Usi

ng S

urfa

ce N

ucle

ar M

agne

tic

Res

onan

ce a

nd A

dditi

onal

S

uppo

rting

Dat

a

14:3

0-14

:45

338

- Cos

t Ver

sus

Acc

urac

y of

Fi

eld

Met

hods

to A

sses

s G

roun

dwat

er D

isch

arge

to

Stre

ams

541

- Gro

undw

ater

Dev

elop

men

t on

the

Em

bera

Indi

an C

omar

ca,

Sou

ther

n D

arié

n P

rovi

nce,

P

anam

a

433

- Diu

rnal

var

iatio

ns o

f hy

drog

eoch

emis

try in

a k

arst

st

ream

in G

uanc

un, G

uang

xi, S

W

Chi

na a

nd th

e ef

fect

of d

iel

biog

eoch

emic

al p

roce

sses

14:3

0-14

:45

1017

- A

Stru

ctur

ed M

etho

dolo

gy

for O

bjec

tive

Rem

edy

Sel

ectio

n at

C

hlor

inat

ed S

olve

nt S

ites

830

- Est

imat

ing

subm

arin

e gr

ound

wat

er d

isch

arge

usi

ng

num

eric

al m

odel

ing

and

geom

atic

s

460

- Ex-

post

eva

luat

ion

of a

n in

nova

tive

3D m

odel

ing

appr

oach

fo

r ana

lysi

s of

clim

ate

chan

ge

effe

cts

on g

roun

dwat

er c

aptu

re

zone

s

588

- NM

R L

oggi

ng: A

tool

for

quan

tifyi

ng e

ffect

ive

poro

sity

and

hy

drau

lic c

ondu

ctiv

ity w

ithin

the

Mur

ray

Dar

ling

Bas

in o

f Aus

tralia

14:4

5-15

:00

516

- Ass

essm

ent o

f pot

entia

l ef

fect

s of

con

tam

inat

ed

grou

ndw

ater

dis

char

ge to

an

urba

n st

ream

851

- Hyd

roge

olog

ists

With

out

Bor

ders

: Con

nect

ing

Hyd

roge

olog

ists

with

Dev

elop

men

t258

- Int

erpr

etat

ion

of w

ater

te

mpe

ratu

re a

nd e

lect

ric

cond

uctiv

ity m

easu

rem

ents

in th

e pr

ofile

of t

he K

rásn

ohor

ská

jask

ya

Cav

e un

derg

roun

d st

ream

14:4

5-15

:00

960

- Per

sulfa

te T

reat

men

t of

Man

ufac

ture

d G

as P

lant

R

esid

uals

: Exp

ecta

tions

and

C

ompr

ehen

sive

Pilo

t-Sca

le S

tudy

849

- A c

ompa

rison

of d

ual-

cont

inuu

m a

nd e

quiv

alen

t por

ous

med

ium

met

hods

for t

he

sim

ulat

ion

of g

roun

dwat

er fl

ow in

fra

ctur

ed-p

orou

s aq

uife

rs

888

- Thr

ee d

imen

sion

al

reco

nstru

ctio

n an

d vi

sual

izat

ion

of

geol

ogic

al s

yste

ms

from

pro

cess

-ba

sed

cont

amin

ant m

appi

ng

332

- Gro

undw

ater

sto

rage

ch

ange

det

ectio

n us

ing

grou

nd-

base

d te

mpo

ral m

icro

-gra

vity

ch

ange

s in

Wat

erlo

o M

orai

ne

15:0

0-15

:15

677

- Inc

reas

ing

Res

ilien

ce o

f G

roun

dwat

er R

esou

rces

to

Dro

ught

thro

ugh

Man

aged

Aqu

ifer

Rec

harg

e

770

- Usi

ng th

e di

scre

te fr

actu

re

netw

ork

appr

oach

to c

hara

cter

ize

grou

ndw

ater

and

sur

face

wat

er

inte

ract

ions

in th

e be

droc

k st

ream

bed

of th

e E

ram

osa

Riv

er

1059

- H

ydro

geol

ogic

al E

valu

atio

n of

Min

e W

aste

Fac

ilitie

s in

Hig

h-M

ount

ain

Kar

st T

erra

in –

Les

sons

Le

arne

d fro

m th

e P

eruv

ian

And

es15

:00-

15:1

5

834

- Eva

luat

ing

Per

form

ance

M

etric

s fo

r Enh

ance

d In

Situ

B

iore

med

iatio

n of

a D

NA

PL

Sou

rce

Zone

865

- Dis

cret

izin

g a

disc

rete

fra

ctur

e m

odel

for t

he s

imul

atio

n of

so

lute

tran

spor

t

1062

- E

volu

tion

of a

num

eric

al p

it sl

ope

dew

ater

ing

sim

ulat

ion

thro

ugh

refin

emen

t of a

3D

ge

olog

y m

odel

916

- Tim

e-la

pse

Mon

itorin

g of

S

ubsu

rface

Rem

edia

tion

with

E

lect

rical

Res

istiv

ity T

omog

raph

y E

xplo

red

via

Cou

pled

-Mod

el

Sim

ulat

ions

15:1

5-15

:30

306

- Arti

ficia

l rec

harg

e as

sess

men

t in

salin

ized

coa

stal

aq

uife

rs: C

omac

chio

cas

e st

udy

(IT)

689

- Det

erm

inat

ion

of n

utrie

nt

thre

shol

d va

lues

rele

vant

to

grou

ndw

ater

-dep

ende

nt te

rres

trial

ec

osys

tem

s (G

WD

TEs)

in Ir

elan

d

404

- Hyd

roch

emic

al a

nd is

otop

ic

desc

riptio

n of

gro

und

and

supe

rfici

al w

ater

in E

l Caj

on

Hyd

roel

ectri

c po

wer

plan

t15

:15-

15:3

0

841

- Per

mea

ble

adso

rptiv

e ba

rrie

r, as

a b

otto

m li

ner,

in a

n in

dust

rial l

andf

ill to

rem

ove

PAH

1061

- A

n A

irbor

ne G

eoph

ysic

al

Met

hod

of M

appi

ng A

quife

rs

15:3

0-15

:45

665

- Dev

elop

men

t of w

ater

qua

lity

guid

ance

for m

anag

ed a

quife

r re

char

ge in

Indi

a

262

- A g

roun

dwat

er p

ersp

ectiv

e on

hot

spot

s of

hyp

orhe

ic n

itrog

en

cycl

ing

in lo

wla

nd ri

vers

169

- Thr

eats

to th

e co

asta

l tuf

a de

posi

ts o

f sou

th–w

est W

este

rn

Aus

tralia

15:3

0-15

:45

Thur

sday

, Sep

tem

ber 2

0Th

ursd

ay, S

epte

mbe

r 20

580

- Clo

ggin

g Id

entif

icat

ion

and

Con

trol D

urin

g M

anag

ed A

quife

r R

echa

rge

812

- Orig

in o

f Spr

ings

on

Mou

ntai

n S

lope

s an

d Im

plic

atio

ns

for S

mal

l Wat

er S

uppl

ies

249

- Dea

ling

with

Unc

erta

inty

in

Sou

rce

Wat

er P

rote

ctio

n

312

- Thr

ee-D

imen

sion

al

Hyd

roge

olog

ical

Mod

el o

f the

C

uvel

ai-E

tosh

a B

asin

: Asp

ects

of

Kal

ahar

i Sed

imen

tatio

n, N

orth

ern

Nam

ibia


f r i d ay t e c h n i c a l P r o g r a m

Sess

ion

F1-A

Sess

ion

F1-B

Sess

ion

F1-C

Sess

ion

F1-D

Sess

ion

F1-E

Sess

ion

F1-F

Sess

ion

F1-G

Sess

ion

F1-H

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 1

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 2

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 3

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 5

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 7

Falls

view

Stu

dio

AB

CU

pper

Fal

lsvi

ew S

tudi

o A

Upp

er F

alls

view

Stu

dio

B

Tim

eG

roun

dwat

er R

echa

rge

III(p

p 35

4-35

6)G

W/S

W In

tera

ctio

n VI

I(p

p 35

7-35

9)

Boo

k on

the

Gro

undw

ater

R

esou

rces

in C

anad

a I

(pp

360-

362)

Cha

ract

eriz

atio

n an

d M

anag

emen

t of K

arst

Aqu

ifers

I(p

p 36

2-36

5)Ti

me

Nuc

lear

Was

te

Man

agem

ent I

(pp

366-

368)

Dev

elop

men

t and

App

licat

ion

of

Con

cept

ual M

odel

s I

(pp

369-

371)

Gen

eral

Hyd

roge

olog

y II

(pp

371-

374)

Geo

ther

mal

Ene

rgy

I(p

p 37

4-37

7)

8:30

-8:4

5

552

- Ass

essm

ent o

f clo

ggin

g po

tent

ial a

nd w

ater

qua

lity

requ

irem

ents

for a

quife

r sto

rage

and

re

cove

ry s

yste

ms

in u

ncon

solid

ated

flu

vial

aqu

ifers

of t

he D

arlin

g R

iver

flo

odpl

ain,

NS

W, A

ustra

lia

878

- Fat

e of

nitr

ogen

dur

ing

oxic

su

bmar

ine

grou

ndw

ater

dis

char

ge

into

Sto

ny B

rook

Har

bor,

New

Yor

k

242

- Gro

undw

ater

Res

ourc

es in

C

anad

a: S

ynth

esis

, Iss

ues

and

Per

spec

tives

266

- Use

of o

xyge

n-18

as

a na

tura

l tra

cer t

o el

ucid

ate

shal

low

/ th

erm

al g

roun

dwat

er in

tera

ctio

ns

in a

kar

st re

gion

(Cen

tral P

ortu

gal)

8:30

-8:4

5

1076

- G

eosc

ient

ific

asse

ssm

ent –

si

te c

hara

cter

izat

ion

and

geos

ynth

esis

act

iviti

es a

t the

B

ruce

nuc

lear

site

813

- Hen

ry D

arcy

, The

pub

lic

foun

tain

s of

Dijo

n an

d D

arcy

’s L

aw83

5 - U

sing

sal

inity

dat

a an

d nu

mer

ical

mod

els

to c

onst

rain

the

ther

mal

effe

ct o

f top

ogra

phy-

driv

en fl

ow in

sed

imen

tary

bas

ins

8:45

-9:0

0

463

- Res

earc

h on

phy

sica

l cl

oggi

ng in

cas

e of

arti

ficia

l re

char

ge o

f gro

undw

ater

396

- The

effe

cts

of w

ater

tabl

e flu

ctua

tions

on

redo

x dy

nam

ics

and

gas

emis

sion

s us

ing

a no

vel

auto

mat

ed la

bora

tory

col

umn

syst

em

291

- Rec

harg

e an

d cl

imat

e in

C

anad

a29

0 - C

hara

cter

izat

ion

of

trans

boun

dary

aqu

ifers

in D

inar

ic

kars

t - A

bas

e fo

r sus

tain

able

w

ater

man

agem

ent a

t reg

iona

l and

lo

cal s

cale

8:45

-9:0

0

1087

- E

xplo

rabi

lity

and

pred

icta

bilit

y of

the

Pal

eozo

ic

sedi

men

tary

seq

uenc

e be

neat

h th

e B

ruce

nuc

lear

site

421

- Est

imat

ing

grou

ndw

ater

ab

stra

ctio

n fro

m G

RA

CE

m

easu

rem

ents

in th

e H

ai R

iver

B

asin

, Chi

na

1065

- A

sses

sing

the

geot

herm

al

pote

ntia

l of t

he S

t. La

wre

nce

Low

land

s se

dim

enta

ry b

asin

in

Qué

bec,

Can

ada

9:00

-9:1

5

701

- Clo

ggin

g P

roce

ss M

odel

ing

of S

uspe

nded

Sol

ids

durin

g M

anag

ed A

quife

r Rec

harg

e

625

- Red

ox p

roce

sses

dur

ing

river

bank

filtr

atio

n: E

ffect

of

tem

pera

ture

and

par

ticul

ate

orga

nic

mat

ter

723

- Gro

undw

ater

-sur

face

wat

er

inte

ract

ions

in C

anad

a29

3 - U

nsta

ble

regi

me

of D

inar

ic

kars

t aqu

ifers

as

a m

ajor

con

cern

fo

r the

ir su

stai

nabl

e ut

iliza

tion

9:00

-9:1

5

1082

- O

rigin

and

age

of p

ore

fluid

s in

an

Ord

ovic

ian

aqui

clud

e in

th

e M

ichi

gan

Bas

in, O

ntar

io

716

- Oil

San

ds W

ater

M

anag

emen

t – A

SR

Hyd

roge

olog

y S

copi

ng S

tudy

1093

- R

egio

nal a

sses

smen

t and

m

appi

ng o

f gro

undw

ater

reso

urce

s in

cen

tral a

nd e

aste

rn E

urop

e

742

- Eva

luat

ion

of lo

w-e

ntha

lpy

geot

herm

al p

oten

tial o

f reg

iona

l aq

uife

rs –

The

cas

e of

Laz

io

Reg

ion

(cen

tral I

taly

)

9:15

-9:3

0

417

- Cou

plin

g S

ubsu

rface

Iron

R

emov

al a

nd R

iver

bank

Filt

ratio

n in

Kha

baro

vsk

496

- Eva

luat

ing

the

natu

ral

atte

nuat

ion

pote

ntia

l of a

TC

E

plum

e at

the

grou

ndw

ater

/sur

face

w

ater

inte

rface

of a

nitr

ate-

impa

cted

aqu

ifer

292

- Gro

undw

ater

sus

tain

abili

ty

and

vuln

erab

ility

in C

anad

a47

2 - P

relim

inar

y hy

drog

eolo

gica

l ch

arac

teriz

atio

n of

kar

st tr

ibut

arie

s of

the

San

Fra

ncis

can

Dep

ress

ion,

R

iver

Cor

rent

e, B

ahia

, Bra

zil

9:15

-9:3

0

1078

- Lo

ng-te

rm g

eom

echa

nica

l st

abili

ty a

sses

smen

t for

a D

eep

Geo

logi

cal R

epos

itory

353

- Hyd

roth

erm

al n

umer

ical

m

odel

of t

he E

ugan

ean

Geo

ther

mal

Sys

tem

, Ven

eto,

no

rthea

ster

n Ita

ly

753

- Wat

er m

anag

emen

t in

Dam

ascu

s P

lain

, diff

eren

t too

ls fo

r th

e in

terp

reta

tion

of th

e re

char

ge

850

- Geo

ther

mic

s of

the

Pha

nero

zoic

Stra

ta o

f S

aska

tche

wan

9:30

-9:4

5

444

- Und

erst

andi

ng th

e D

ynam

ics

of M

anag

ed A

quife

r Rec

harg

e:

New

Insi

ghts

thro

ugh

Met

agen

omic

s in

to th

e A

ttenu

atio

n of

Em

ergi

ng T

race

Org

anic

C

hem

ical

s

545

- Inv

estig

atin

g A

ttenu

atio

n of

C

hlor

inat

ed E

then

es a

t a

Con

tam

inat

ed S

ite in

Bel

gium

1071

- Th

e C

ordi

llera

H

ydro

geol

ogic

al R

egio

n of

C

anad

a

324

- Hyd

raul

ic b

ehav

iour

of k

arst

aq

uife

rs d

urin

g dr

y pe

riods

9:30

-9:4

5

1077

- E

volu

tion

of p

orew

ater

ge

oche

mic

al p

rofil

es in

the

Mic

higa

n B

asin

, sou

thw

est O

ntar

io

310

- Dev

elop

men

t, R

e-ev

alua

tion

and

App

licat

ion

of a

Site

C

once

ptua

l Mod

el

1022

- R

egio

nal H

ydro

geol

ogy

and

Geo

chem

istry

of t

he R

ockw

ood

Are

a as

rela

ted

to W

ater

Sup

ply

Roc

kwoo

d, M

anito

ba

395

- Car

bon

and

sulfu

r Iso

tope

s:

Thei

r env

ironm

enta

l sig

nific

ance

fo

r the

Bei

wen

quan

hot

spr

ing

in

Cho

ngqi

ng, C

hina

9:45

-10:

00

408

- Man

aged

aqu

ifer r

echa

rge

with

recl

aim

ed w

ater

in u

rban

se

tting

s: Im

prov

ing

the

rem

oval

of

trace

org

anic

con

tam

inan

ts

180

- Rel

atin

g st

able

isot

ope

and

geoc

hem

ical

dat

a to

con

clud

e on

w

ater

resi

denc

e tim

es in

four

sm

all

alpi

ne h

eadw

ater

cat

chm

ents

497

- Gro

undw

ater

as

an e

nerg

y S

ourc

e40

1 - K

arst

uns

atur

ated

zon

e hy

drog

eolo

gica

l pro

perti

es

cons

train

ed b

y an

nual

ly la

min

ated

st

alag

mite

gro

wth

-rat

e tim

e-se

ries

9:45

-10:

00

986

- Sol

ute

trans

port

thro

ugh

thic

k C

reta

ceou

s sh

ale

in th

e W

illis

ton

Bas

in u

sing

nat

ural

ly-

occu

ring

trace

r pro

files

340

- The

For

tesc

ue M

arsh

gr

ound

wat

er m

odel

: mod

el

deve

lopm

ent a

nd im

plic

atio

ns fo

r th

e dy

nam

ics

of A

ustra

lia’s

in

tern

ally

-dra

inin

g ba

sins

422

- Est

imat

es o

f the

wat

er

disc

harg

e an

d th

e gr

ound

wat

er

reso

urce

s in

the

Yam

ato

Riv

er

Bas

in

543

- Sus

tain

able

rein

ject

ion

into

sa

ndst

one

rese

rvoi

rs in

Hun

gary

Frid

ay, S

epte

mbe

r 21

Frid

ay, S

epte

mbe

r 21

997

- Con

cept

ual M

odel

s:

Dis

pute

s O

ver N

atur

al G

as

Dev

elop

men

t and

Gro

undw

ater

Im

pact

s in

the

San

Jua

n B

asin

, C

olor

ado



Sess

ion

F1-A

Sess

ion

F1-B

Sess

ion

F1-C

Sess

ion

F1-D

Sess

ion

F1-E

Sess

ion

F1-F

Sess

ion

F1-G

Sess

ion

F1-H

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 1

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 2

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 3

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 5

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 7

Falls

view

Stu

dio

AB

CU

pper

Fal

lsvi

ew S

tudi

o A

Upp

er F

alls

view

Stu

dio

B

Tim

eG

roun

dwat

er R

echa

rge

III(p

p 35

4-35

6)G

W/S

W In

tera

ctio

n VI

I(p

p 35

7-35

9)

Boo

k on

the

Gro

undw

ater

R

esou

rces

in C

anad

a I

(pp

360-

362)

Cha

ract

eriz

atio

n an

d M

anag

emen

t of K

arst

Aqu

ifers

I(p

p 36

2-36

5)Ti

me

Nuc

lear

Was

te

Man

agem

ent I

(pp

366-

368)

Dev

elop

men

t and

App

licat

ion

of

Con

cept

ual M

odel

s I

(pp

369-

371)

Gen

eral

Hyd

roge

olog

y II

(pp

371-

374)

Geo

ther

mal

Ene

rgy

I(p

p 37

4-37

7)

8:30

-8:4

5

552

- Ass

essm

ent o

f clo

ggin

g po

tent

ial a

nd w

ater

qua

lity

requ

irem

ents

for a

quife

r sto

rage

and

re

cove

ry s

yste

ms

in u

ncon

solid

ated

flu

vial

aqu

ifers

of t

he D

arlin

g R

iver

flo

odpl

ain,

NS

W, A

ustra

lia

878

- Fat

e of

nitr

ogen

dur

ing

oxic

su

bmar

ine

grou

ndw

ater

dis

char

ge

into

Sto

ny B

rook

Har

bor,

New

Yor

k

242

- Gro

undw

ater

Res

ourc

es in

C

anad

a: S

ynth

esis

, Iss

ues

and

Per

spec

tives

266

- Use

of o

xyge

n-18

as

a na

tura

l tra

cer t

o el

ucid

ate

shal

low

/ th

erm

al g

roun

dwat

er in

tera

ctio

ns

in a

kar

st re

gion

(Cen

tral P

ortu

gal)

8:30

-8:4

5

1076

- G

eosc

ient

ific

asse

ssm

ent –

si

te c

hara

cter

izat

ion

and

geos

ynth

esis

act

iviti

es a

t the

B

ruce

nuc

lear

site

813

- Hen

ry D

arcy

, The

pub

lic

foun

tain

s of

Dijo

n an

d D

arcy

’s L

aw83

5 - U

sing

sal

inity

dat

a an

d nu

mer

ical

mod

els

to c

onst

rain

the

ther

mal

effe

ct o

f top

ogra

phy-

driv

en fl

ow in

sed

imen

tary

bas

ins

8:45

-9:0

0

463

- Res

earc

h on

phy

sica

l cl

oggi

ng in

cas

e of

arti

ficia

l re

char

ge o

f gro

undw

ater

396

- The

effe

cts

of w

ater

tabl

e flu

ctua

tions

on

redo

x dy

nam

ics

and

gas

emis

sion

s us

ing

a no

vel

auto

mat

ed la

bora

tory

col

umn

syst

em

291

- Rec

harg

e an

d cl

imat

e in

C

anad

a29

0 - C

hara

cter

izat

ion

of

trans

boun

dary

aqu

ifers

in D

inar

ic

kars

t - A

bas

e fo

r sus

tain

able

w

ater

man

agem

ent a

t reg

iona

l and

lo

cal s

cale

8:45

-9:0

0

1087

- E

xplo

rabi

lity

and

pred

icta

bilit

y of

the

Pal

eozo

ic

sedi

men

tary

seq

uenc

e be

neat

h th

e B

ruce

nuc

lear

site

421

- Est

imat

ing

grou

ndw

ater

ab

stra

ctio

n fro

m G

RA

CE

m

easu

rem

ents

in th

e H

ai R

iver

B

asin

, Chi

na

1065

- A

sses

sing

the

geot

herm

al

pote

ntia

l of t

he S

t. La

wre

nce

Low

land

s se

dim

enta

ry b

asin

in

Qué

bec,

Can

ada

9:00

-9:1

5

701

- Clo

ggin

g P

roce

ss M

odel

ing

of S

uspe

nded

Sol

ids

durin

g M

anag

ed A

quife

r Rec

harg

e

625

- Red

ox p

roce

sses

dur

ing

river

bank

filtr

atio

n: E

ffect

of

tem

pera

ture

and

par

ticul

ate

orga

nic

mat

ter

723

- Gro

undw

ater

-sur

face

wat

er

inte

ract

ions

in C

anad

a29

3 - U

nsta

ble

regi

me

of D

inar

ic

kars

t aqu

ifers

as

a m

ajor

con

cern

fo

r the

ir su

stai

nabl

e ut

iliza

tion

9:00

-9:1

5

1082

- O

rigin

and

age

of p

ore

fluid

s in

an

Ord

ovic

ian

aqui

clud

e in

th

e M

ichi

gan

Bas

in, O

ntar

io

716

- Oil

San

ds W

ater

M

anag

emen

t – A

SR

Hyd

roge

olog

y S

copi

ng S

tudy

1093

- R

egio

nal a

sses

smen

t and

m

appi

ng o

f gro

undw

ater

reso

urce

s in

cen

tral a

nd e

aste

rn E

urop

e

742

- Eva

luat

ion

of lo

w-e

ntha

lpy

geot

herm

al p

oten

tial o

f reg

iona

l aq

uife

rs –

The

cas

e of

Laz

io

Reg

ion

(cen

tral I

taly

)

9:15

-9:3

0

417

- Cou

plin

g S

ubsu

rface

Iron

R

emov

al a

nd R

iver

bank

Filt

ratio

n in

Kha

baro

vsk

496

- Eva

luat

ing

the

natu

ral

atte

nuat

ion

pote

ntia

l of a

TC

E

plum

e at

the

grou

ndw

ater

/sur

face

w

ater

inte

rface

of a

nitr

ate-

impa

cted

aqu

ifer

292

- Gro

undw

ater

sus

tain

abili

ty

and

vuln

erab

ility

in C

anad

a47

2 - P

relim

inar

y hy

drog

eolo

gica

l ch

arac

teriz

atio

n of

kar

st tr

ibut

arie

s of

the

San

Fra

ncis

can

Dep

ress

ion,

R

iver

Cor

rent

e, B

ahia

, Bra

zil

9:15

-9:3

0

1078

- Lo

ng-te

rm g

eom

echa

nica

l st

abili

ty a

sses

smen

t for

a D

eep

Geo

logi

cal R

epos

itory

353

- Hyd

roth

erm

al n

umer

ical

m

odel

of t

he E

ugan

ean

Geo

ther

mal

Sys

tem

, Ven

eto,

no

rthea

ster

n Ita

ly

753

- Wat

er m

anag

emen

t in

Dam

ascu

s P

lain

, diff

eren

t too

ls fo

r th

e in

terp

reta

tion

of th

e re

char

ge

850

- Geo

ther

mic

s of

the

Pha

nero

zoic

Stra

ta o

f S

aska

tche

wan

9:30

-9:4

5

444

- Und

erst

andi

ng th

e D

ynam

ics

of M

anag

ed A

quife

r Rec

harg

e:

New

Insi

ghts

thro

ugh

Met

agen

omic

s in

to th

e A

ttenu

atio

n of

Em

ergi

ng T

race

Org

anic

C

hem

ical

s

545

- Inv

estig

atin

g A

ttenu

atio

n of

C

hlor

inat

ed E

then

es a

t a

Con

tam

inat

ed S

ite in

Bel

gium

1071

- Th

e C

ordi

llera

H

ydro

geol

ogic

al R

egio

n of

C

anad

a

324

- Hyd

raul

ic b

ehav

iour

of k

arst

aq

uife

rs d

urin

g dr

y pe

riods

9:30

-9:4

5

1077

- E

volu

tion

of p

orew

ater

ge

oche

mic

al p

rofil

es in

the

Mic

higa

n B

asin

, sou

thw

est O

ntar

io

310

- Dev

elop

men

t, R

e-ev

alua

tion

and

App

licat

ion

of a

Site

C

once

ptua

l Mod

el

1022

- R

egio

nal H

ydro

geol

ogy

and

Geo

chem

istry

of t

he R

ockw

ood

Are

a as

rela

ted

to W

ater

Sup

ply

Roc

kwoo

d, M

anito

ba

395

- Car

bon

and

sulfu

r Iso

tope

s:

Thei

r env

ironm

enta

l sig

nific

ance

fo

r the

Bei

wen

quan

hot

spr

ing

in

Cho

ngqi

ng, C

hina

9:45

-10:

00

408

- Man

aged

aqu

ifer r

echa

rge

with

recl

aim

ed w

ater

in u

rban

se

tting

s: Im

prov

ing

the

rem

oval

of

trace

org

anic

con

tam

inan

ts

180

- Rel

atin

g st

able

isot

ope

and

geoc

hem

ical

dat

a to

con

clud

e on

w

ater

resi

denc

e tim

es in

four

sm

all

alpi

ne h

eadw

ater

cat

chm

ents

497

- Gro

undw

ater

as

an e

nerg

y S

ourc

e40

1 - K

arst

uns

atur

ated

zon

e hy

drog

eolo

gica

l pro

perti

es

cons

train

ed b

y an

nual

ly la

min

ated

st

alag

mite

gro

wth

-rat

e tim

e-se

ries

9:45

-10:

00

986

- Sol

ute

trans

port

thro

ugh

thic

k C

reta

ceou

s sh

ale

in th

e W

illis

ton

Bas

in u

sing

nat

ural

ly-

occu

ring

trace

r pro

files

340

- The

For

tesc

ue M

arsh

gr

ound

wat

er m

odel

: mod

el

deve

lopm

ent a

nd im

plic

atio

ns fo

r th

e dy

nam

ics

of A

ustra

lia’s

in

tern

ally

-dra

inin

g ba

sins

422

- Est

imat

es o

f the

wat

er

disc

harg

e an

d th

e gr

ound

wat

er

reso

urce

s in

the

Yam

ato

Riv

er

Bas

in

543

- Sus

tain

able

rein

ject

ion

into

sa

ndst

one

rese

rvoi

rs in

Hun

gary

Frid

ay, S

epte

mbe

r 21

Frid

ay, S

epte

mbe

r 21

997

- Con

cept

ual M

odel

s:

Dis

pute

s O

ver N

atur

al G

as

Dev

elop

men

t and

Gro

undw

ater

Im

pact

s in

the

San

Jua

n B

asin

, C

olor

ado



Sess

ion

F2-A

Sess

ion

F2-B

Sess

ion

F2-C

Sess

ion

F2-D

Sess

ion

F2-E

Sess

ion

F2-F

Sess

ion

F2-G

Sess

ion

F2-H

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 1

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 2

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 3

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 5

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 7

Falls

view

Stu

dio

AB

CU

pper

Fal

lsvi

ew S

tudi

o A

Upp

er F

alls

view

Stu

dio

B

Tim

eG

roun

dwat

er R

echa

rge

IV(p

p 37

7-38

0)G

W/S

W In

tera

ctio

n VI

II(p

p 38

0-38

3)

Educ

atio

n an

d C

ore

Com

pete

ncie

s I

(pp

383-

385)

Cha

ract

eriz

atio

n an

d M

anag

emen

t of K

arst

Aqu

ifers

II(p

p 38

6-38

9)Ti

me

Nuc

lear

Was

te M

anag

emen

t II

(pp

389-

392)

Dev

elop

men

t and

App

licat

ion

of

Con

cept

ual M

odel

s II

(pp

392-

395)

Gen

eral

Hyd

roge

olog

y III

(pp

395-

398)

Geo

ther

mal

Ene

rgy

II(p

p 39

8-40

1)

10:3

0-10

:45

933

- Ass

essi

ng T

he R

emov

al

Mec

hani

sms

Of D

isso

lved

Org

anic

M

atte

r Dur

ing

Col

umn

Stu

dies

Of

Soi

l Aqu

ifer T

reat

men

t

729

- Inv

estig

atin

g G

roun

dwat

er

Inflo

ws

into

Sm

all C

anad

ian

Shi

eld

Lake

s us

ing

Sta

ble

Isot

opes

: Pilo

t S

tudy

of H

arp

Lake

, Sou

th-C

entra

l O

ntar

io

177

- Edu

catio

n an

d C

ore

Com

pete

ncie

s fo

r Pro

fess

iona

l H

ydro

geol

ogis

ts

474

- Rad

ionu

clid

es a

s na

tura

l tra

cers

for t

he c

hara

cter

izat

ion

of

fluid

s in

regi

onal

dis

char

ge a

reas

10:3

0-10

:45

1085

- H

ydro

geol

ogic

sim

ulat

ions

of

a d

eep

seat

ed g

roun

dwat

er

syst

em: B

ruce

nuc

lear

site

803

- Com

plex

ity in

the

conc

eptu

alis

atio

n of

gro

undw

ater

sy

stem

s at

a b

asin

sca

le

inte

grat

ed m

odel

ling:

A c

ase

stud

y us

ing

the

Tham

es B

asin

, UK

.

745

- Vol

cani

c co

mpl

ex a

nd

grou

ndw

ater

-lake

inte

ract

ion:

B

racc

iano

cas

e st

udy,

Ital

y

902

- Per

form

ance

of g

roun

d lo

op

heat

exc

hang

ers

in s

oils

with

he

tero

gene

ous

ther

mal

pro

perti

es

10:4

5-11

:00

333

- Usi

ng G

eoph

ysic

al D

ata

to

Impr

ove

an O

ptim

izat

ion

Gro

undw

ater

Mod

el E

valu

atin

g th

e E

ffect

iven

ess

of In

tent

iona

l R

echa

rge

in th

e N

orth

Pla

tte R

iver

Va

lley,

Wes

tern

Neb

rask

a, U

.S.A

.

488

- The

Use

of E

nviro

nmen

tal

Isot

opes

and

Tem

pera

ture

as

T ool

s to

Cha

ract

eriz

e G

roun

dwat

er

Dis

char

ge to

the

Gra

nd R

iver

, O

ntar

io, C

anad

a

513

- Pre

dict

abili

ty a

nd

clas

sific

atio

n of

hyd

raul

ic

resp

onse

s to

rech

arge

for t

wo

kars

t aqu

ifers

10:4

5-11

:00

971

- Im

pact

s of

Ple

isto

cene

gl

acia

l loa

ding

on

abno

rmal

por

e-w

ater

pre

ssur

e in

the

east

ern

Mic

higa

n B

asin

392

- Int

egra

tion

of n

umer

ical

m

odel

s w

ith g

eoin

form

atic

te

chni

ques

: Del

imita

tion

of

prot

ectio

n zo

nes

for c

ompl

ex m

ulti-

aqui

fer s

yste

ms

in th

e M

ajor

G

roun

dwat

er B

asin

s of

Pol

and

197

- Hyd

roge

oche

mis

try o

f ho

tspr

ings

in J

iang

xi P

rovi

nce,

SE

-C

hina

904

- Im

prov

ed to

ols

and

met

hods

fo

r gro

und

sour

ce h

eat p

ump

desi

gn a

nd o

ptim

izat

ion

11:0

0-11

:10

11:1

0-11

:15

11:1

5-11

:30

613

- Ass

essi

ng p

oten

tial i

mpa

cts

of g

eoch

emic

al p

roce

sses

for a

M

anag

ed A

quife

r Rec

harg

e ta

rget

in

the

Dar

ling

Riv

er fl

oodp

lain

, N

SW

, Aus

tralia

857

- Ass

essi

ng th

e im

pact

of

regi

onal

faul

ts o

n gr

ound

wat

er

disc

harg

e in

bed

rock

aqu

ifers

us

ing

chlo

ride

ions

and

rado

n-22

2

623

- Sm

all-s

cale

kar

st:

impl

icat

ions

for w

ater

m

anag

emen

t and

kar

st s

tudi

es11

:15-

11:3

0

1083

- G

eom

echa

nica

l par

amet

ers

of th

e Li

ndsa

y (C

obou

rg)

limes

tone

556

- A c

ritic

al a

sses

smen

t of

grou

ndw

ater

rech

arge

mod

els

for

fract

ured

por

ous

med

ia

941

- Geo

ther

mal

wat

er in

the

San

Ju

an B

autis

ta L

ondó

aqu

ifer,

BC

S,

Mex

ico

114

- Hyd

roch

emic

al a

nd Is

otop

ic

Cha

ract

eris

tics

of G

eoth

erm

al

Wat

ers

in C

entra

l Ana

tolia

, Tur

key

11:3

0-11

:35

11:3

5-11

:45

11:4

5-12

:00

491

- Sim

ulat

ion

of S

ands

tone

Tr

ench

Infil

tratio

n fo

r opt

imiz

ing

Man

aged

Aqu

ifer R

echa

rge

263

- Nes

ted

heat

trac

er

expe

rimen

ts fo

r ide

ntify

ing

hete

roge

neity

of a

quife

r-riv

er

exch

ange

at m

ultip

le s

cale

s

748

- Aqu

ifer C

hara

cter

istic

s an

d W

ater

Qua

lity

Issu

es fr

om

Fore

sted

Kar

st L

ands

cape

s of

Va

ncou

ver I

slan

d, B

C, C

anad

a11

:45-

12:0

0

1079

- M

odel

ling

reac

tive

trans

port

in a

hyp

othe

tical

sed

imen

tary

ba

sin

affe

cted

by

a gl

acia

tion/

de

glac

iatio

n ev

ent

913

- Ser

ies

solu

tions

for 2

-D

stea

dy s

atur

ated

/uns

atur

ated

flow

in

unc

onfin

ed a

quife

rs w

ith

irreg

ular

bou

ndar

ies

693

- Eva

luat

ion

of th

e ag

eing

po

tent

ial o

f drin

king

wat

er w

ells

to

optim

ize

wel

l ope

ratio

n an

d m

aint

enan

ce

116

- Geo

ther

mal

Ene

rgy

and

Usa

ge in

Chi

na

11:0

0-11

:15

204

- Pre

sent

ene

rgy

stat

us a

nd

geot

herm

al u

tiliz

atio

n in

Tur

key

109

- Com

para

tive

eval

uatio

n of

un

conf

ined

aqu

ifer p

aram

eter

s fro

m a

pum

ping

test

with

radi

al

colle

ctor

wel

l

439

- Mul

ti- tr

acer

exp

erim

ents

for

the

dete

rmin

atio

n of

gro

undw

ater

-su

rface

wat

er in

tera

ctio

ns in

gl

acio

fluvi

al s

edim

ents

at t

he

Gra

nli w

ater

wor

ks s

ite

(Kon

gsvi

nger

, Nor

way

)

730

- Pre

fere

ntia

l flo

w in

the

carb

onat

e aq

uife

rs o

f sou

ther

n O

ntar

io

1086

- E

ffect

of c

onfin

ing

pres

sure

on

diff

usio

n co

effic

ient

s in

low

-pe

rmea

bilit

y O

rdov

icia

n se

dim

enta

ry ro

cks

from

the

Mic

higa

n B

asin

, sou

thw

este

rn

Ont

ario

790

- Def

inin

g th

e Fo

unda

tion

of

Hyd

roge

olog

y

791

- Lin

king

Sed

imen

tary

Stra

in

Sig

natu

res

to th

e R

egio

nal

Hyd

roge

olog

ical

Set

ting

11:3

0-11

:45

775

- A p

ower

ful n

ew to

ol

faci

litat

es a

con

cept

ual a

ppro

ach

to g

roun

dwat

er m

odel

ing

564

- Det

ectio

n of

bur

ied

pala

eo

sprin

gs, D

unde

e/Lu

cas

Form

atio

n,

Sou

ther

n O

ntar

io

153

- Cha

ract

eris

tic o

f gr

ound

wat

er m

igra

tion

clar

ified

by

21 y

ears

dra

inag

e pr

oces

s at

the

Mat

sum

oto

tunn

el in

the

Cen

tral

Japa

n

1088

- S

elec

ting

a si

te fo

r C

anad

a’s

Dee

p G

eolo

gica

l R

epos

itory

for u

sed

nucl

ear f

uel

Frid

ay, S

epte

mbe

r 21

Frid

ay, S

epte

mbe

r 21

221

- The

pro

fess

iona

l hy

drog

eolo

gist

– s

ome

‘long

itudi

nal r

efle

ctio

ns’ o

n ke

y co

mpe

tenc

e fo

r sur

viva

l in

a fa

st-

chan

ging

wor

ld

589

- Rap

id id

entif

icat

ion

and

asse

ssm

ent o

f man

aged

aqu

ifer

rech

arge

and

gro

undw

ater

re

sour

ce o

ptio

ns in

the

Dar

ling

Floo

dpla

in, N

.S.W

., A

ustra

lia

168

- Tra

cing

Fat

e of

Tre

ated

M

unic

ipal

Effl

uent

Thr

ough

15

N

Isot

opic

Ana

lysi

s an

d G

roun

dwat

er/S

urfa

ce W

ater

In

tera

ctio

ns.

1045

- Th

e Im

porta

nce

of C

ore-

Com

pete

ncy

Des

crip

tions

for

Hyd

roge

olog

ists

593

- Int

egra

ting

pore

flui

d ch

emis

try, f

uzzy

-k m

eans

(FC

M)

clus

ter a

naly

sis

and

hydr

aulic

an

alys

is to

und

erst

and

rech

arge

pr

oces

ses

in th

e al

luvi

al

grou

ndw

ater

sys

tem

s of

the

Dar

ling

Riv

er fl

oodp

lain

, NS

W,

Aus

tralia

.

628

- Hea

t tra

nspo

rt nu

mer

ical

m

odel

ing

and

site

exp

erim

enta

l re

sults

for a

n op

en-lo

op

grou

ndw

ater

hea

t pum

p sy

stem



Sess

ion

F3-A

Sess

ion

F3-B

Sess

ion

F3-C

Sess

ion

F3-D

Sess

ion

F3-E

Sess

ion

F3-F

Sess

ion

F3-G

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 1

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 2

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 3

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 5

Stra

tegy

Roo

m 7

Falls

view

Stu

dio

AB

CU

pper

Fal

lsvi

ew S

tudi

o A

Tim

eG

roun

dwat

er R

echa

rge

IV(p

p 40

2-40

4)

Boo

k on

the

Gro

undw

ater

R

esou

rces

in C

anad

a II

(pp

404-

408)

Educ

atio

n an

d C

ore

Com

pete

ncie

s II

(pp

408-

409)

Cha

ract

eriz

atio

n &

Man

agem

ent o

f K

arst

Aqu

ifers

and

Mod

elin

g K

arst

A

quife

r Sys

tem

s (p

p 41

0-41

3)Ti

me

Nuc

lear

Was

te M

anag

emen

t III

(pp

414-

415)

Min

ing

Issu

es(p

p 41

6-41

8)G

ener

al H

ydro

geol

ogy

IV(p

p 41

9-42

2)

13:0

0-13

:15

880

- Usi

ng w

ater

from

Coa

l Sea

m

Gas

pro

duct

ion

to re

char

ge a

dr

inki

ng w

ater

aqu

ifer

582

- Hyd

roge

olog

ical

Reg

ions

of

Can

ada

828

- Man

agin

g th

e ef

fect

s of

ur

bani

zatio

n on

a K

arst

ic a

quife

r13

:00-

13:1

5

154

- Inf

luen

ce o

f Zn

and

Fe s

ulfid

e m

ine

efflu

ent w

ater

on

sea

life

alon

g se

asho

re in

th

e K

ii P

enin

sula

, Cen

tral J

apan

984

- Gro

undw

ater

flow

mod

elin

g in

par

ts

of ir

rigat

ed T

awa

cana

l com

man

d ar

ea

13:1

5-13

:25

13:2

5-13

:30

13:3

0-13

:45

684

- Sta

ble

isot

opes

in m

onito

ring

artif

icia

l rec

harg

e an

d va

lidat

ing

3D g

roun

dwat

er fl

ow m

odel

resu

lts

283

- Sou

ther

n O

ntar

io

Hyd

roge

olog

ical

Reg

ion

of

Can

ada

276

- Mod

ellin

g a

netw

ork

of

turlo

ughs

- ep

hem

eral

lake

s in

lo

wla

nd Ir

ish

kars

t13

:30-

13:4

5

1084

- A

sses

sing

mic

robi

olog

ical

pr

oces

ses

rele

vant

to th

e de

velo

pmen

t of a

de

ep g

eolo

gica

l rep

osito

ry fo

r use

d nu

clea

r fu

el

911

- Is

Ther

e A

Geo

ther

mal

Com

pone

nt In

Th

e A

rsen

ic C

onta

min

atio

n O

f Gro

und

Wat

er In

The

San

Ant

onio

-El T

riunf

o M

inin

g D

istri

ct, B

.C.S

., M

exic

o?

350

- The

impa

ct o

f the

text

ile in

dust

ries

in

the

Pan

desa

ra re

gion

of S

urat

, Ind

ia, o

n th

e (g

roun

d)W

ater

Qua

lity

Inde

x (W

QI)

13:4

5-13

:50

13:5

0-14

:00

14:0

0-14

:15

427

- Man

aged

aqu

ifer r

echa

rge

plan

ning

in th

e Lo

wer

Nor

th

Reg

ion

Riv

er B

asin

, Tha

iland

808

- Gro

undw

ater

reso

urce

s in

C

anad

a: A

ppal

achi

ans

471

- Dra

inag

e of

an

Alp

ine

Kar

st

Sys

tem

, Par

t 2: H

ydra

ulic

Mod

el14

:00-

14:1

5

1080

- R

adio

nucl

ide

sorp

tion

with

in

sedi

men

tary

rock

s co

ntai

ning

brin

e po

re

fluid

s

627

- A s

impl

e ap

proa

ch to

man

agin

g de

wat

erin

g in

an

open

pit

min

e38

6 - E

valu

atio

n of

hyd

raul

ic c

ondu

ctiv

ity

usin

g si

ngle

wel

l res

pons

e te

sts

(Slu

g Te

st),

pum

ping

test

s, th

e K

ozen

y-C

arm

en

Equ

atio

n, a

nd th

e H

azen

Equ

atio

n

14:1

5-14

:30

428

- Man

aged

aqu

ifer r

echa

rge

usin

g in

filtra

tion

pond

: cas

e st

udy

of B

an N

ong

Na,

Phi

tsan

ulok

, Th

aila

nd

858

- Gro

undw

ater

in th

e C

anad

ian

Shi

eld

– A

n O

verv

iew

561

- Ide

ntify

ing

the

para

met

ers

of

a du

al p

erm

eabi

lity

med

ium

bas

ed

on a

PA

RA

ME

X te

st14

:15-

14:3

0

906

- Hyd

rost

ratig

raph

y of

Tyr

rell

Sea

de

posi

ts a

nd th

e ef

fect

s of

min

e de

wat

erin

g in

the

Jam

es B

ay P

eatla

nd

com

plex

728

- Ide

ntify

ing

the

orig

in o

f gro

undw

ater

sa

mpl

es in

a M

ulti-

laye

r Aqu

ifer s

yste

m

affe

cted

by

long

-scr

een

bore

hole

s us

ing

Ran

dom

For

est C

lass

ifica

tion

14:3

0-14

:45

739

- Gro

undw

ater

in th

e P

erm

afro

st R

egio

n of

Can

ada

710

- Tim

e se

ries

anal

yses

as

a to

ol fo

r kar

st w

ater

man

agem

ent

14:3

0-14

:45

557

- The

PA

RA

ME

X te

st –

a m

etho

d of

de

term

inin

g hy

drog

eolo

gica

l pro

perti

es o

f gr

ound

wat

er re

char

ge z

ones

14:4

5-15

:00

831

- Del

inea

tion

of a

regi

onal

-sc

ale

kars

t aqu

ifer u

sing

wat

er

chem

istry

, cor

rela

tion,

and

tim

e-se

ries

anal

yses

14:4

5-15

:00

233

- Gro

undw

ater

Opt

imal

With

draw

al

Man

agem

ent i

n U

rban

Are

a us

ing

Impr

oved

Har

mon

y S

earc

h A

lgor

ithm

418

- Est

imat

ing

prec

ipita

tion

infil

tratio

n by

us

ing

Wet

Spa

ss in

the

Bei

jing

Pla

in28

4 - T

owar

ds a

New

P

rofe

ssio

nalis

m in

Brit

ish

Col

umbi

a - t

he C

onta

min

ated

S

ites

App

rove

d P

rofe

ssio

nals

S

ocie

ty

307

- The

NG

WA

Exp

erie

nce

with

E

duca

tion

and

Cor

e C

ompe

tenc

ies

for G

roun

dwat

er

Sci

entis

ts a

nd E

ngin

eers

504

- Ope

ratio

nal E

xper

ienc

es o

f M

unic

ipal

Aqu

ifer S

tora

ge a

nd

Rec

over

y S

yste

m

1068

- Th

e S

t Law

renc

e Lo

wla

nds

Reg

ion

470

- Dra

inag

e of

an

Alp

ine

Kar

st

Sys

tem

, Par

t 1: C

once

ptua

l Mod

el93

7 - E

mpl

oyin

g th

e S

mar

t Kd-

Con

cept

to

asse

ss th

e Im

pact

of a

Sea

Wat

er

Tran

sgre

ssio

n on

the

Rad

ionu

clid

e Tr

ansp

ort t

hrou

gh a

Sed

imen

tary

Aqu

ifer

218

- Ass

essm

ent o

f dew

ater

ing

requ

irem

ents

for a

nic

kel m

ine

in w

este

rn

Turk

ey

13:1

5-13

:30

13:4

5-14

:00

Pan

el D

iscu

ssio

n / Q

&A

Frid

ay, S

epte

mbe

r 21

Frid

ay, S

epte

mbe

r 21

406

- The

Am

eric

an In

stitu

te o

f H

ydro

logy

(AIH

) and

Its

Cer

tific

atio

n P

roce

ss

927

- Opt

imal

rein

ject

ion

stra

tegi

es

for t

he m

anag

emen

t of c

oal s

eam

ga

s pr

oduc

tion

wat

er

524

- Pla

ins

Hyd

roge

olog

ical

R

egio

n of

Can

ada

183

- Num

eric

mod

elin

g of

kar

st

aqui

fers

: com

paris

on o

f EP

M a

nd

CFP

mod

els

1081

- S

ensi

tivity

ana

lysi

s of

hyd

ro-

mec

hani

cal p

aram

eter

s fo

r a d

ensi

ty-

depe

nden

t pal

eohy

drog

eolo

gic

flow

si

mul

atio

n in

frac

ture

d cr

ysta

lline

rock

663

- Sub

surfa

ce ir

on re

mov

al in

the

prod

uctio

n of

“Eco

-wat

er” t

o m

aint

ain

natu

ral w

ater

bod

ies

in a

coa

l-min

ing

regi

on

794

- Cha

ract

eriz

ing

chan

ge in

bas

eflo

w

inte

ract

ions

with

urb

aniz

atio

n th

roug

h ev

ent-b

ased

hyd

rogr

aph

sepa

ratio

n an

d an

alys

is


a b s t r a c t ta b l e o f c o n t e n t s

Session M1-A: GW & Climate Change I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

Session M1-B: Vadose Zone Processes I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54

Session M1-C: Hydrogeological Issues Related to Oil Sands I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

Session M1-D: Karst Artificial Tracers and Isotopes I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

Session M1-E: Contaminant Hydrogeology I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61

Session M1-F: Lessons Learned from Working Abroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

Session M1-G: Management and Utilization of Saline Waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

Session M1-H: Groundwater Quality and Policies for GW Protection I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

Session M2-A: GW & Climate Change II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Session M2-B: Vadose Zone Processes II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76

Session M2-C: Hydrogeological Issues Related to Oil Sands II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79

Session M2-D: Karst Artificial Tracers and Isotopes II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81

Session M2-E: NAPL Source Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82

Session M2-F: Groundwater sustainability I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85

Session M2-G: Groundwater For Decision Makers I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87

Session M2-H: Groundwater Quality and Policies for GW Protection II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

Session M3-A: GW & Climate Change III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92

Session M3-B: GW/SW Interaction Session I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94

Session M3-C: Hydrogeological Issues Related to Oil Sands III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99

Session M3-D: Topics in General Karst Hydrogeology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103

Session M3-E: Contaminant Hydrogeology II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107

Session M3-F: Groundwater Sustainability II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Session M3-G: Groundwater For Decision Makers II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Session M3-H: Groundwater Quality and Policies for GW Protection III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Session M3-J: Tracers & Isotopes I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Session T1-A: GW & Climate Change IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127

Session T1-B: GW/SW Interaction II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

Session T1-C: Regional GW Flow I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133

Session T1-D: Fractured Rock I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136

Session T1-E: Fate of Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139

Session T1-F: Hydrogeological Issues Related to Oil Sands IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143



Session T1-G: Transboundary Aquifers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145

Session T1-H: Nutrients in Groundwater I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149

Session T2-A: GW & Climate Change V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153

Session T2-B: GW/SW Interaction III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155

Session T2-C: Regional GW Flow II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159

Session T2-D: Fractured Rock II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163

Session T2-E: Contaminant Hydrogeology III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166

Session T2-F: Aquitards I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171

Session T2-G: Carbon Sequestration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175

Session T2-H: Nutrients in Groundwater II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180

Session T3-A: Hydrogeological Issues Surrounding Shale Oil and Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184

Session T3-B: GW/SW Interaction IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187

Session T3-C: Regional GW Flow III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191

Session T3-D: Cold Regions Hydrogeology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194

Session T3-E: Urban Hydrogeology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197

Session T3-F: Aquitards II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202

Session T3-G: General Hydrogeology I - Data Management & Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205

Session T3-H: Nutrients in Groundwater III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209

Session T3-J: Tracers and Isotopes II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212

Session TH1-A: Groundwater Recharge I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216

Session TH1-B: GW/SW Interaction V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218

Session TH1-C: Regional GW Flow IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223

Session TH1-D: Karst Aquifers, Environmental Problems and Global Change I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226

Session TH1-E: Soil and Groundwater Remediation I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229

Session TH1-F: Numerical Modelling I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233

Session TH1-G: 3D Geologic and Hydrogeologic Mapping I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237

Session TH1-H: Hydrogeophysics I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240

Session TH2-A: Groundwater Recharge II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243

Session TH2-B: GW/SW Interaction VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246

Session TH2-C: Groundwater & Development - Water & Sanitation Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250

Session TH2-D: Karst Aquifers, Environmental Problems and Global Change II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253



Session TH2-E: Soil and Groundwater Remediation II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256

Session TH2-F: Numerical Modelling II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259

Session TH2-G: 3D Geologic and Hydrogeologic Mapping II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261

Session TH2-H: Hydrogeophysics II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264

Poster Session: Artificial Tracers and Environmental Isotopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267

Poster Session: Carbon Sequestration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269

Poster Session: Cold Regions Hydrogeology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272

Poster Session: Contaminant hydrogeology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272

Poster Session: Fate of Nanoparticles and Colloids in the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277

Poster Session: Frontiers in Numerical Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277

Poster Session: Development and application of conceptual models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279

Poster Session: General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280

Poster Session: Geothermal Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287

Poster Session: Groundwater and Climate Change- Linkages and Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289

Poster Session: Groundwater Quality and Policies for Groundwater Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292

Poster Session: Groundwater Recharge (including Managed Aquifer Recharge) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293

Poster Session: Groundwater Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298

Poster Session: Groundwater Tracers/Isotopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299

Poster Session: Groundwater-surface water interactions and ecohydrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304

Poster Session: Hydrogeologic Characterization of Fractured Rock Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318

Poster Session: Hydrogeological issues related to oil sands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322

Poster Session: Hydrogeological issues surrounding shale gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322

Poster Session: Hydrogeophysics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323

Poster Session: General Karst Hydrogeology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327

Poster Session: Urban Hydrogeology Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .328

Poster Session: Management and Utilization of Saline Waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332

Poster Session: Mining Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332

Poster Session: NAPL Source Zones-Flow and Mass Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333

Poster Session: New Developments in Soil and Groundwater Remediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334

Poster Session: Nuclear Waste Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339

Poster Session: Nutrients in Groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342



Poster Session: Regional Groundwater Flow Systems- Theory and Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343

Poster Session: Three-Dimensional Geologic- Hydrogeologic Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342

Poster Session: Urban hydrogeology issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344

Poster Session: Vadose Zone Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .347

Poster Session: Young Scientists-Showcasing Research of Early Career Hydrogeologists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348

Session F1-A: Groundwater Recharge III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353

Session F1-B: GW/SW Interaction VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357

Session F1-C: Book on the Groundwater Resources in Canada I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360

Session F1-D: Characterization and Management of Karst Aquifers I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362

Session F1-E: Nuclear Waste Management I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366

Session F1-F: Development and Application of Conceptual Models I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369

Session F1-G: General Hydrogeology II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371

Session F1-H: Geothermal Energy I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374

Session F2-A: Groundwater Recharge IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377

Session F2-B: GW/SW Interaction VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380

Session F2-C: Education and Core Competencies I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .383

Session F2-D: Characterization and Management of Karst Aquifers II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386

Session F2-E: Nuclear Waste Management II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389

Session F2-F: Development and Application of Conceptual Models II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392

Session F2-G: General Hydrogeology III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395

Session F2-H: Geothermal Energy II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398

Session F3-A: Groundwater Recharge IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401

Session F3-B: Book on the Groundwater Resources in Canada II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404

Session F3-C: Education and Core Competencies II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408

Session F3-D: characterization & management of karst aquifers & Modeling Karst Aquifer Systems . . . . . 410

Session F3-E: Nuclear Waste Management III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

Session F3-F: Mining Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416

Session F3-G: General Hydrogeology IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419


sessIon M1-A: gW & ClIMAte CHAnge IMonday, September 17 • 10:30-12:00 • Strategy Room 1Chairs: Bridget Scanlon, Holger Treidel

374 - Groundwater and climate: Challenges and opportunities Richard G. TaylorDepartment of Geography, University College London, UKBridget Scanlon, Jianyao Chen, Makoto Taniguchi, Matt Rodell, and 19 OthersIAH Commission on Groundwater and Climate Change & UNESCO-IHP GRAPHIC Programme

As groundwater is the world’s largest distributed store of freshwater, its strategic importance to global food and water security will intensify in coming decades as variability in precipitation and surface water resources increases in response to climate change. Here we present the outcome of an initiative of the IAH Commission on Groundwater and Climate Change & UNESCO-IHP GRAPHIC Programme to critically review the substantial rise in the volume of scholarship relating groundwater to both changes in climate and human activities since the publication of IPCC AR4. Our interdisciplinary consortium of scientists with expertise in the use of in situ and satellite observations (e.g. GRACE) as well as large-scale modelling was assembled to examine: (1) the influence of observed & projected climate variability and change on groundwater systems; and (2) the impacts of observed & projected human activities on groundwater systems and climate change. We summarise recent evidence of critical feedbacks to the Earth System including sea-level rise associated with groundwater use and identify critical challenges and opportunities in the use of groundwater to adapt to climate variability and change. We also identify strategies for improving knowledge of relationships between groundwater systems and climate change in the near future.

253 - Vulnerability of global groundwater resources to climate variability and changeJason J. Gurdak1, Holger Treidel2, & Jose Luis Martin-Bordes2

1San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, USA2UNESCO International Hydrological Programme, Division of Water Sciences, Paris, FranceMakoto Taniguchi33Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan

Global groundwater resources supply fresh drinking water to more than 1.5 billion people and support streams, lakes, wetlands, aquatic com-munities, economic development and growth, and irrigated agriculture worldwide. However, the sustainability of global groundwater resources is in question because of coupled socioeconomic and climatic stresses, and the relatively limited understanding of the impact of climate variability and change on groundwater quantity and quality within the context of adaptation. Water resources managers and policy makers are progres-sively recognizing the important role of groundwater resources in meeting the demands for drinking water, agricultural and industrial activities, and sustaining ecosystems all within the broader context of mitigation and adaptation of society to the impacts of climate variability and change.

To address these global concerns, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) International Hydrological Programme (IHP) initiated the GRAPHIC project (Groundwater Resources Assessment under the Pressures of Humanity and Climate Change) in 2004. GRAPHIC provides a framework of international collaboration for research, education, and outreach toward and improved understanding of how groundwater interacts within the global water cycle, supports ecosystems and humankind, and responds to complex and coupled pres-sures of human activities and climate variability and change. GRAPHIC covers major geographical regions, groundwater resource topics, and methods to help advance the combined knowledge needed to address scientific and social aspects regarding vulnerability and adaptation to climate variability and change.

This presentation will summarize major scientific findings and policy recommendations from 20 recently published (2011) case studies in the GRAPHIC network that cover parts of 30 countries across diverse aquifer systems, scientific methods, and climatic settings. These findings and recommendations are relevant for scientists, water managers, policy makers, and a broad community of stakeholders and decision makers working towards adaptive solutions and groundwater sustainability under future climate variability and change.


398 - Distribution and temporal variations in paleo-groundwater on the Australian continent Dioni I Cendón1,2, Monika Markowska1, Mira van der Ley1,2, Catherine E. Hughes1

1 Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Kirrawee, NSW, Australia2 School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW), AustraliaJianyao ChenDepartment of Water Resources and Environment, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou, ChinaJoshua R. Larsen Connected Waters Initiative, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UNSW, Australia.

Australia, with extensive arid lands and unreliably low rainfall patterns, requires groundwater to sustain human activities in many parts of the continent. However, very little is known of the role of longer term changes in recharge to these aquifers, especially over the climatically variable Late Pleistocene and Holocene time scales. Understanding the temporal patterns in recharge under past climatic conditions is therefore of importance in determining the sustainability of groundwater use, as well as predicting any potential effects of climate change upon aquifer systems. In order to interpret the distribution of paleo-groundwater recharge across Australia, we have compiled a continent wide database comprising over 1000 sites, complemented with detailed geographical and geological information for each site. Geochemical data include mostly 14C

DIC, δ13C

DIC and water stable isotopes with other complementary information such as 3H activity or major ion composition if available.

H2O-stable isotopes show the meteoric origin of groundwater across the continent and reveal important evaporation processes during recharge

for some basins, including: Otway Basin, Murchinson River Basin, West Canning Basin, Murray Basin (Lake Cooper) and Murray-Darling Basin (Lower Balonne). In general groundwater isotopic trends are more depleted from the coast to the interior, particularly in northern areas where major rainfall is dominated by the Australasian monsoon. On a temporal scale, modern groundwater generally appears to be more enriched.

The 14CDIC

shows a wide spread of values (0-140 pMC) with an average of 51 pMC. These values, prior to building a chronological framework, have been taken as uncorrected pMC, before any type of correction can be made on a local scale. Interestingly, there are observable patterns and distinctions in the frequency of pMC data over the last ~30 ka. The greatest frequency of observations occurred in the range of 0-10 pMC, which would indicate that from the sites sampled, more groundwater was recharged in the very late Pleistocene than today. There also seems to be a slight ‘dip’ in pMC frequency during the period of 20-40 pMC. This may indicate a period of less recharge and/or an enhanced dryness with a diminished water cycle, roughly coinciding with the end of the last glacial and the beginning of the Holocene.

934 - Paleowater in Cambrian-Vendian (Ediacaran) aquifer of the Baltic Basin - isotopic and geochemical evolution since Late PleistoceneRein Vaikmäe, Andres Marandi, Tõnu Martma, Valle Raidla, Leo VallnerInstitute of Geology at the Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn Estonia

Changes in climatic conditions during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene greatly impacted the hydrology and geochemical evolution of ground-water in the northern marginal part of the Baltic Basin. Increased hydraulic gradients from melting of the km-thick Pleistocene ice sheet reorganized regional-scale groundwater flow in sedimentary aquifers of the northern Baltic coast. Here we present an overview of the status and origin of groundwater in the shallowly buried marginal part of the Cambrian-Vendian (Edicaran) confined aquifer of the Baltic Basin, which is characterised by fresh and isotopically depleted δ18O water. In contrast, deeply settled parts of the aquifer are characterized by typical Na-Ca-Cl basinal brines. Spatial variation in water geochemistry and stable isotope composition suggest mixing of the diluted water from three end-members – undersaturated glacial melt water of Weichelian Ice Age, Na-Ca-Cl composition basin brine and modern meteoric water. Mixing is proposed to have occurred in two stages. First, the intrusion and mixing of glacial water, depleted in heavy isotopes, with basinal brines occurred during Pleistocene glacial periods when subglacial melt-water, with high hydraulic gradients, infiltrated the aquifer. The second stage of mixing takes place today by intrusion of meteoric water through deep valley systems that incise the protecting aquitard in northern Estonia. The freshened water at the northern margin of the basin has acquired a partial equilibrium with the rock matrix of the aquifer. The Ca2+ and Mg2+ activity of the water agrees with the equilibrium boundary of (sedimentary disordered) dolomite and calcite, suggesting that the water has attained or is nearly in equilibrium with these phases that are common cement minerals in Cambrian-Ediacaran sediments.


465 - Groundwater resources management under climate change conditions - Integration of geological and groundwater flow models for a coastal aquifer in Hanko, southern Finland Samrit LuomaGeological Survey of Finland, GTK, Espoo, Finland

The shallow groundwater aquifer in Hanko, southern Finland mainly consists of porous sands and gravels of glaciofluvial Quaternary sediments. It is an important local drinking and industrial water resource for the town of Hanko. The shallow aquifer is vulnerable to both climate change and surface contamination. The groundwater table is close to the ground surface and the aquifer extends to the sea shore. Currently, water pumping levels are already below sea water level and industrial activities pose contamination threats. In order to safeguard future water supply and improve groundwater resource management, a comprehensive understanding of the hydrogeology and groundwater flow system of the aquifer is needed. The study implemented various approaches including a three-dimensional (3D) geological model utilising the combination of ArcGIS/ArcInfo and the 3D geological module from the Groundwater Modelling Software (GMS). The 3D groundwater flow model was implemented in MODFLOW both as steady-state and transient models. Groundwater recharge was estimated with CoupModel in conjunction with ArcGIS/ArcInfo to provide data input for MODFLOW. Groundwater vulnerability mapping was completed for the surface contamination sources. Different climate change scenarios were used to model changes in future groundwater resources based on the changes in temperature, precipitation, snowmelt and sea level rise. The groundwater flow modelling of the present situation shows a good balance of the water budget in the Hanko area. How-ever by the end of the 21th century, higher groundwater levels are expected in autumn and winter. This could affect the aquifer vulnerability if the groundwater rises too close to the surface in areas that pose contamination risks. The Gulf of Finland sea water has a comparatively low salinity, but over-pumping and storm surges can cause salt water intrusion and thus affect groundwater quality. The Hanko Water and Waste Water Works were involved in the project. The results of the study will provide useful information to the local authorities for the future sustainable development of the groundwater management of the Hanko aquifer.

sessIon M1-B: VAdose Zone ProCesses IMonday, September 17 • 10:30-12:00 • Strategy Room 2Chairs: James Smith, Edwin Cey

602 - Effects of land cover and fertilization method on water flow and solute transport in five lysimeters: A long-term study using stable water isotopesC. Stumpp1,2, W. Stichler2, M. Kandolf3 & J. Šimůnek1

1 Department of Environmental Sciences, Univ. of California, Riverside, USA2 Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health - Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, Germany3 Höhere Bundeslehr- und Forschungsanstalt für Landwirtschaft (HBLFA) Raumberg-Gumpenstein, Abteilung für Umweltökologie, Raumberg 38, Irdning, Austria

Land cover and agricultural management practices can influence soil structure. However, little is known about how fertilizer applications and land cover affect soil hydrology and groundwater recharge over long time periods. The objective of this study was to use stable water isotopes to provide additional information required for better understanding of water flow and solute transport processes in the unsaturated zone influenced by land cover and type of fertilizer applications. Five lysimeters were investigated over a period of five years. Liquid cattle slurry and solid animal manure were applied to the maize and winter rye lysimeters. The grass/clover lysimeter was treated with mineral fertilizer. Quantitative influence of land cover and type of fertilizer application on water flow and solute transport was evaluated using a modified version of HYDRUS-1D.

The highest drainage was observed in the maize lysimeter treated with cattle slurry, and the lowest in the grass lysimeter. Pronounced differences in water contents and estimated saturated hydraulic conductivities between the lysimeters were restricted to the upper 25 to 30 cm of the soil. In particular, the lysimeters treated with animal manure had higher porosities, indicating a higher content of organic matter. Main differences in discharge between the lysimeters were observed in spring and during the plant growth periods, indicating the importance of nonuniform, patchy


infiltration patterns during snow melt and of root water uptake, respectively. Mean water flow velocities, transit times and effective water contents were estimated from the stable water isotope data, providing evidence on the impact of land cover and type of fertilizer application. We found smaller mean transit times in the maize lysimeters and for soils with liquid cattle slurry applications. Simulations indicate that numerical modeling can repro-duce the general trend of water flow and isotope transport. Despite differences in mean transit times, fitted dispersivities were all in the same range, suggesting similar soil structures in the five lysimeters. In general, stable water isotopes clearly contributed an added value, elucidating differences in mean flow parameters between the lysimeters, which are not obvious from water balance and mean discharge rates alone.

785 - Using δ15N and δ18O for groundwater nitrate source identification: A cautionary vadose zone taleShawn Loo1,2, Cathy Ryan1, Bernie Zebarth2, Shawn Kuchta3, Denise Neilson3 & Tom Forge3 1-Department of Geoscience – University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada2-Potato Research Centre – Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, NB, Canada3-Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre – Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, Canada

Although δ15N and δ18O values are commonly used to apportion groundwater nitrate between manure and mineral fertilizer sources, little is known about their seasonal variation that could reflect soil zone processes that result in nitrogen and oxygen isotope fractionation (e.g. plant uptake, mineralization, ammonia volatilization, nitrification, and denitrification) or unknown wet and dry atmospheric deposition. We evaluated temporal trends over a one year period under four replicates of each of two contrasting N fertility managements: 100 kg N/ha of mineral fer-tilizer as urea or 100 kg plant available N/ha as poultry broiler manure. Passive capillary wick samplers located at 55 cm depth were used to collect leachate from each plot. The concentration and mass of nitrate in leachate was determined, and approximately monthly samples were selected for isotopic analysis. Similar seasonal variations in average nitrate concentration were observed in both treatments, however nitrate concentrations were commonly higher for manure treated plots than for fertilizer treated plots (maximum mean concentrations of 124 and 20 mg NO

3-N/L, respectively). Seasonal trends in δ15N and δ18O values were also similar between the two treatments, although δ15N values were

consistently higher in the manure treatment. Over the year-long sampling period, average monthly δ15N and δ18O values both varied by more than 7‰ in each treatment. The average δ15N value in nitrate leached from the urea plots ranged from -2.4 to +8.7‰ compared with +1.7 to +9.9‰ under the manure plots. The δ15N for mineral fertilizers typically ranges from -1.5 to -0.6‰, and for poultry manure ranges from +7.9 to 8.6‰. The δ15N range observed in both treatments varies well beyond the ranges typical for the original N sources, which suggests either very significant fractionation or confounding N sources such as atmospheric deposition and soil organic matter. Without the knowledge that no manure was applied to the field for many years prior to this study, the high δ15N values from urea plots could be misidentified as being derived from a manure source. These results suggest that sampling and interpretation of isotopes for nitrate source apportionment needs to be conducted with caution, particularly with respect to seasonal variability.

268 - Dynamics of preferential flow through a sandy (sub)soil: field evidence and a parsimonious modelling approachMark O. Cuthbert1, Rae Mackay2 & John R. Nimmo3

1School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK2Geotechnical and Hydrogeological Engineering Research Group, Monash University, Churchill, Victoria, Australia3U .S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California, USA

Results are presented of a detailed study into the vadose zone and shallow water table hydrodynamics of a fieldsite in Shropshire, UK. Tensi-ometry reveals that the loamy sand topsoil wets up via macropore flow and subsequent redistribution of moisture into the soil matrix. However, recharge does not occur until near-positive pressures are achieved at the top of the sandy glaciofluvial outwash material that underlies the topsoil, about 1 m above the water table. Once this occurs, very rapid water table rises follow. This threshold behaviour is attributed to the ver-tical discontinuity in the macropore system due to seasonal ploughing of the topsoil, and a lower permeability plough/iron pan restricting matrix flow between the topsoil and the lower outwash deposits. Thus, although the wetting process in the topsoil is highly complex, a soil moisture balance model (SMBM) is shown to be skilful in predicting the initiation of flow from the base of the topsoil into the lower outwash horizon. The rapidity of the response at the water table and the occurrence of a water table rise during the summer period while upward hydraulic gradients were observed in the profile, suggests that preferential flow is also occurring within the outwash deposits below the topsoil. A variation of the source-responsive model proposed by Nimmo (2010) is shown to reproduce the observed water table dynamics well, when linked to a SMBM as


the source of recharge from the topsoil. The results reveal new insights into preferential flow processes in cultivated soils. If the conceptual and numerical models can be shown to be transferable to other ploughed soils, it promises to be a very useful and practical approach to accounting for preferential flow in studies of groundwater recharge estimation.

553 - Preferential flow in unsaturated soils: From reality to simulationEdwin Cey, Josh Bishop, Mike Callaghan, Larry BentleyDepartment of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada and David AlbertiStantec Consulting, Calgary, AB, Canada

Preferential flow along macropores is increasingly being recognized as a major control for water movement and contaminant transport in the vadose zone at a wide range of sites, particularly those with low permeability, structured soils. Infiltration in these systems can vary considerably in both time and space, leading to highly dynamic flow and transport that is difficult to characterize both in the field and in simulations. There are several approaches for simulating the complex flow systems that result, including dual continuum and discrete macropore approaches, but inconsistencies remain in how these approaches are applied to natural systems. It is also not clear how well the different numerical conceptual models describe the fundamental physical processes that control water and contaminant movement. Here we present a series of field and numerical investigations designed to improve our understanding of flow and transport mechanisms in partially saturated macroporous soils. A variety of field studies, ranging from small-scale tension infiltration experiments up to 20m-by-20m soil remediation plots, were conducted at sites across Canada. Numerical simulations were subsequently undertaken in order to quantify subsurface water and solute fluxes, as well as elucidate the key processes and hydraulic parameters influencing preferential flow and transport. We will examine both the field and simulation results from these studies, providing insights into observed macropore flow behaviour and highlighting the successes and failures achieved with alternative modeling approaches. This will include a critical examination of the effectiveness of numerical models in describing flow and transport behaviour, and the potential pitfalls that we, as practitioners in the vadose zone, encounter in translating field observations into numerical simulations.

798 - Viscosity dependant dual-permeability modelling of liquid manure movement in macroporous soilSteven Frey & David LapenAgriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, CANDavid RudolphDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences – University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, CANBonnie Ball CoelhoOntario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Stratford, ON, CAN

While it is generally understood that variation in a fluid’s viscosity will affect its flow characteristics, there is a scarcity of quantitative information concerning the effects of viscosity on flow and transport processes in porous media that contain distinct networks of preferential flow paths (macropores). From an agricultural-environmental perspective, this information is particularly importance because animal waste in the form of liquid manure can readily have a dynamic viscosity that is up to an order of magnitude larger than that of water; and in Canada alone, upwards of 15 million tons of liquid swine manure (LSM) is applied annually on what is often macroporous soil. Failure to account for such an important influence when modelling subsurface fluid movement may pose a serious conceptual limitation, and in the case of liquid manure application, it may diminish the ability to accurately simulate the environmental fate of valuable agronomic nutrients that may ultimately be deleterious to surface/groundwater quality if they are transmitted below the root zone. In this work, the HydroGeoSphere hydrologic model is employed to investigate the influence of variable viscosity on nutrient movement to a subsurface drainage network, and the associated nutrient distribution in a layered macroporous soil profile, following the subsurface injection and surface broadcast application of LSM. Simulation results verify that viscosity is indeed an important property to consider when evaluating fluid movement in macroporous soil. When manure viscosity is increased by a factor of three relative to that of water, nutrient concentrations in drainage effluent are predicted to decline by more than 50% and the asso-ciated peak concentration arrival at the drain is delayed by approximately 1 hour. In conjunction with reduced nutrient movement to subsurface drains, the simulations also predict that increased viscosity will lead to greater nutrient retention higher in the soil profile, which presents obvious benefit for nutrient utilization potential. This work suggests that the risk of widespread surface/groundwater contamination from agricultural nutrient management practices can be reduced if steps could be taken to thicken liquid manure prior to application.


870 - Dual domain modeling of macropore flow and transport – dual permeability versus dual porosityM.V. Callaghan, J.M. Bishop, E. Cey & L.R. BentleyDepartment of Geoscience – University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

The study site is located 40 km southwest of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, at the location of a former oil and gas production facility, now removed. Past operations at the site have resulted in salt impacts to soil and shallow groundwater. A remedial tile drain system was installed to collect saline leachate from the rooting zone and route it for disposal. Numerous macropores in the form of rootholes and fractures were documented in shallow soils at the study site. A tracer experiment was conducted to investigate matrix-macropore controls on solute transport. A tracer, 2,6-Difluorobenzoic acid, was applied with irrigation water to the surface of a 20 m by 20 m experimental plot. Tracer concentrations were monitored in the tile drain effluent, in soil water samplers, monitoring wells and soil core. Coupled matrix-macropore flow and transport is hy-pothesized to be controlling the rate of solute flushing. A numerical model was developed in the HYDRUS software package using a dual domain approach. Data for model calibration included tile drain flow and tracer concentrations, as well as soil profile distributions. Two formulations of dual domain model were tested: a dual permeability formulation and a dual porosity formulation. The dual permeability formulation simulates flow and transport in a macropore and matrix domain with water and solute mass flux between the domains. The dual porosity formulation allows for water and solute mass flux between two domains, without flow and transport in the matrix domain. The degree of physical realism is therefore higher for the dual permeability formulation. The main advantage of using the dual porosity formulation is that it has fewer input parameters and is less computationally intensive. Dual permeability model results for tile drain flow produced estimates of the fraction of macropore flow to be 99%, compared to 1% from the matrix domain. Given the relatively low contribution from the matrix, one might question the need to account for matrix flow in the model. A comparison of parameterization of the two models will be presented, including a fraction-weighting approach to specify hydraulic conductivity in the mobile domain of the dual porosity model. Results from the dual permeability model show a good fit to observed flow and tracer concentration in the tile drains.

sessIon M1-C: HydrogeologICAl Issues relAted to oIl sAnds IMonday, September 17 • 10:30 – 12:00 • Strategy Room 3Chairs: Steve Wallace, Jon Fennell

1066 - Water and Canada’s Oil Sands Industry – Report of the Royal Society of CanadaR. TherrienDépartement de géologie et de génie géologique, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada

The oil sands deposits in northern Alberta have become a focus of intense development in recent years. While production from the oil sands has reached international stature, it has also become increasingly controversial because of several widely publicized environmental and health issues. With this background, the Royal Society of Canada commissioned in 2009 an expert panel to review publicly available evidence on the environmental and public health impacts of oil sands development from an independent perspective. The expert panel released a report of their findings in December 2010. Water was an important component of the review since all aspects of the oil sands developments including surface mining, in situ extraction, and bitumen upgrading are dependent on water. The production of 1 m3 of synthetic crude oil (upgraded bitumen) requires about 2.5 m3 of water by surface mining and about 0.5 m3 of water by in situ recovery. Oil sands mining and processing activities may impact the aquatic environment by: withdrawal of surface water and groundwater, loss of fish and benthic invertebrate habitat through removal of streams or rivers, and reductions in water quality through leaching of contaminants from tailing ponds and in situ operations into groundwater and rivers. The expert panel reviewed scientific evidence on how current and anticipated activities within the oil sands mining operations impinge upon the issues of water quality and quantity. Some key questions include whether oil sands development will jeopardize the sustainability of water resources in northern Alberta and whether impacts on water resources may represent a constraint to further development within the oil sands region. This presentation will review the main findings of the panel with respect to groundwater and surface water, as well as comment on the current data needs and gaps, some of which have been recognized and addressed since the panel released its report in December 2010.


314 - Natural processes dominate the delivery of polycyclic aromatic compounds to the Athabasca Delta downstream of Alberta oil sandsRoland I. Hall, Johan A. Wiklund, Andrea J. Farwell & D. George DixonDepartment of Biology - University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, CanadaBrent B. Wolfe Department of Geography & Environmental Studies - Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, CanadaThomas W.D. Edwards Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

The extent to which Alberta oil sands mining and upgrading operations have enhanced the delivery of bitumen-derived contaminants downstream remains a pivotal question that has generated national and international attention. Accounts of rare health disorders in residents of Fort Chipewyan and deformed fish in Lake Athabasca have provided impetus for a number of recent expert-panel assessments regarding the societal and environmental consequences of this multi-billion-dollar industry. These assessments indicated that innovative approaches were needed to identify background con-taminant levels. Although scientific evidence has shown that industrial activity increases dispersal of oil sands-related contaminants in the immediate vicinity (~50-km radius) of surface mining operations, our evidence, based on analyses of lake sediment cores spanning the past 250 years, indicates that natural processes dominate the delivery of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PACs) to the Athabasca Delta, 200 km downstream. In fact, no measureable increases in either the proportions or concentrations of river-transported indicator PACs above the naturally-high background levels were detected. We also conclude that oil sands activities have not elevated atmospheric transport and deposition of PACs to the delta, because lowest total PAC concentration of the past 250 years occurred during ~1975-1995 in sediments of an upland lake fed exclusively by precipitation. Overall, findings suggest that natural erosion of exposed bitumen along the banks of the Athabasca River and its tributaries is the main process delivering PACs to the Athabasca Delta, and that the spring freshet is a key period for contaminant mobilization and transport. Such key baseline environmental information and knowledge of temporal trends are essential for informed management of natural resources and human-health concerns by provincial and federal regulatory agencies and industry, and for designing effective long-term monitoring programs for the lower Athabasca River watershed.

1014 - Updated Devonian Hydrostratigraphy in Northeast AlbertaJohn WozniewiczGolder Associates Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, CanadaDr. Wayne SavignyBGC Engineering Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada Dr. Frank StoakesStoakes Consulting Group Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, CanadaRobert MahoodShell Canada Energy, Calgary, Alberta, CanadaMatthijs VerhoefShell Canada Energy, Calgary, Alberta Canada

Information from six new boreholes drilled in 2011 on the Shell Muskeg River Mine (MRM) lease has led to an update of the Devonian hydrostra-tigraphy in NE Alberta. This information together with ongoing studies will provide a foundation for assessing the degree of hydraulic isolation of saline Devonian aquifers from future open pit mining operations in the surface mineable oil sands area.

Historically, the primary regional Devonian aquifer in the area of MRM was considered to be the Keg River Formation, which is predominantly dolo-mite. It has informally been subdivided into a “Lower Thin-Bedded Member” (ramp) and more areally restricted “Upper Massive Member” (reef/bank).

Recent data for the Keg River ramp section suggest aquitard hydraulic properties, whereas aquifers have been identified within the overlying Prairie Evaporite Formation. The Prairie Evaporite Formation comprises a lower “intact” unit of interbedded dololaminites and anhydrite with an overlying unit comprising anhydrite together with a chaotic mixture of laminated dolomudstones and shaly beds that are often brecciated. The upper section is referred to informally as the “collapsed” Prairie Evaporite resulting from the interstratal dissolution of the halite beds. Where present, the dololaminites lap up against the flanks of Keg River reefs/banks with a relatively thin “collapsed” section overlying the top of the reefs/banks. Lost circulation during drilling and zones of enhanced hydraulic conductivity from core analyses are associated with laterally exten-sive dololaminites and more local zones in various stages of dedolomitization and solution collapse.


Overlying the Prairie Evaporite Formation to the sub-Cretaceous unconformity are predominantly interbedded calcareous shales and limestones. Historically, the intervening units were considered a regional aquitard with the exception of local scale aquifers confined within formations. This conceptualization was consistent with operations experience in the surface mineable oil sands area up to 2008.

The presence of vertical pathways or “hydraulic windows” through these units was predicted in the early 1970’s. These include collapse chim-neys, faults and fractures, most associated with collapse of the Prairie Evaporite Formation due to halite dissolution. The first actual encounters occurred in 2008 and characterization is ongoing.

1020 - Climate: a driving force affecting water security in the oil sandsJon Fennell, MSc, PhD, PGeolWorleyParsons Canada, Calgary Alberta, Canada

Water security is based on the principles of availability and reliability of supply. It also relates to the timely provision of a suitable quantity, and quality, of water for the intended purpose. For industries such as the oil sands, water security is a key success factor, because water is a prin-cipal feedstock, regardless of the recovery technique (i.e., surface mining or thermal in situ). Water also has social, cultural and heritage values that require preserving, not to mention the needs of the environment. Therefore, water security relates to all aspects of the sustainability triad.

With respect to surface mining, access to large volumes of water is critical. On average, 3 to 5 barrels of water are required to recover 1 barrel of bitumen. To provide the volumes of water needed to sustain current production levels - about 1.5 million barrels per day - the bulk is accessed from the Athabasca River (the second largest river in Alberta with respect to flow volume). As for thermal in situ operations, water use requirements are much lower at about 0.5 to 1.5 barrels of water for every barrel of bitumen recovered, with the majority of this water being accessed from saline or non-saline aquifers.

To help ensure water security for the oil sands industry, significant improvements have been made, reducing the amount of water used to produce each barrel of oil. The overall water footprint has thus reduced with time. However, one aspect that cannot be controlled through conservation and efficiency practices is the role that climate plays with respect to water balances of the region. Whether it is surface water or groundwater, climate variability and climate change exert a powerful control on the availability and reliability of water supplies - both in space and time. If oil sands development is to continue successfully into the future, understanding the role that climate plays, and the adaptation strategies that can be employed, will be required.

This presentation will explore the climate of the oil sands region as it relates to surface water flows and groundwater dynamics. A review of temporal variability and trends will be provided to demonstrate the lack of stationarity of the region’s water resources.

sessIon M1-d: KArst ArtIFICIAl trACers And IsotoPes IMonday, September 17 • 10:30-12:00 • Strategy Room 5Chairs: Piotr Maloszewski, Przemyslaw Wachniew

402 - Groundwater hydrogeochemistry in the unsaturated zone of a paleokarstified Devonian limestone, SE AustraliaAndy Baker1,3, Catherine Jex1,3, Martin Andersen1,3, Peter Graham1,3, and Monika Markowska2,3

1Connected Waters Initiative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia2Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia 3affiliated to the National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training, Australia

Groundwater hydrochemistry has been monitored since 2010 at Cathedral Cave, Wellington, New South Wales, focussing on the analysis of water isotopes, inorganic chemistry, and drip-water discharge. The site is located in a temperate climate zone with hot summers and receives about 600mm of evenly distributed rainfall throughout the year. We demonstrated that the distribution of water within the unsaturated zone and its hydrochemistry is primarily determined by: (1) recharge from extreme rainfall events which generate overland flow, (2) focussed recharge, through otherwise low permeability marmorised limestone, from overflow events due to the presence of exposed surface paleokarst, (3) storage


and mixing of water within paleokarst in the unsaturated zone, and (4) resultant zones of typically continuous recharge which exhibit significant local variability in discharge and geochemistry, reflecting heterogeneity within the paleokarst. We discuss our results with respect to the potential isotope and geochemical signature that might be preserved in stalagmites in regions rich in paleokarst.

454 - Environmental tracer application study at a Dinaric Mountains karst water system, the Gacka River Basin (Croatia).Z. Roller-Lutz, T. Hunjak, H. O. Lutz, D. ManceStable Isotope Laboratory, Medical Faculty, Rijeka University, Rijeka, CroatiaN. OzyurtHacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Karst water systems are notoriously difficult to describe due to their complex subterranean networks. Springs may be fed not only by large reser-voirs, but also through fast channels. This requires an analysis of many experimentally accessible quantities together with rather elaborate model calculations. The Gacka River area is an important Croatian karst water system with multiple springs, exposed to a complex mountain-conti-nental climate with a Maritime influence. The combination of isotopic, meteorological and hydrological data were used to extract quite detailed information. Gacka River has over 20 (partly intermittent) springs, of which the eight most important ones were sampled in this study. Besides the usual measurements such as temperature, pH and electrical conductivity; the sampled waters were analyzed for their 2H, 18O, noble gas, 3H and CFC content. The stable isotopes δ2H and δ18O were analyzed at the Stable Isotope Laboratory SILab. The CFC, 3He and 3H analyses have been performed by the IAEA Vienna. Five out of the eight springs studied have nearly identical delta values indicating that they are connected to the same reservoir. The δ18O values were used to determine the mean catchment altitudes. The stable isotope delta values of all springs vary over a narrow range, although the recharge isotope signal has a time variable oscillation. This dampened stable isotope signal of the karst groundwater demonstrates a good mixing in the aquifer. In addition, it gives a first indication that the mean ground water residence time MRT of most springs is longer than a few years, with only one of the studied springs having a short MRT of about 1 year. Quantitative MRT values for karst springs can be obtained from unsteady state lumped tracer modeling applications.

621 - Use of environmental isotopes and hydrochemistry in the study of a mountain karst system Przemysław Wachniew, Natalia KosiarzAGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, PolandJoanna Pociask-Karteczka, Agnieszka Baran, Łukasz JelonkiewiczDepartment of Hydrology – Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland

Karst springs constitute a significant feature of the Tatra Mts. – the highest range of the Carpathians. Previous studies on hydrogeology of these springs used environmental tracers only occasionally. This study, performed on one of the largest springs (Olczyskie Vaucluse Spring, Q

average =

500 dm3×s-1, Qmax.

= 8,000 dm3×s-1), is the first example of systematic environmental tracer observations covering one seasonal cycle. The Olczyskie Vaucluse Spring drains both karst carbonate rocks (limestone, dolomites) and fissured granitic aquifers. The main aim of this study is investigation of water circulation patterns and spring recharge area, which is difficult for such complicated geological structures. The spring was sampled monthly from June 2010 to May 2011 for pH, electrical conductivity, major ions, tritium, d18O and d2H of water and d13C of dissolved inorganic carbon. Additionally, samples of precipitation were collected biweekly in the high mountain recharge area of the spring. Hydrochem-ical parameters showed an increase in solute contents from the summer to the winter followed by their drop during snowmelt period. Spring hydrochemistry reveals that both carbonate and silicate weathering are sources of solutes. Time series of tritium concentrations spanning four decades, obtained from this and previous studies, were fitted to the lumped parameter dispersive model. The model gave mean water residence time of 19.5 years. Stable isotopic composition of spring water corresponds to the average precipitation in the recharge area and shows no seasonal variability. The d13C of DIC fluctuated for most samples between -12‰ to -10‰ and was significantly lower for two samples collected in the period of high discharge in the summer of 2010 indicative of more open conditions of calcite weathering. Combined application of hydro-chemistry, environmental isotopes and mathematical modelling provides important insights into functioning of this karst system.


256 - Oxygen isotopes in different water stages of the Muránska Planina Plateau karstic springsPeter Malík, Jaromír Švasta & Igor SlaninkaDepartment of Hydrogeology, Geothermal Energy and Environmental Geochemistry, Štátny geologický ústav Dionýza Štúra – Geological Survey of Slovak Republic, Bratislava, SlovakiaJuraj MichalkoLaboratory of Isotope Geology, Department of Special Laboratories – Štátny geologický ústav Dionýza Štúra – Geological Survey of Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovakia

Three karstic springs, recharged in the karstified Middle Triassic limestone aquifer of the Muránska Planina karstic Plateau (Slovakia), were sampled for oxygen isotopes, Ca2+, Mg2+ and CI- ions during the snowmelt period in 2 – 4 day intervals (mid February – end of June). In average, 42 samples were taken from each of the “Tisovec–Horný”, “Tisovec–Dolný” and “Podhrad” springs. The sampling period had covered both the pre-snowmelt period and practically the whole springs recession after the discharge maximum. Karst spring hydrograph separation method, based on quick itera-tive solution of several simple exponential and linear equations, was used for assessment of groundwater quality/quantity relations. The method was based on a presumption, that a spring’s discharge depends on the level of aquifer saturation by groundwater, and that the same discharge reflects the same groundwater saturation (piezometric level) in the aquifer. The typical hydrograph of each spring is described by a unique set of constant starting discharges, Q

0 values, recession coefficients α (laminar flow components in exponential equations), and ß (turbulent flow components in

linear equations). Based on these parameters, the hydrograph can be decomposed into several sub-regimes. In this hydrograph separation method, every measured discharge value (Q

t) is also determined by a representative time (t) i.e., theoretical elapsed time t from the total maximum discharge

value Qmax. The theoretical elapsed time t from the total maximum discharge value is calculated by an iteration process to calculate individual flow components (portions of different subregimes within certain water stages). These variances in sub-regime discharges in a certain moment were linked to the components analysed in the same moment, in order to obtain the end members of the theoretical mixture. Different groundwater composition (for groundwater in different discharge sub-regimes) was characterised by δ18O (SMOW) Ca2+, Mg2+ and CI- ions and groundwater temperature values and end members of either laminar and turbulent sub-regimes were calculated.

173 - Model based characterization of multi flow path systems in karst aquifers using tracer dataC. Kübeck1, P. Maloszewski1, & R. Benischke2

1Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Nerherberg, Germany2Joanneum Research Forschungsges. m.b.H., Institute for Water, Energy and Sustainability, Dept. of Water Resources Management, Elisabethstr. 16/2, A-8010 Graz, Austria

Karst aquifers are highly dynamic systems which occur in soluble bedrocks. In the early stage of karst systems conduit networks evolve owing to slow and poorly directed flow along fractures or bedding planes. Subsequently, preferential flow routes focus the local flow and expand to form caves while less favourable conduits are abandoned. A change of the environmental conditions which control the groundwater flux (e.g. lowering of the erosion base) may interfere with this development by causing an alteration of the drainage system in orientation, extension and depth. This sensitivity to e.g. tectonic processes or climatic conditions results in highly complex karst structures which provide a variety of conduits along different erosion levels. Within such superposed karst systems the vulnerability to contamination or flow behaviours at flood events is characterized by conduits that may not be apparent due to recent topography or prevailing hydrologic flow pattern.

In this study we present a new model approach to characterize groundwater flow and solute transport in karst aquifers based on tracer exper-iments. The model conception considers groundwater flow in karst structures providing a complex conduit network and short circuits perched by several sinkholes and along different erosion levels. The discharge through the conduits is limited owing to void geometry and turbulent flow; thus, a hierarchic overflow system evolves where conduits are (re-)activated or dry up depending on the flow condition. The spatial hierarchy of conduits controls the activation sequence at specific flow condition. Information derived from tracer experiments performed at different volumetric flow rates enable to develop a structural model of the karst network.

Exemplified on the Lurbach-Tanneben karst aquifer the applicability of the model approach was tested. The sequence of conduit activation derives from the spatial hierarchy, but do not determine flow and transport parameter like flow velocity and dispersivity. Consequentially, conduits with a low flow velocity may be located in the upper karst structure while a fast flow component also occurs along conduits of a relatively lower level.


sessIon M1-e: ContAMInAnt Hydrogeology IMonday, September 17 • 10:30-12:00 • Strategy Room 7Chairs: Dale Van Stempvoort, Genevieve Bordeleau

318 - Identification of TCE source zones using geochemical tracers in a valley fill aquifer Samantha Murphy1,3, Rene Lefebvre2, Ian Clark3

1 Matrix Solutions Inc., Calgary, Alberta2 Centre - Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de le recherche scientifique, Quebec City, Quebec3 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario

Successive hydrogeologic characterisations were carried out to understand the origin and migration patterns of trichloroethylene (TCE) in a deltaic sand aquifer in Valcartier, Quebec. To complement conventional characterisation methods, a hydrogeochemical investigation was carried out to help distinguish the origins of TCE from multiple source zones whose plumes converge in the aquifer. Groundwater samples were obtained over the saturated thickness of the contaminated unconfined aquifer, and an additional six samples were obtained from an underlying diamicton aquifer separated from the deltaic aquifer by a locally discontinuous silty aquitard. Sampling was carried out along two parallel flow paths (North and South), originating from groups of known TCE source zones, and on a downgradient section across the flow paths near receptors, downgradient of where plumes converge. These flow paths were defined by particle tracking with a numerical model. The geochemical tracers used in the study included physicochemical parameters, major ions, stable isotopes 18O and 2H, terrigenic

4He, perchlorate (ClO

4) and TCE. Geochemical facies were defined

using multivariate statistical techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. The two flow paths are characterized by distinct geochemical clusters related to water origins. A cluster on the South Flow Path has a distinct geochemical signature and originates from areas where groundwater from the underlying aquifer flows upward into the deltaic sand aquifer through aquitard windows. Upward flow locations correspond with increased TCE concentrations originating from a previously unrecognized TCE source zone. Clusters and specific tracers found at the downgradient section allow the zoning of the plume in three parts related to distinct TCE source zones. Geochemical tracers provided important insights on groundwater flow paths, exchanges between the two aquifers and definitive clues concerning the origin of TCE in a large “comingled” plume, which would be very difficult to obtain on the sole basis of hydraulic data or numerical modeling.

760 - Shallow, mixed organic plume evolution in heterogeneous sedimentsPaulo Casado and Ramon AravenaDepartment of Earth Sciences – University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, CanadaBeth L. Parker, Jessica R. Meyer, and Glaucia Lima*G360 – Centre for Applied Groundwater Research, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada*Now with the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

Effective management of contaminated sites relies on a comprehensive understanding of the site specific contaminant plume dynamics. This 2010 study follows up a preliminary investigation performed in 2004 and focuses on a shallow mixed organics contaminant plume generated by release of immiscible phase liquids to the subsurface between 1950 and 1970. The plume contains dissolved phase chlorinated solvents; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and total xylenes (BTEX); and ketones distributed throughout the Quaternary overburden sediments and into to the Paleozoic bedrock aquifer units. The results of the study are used to evaluate the changes in contaminant distribution between 2004 and 2010 and assess contaminant degradation patterns in the plume from the source area to its discharge point, a man-mad pond approximately 500 m downgradient.

The research approach included the analysis of physical processes and the collection of a set of groundwater samples for a comprehensive suite of analyses. The 2004 study indicated the need for a more thorough assessment of degradation. Therefore, the 2010 analyses included volatile organic compounds (VOC), compound specific isotopes, bacterial DNA, dissolved gases, and redox species. These parameters were collected during an extensive sampling event utilizing conventional wells, multilevel systems, direct-push profiling, and sediment cores. Evaluation of the contaminant distribution was achieved by sampling along two different transects, one upgradient and one within the discharge zone. Compari-son of the 2004 and 2010 results along the local flow system show that the highest contaminant concentrations are still focused near the top of rock interface and near the discharge area. Both transects include discrete high concentration zones showing changes in comparison to those observed in 2004. Results from the 2010 study show a variety of stages in degradation at each of the transects and along the local flow system. The changes observed between 2004 and 2010 are likely driven by the aquifer heterogeneity combined with varying degrees of degradation


due to the complex and evolving contaminant distribution and redox conditions. The results of this study will be utilized in site decision making regarding the monitoring and management of the shallow plume.

782 - Transport modelling to investigate the fate of p-TSA in groundwaterRaffaella Meffe1, Claus Kohfahl2 & Enrico Hamann3

1Instituto Madrileño de Estudio Avanzado, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain2Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Seville, Spain3Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, GermanyGudrun Massmann4, Uwe Dünnbier5 & Asaf Pekdeger3

4Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany5Department of Laboratories, Berliner Wasserbetriebe, Berlin, Germany

The drinking water production of a drinking water treatment plant in Berlin is partly affected by contaminated groundwater as a result of former sewage farm irrigation in its catchment area, operating for almost 70 years until the 1980s. The industrial organic contaminant p-TSA (para-toluenesulfonamide) was encountered in the contamination plume with concentrations up to 38 µg L-1. p-TSA is applied as plasticizer, an intermediate for pesticides and drugs, and is the primary degradation product of chloramine-T. The required limit of 0.3 µg L-1 in drinking water is achieved by dilution with uncontaminated groundwater and degradation during rapid sand filtration. p-TSA behaviour in groundwater has rarely been investigated. Previous studies including incubation and column experiments showed that p-TSA is degradable under oxic conditions, but appears to behave conservatively in the absence of oxygen. Sorption is thought to be negligible. According to modelling studies performed at the field site for conservative compounds, p-TSA should have been largely washed out three decades after the sewage irrigation was stopped. High concentrations of p-TSA and chloride (CI-) can still be found below the contamination source. Boreholes below the former sewage farm show a strong local aquifer heterogeneity that is subdivided here by several silty and fine sand layers at different depths. It is assumed therefore that both substances, which would normally behave conservatively, are subjected to hydraulic retardation due to these low permeability layers. To verify the validity of the hydraulic retardation hypothesis, a transport model of the study site was developed. The dual domain mass transfer approach that accounts for aquifer heterogeneities was applied in the model. Observed p-TSA and CI- concentrations were reproduced well, supporting the hypothesis that both substances are hydraulically retarded. A prognostic simulation performed with the calibrated model showed that without any remediation measures, the groundwater quality will be affected by high p-TSA loads for more than a hundred years. This ex-ample illustrates that aquifer heterogeneities cannot be neglected and low permeability zones may serve as sources of contaminants decades after the original contamination source was eliminated.

479 - Application of the discrete fracture network (DFN) approach to characterize bedrock aquifer contamination at a former dry cleaner siteJuliana Camillo & Dr. Ramon AravenaDepartment of Earth Sciences – University of Waterloo, ON, CanadaDr. Beth L. Parker & Adam GilmoreSchool of Engineering – University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada

The G360 Applied Groundwater Research Group at the University of Guelph is collaborating with the Ontario MOE on a detailed research study at a former dry cleaner site in Guelph, ON. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the current and future impacts of chlorinated ethene contamination (mainly PCE, TCE) on water quality in a fractured sedimentary rock aquifer by applying the Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) field approach to site characterization and monitoring (as described by Parker et al. [2011]). Sources of hydrogeologic and chemical heterogeneity such as groundwater-surface water interactions with a nearby river, proximity to municipal supply wells pumping from the fractured rock aquifer, and spatial variability in plume redox conditions, have major implications for contaminant transport and fate. This work presents opportunities to build on findings from previous DFN research studies at other sites with less complexity. A series of field activities including: 1) rock coring, core logging, and detailed subsampling, 2) corehole hydraulic and geophysical testing, 3) multilevel well (MLS) design and installation, and 4) depth-discrete groundwater sampling and hydraulic monitoring, have been completed to accomplish the research objectives.

This presentation will provide an update on major findings at the site, and present plans for future activities. High concentrations of both PCE and TCE measured in samples from the rock matrix demonstrate that transverse diffusion from dissolved plume concentrations in hydraulically active fractures has played an important role in the plume evolution. Strong downward vertical gradients were identified in the lower Goat Island


Formation throughout the site, suggesting that this interval acts as a local aquitard dividing the hydrogeologic system into two distinct intervals. Despite exhibiting aquitard characteristics, PCE and TCE concentrations ~350 m downgradient have penetrated through the lower Goat Island Formation and into the Gasport Formation, although at much lower concentrations. Hypotheses for the observed contaminant distribution will be discussed in detail. The high-resolution, depth-discrete data collected as part of the DFN approach provided the essential insight required to identify processes affecting contaminant transport and fate, hence improving capacity to assess current and future impacts to receptors.

650 - First evaluation of pesticides and pharmaceuticals in the alluvial aquifer of the Allier River (Massif Central, France)Mohammed N., Huneau F. & Le Coustumer P.Université de Bordeaux, Géoressources & Environnement, Talence, FranceCelle-Jeanton H.Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Clermont-Ferrand, FranceClauzet M.L.Direction de l’Eau et de l’Assainissement, Clermont-Ferrand, France

Pharmaceutical and pesticide active compounds have been detected in surface waters, drinking and tap water, groundwater, marine and ocean waters and some aquatic organisms in different countries. It is very difficult to predict the water pollution by pharmaceuticals mainly because of the inappropriate use of medicine. Thus, there are a lot of potential sources of pesticides and pharmaceuticals in the environment. Wastewaters are considered the main path of pharmaceutical compounds into natural waters whereas pesticides generally reach groundwater though diffuse agricultural sources. The aim of the paper is to provide the first overview of the contamination by pesticides and pharmaceuticals in the Allier river and in its related alluvial aquifer that acts as a crucial resource for the drinking water supply for about 100,000 inhabitants. Taking into ac-count that levels of these compounds vary substamtially daily and seasonally, a grab sampling program was established in November 2011 and is planned through November 2012 at four points: Allier River, two boreholes and one piezometer at a distance of 20, 300 and 500 meters from the river, respectively. The two boreholes are located in the protection area of the catchment, managed by Clermont-Ferrand Authorities. The piezometer is tapping groundwater above the exploited agricultural lands devoted to cereals culture. Examination of 383 target pesticides and 47 target pharmaceutical products has been conducted. The first results based on four months of sampling during the winter period shows that 30 different pesticides or their metabolites and pharmaceuticals were detected. Pesticides and their metabolites are mainly detected in ground-water, especially in wells close to or located in agricultural areas. The behaviour of pharmaceuticals is more specific. We found 47 compounds of a pharmaceutical origin in the river that can be related to the presence of Waste Water Treatment plants upstream the area. The boreholes are supplied by the seepage of river water towards the alluvial system and the detection of pharmaceuticals is also expected in groundwater. However, only a few of them are measured. Degradation or adsorption within alluvial terrains is then suspected and will be further studied.

700 - Challenges issued by chlorinated ethenes plumes wandering below kindergartensAlessandro GarginiDipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geologico Ambientali – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, ItalyMaria FilippiniDipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geologico Ambientali – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, ItalyIvonne NijenhuisUFZ, Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Leipzig, GermanyHans RichnowUFZ, Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Leipzig, GermanySabrina Saponaro, Alessandro CareghiniPolitecnico di Milano, Department of Environmental, Hydraulic, Infrastructures and Surveying Engineering, Milan, Italy

Contamination of aquifers by chlorinated solvents, with average concentrations in the order of 100-102 ppb, is common in urban areas, particu-larly related to point sources like laundries and metal degreasing facilities. However, in specific cases, municipal solid wastes landfills leachate may give major contributions as well. In any case, it is definitely uncommon that plumes of chlorinated ethenes, originated from dumps and with concentration in the order of 103-105 ppb, migrate in shallow aquifers below houses, threatening public water supply wells and health of human residents.


This is the case of Ferrara city (Emilia-Romagna region, northern Italy) where, inside former clay pits and sugar-beet washing lagoons, industrial effluents were disposed during the 70’s of the past century. These leachates have resulted in contaminant plumes, which are currently migrating below residential areas (including kindergartens), and are composed mainly of vinyl chloride (VC). Affected aquifers are sandy alluvial units, related to the Po river system, mainly anoxic with conditions from leaky-confined to fully confined.

The plumes pose formidable challenges for scientist and regulators : 1) it is possible to define the original “producer” of the contaminants to address properly liability and remediation costs? and 2) is there any actual risk for inhabitants particularly related to vapour intrusion from contaminated groundwater, taking into account that classical risk assessment tools appear to be too conservative?

Inside the framework of “GENESIS”, an EU Funded project (Groundwater and dependent Ecosystems: NEw Scientific basIS on climate change and land-use impacts for the update of the EU Groundwater Directive), the authors have investigated different contaminated spots inside the Ferrara aquifer using isotopic fingerprinting and a flux-chamber survey of vapour mass flux rate at the soil surface. Results indicated that the contaminant was related to disposal of chlorinated pitches from a nearby chloromethanes production plant with strongly depleted ethenes δ13C/12C. Chlorinated ethenes vapour emission was practically absent at the surface, showing the probable barrier effect of saturated shallow aquitards and of biodegradation in the unsaturated zone.

sessIon M1-F: lessons leArned FroM WorKIng ABroAdMonday, September 17 • 10:30-12:00 • Fallsview Studio ABCChairs: Alan Fryar, Adam Milewski

575 - Enhancing capacity for water-resource studies in the Middle East and North Africa: Building opportunity out of science and technologyAlan E. FryarDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kentucky, 101 Slone Building, Lexington, KY, USAAdam M. MilewskiDepartment of Geology, University of Georgia, 210 River Road, Athens, GA, USAMohamed SultanDepartment of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, Rood Hall, Kalamazoo, MI, USA

As hydrogeology has matured as a discipline, increasing numbers of professionals and students have become active in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America. Hydrogeologists from these regions have often acquired expertise by pursuing graduate education in Western countries, and projects in lower- and middle-income countries have frequently focused either on basic issues of water supply and water quality or on research affiliated with Western institutions. As a result of improved communication and access to information via the Internet, there is now enhanced international collaboration among hydrogeologists, and enhanced potential for integrating research, practice, and education worldwide. Such collaboration is imperative for addressing the challenges of water scarcity in a warming, more populated world.

With the support of the U.S. State Department, we are integrating technical instruction and preparation for professional practice in hydrology and hydrogeology for graduate students from the Middle East and North Africa. Working with researchers and educators in Egypt and Morocco, we have identified six students in each of those countries who will become peer trainers. Their backgrounds include geology, geography, geomat-ics, hydrology, and soil science. The students will participate in asynchronous and streamed coursework, attend a workshop and field-training exercise in the USA, and make presentations at the 2012 Geological Society of America Annual Meeting. They will become proficient in using software for GIS, remote sensing, and mathematical modeling with Web-based data sets, which will augment local-scale field studies. Students will receive guidance in research ethics; in presenting results to technical audiences and the general public; and in preparing research proposals and publications. In particular, each participant will spend at least 40 hours mentoring other students at their institutions, through visits to local schools, and via online forums. Expected results include strengthening the students’ communication skills, especially in English; increasing young researchers’ capacity to connect with the regional and global scientific communities in their areas of specialization; and positioning them to contribute as professionals in academia, industry, and/or government.


457 - Research to Education: Harnessing the Power of Remote Sensing Across the Middle EastAdam Milewski1, Alan Fryar2, Mohamed Sultan3, Michael Durham1, and Racha El Kadiri31Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA2Dept. of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA3Department of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI USA

With water resources diminishing at accelerated rates across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), scientific investigations are aimed at sustaining these valuable resources for future generations. Unfortunately, the data required for hydrologic models to adequately estimate current and projected resources are absent, lending way to the use of satellite remote sensing to fill the data gap.

We developed methodologies for rainfall-runoff and groundwater recharge computations that rely on sophisticated models using remote sensing datasets (e.g., TRMM, AVHRR, ASTER, AMSR-E) as inputs rather than costly and often unavailable field data (e.g., rain gauges, water levels, etc.). We used the Eastern Desert, and the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt as a proof of concept location. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) Model was selected using the ArcSWAT interface available in ArcGIS. Model simulations were run from 1998-2010 over select watersheds in Egypt, Morocco, and Kuwait. The following remote sensing based datasets were used as inputs into the hydrologic model: (1) TRMM precipitation; (2) Landsat Landcover and Landuse; (3) Landsat and MODIS based soils layer; (4) ASTER Digital Elevation Model (30m); and (5) Meteorological data. Calibration of the model was performed in Wadi Girafi and Wadi Ferrain and transferred to ungauged basins using common Physical Catchment Descriptors (PCDs).

Scientific investigations aimed at achieving sustainability on a global scale should be complemented by efforts to involve international collabora-tions and collaborative scientific investigations as well as to provide scientific exchange opportunities (e.g., training, workshops, etc.). As a part of BOOST (Building Opportunity Out of Science and Technology), a series of workshops, online distance courses, and field programs on remote sensing and GIS applications in hydrogeology are being conducted to train the next generation of scientists from the MENA region.

882 - SWAT Modeling and Remote Sensing Applications for the Assessment of Hydrologic Responses to Climatic Changes in a Mediterranean Atlantic SystemR. El Kadiri1, A. Milewski2, M. Sultan1, A. Larabi3, M. Ahmed1, and M. Durham2

1Department of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA2Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA3Mohammadia School Of Engineers, Mohammed V Agdal University, Rabat, Morocco

The Oum Er Rbia watershed (area: 48,000 km2) is one of the largest watersheds in Morocco; it originates in the Atlas Mountains, extends across the Tadla and coastal plains, and discharges into the Atlantic Ocean via the Oum Er Rbia River (length: 550km). Precipitation over the watershed is high (550 mm/yr) with sources from the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Given its proximal location to the main urban centers (Beni mellal, Khouribga, Casablanca, Rabat, Marrakesh), its fertile soil, and high precipitation rates over the watershed, the region is considered the food basket of the entire country.

In order to understand the hydrological settings and responses of this watershed as well as develop sustainable water exploration scenarios, we developed rainfall-runoff and groundwater recharge computations using SWAT model (Soil Water Assessment Tools) that provide a continuous simulation of the overland flow, channel flow, transmission losses, evaporation on bare soils and evapo-transpiration (ET), surface runoff, and groundwater recharge. The adopted methodology heavily relies on observations extracted from remote sensing data sets (e.g., precipitation from TRMM, topography from SRTM, soil types from Landsat TM, etc.) that were used to complement existing field observations (e.g., soil types, stream flow, etc.). Simulated runoff was calibrated against available stream flow data for the period 1977 to 2007.

Given the similarities in climatic, geologic, and hydrogeologic settings of the Oum Er Rbia watershed to the coastal watersheds at the foothills of the Atlas Mountains, the developed methodologies could be readily applied to these terrains as well. Ongoing research is focused on correlating the hydrological responses of the watershed to the climatic changes as manifested by the climatic trends in precipitation (from TRMM), climatic indices (e.g., NAO) and water storage (from Grace).


596 - Indo-German collaboration in bank filtration: eight years of projects, exchanges and trainingC. Sandhu, T. Grischek & T. VoltzUniversity of Applied Sciences Dresden, Division of Water Sciences, Dresden, Germany

Emerging economies are becoming increasingly aware of the advantages of bank filtration (BF) for drinking water supply. Since 2005, an Indo-German team of two universities and two water companies has been investigating the hydrogeological conditions and sustainability of BF in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. The aim of this presentation is to highlight how through different communication, exchange and technical approaches we have integrated research, education and project work.

We have conducted 1 – 2 day workshops every year for students and engineers in India led by visiting professionals from Germany and India. Resting on a foundation of basic knowledge of BF, the interaction was later intensified by organizing staff and student exchanges ranging from one week to several months that included visits to BF sites, water companies using BF and partner industries in Germany. The visits were inte-grated with cultural programmes to achieve a greater level of personal familiarity. This not only acquainted the Indian colleagues with standard procedures used in the west, but it also motivated them to increasingly try new ideas and concepts from Germany under local conditions in India. Similarly, Indian colleagues hosted German students who since 2005 have spent 4 – 5 months every year with the university and water company performing the necessary field work central to the collaborative projects. These internships greatly boosted the self-confidence of the German students. The German staff and students have also shown a greater appreciation of the practical difficulties routinely faced by the Indian water company and their academic colleagues. Such a comprehensive strategy has strengthened the motivation of all partners to continue applying BF as an element of integrated water resources management in Uttarakhand.

Eight years of experience have yielded several lessons. A sound mutual understanding and intensive dialogue, (particularly via telephone), is necessary to maintain forward momentum. It is essential to have an appreciation of the technical and cultural differences between the west and India, and good deal of patience, particularly in executing administrative duties. One must also be mindful of the hierarchy prevalent in Indian society, since progress can often only be made through the right channels.

341 - Assessing Volatile Organic Compound Contamination in Soil and Groundwater in an Industrial Complex in Eastern ThailandFairda Malem, Peerapong SoonthorndechaEnvironmetal Research and Training Center, Department of Environmental Quality Promotion,Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand

An industrial complex in eastern Thailand has served as a manufacturing base for petrochemical, chemical, iron, and metal products as well as a site for petroleum refineries for approximately 30 years. In the past few years, there have been environmental issues concerning the quality of groundwater, surface water, soil, and air. The Thai National Environmental Board implemented a plan in 2007 to resolve these environmen-tal problems, but local residents claim they still suffer from existing contamination. This research investigates the present extent of soil and groundwater pollution in the area. Several soil-gas surveys were conducted to identify remaining “hot spots” and assess the site’s contaminated groundwater. Soil-gas samples were analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using thermal desorption technique with gas chromatog-raphy. The results revealed several VOC hotspots in several factories. The data’s results were communicated with factory staffs which indicated poor maintenance disposal practices. Subsequent investigation for groundwater pollution was conducted. Many groundwater samples were collected and analyzed using purge and trap technique with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). A numerical simulation study using MODFLOW was performed for groundwater flow and VOC transport in the subsurface environment. Groundwater samples were analyzed for 16 regulated VOCs from Thailand’s Groundwater Quality Standard. Contamination levels occasionally exceeded regulated standards and could potentially pose health threats. The presence of VOCs in monitoring wells at some factories which do not use organic compounds suggests that VOCs migrate in groundwater from one location to another. The area’s shallow aquifers are characterized by alluvial deposits and beach sand, overlaying clayey sand, sandy clay, weathered granites, and granitic rocks. Groundwater modeling shows that groundwater flows generally from northwest to the southeast toward the sea, implying that contaminants, if not adsorbed nor degraded, could be discharged to the sea.


405 - Striving towards state-control on groundwater resources: a case of the Kathmandu Valley, NepalVishnu Prasad Pandey1,2 & Futaba Kazama1

1International Research Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan2Center of Research for Environment Energy and Water (CREEW), Kathmandu, Nepal

Groundwater is a major source of water supply to over 2.5 million people living in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Unplanned extraction of ground-water in the past four decades has resulted in several negative consequences, including depletion of groundwater levels, decline in production capacity of wells, and drying of stone spouts and dug wells. In turn, this has led to several initiatives aimed to elevate groundwater as a priority agenda. They are either from non-governmental organizations or academia (both inside and outside the country) or from the government. The initiatives vary from institutional re-arrangement, filing a case at the Supreme Court to limit groundwater extraction and subsequence ruling from the court, attempts for continuous knowledge generation and sharing with relevant stakeholders through national groundwater sympo-siums and groundwater expert meetings, and government’s initiative towards groundwater licensing, among others. This paper aims to discuss groundwater development dynamics, consequences of excessive development, recent initiatives/attempts towards state-control on groundwater resources, lessons learnt and ways forward. The case study is expected to help reveal the complexities of groundwater management in the developing world as well as how ‘monitoring-management’ paradox is hindering groundwater management in the area.

sessIon M1-g: MAnAgeMent And utIlIZAtIon oF sAlIne WAtersMonday, September 17 • 10:30-12:00 • Upper Fallsview Studio AChairs: Grant Ferguson, Nathan Green

181 - Global Overview of Saline and Brackish Groundwater: Genesis and OccurrenceFrank van Weert1, Jac van der Gun2

1 International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre (IGRAC), Delft, The Netherlands, 2 Independent hydrogeologist, Schalkhaar, The Netherlands

This study addresses the genesis and occurrence of saline and brackish groundwater at shallow and intermediate depths. Across the globe, most groundwater at these depths is fresh. This large volume of relatively easily accessible, fresh groundwater makes it worldwide a valuable source of water for various uses. However, at greater depths, groundwater is replenished and refreshed at much smaller rates and often has turned brackish or saline because of mineralization processes during the very long residence time underground. In some cases, these processes also occur at shallower depths. The study looks at various mechanisms of saline groundwater genesis at these depths. It differen-tiates between marine (connate marine groundwater, seawater flooding, spraying and intrusion), natural terrestrial (evaporation from shallow groundwater tables, dissolution of salt-bearing sediments, membrane effects and hydrothermal igneous activities) and anthropogenic terrestrial mechanisms (irrigation and pollution by numerous types of contaminants). The position and vertical extent of the saline or brackish bodies of water groundwater inside an aquifer depends strongly on their genesis. An inventory of known occurrences of saline groundwater published in papers, reports and maps, combined with the use of proxy indicators related to the above mentioned groundwater salinity genesis, has allowed to produce a provisional global map of saline groundwater occurrences at shallow and intermediate depths. As the content of dissolved minerals in groundwater limits the suitability for various domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes, brackish and saline groundwater need to be managed carefully. Despite the fact that it was derived only from information that was easily accessible during the inventory and hence subject to considerable improvement, the map may contribute to developing the necessary understanding of salinity patterns and processes that need to taken into account in order to make the full benefit of the fresh groundwater resources.

368 - Saline Water Management by Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) used to Mitigate Mine Dewatering ImpactsRoberts, S., P. Rickets, F. Wang, I. Brandes de Roos and D. BrownFortescue Metals Group, East Perth, Western Australia


Saline water management resulting from mine dewatering is challenging in that it represents a waste stream which can require costly disposal and/or cause environmental impact, such as from surface disposal. When present in large volumes under strict licensing conditions, effective saline water management is integral to the success of mining operations.

Fortescue Metals Group (Fortescue) operational iron ore mining spans 70km along strike of the Chichester range of the Pilbara region, Western Australia. More than 75% of the ore is below the water table, with saline dewatering predicted to exceed 75GL/a. Mining operations are adjacent to a nationally recognised wetland, the Fortescue Marsh, with stringent environmental water level and quality constraints. The environmentally sensitive setting, scale of operations and volume of saline water production require innovative and effective water management.

Fortescue’s approach has been to implement of one of the world’s largest managed aquifer recharge (MAR) schemes. The scheme requires the integrated management of both brackish and saline water streams. Brackish water is re-injected for later abstraction. Saline water is re-injected into deep aquifer(s), of comparable quality, to the south of operations, adjacent to the wetland. Groundwater modelling predictions indicate that saline water mounding can be limited to <2m; and targeted injection can be used to restrict drawdown effects from mine dewatering on the wetland to approximately 1m.

Saline injection was trialled at a rate of 7.3GL/a into the deep aquifer, with minimal hydraulic response within tens of meters of injection sites and no indication of a hydraulic connection to shallow water systems, as supported by water quality trends and modelled scenarios. As an environmental safeguard a telemetry control system, to monitor water levels relative to agreed trigger levels has been installed. Bore injection capacity was tracked, displaying decreased capacity with time, due to sediment clogging, requiring annual rehabilitation.

The MAR scheme successfully balances water resource conservation and protection of a wetland, while enabling a large mining operation to pro-ceed. This scheme illustrates how saline water abstraction from dewatering operations can be effectively managed and utilized to mitigate impacts.

394 - Selective Groundwater Extraction (SGE): Using Diagnostic Technologies and Well Modification to Select and Extract Only the Best WaterNoah Heller, MS PGBESST Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA

When an undesirable constituent is discovered in a water supply well, above-ground treatment or blending are often considered as the only remedies. Given the upfront capital cost and the expense in perpetuity of well head treatment media, brine disposal, and treatment plant main-tenance, it is incumbent upon water providers to look for ways to reduce these long term operational burdens. Selective Groundwater Extraction (SGE) is a less expensive solution to the problem - just leave the bad water behind and selectively pump only the best water. There are three basic steps to SGE: (1) Groundwater wells under actual pumping conditions are vertically profiled for dynamic flow and chemistry distribution; (2) The diagnostic data is analyzed to determine if an asymmetrical distribution of the contaminant(s) occurs along the well screen; (3) If an asymmetrical distribution occurs, well modification feasibility studies can be performed to determine if the offending zone can be blocked or bypassed during production. Modification strategies include the use of sleeves, packers and engineered suctions; changing the pump intake location or the pumping rate; well rehabilitation; and backfilling the well bottom; or any combination of these approaches. Modification strategies can also be used in conjunction with surface blending and/or well head treatment. The goal of SGE is to save money by eliminating or reducing the need for wellhead treatment and saving the well.

429 - Evaluation of a mulched drip irrigation system using saline water for cotton in an arid area of Northwest ChinaMenggui Jin, Zaimin Wang & Bingguo WangState Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China

There is a serious shortage of fresh water in many arid areas, e.g. Xinjiang, but saline water is available. Saline water is widely used to irrigate cotton in combination with mulched drip irrigation technology in Xinjiang, the largest cotton province in China. Cotton yield generally decreases with the reduction of irrigation water and is limited by salinity of irrigation water. The use of large quantities of saline water would result in soil salinization, which in turn would affect the cotton yield. Therefore, it is important to find suitable irrigation regimes to enhance cotton yield and


prevent soil salinization. Field experiments were conducted in Southern Xinjiang for three years to evaluate sustainable irrigation regimes for cotton. The experiments involved mulched drip irrigation during the growing season and flood irrigation after the growing season. Mulched drip irrigation experiments included 2 controlled experiments, 4 experiments with deficit irrigation (with deficit irrigation during one crop growing stage), and 4 alternative irrigation experiments with fresh water used in one growth stage and saline water in others. The average cotton yield in three years varied from 3,575 to 5,095 kg/ha and the irrigation water productivity from 0.91 to 1.16 kg/m3. Crop sensitivities to water stress during different growth stages were as follows: flowering (most sensitive) >budding>seeding>belling (least sensitive). Sensitivities to salt stress were as follows: belling>seeding> budding>flowering. Although the use of mulched drip irrigation during the growth season increased the soil salts in the root zone, flood irrigation applied after harvest leached the extra soil salts below the background level. Numerical simulations of the above-discussed irrigation system, based on three year experiments and extended by another 20 years, showed that mulched drip irrigation with brackish water during the growth season and flood irrigation with fresh water after harvest was a sustainable irrigation practice, which would not result in soil salinization during the next 20 years.

926 - Long-term Salinity Changes in an Inland Aquifer, NSW, AustraliaBadenhop A, Timms WA, Kelly BFJ, Witts B, Rayner D, Mehrabi SUNSW Water Research Laboratory, Manly Vale, NSW, Australia

Low salinity groundwater must be maintained for the environment, drinking water supplies, stock water and irrigation in the Namoi Catchment of NSW, Australia to support an industry worth at least $380 million each year. In this study, variability of groundwater quality across the catch-ment and over time was analysed with a multi-decadal historical dataset and new data. Standard protocols were used to test ~60 samples at 45 bores on three occasions during 2009 with a total of 189 field parameter records and 121 major ion analyses. Groundwater salinity was relatively stable at most sites where sufficient historic data was available (105 monitoring pipes), however significant increases had occurred at about 20% of sites over the past two decades. Salinity increases were most concentrated in Zone 3, where soil salt stores are high. The worst case was a bore screened at 80 m depth where the average EC from monitoring in 2000-2009 was 123% higher than the average from 1980-1999. Salinity changes were highly variable throughout the catchment and even in neighbouring bores, however increases were greatest in areas of long-term decline, high drawdowns during pumping seasons and reversal of head gradients. Comparison with hydrographs showed salinity increases appeared to be associated with periods of intense extraction during droughts. Further away from the Namoi River where there is no strong pumping influence, salinity increases appeared to be associated with rising water levels. In contrast, groundwater in other bores in the area was found to be fresh. Freshening had occurred at about 25% of sites, mostly those near to connected and losing areas of the river. These variations show the complexity of salinity changes in inland alluvial aquifers and the need to incorporate a range of processes when considering the risk of aquifer salinisation.

1069 - Applying Hydrogeological Principles and NI 43-101, to Assess Lithium Brine Resources in the High AndesMark King, Groundwater Insight Inc., Halifax, NS, CanadaDouglas Anderson, Daron Abbey, AquaResource, A Division of Matrix Solutions Inc., Breslau, ON, CanadaWaldo Perez ,Lithium Americas, Toronto, ON, Canada

The Canadian standard for describing mineral resources and reserves is well-known and respected worldwide, as an effective method for com-panies to disclose information about potentially economic mineral deposits. The approach, known as National Instrument 43-101 (NI 43-101), was developed for solid rock deposits, and is the key component of deposit documentation in Canada. Meanwhile, in the past few years there has been a growing appreciation of lithium deposits for use in batteries and green technologies associated with hybrid and electric automobiles.

A unique aspect of these lithium deposits is that the most promising ones occur in subsurface brine. The primary location for these brines is within sediment-filled, dry salt lake basins (salars) in the high Andes of South America, especially Chile, Argentina and Bolivia. This paper uses one such deposit, in the Cauchari and Olaroz Salars of Argentina, as a case study for applying the NI 43-101 approach to a subsurface liquid (brine) mineral deposit. These contiguous salars are approximately 80 km in length, between 10 and 20 km in width, and located at an elevation of 4000 m.

In this paper, methods that have long been used by “hard rock” geologists to evaluate solid deposits are compared with the set of tools that must now be used by hydrogeologists to evaluate minerals in brine. It is noted that while many key brine evaluation parameters could not have been


foreseen in the original NI 43-101 methodology, there are numerous analogues to hard rock parameters. In this relatively new application of well-established hydrogeological principles, terms like porosity, hydraulic conductivity, storativity, specific yield and boundary conditions are used to describe and predict mineral resources and reserves. Further, groundwater modelling is becoming recognized as a key tool for quantifying recoverability and designing brine production fields.

This paper starts with an overview of the unique environment and geology of the Cauchari and Olaroz Salars. It describes the exploration activ-ities used to assess the lithium brine deposit, including drilling, brine sampling, geophysics and evaluation of boundary conditions. Quantitative methods are described which were used to incorporate these data in mineral resource and reserve estimates. Key among these are block mod-elling and groundwater modelling. The hydrogeological methods used in this evaluation are compared with standard methods for solid deposits. Unique issues associated with brine assessment and production are highlighted.

Suggested possible Technical Sessions for this Platform Presentation are:

5-9 Mining Issues

5-11 Management and Utilization of Saline Waters

sessIon M1-H: groundWAter QuAlIty And PolICIes For gW ProteCtIon IMonday, September 17 • 10:30-12:00 Upper • • Fallsview Studio BChairs: Esther Wattel-Koekkoek, Jana Levison

704 - The Water Framework and Groundwater Directives – protecting Europe’s groundwaterRob WardBritish Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK

The European Union’s Water Framework Directive (WFD) was introduced in December 2000. Its purpose is to ensure that water across Europe, including groundwater, is managed and protected in a more effective and sustainable way for the benefits of both society and the environment. To clarify some of the specific objectives for groundwater a supporting Groundwater Directive was introduced in 2006.

In combination the two Directives establish environmental objectives for groundwater and outline the process by which these must be achieved. The environmental objectives for groundwater as set out in the WFD are: to prevent or limit inputs of pollutants to groundwater, prevent deterio-ration of status of groundwater bodies, restore groundwater bodies to good status, reverse significant upward trends in pollutant concentrations, and achieve relevant protected area objectives. The achievement of the environmental objectives requires the establishment of programmes of measures. In advance of this is a need to develop an understanding of the groundwater environments to which the objectives apply so that measures can be most effectively implemented.

The understanding of the groundwater systems is achieved through a process that involves the identification of groundwater bodies, char-acterisation, risk assessment and monitoring programmes. This information is used to identify the current condition of groundwater bodies (status), the changes that are taking place (trends) and the anthropogenic activities that are impacting groundwater (pressures and impacts). In combination this knowledge is used to establish specific objectives for each water body, establish the measures needed to comply with the wider environmental objectives and evaluate environmental improvement. The approach outlined recognises the linkages between different parts of the water environment in terms of quality, quantity and ecology. The assessment of groundwater body status takes this into account and requires a series of tests to be met. These include consideration of: pollutant impacts on drinking water; impacts on groundwater dependent surface water chemistry, ecology and flows; impacts on groundwater dependent ecosystems; widespread pollution of groundwater and; over abstraction of aquifers.

1200 - Overview of Groundwater Quality Policies in North AmericaGwyn GrahamEnvironment Canada, Vancouver, BC, Canada


An overview of groundwater quality policies is provided at a North-American scale, with a focus on Canadian policies and similarities or contrasts with the U.S.A. While there is no over-arching North American framework on groundwater quality, there are examples of approaches to co-man-agement of transboundary issues through bilateral organizations or arrangements. In general, groundwater quality policies are in accordance with the somewhat unique governance frameworks of each country and conform to shared responsibilities from Federal to Provincial/State and regional/municipal governance. The value of protecting groundwater quality is inherent to socio-economic and ecologic viability. Approx-imately 30% of Canadians and 44% of the U.S. relies on groundwater for domestic water supply (varying on a regional basis from 0 to100% dependence). Additionally, groundwater can be significant to agricultural and industrial needs as well as supporting a diverse range of aquatic ecosystem function through interaction with surface water bodies.

203 - Monitoring the effectiveness of the Nitrates Directive’s Action ProgrammesDico Fraters1, Karel Kovar2, & Ruth Grant3 1 RIVM National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands2 PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Bilthoven, the Netherlands3 Institute Bioscience – University of Århus, Silkeborg, DenmarkLaerke Thorling4 & Joan Reijs5

4 GEUS Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, City, Denmark5 LEI – Wageningen University and Research Centre, Den Haag, the Netherlands

In order to reduce nutrient losses from agriculture, Member States of the European Union are obliged to take policy measures in so called Action Programmes. In addition, they are obliged both to monitor the quality of their waters and the effect of their Action Programmes on these waters and to report the results to the European Commission. A study carried out together with researchers from twelve countries from Northwest and Central Europe shows that these monitoring obligations have been interpreted differently by the various countries due to the lack of specific guidelines. Most countries, however, have increased their efforts to monitor water quality the last six years, primarily as a consequence of the discussion between the Member States and the European Commission on how the fertiliser policy should be designed and implemented. Member States try to underpin their position on monitoring with the results from additional monitoring efforts. Another factor contributing to the increase in monitoring is the requirement for Member States that recently joined the EU to adapt their monitoring systems to comply with the obligations of the European Directives.

Two monitoring approaches, upscaling and interpolation, and four different types of monitoring networks are distinguished, a/o quick response networks to monitor the effectiveness of Action Programmes. The main advantage of the use of the upscaling approach for quick response net-works is that it provides a better insight into processes that play a role in leaching of nutrients to groundwater and surface waters, as compared to the interpolation approach. A second advantage is that it is cheaper, in particular in the initial phase. Thirdly, with this approach it is easier and cheaper to extend the number of monitoring parameters. The main advantage of the interpolation approach is that it is less sensitive to changes in the network, which is important for networks that are assumed to operate for decades, and that it is easier to show ‘representativeness’ of the network. A second advantage is that there is a smaller chance the farmers adapt to the system in place, which would bias the results. Thirdly, it is postulated that this approach results might have a higher acceptability for stakeholders than the results of the upscaling approach for its robustness and simplicity, as the interpretation of the former is less depending on difficult to grasp assumptions in process models used in the upscaling approach.

133 - Agricultural practices and nitrate monitoring in Denmark: Trend reversalLærke Thorling and Birgitte Hansen GEUS, Geological survey of Denmark and Greenland, Aarhus, Denmark

In Denmark a series of action plans over the last 25 years have resulted in an about 40% reduction of the nitrogen surplus in agriculture and about 50% reduction in nitrate leaching to the environment from agricultural areas. These reductions are both documented through nitrogen budgets based on national statistics from the agricultural sector and national monitoring data. At the same time, the farmers have succeeded in sustaining the crop yields and increasing the animal production by 30%.

The Danish Monitoring Programme (NOVANA) originates from 1987 when the first Action Plan for the Aquatic Environment was passed by the Danish Parliament. Since then further Action Plans have been introduced with the overall aim of meeting the national goals for reduction of nutrient losses from agriculture as well as the requirements of the EU Directives and other international agreements.


The NOVANA programme covers all aquatic environments like agricultural catchments, streams, lakes, groundwater, coastal and marine waters plus air and terrestrial environments. The groundwater programme constitutes of a network of approximate 1500 permanent monitoring points representative of the variations in geological setting and land use of Denmark. A future challenge is to adapt the monitoring network to the WFD 6 year planning cycle, where the monitoring strategy is related to groundwater status.

Time series of approximately 20 years are now available for nitrate and other major ions as well as pesticides, trace metals and a range of organic pollutants. Groundwater dating with CFCs in the monitoring areas has proved to be a strong tool when interpreting the collected data. Trend reversal for nitrate in oxic groundwater around 1980 on a national scale clearly indicates changes in land use and reduction in nitrate leaching (Hansen et al., 2011). The improved groundwater quality is partially due to regulation through the Danish Action Plans.

586 - The value of long-term dedicated groundwater monitoring to support aquifer protection policy measures – Abbotsford-Sumas Aquifer Case Study (Canada).Gwyn GrahamEnvironment Canada, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Contamination of groundwater from agricultural sources is a concern in many areas of Canada that rely in part or wholly on groundwater for water-supply purposes. It is also a concern with respect to quality degradation of surface water bodies and aquatic habitat receiving increased dissolved nutrients through groundwater-surface water interaction. Policy measures of relevance to aquifer protection exist across several layers of government from federal to provincial and municipal. These measures generally fall into the categories of supporting changes to agricultural practices, drinking water protection and prevention or mitigation of water pollution. Groundwater monitoring can provide necessary information to inform the need for reactive policy measures in cases of groundwater contamination, as well as providing feedback on the efficacy of on-going aqui-fer protection measures. An examination of groundwater monitoring in the Abbotsford-Sumas aquifer, a regional-scale unconfined transboundary aquifer located in south-west British Columbia (Canada), demonstrates the value of a comprehensive long-term dedicated monitoring network. Two decades of constant-frequency (monthly) groundwater sampling provides aquifer characterization data on the spatial and temporal extent of nitrate concentrations on the Canadian side of this transboundary aquifer. The long-term nitrate data parallels implementation of successive agricultural beneficial management programs (BMPs) and regulatory measures, providing context for other measures that focus on pollution prevention and mitigation. Uncertainty on the extent of BMP implementation complicates attribution of nitrate trends and raises questions regarding source control efficacy. The data also highlight risks inherent to trend analysis for time periods of less than 7 years and a range of factors that complicate the interpretation of nitrate trends. Also highlighted is the value of additional studies that make use of the monitoring well network with benefits to data interpretation, such as isotope analysis for groundwater age-dating (3H/3He) and nitrate source identification (d15N, d18O).

334 - Agriculture and Groundwater Protection – A Pragmatic Ontario ApproachH.C. SimpsonEnvironmental Management Branch, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Geography & Environmental Management, Faculty of Environment, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, CanadaWater Policy and Governance Group

The application of nutrients, such as nitrogen, to agricultural lands is necessary to maintain soil health and achieve optimal crop yield. This ongo-ing input can lead to losses if crop requirements and the soil’s retention capacity are surpassed, and can cause excessive nitrate concentrations in groundwater. Maintaining the balance between nitrogen application and plant uptake requirements depends on a variety of factors such as precipitation and soil type. Achieving this balance is further complicated because the availability of nutrients varies according to the form in which the nutrients are provided and the time of year the nutrients are applied to the land. A profitable and sustainable farm operation depends on a nutrient management system that achieves a number of goals related to nitrogen management, including: satisfying crop nutrient require-ments for optimal yield and quality; minimizing the loss of nutrients to the environment; minimizing the cost of supplying nutrients; ensuring it is practical and feasible with current resources; and, using manure and other organic materials to best advantage. Legislation and programs have been implemented in Ontario that incorporate agronomic science principles, and have assisted farm operations to achieve these goals. This approach has also been successful in achieving broader societal objectives of protecting groundwater while also optimizing crop yields.

The purpose of this paper is three-fold. First, legislation and programs that pertain to the management of nitrogen on Ontario farms are sum-


marized and discussed. Second, the agronomic science principles that have been incorporated when developing this legislation and program are discussed. Finally, examples of recent field research are presented that demonstrates that these principles have been applied successfully to on-farm management of nitrogen.

sessIon M2-A: gW & ClIMAte CHAnge IIMonday, September 17 • 14:00-15:15 • Strategy Room 1Chairs: Diana Allen, Balbir Sukhija

935 - Linking climate change and groundwater: impact of climate model uncertainty on predicted recharge Marie-Audray Ouellet, Marie Larocque, Jana Levison ESCER Research Center, Department of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesUniversité du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada

The impacts of climate change on water resources are increasingly observed and demonstrated. As the interface between atmospheric regimes and water stored in the subsurface, recharge is the key link that transfers climate change signals to groundwater. Despite its paramount role in groundwater replenishment, knowledge about recharge rates and mechanisms is often lacking. Climate change and climate variability inevitably contribute to the uncertainty related to these processes. This paper presents recharge scenarios for the 2041-2070 period as predicted by a surface flow model and a 1D soil water budget model. These recharge scenarios stem from a range of climate models for a headwater ecosystem in south-western Québec, Canada. Efforts to quantify groundwater recharge using multi-scale climate scenario outputs provide widely varying results. For example, the potential maximum recharge (net precipitation) estimated using the output from several General Circulation Models (GCMs) predicts between -47% and +20% (bootstrapped mean -12.6%) variation from baseline values. Yet a more humid climate is predicted using data from Regional Climate Models (RCMs), with a future net precipitation range of -25% and +51% (bootstrapped mean +8.4%). The intra-annual temporal distribution of recharge as predicted by a 1D soil water budget model using climate data from RCMs also presents variable results. These models mostly agree that the largest increase in recharge will occur in the winter and up to the month of April (24% mean increase compared to baseline), but the variability amongst model predictions is also the greatest in this period (+4% to +36% range). By contrast, from May to November, some models predict an increase in recharge while others predict a decrease, but yield a smaller envelope of uncertainty (-22% to +5% range). These dis-crepancies highlight the inherent uncertainty of spatial and temporal variations in temperature and precipitation from any climate change scenario. This uncertainty is translated to the simulated recharge estimates which are put into perspective to highlight general recharge trends, for southern Québec under climate change. Advantages and limitations of the two modeling approaches are also discussed.

823 - Hydrogeological modeling of climate change impact for a small-scale groundwater reservoirC.Moeck, P. Brunner & D. HunkelerCHYN, Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics, University of Neuchâtel, SwitzerlandM. SchirmerEAWAG – Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dep. Water Resources and Drinking Water, Duebendorf, Switzerland

The evaluation of the effect of climate change on water resources is challenging. Changes of temperature, evapotranspiration and precipita-tion can strongly influence groundwater recharge and therefore the water balance of groundwater systems. Climate change affects not only the amount of precipitation but also its temporal distribution. Heterogeneity of soils and aquifers as well as vegetation further complicate the quantitative analysis between changing climatic conditions and groundwater recharge. In this project we aim to understand how changes in climatic forcing functions affect groundwater recharge. Our study area is a small-scale aquifer in northern Switzerland. Given the complexity of the system, physically based models which account for heterogeneity, processes in the unsaturated and saturated zone are required.

Modeling was undertaken with the fully coupled hydrological model HydroGeoSphere (Therrien et al., 2005). We construct a 3-D model of the study area based on a wide range of data, including extensive geophysical data, information from drill logs, pumping tests as well as tracer tests


in both the saturated and unsaturated zone. State-of-the-art calibration for the model was carried out using PEST (Doherty, 2005). A combina-tion of the pilot point method with regularisation was used to estimate different parameter sets. Then, delta change factors for temperature and precipitation of a moderate scenario (A1B) for future climatic conditions of 10 climate model chains for 3 periods were used in combination with a stochastic weather generator. The estimated new climate inputs of potential evapotranspiration and precipitation were applied to simulate the effect of climate change. In addition a sensitivity analysis with different dry spell durations was carried out to understand the impact of these longer droughts for the water system. Initial results indicate a decrease of recharge for all simulated climate model chains. The main reason for less annual recharge is an increase in mean air temperature and a decrease in precipitation from summer to autumn. During winter and spring little or no change is simulated. However, the decrease in groundwater recharge rates, especially during summer and autumn, depends strongly upon the applied climate model chains. Large differences in the downscaled output of the 10 climate model chains is observed, especially for precipitation, and lead to high predictive uncertainty of future groundwater recharge rates.

821 - Simulated impacts of downscaled climate scenarios on groundwater temperature and discharge in small unconfined aquifersBarret L. Kurylyk & Kerry T.B. MacQuarrieDepartment of Civil Engineering and Canadian Rivers Institute– University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, CanadaClifford I. VossUnited States Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, USA

Climate change may affect groundwater temperature and flow rates that may, in turn, have ecological impacts, particularly for fish. In many North American and European rivers, cold groundwater discharge provides critical thermal refuge for threatened salmonid fish during warm summer periods. A few previous studies have examined the impact of climate change on groundwater temperature, but those studies were primarily performed by using simplified surficial climate scenarios, such as a linear rise in ground surface temperature, and by ignoring changes in advective heat transport due to increases or decreases in aquifer recharge. This study evaluates the potential impact of climate change on the temperature and magnitude of groundwater discharge from a small unconfined aquifer to a fifth-order river in New Brunswick, Canada. Down-scaled future climate scenarios were compiled, and then three separate simulators of surficial energy flux, water flux and heat and groundwater were coupled. First, daily meteorological data from seven downscaled climate scenarios (2046-2065) were compiled in order to generate future daily aquifer recharge and ground surface temperature from the surficial energy and water flux balance models (HELP3 and ForHyM2). Daily recharge and surface temperature data were then applied as boundary conditions to drive simulations of groundwater flow and heat transport. In seasonally freezing regions, cryogenic processes can significantly impact the subsurface thermal and hydraulic regimes. To evaluate the subsurface impact of changing recharge and surface temperature, groundwater flow and energy transport simulations were performed with the recently modified U.S. Geological Survey finite element model SUTRA that includes the dynamic freeze/thaw process. Preliminary modeling results show a potential rise in the average annual magnitude (up to 50%) and temperature (up to 2.5°C) of groundwater discharge to the river. Changes to the timing, magnitude and temperature of groundwater discharge may adversely affect salmonid habitat by decreasing the number of suitable groundwater-sourced thermal refugia.

611 - The relationship between groundwater recharge and climate variability – an example from the Australian northern tropical savannahRoss S. Brodie, Ken Lawrie & Kok Piang Tan Geoscience Australia, Canberra, ACT, AustraliaTim Munday, Andrew FitzpatrickCSIRO, Perth, WA, AustraliaRichard GeorgeDepartment of Agriculture and Food, Bunbury, WA, Australia

An integrated hydrogeological assessment of shallow alluvial aquifers was carried out to underpin salinity and groundwater management in the Ord River Irrigation Area (ORIA) in the northern tropical savannah of Western Australia. New 3D mapping based on airborne electromagnetics (AEM) and sonic drilling provided a hydrogeological framework used to inform regional watertable mapping, hydrographic analysis and ground-water modeling. The latter was used to assess a proposed expansion of ORIA to the northeast into the Weaber Plains.


Comparing the groundwater level record with rainfall residual mass curves highlighted the importance of decadal-scale rainfall cycles in driving watertable conditions. In some areas of the uncleared Weaber Plain that are distant from existing irrigation development, rapid watertable rises (2-5 m) were evident during the wetter climate phases. Static watertable conditions during the dry phases demonstrate a balancing of accumu-lated recharge and groundwater drainage. This is consistent with AEM mapping that shows the influence of a major palaeochannel that underlies the more permeable Cununurra soils and also the decadal variability of groundwater baseflow evident in hydrographic records of the Keep River. Closer to the ORIA scheme, watertable rises in many monitoring bores were linked to both climate and irrigation drainage.

An analysis of the magnitude and frequency of rainfall events highlighted the importance of the larger, episodic events. For example, rainfall events which exceed 100mm account for about 5% of events but about a third of total rainfall over the 69 years of record. The groundwater level trends could be compared against the frequency of these larger rainfall events as well as using annual statistics. In modelling undertaken since the AEM survey, these climate responses were used to provide the means to explain observed groundwater and river flow data and forecast the impact of the proposed expansion on the aquifer systems of the area.

In reference to climate change, the study highlights the need to incorporate decadal-scale climate variability and rainfall episodicity as key functions of groundwater recharge.

806 - Drought, climate change and groundwater levels in south-western Ontario Scott MacRitchie & Mike ChristieOntario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaAndrew PiggottEnvironment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada

Long-term groundwater level records are important for determining the impacts of drought and trends due to climate change. Periods of drought are projected to become more frequent under climate change. In the past 80 years Ontario has experienced three drought periods during 1930s, 1963 and in 1998-1999. In response to the 1998-1999 drought, the Provincial Groundwater Monitoring network was established between 2000 and 2003 and is led by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment in partnership with Conservation Authorities and local municipalities. The wells monitor ambient groundwater levels and quality in major aquifers throughout the province. Groundwater levels are collected hourly from 471 monitoring wells and water samples are taken annually. Some of the current monitoring wells were part of a previous monitoring network that collected groundwater levels from 1966 to 1980. The historic groundwater levels are being digitized so that they can be linked with the current groundwater levels to extend the record. An analytical model of transient one-dimensional groundwater flow was used to reconstruct the groundwater levels between 1980 and 2001 to provide a long term record that will span 45 years for one monitoring well as a pilot project. The model inputs include daily mean temperature and total precipitation and estimates evapotranspiration as a function of temperature. The model then simulates groundwater levels as a weighted average of the history of the differences between precipitation and evapotranspiration. The long-term records can be used for source protection modeling, setting of low water response triggers, and for climate change adaptation. The same model, calibrated for a monitoring well in south-western Ontario, was used with projections of temperature and precipitation from climate models to determine the potential impact of climate change on groundwater levels.

sessIon M2-B: VAdose Zone ProCesses IIMonday, September 17 • 14:00-15:15 • Strategy Room 2Chairs: Edwin Cey, James Smith

533 - Effects of entrapped air on groundwater flow and dissolved gases: a 2-dimensional pilot-scale sand tank experiment Heather McLeod1, James W. Roy1, 2, James E. Smith1, Kevin Evelegh1

1 School of Geography & Earth Sciences - McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada2 National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada

Groundwater table fluctuations introduce atmospheric air as discontinuous entrapped air bubbles and ganglion in the capillary fringe and even below the water table; thereby producing a zone of quasi-saturation. This entrapped air can affect groundwater flow through its reduction of


the hydraulic conductivity and can alter levels of dissolved gases in groundwater. To date, studies on the dissolution of entrapped air have been restricted to one-dimensional systems; either laboratory columns or infiltration into soils. The complex multi-dimensional nature of discontinuous entrapped air dissolution, its effects on the groundwater flow field and on dissolved gas conditions has not been fully addressed. In this study, temporal and spatial changes in entrapped air contents, dissolved gas conditions and the groundwater flow field were monitored in a high-ly-instrumented pilot-scale laboratory tank filled with medium-coarse silica sand, simulating an unconfined aquifer. Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) probes provided continuous in situ air phase contents and bulk electrical conductivity readings (for tracking flow field changes via ionic tracer tests) at 6 vertical positions across 1.75 m of saturated sand, repeated at 5 different locations (0.70 m, 1.55 m, 2.05 m, 3.20 m, 4.45 m) down-gradient of the head tanks (0 m). Total dissolved gas pressure (TDGP) probes and luminescent dissolved oxygen (LDO) probes were installed at two vertical positions in 3 sets of monitoring wells (1.20 m, 2.60 m, 3.80 m) and in the head tanks. Following initial air entrapment, air contents remained steady at all locations as dissolution commenced from the head tanks down-gradient. At a given location, air contents declined first at the deepest depth due to enhanced dissolution caused by elevated bubble pressure as a result of higher hydrostatic pressures (P

water). TDGP readings mimicked the theoretical bubbling pressures (P

bub = P

atm + P

water), thus increasing with depth and fluctuating with baromet-

ric pressure (Patm

). Once up-gradient air contents were substantially reduced, TDGP values started to deviate from the theoretical Pbub

and decline towards the lower TDGP readings in the head tanks. Ongoing tracer test results will also be discussed. Given the observed pattern of dissolution, these are expected to reveal a temporally- and spatially-variable flow field and dissolved gas conditions, which have important implications for solute fate and transport through the zone of fluctuating water table.

539 - Infiltration into soils expressing fractional wettability and contact angle dynamicsBeatty, S.M and J.E. SmithMcMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CanadaSchool of Geography and Earth Sciences – McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Understanding and predicting recharge to ground water, as influenced by highly complex and dynamic hydraulic functions in the vadose zone, is becoming increasingly important. There is a pressing need to better understand processes that influence recharge to groundwater and the soil water storage component within the vadose zone. There is growing appreciation that both contaminated and natural porous media are not uniformly wettable and can exist within a large range of wettabilities. Both infiltration and soil water storage have a strong dependence on the relative size of the wettable fraction, however, traditional approaches to measuring key hydrologic soil parameters inadequately describe / provide unreliable measures of the influence of soil wettability / repellency. Consequently, soil water remains poorly understood in reduced-wet-tability systems. With this comes the need to gain further insight into the interaction of reduced- and non-wettable soils with key hydrologic mechanisms at work in the vadose zone. Recent work on soil water repellency shows that carefully monitored infiltration tests provide key infor-mation on the nature of repellency and its propensity to change with time. Specifically, infiltration under tension helps to isolate capillary driven flow, which by its very nature directly expresses wettability. This research combines field and lab techniques to gain insight into the complex interaction of fractional wettability and contact angle dynamics and the important role they play during infiltration into reduced-wettability soils. Infiltration experiments, soil moisture, and water repellency measurements; over scales ranging from pore scale to 10’s of cm’s were performed to investigate dynamic changes in repellency and how they are manifested at these scales. This research shows that reduced wettability soils challenge current numerical approaches and conceptual understandings of pore water relationships in the vadose zone. As the recognition of the prevalence of soil water repellency increases, so does our need to better understand, conceptualise, and quantify dynamic hydraulic functions and the associated complexity of vadose zone systems.

449 - Vadose zone response to pumping in unconfined aquifersMelissa I. Bunn,Golder Associates, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaAnthony L. Endres, Jon Paul JonesDepartment Earth and Environmental Science – University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

The interaction between drainage from the variably saturated zone above the water table, and the response of an unconfined aquifer to pumping has been the source of debate for many decades. While various field tests have supported the concept that variably saturated flow processes delay drainage above a falling water table, theoretical arguments have supported an assumption that instantaneous yield above the water table is a reasonable approximation in unconfined aquifer analysis. Field observations of vadose zone drainage by Bevan et al. (2005) do not conform


to either conceptual model due to an observed extension of the capillary fringe.

Numerical simulations were completed to determine the influence of a mild degree of heterogeneity on the vadose zone response to pumping. While the saturated response of heterogeneous aquifers can be well approximated by a homogeneous conceptual model, even a mild degree heterogeneity can impact drainage above the water table during pumping. However, heterogeneity alone cannot account for the extension observed by Bevan et al. (2005).

Unique observations of moisture content and pressure head made during a 24-hour pumping test in an unconfined aquifer at CFB Borden show the influence of hysteretic processes on the response of the vadose zone to pumping. The saturated pressure head response was not affected by hysteresis during this test.

Based on these results it is clear that a conceptual model of instantaneous yield from the vadose zone does not sufficiently capture drainage processes during pumping. Additionally, the delayed drainage conceptual model, which incorporates the effects of vadose zone flow processes, does not fully account for the significant capillary fringe extension observed by Bevan et al. (2005). Further numerical and field experiments are suggested to improve our understanding of the vadose zone response to pumping.

508 - Salts dynamics in the glaciated plains of North America; the role of bare soil evaporation Uri Nachshon, Andrew Ireson & Howard WheaterSchool of Environment and Sustainability, Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.Garth van der KampEnvironment Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.

‘The Prairies’, the semiarid glaciated plains of the North American continent, are characterized by undulating terrain, rich in salts in the sub-surface, with a large number of ephemeral and semi-permanent wetlands. The prairie region is inhabited by diverse wildlife species, including half of the North America duck population. The region also supports a prosperous agriculture industry. Land use changes and climate change in recent years have resulted in dramatic changes in prairie wetlands hydrology. These hydrological changes may result in mobilization of salts concentrated in the shallow subsurface (top few meters depth), and hence may generate soil surface, wetland and ground water salinization, in turn negatively impacting agricultural productivity, ecosystem health and water resources. Consequently, understanding of the prairies hydrology and geochemical processes is crucial in order to predict and accommodate future changes in salts distribution.

Evaporation and transpiration processes play a controlling role in determining where salts will accumulate in the vertical soil profile. In the prairie landscape, lateral fluxes from wetlands into the riparian and upland areas, induced by evaporation and transpiration, determine where in the hillslope salts accumulate. This is also dependent on the solubility of the different ions. The effects of transpiration on salt accumulation have been widely discussed in the literature, in particular, in the context of irrigation. However, the role of bare soil evaporation is less well studied. In arid climates this would likely be the dominant source of evaporative loss from the soil. In the semi-arid prairies, the role of bare soil evap-oration is less well understood. In this study, using field observations and a numerical model, we explore the relative roles of evaporation and transpiration on the location of salt accumulation.

573 - High Elevation Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems: Modeling ecohydrology to quantifying historical and restoration scenarios Christopher S. LowryDepartment of Geology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USASteven P. Loheide Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USAJessica D. Lundquist, Nicholeta Carina Cristea, Courtney E. MooreCivil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

High elevation meadows in the Sierra Nevada of California are groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Vegetation within these systems is de-pendent on soil moisture provided by a shallow water table as a source for root water uptake throughout the dry summer growing season.


Seasonal water table fluctuations within these systems are a result of multiple cascading hydrologic processes that transport snowmelt and rain across the watershed and into the meadow environment. Oxygen stress and water stress within the rooting zone controls vegetation patterning within these systems. Based on oxygen and water stress metrics, regression analysis can be used to create models for predicting vegetation dominance using the simulated hydrologic regime. Using a linked set of hydrologic models it is possible to predict the dominance of different types of meadow vegetation under current hydrologic conditions and future restoration scenarios. These results have important implications for management practices under current and future climate scenarios in sensitive high elevation meadows.

sessIon M2-C: HydrogeologICAl Issues relAted to oIl sAnds IIMonday, September 17 • 14:00-15:15 • Strategy Room 3Chairs: Jon Fennell, Steve Wallace

930 - Natural setting of the Athabasca oil sands region: implications for water qualityBirks, S.J. 1,2, Gibson, J.J. 1,2 & Moncur, M.C. 1

1Alberta Innovates-Technology Futures, Calgary, AB and Victoria, BC, Canada2Department of Geography – University of Victoria, B.C., CanadaYi, Y. 1,2, Fennell3, J.W. 3 & Tattrie, K1

3 Worley Parsons, Calgary, AB, Canada

The oil sands of Northern Alberta represents an important oil reserve for Canada and the world. These vast hydrocarbon deposits have been exposed to the surface via long-term erosion by the Athabasca River and its tributaries. Here, we present geochemical and isotopic data from several river sampling campaigns conducted along the main channel of the Athabasca River that shed light on the natural hydrogeological setting of the Northern Athabasca Oil Sands Area.

Terrain electrical conductivity surveys along 125 km of the Athabasca River north of Fort McMurray reveal large areas in the riverbed with elevat-ed conductivity, reflecting both variation in geologic substrate, as well as variable salinity of inflowing waters in seeps and an array of groundwa-ter springs. The geochemical and isotopic composition of these groundwater inflows are similar to those found in the McMurray Formation and Devonian Formation waters. The distribution of the seep geochemistry and some of the bulk river chemistry are related to changes in geology along the reach of the Athabasca River studied. The results of this investigation provide insight into the geochemical and isotopic evolution of riverine water quality, specifically the significant influence of natural groundwater sources of salinity and organics to the Athabasca River.

409 - Revisiting and Reviewing the Field Observations of a Plume of Process-Affected Water at an Oil Sands Mining FacilityAlex OifferWorleyParsons, Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaJim Barker, Carol Ptacek, and Dave RudolphDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences – University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, CanadaUli MayerDepartment of Earth and Ocean Sciences – University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

During 2004 and 2005, a field investigation was conducted to investigate an existing 600 m long (25 year old) plume of process-affected water at an oil sands mining facility. Cores of the aquifer sediments and groundwater samples were collected to assess the relative mobility and also the fate and transport properties of the dissolved components: namely naphthenic acids, but also major ions, ammonium, and trace metals. Re-sults of this investigation have since been published (Oiffer et al. 2009), and indicated naphthenic acid persistence, limited trace metal mobility, and limited secondary release of trace metals through reductive dissolution reactions. Subsequent to this publication, continued groundwater monitoring in the Athabasca Oil Sands Area indicates that this could be considered a relatively typical plume of process-affected water, namely at sites where the Clark Hot Water Extraction Process is employed. Experience at other sites in the region also indicates that the aquifer associ-ated with this plume represents a relatively typical granular aquifer in the Athabasca Oil Sands Area. Given that this plume appears to offer what could be considered a type-plume for an oil sands facility, and also in light of recent research conducted by others, it was deemed worthwhile to


review and revisit this plume. Since the 2004/2005 investigation, laboratory studies and controlled field studies have been conducted to further investigate fate and transport processes associated with plumes of process-affected water. Despite the varying scales of the studies, these new results corroborate the major observations and also some of the tentative conclusions drawn from the 2004/2005 investigation, particularly the persistence of naphthenic acids and the importance of cation exchange as an important process governing plume chemistry. Collectively, these new results better establish the fate of process-affected water in groundwater.

383 - Seepage from an oil sands tailings pond: Laboratory and field investigationsM. KONÉ1, A. HOLDEN1, J. MARTIN2, U. MAYER3, A.C. ULRICH1 1Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 2Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada3Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

In Northern Alberta, the storage of oil sands tailings pond water over a glacial till formation may provide pathways for process water migration through native sediments. Seepage of tailings impoundments can result in the release of salinity and trace metals to the groundwater, surface water and surrounding environments. To predict the fate and transport of contaminants through subsurface environments underlying tailings ponds, a detailed understanding of the processes controlling contaminant behavior is required. In this study, radial diffusion and column exper-iments were performed under controlled conditions with aquitard and aquifer materials, respectively. Experimental results were then compared with and correlated to field observations obtained from monitoring groundwater wells over a six year period.

Results from laboratory experiments indicated mobility of Na and Cl and release and mobility of Fe, Mn, Ba, and Si and other metals from the aquifer sediments. A DNA extraction performed on the aquifer sediments identified iron and sulphate reducers suggesting that microbial reduc-tive dissolution of Mn(IV) and Fe(III) is likely the geochemical process by which the metals were released and mobilized. Field observations are in agreement with findings from the laboratory experiments. However, process water intrusion resulted in higher major ions concentrations and higher metal release and mobility in the field than in the laboratory. The ability of microorganisms to participate in contaminants reduction could potentially be used to evaluate future bioremediation and management strategies.

1032 - Intramolecular carbon isotope analysis of acid extractable organics: A novel approach to source discrimination of “naphthenic acids”Jason M. E. Ahad1, Hooshang Pakdel2, Martine M. Savard1, Kerry M. Peru3, & John V. Headley3

1Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, QC, Canada, 2INRS Eau Terre Environnement, Québec, QC, Canada3Water Science & Technology Division, Environment Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada

The acid extractable organics (AEO) naturally present in bitumen contain a complex mixture of alkyl-substituted acyclic and cyclo-aliphatic carboxylic acids that are generally referred to as “naphthenic acids” (NAs). High levels of NAs found in oil sands process waters (OSPW) pose a significant threat to the environment. The complexity of these compounds has substantially hindered their accurate analysis and quantification. Here we report a novel method to isolate and characterize AEO for use in source apportionment studies. AEO were extracted from unprocessed oil sand, surface water and groundwater sampled from two well alignments between a major tailings pond and the Athabasca River. The AEO were further purified and separated into different mass fractions using preparative capillary gas chromatography (PCGC). The carbon isotope signature of the CO

2 generated by the pyrolytic decarboxylation of AEO (δ13C

pyr) was determined by thermal conversion / elemental analysis –

isotope ratio mass spectrometry (TC/EA-IRMS). δ13Cpyr

values showed little variation across the range of AEO mass fractions within a particular sample. In contrast, a large variation of up to ~9‰ was observed between oil sand / OSPW and surface water / groundwater samples. More-over, the δ13C

pyr signatures in groundwater AEO became progressively more depleted with increasing distance away from the tailings pond. In

conjunction with data from high-resolution Orbitrap MS analyses, the isotopic results point to an increasingly greater component of non-OSPW AEO. This research highlights the need for accurate characterization of “naphthenic acids” in order to distinguish between anthropogenic and natural organic matter sources.


sessIon M2-d: KArst ArtIFICIAl trACers And IsotoPes IIMonday, September 17 • 14:00-15:15 • Strategy Room 5Chairs: Ralf Benischke, Piotr Maloszewski

622 - A multi-tracer investigation of contaminant attenuation processes in the UK Chalk aquiferLou Maurice & Ann Williams British Geological Survey, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UKTim AtkinsonDepartment of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, UKJohn BarkerSchool of Civil Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, UK

The Chalk aquifer is important because it provides a large part of the UK water supply. Groundwater flow in Chalk occurs in small-scale karst fea-tures (fissures and small conduits) and unmodified fractures, with additional groundwater storage in the matrix which has high porosity (~ 30-40%) but low permeability due to the small size of the pore throats. Contaminant attenuation occurs due to dispersion (especially flowpath branching), sorption, and diffusional exchange between the permeable fractures/fissures and the relatively immobile matrix porewaters. These attenuation mechanisms were investigated along a >5 km groundwater flowpath between a sinking stream and a spring in Chalk using multiple tracers.

Four dyes (Sodium Naphthionate, Sodium Fluorescein, Eosin, and Amidorhodamine G) were simultaneously injected with a particulate bacte-riophage (Phyx 174). The dye tracers have different molecular weights (245-692) and hence different diffusion properties. Tracer breakthrough curves were obtained with a main tracer peak about 20 hours after injection followed by a long tail interrupted by a second smaller tracer peak about 280 hours after injection. The absence of a second peak in previous tracer tests at the site over identical timescales suggests that the second peak was caused by heavy rainfall that occurred in the days prior to the discharge of the second tracer peak.

Tracer breakthrough curves and mass recoveries of the tracers varied due to both sorption and diffusion processes. During the main tracer peak, variability in peak height when scaled to injection mass, did not relate to molecular weight suggesting that the tracers were affected by sorption as well as diffusion. Peak height and tracer recovery during the second peak was higher in tracers with lower molecular weights (which are more likely to undergo diffusion) suggesting that the second tracer peak may have been made up of tracer that had previously been diffused and was subsequently flushed out following rainfall. The data suggest that about 80 % tracer losses were due to flowpath branching and dispersion of tracer from the main conduit system into smaller fractures where diffusion occurred. The data highlight the complexities in distinguishing sorption, diffusion and dispersion processes along groundwater flowpaths using multiple tracers.

355 - Delineation of the Groundwater Contribution Zone for Jeita Spring, Lebanon, using Tracer Tests in a Karst Aquifer System Armin Margane1 & Joanna Doummar2

1Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hannover, Germany2Department of Applied Geology – University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany

Jeita is one of the largest karst springs in Lebanon. It has a discharge of around 160 MCM/a and provides about 75 % of the drinking water for the greater Beirut area. After the end of the civil war, uncontrolled development took place in the catchment for the Jeita spring. Due to the lack of adequate wastewater collection and treatment systems, the spring became increasingly affected by microbiological contamination. Investigations in the Jeita spring catchment had been conducted during the early 1970s but thereafter, only few data have been collected. Within the framework of the German-Lebanese Technical Cooperation program, a project was started in the mid-2010 with the aim to implement groundwater protection zones for Jeita spring, which will be the first in Lebanon. The Jeita spring is fed by two highly karstified limestone aqui-fers (Jurassic, approximately 1000 m thick; Upper Cretaceous, approximatel 1000 m thick), separated by an aquitard (Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous, approximately 800 m thick). At the beginning of the project the boundaries of the groundwater catchment were not known. There-fore several tracer tests were conducted to define these boundaries. These tests show that groundwater flow velocities in the saturated zone can reach almost 2000 m/h. There are pronounced differences in flow velocities between dry and wet seasons. In addition, the project started


collecting all basic data necessary for the establishment of a water balance. The Jeita catchment is the first in Lebanon where a WEAP model for water balance estimation has been established. The boundaries of the contribution zone are mainly controlled by the geological structure and development. Fault zones, basaltic intrusions, level of karstification and dolomitization play important roles concerning groundwater flow paths. The main contribution to spring discharge must come from snowmelt in the Upper Cretaceous aquifer, where groundwater recharge is believed to reach around 80 %; while recharge in the Jurassic aquifer is probably around 50 %. The groundwater contribution zone probably extends towards the neighbouring valley to the north, Nahr Ibrahim. Hydroisotope investigations reflect a significant elevation effect and were used for determination of the mean elevations of the groundwater recharge areas of all major springs in the catchment.

761 - Reactive artificial tracers as a tool for in-situ evaluation of natural attenuation and enhanced understanding of relevant processes in karst aquifersSinreich M.Swiss Federal Office for the Environment FOEN, Bern, Switzerland

Modelling of transport in karst groundwater must take into account the reaction processes of specific contaminants in addition to a variable and complex flow regime. The use of reactive artificial tracers as contaminant surrogates represents a powerful tool in this field. Results from tracing experiments in karst aquifers indicated that the response of reactive substances differed significantly to that of a conservative reference and that solute and colloid tracers can interact with aquifer material despite the dominance of preferential and conduit flow components. Several attenuation processes were involved and could be identified. Examples from karst systems in Switzerland highlight the in-situ effectiveness of such processes.

The approach involves (i) bench-based characterisation of tracer reactivity on a process scale, (ii) correlation of tracer and potential contaminant attenuation, and (iii) field-based comparative tracing employing reactive tracers in conjunction with a conservative one. Coupled interpretation of experimental results from (i-iii) allows quantification of the natural attenuation of specific contaminants using direct derivation from tracer breakthrough curves. This provides the information needed for modelling of contaminant attenuation during transport, taking into account specific processes and reaction kinetics. Moreover, conduit/matrix flow components may be distinguished, as well as different types of reaction sites. For instance, testing with specific microcosms and assigning the findings in relation to field data highlighted the importance of biofilms in controlling the fate and transport of contaminants in karst aquifers, in terms of biotic and abiotic reactions.

Such applications greatly expand the utility of non-conservative tracers, i.e. their potential for simulating contaminants, provided that their char-acteristics have been thoroughly studied and defined. In conclusion, tracing experiments proved that attenuation processes may be significant even for fast flow components, which is often neglected with reference to the short residence times encountered. The coupled experiments described may enhance understanding of the processes involved in karst aquifers and should enable the development of conceptual models with a more quantitative basis.

sessIon M2-e: nAPl sourCe ZonesMonday, September 17 • 14:00-15:15 • Strategy Room 7Chairs: Kevin Mumford, Jelena Zaric

462 - High-Resolution Characterization of Chlorinated Solvent Diffusion and Degradation Processes in a Clay AquitardAdam Gilmore, Dr. Beth L. Parker, and Steven ChapmanG360 – Centre for Applied Groundwater ResearchSchool of Engineering – University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada

A detailed research study is ongoing to evaluate the effects of mass storage and release from low permeability zones on downgradient plume persistence (referred to as back diffusion) following treatment of a DNAPL source zone. At the South Carolina study site, small releases of mixed organic chemicals occurred decades ago into a surficial sandy aquifer, underlain by an organic-rich clayey aquitard. In 2007, the source zone was treated via soil mixing with zero-valent iron and bentonite, with the goal of reducing mass discharge from the source zone via abiotic degradation and source zone permeability reduction. The goal of this study is to collect clear performance data for evaluating downgradient response to this treatment


including back diffusion effects. Several high resolution site characterization techniques have been employed including: (1) membrane interface probe (MIP), (2) continuous coring for assessing small-scale heterogeneity with detailed VOC subsampling to quantify contaminant distributions, and (3) microbial characterization and application of compound-specific isotope analyses (CSIA) for assessment of degradation.

High resolution investigation and monitoring results show the majority of contaminant mass occurs in low permeability zones within the aquifer and underlying aquitard, providing an expectation of strong back diffusion effects. However, strong degradation occurs within the aquitard, which can greatly reduce the magnitude and longevity of back-diffusion. The detailed characterization results are applied in numerical model simulations to evaluate the positive effects of degradation on 1) preventing the downward flux of contaminants in the clay aquitard to underlying aquifers, and 2) reducing the mass flux of contaminants stored in the aquitard to the overlying aquifer following source treatment. This study shows the benefit of high resolution site characterization at key locations to identify mass distributions and processes in both low and higher permeability strata due to the importance of mass transfer between these zones, which can strongly affect remediation system performance and downgradient plume persistence.

883 - Developing a visual technique to assess nonwetting phase dissolution in saturated porous media using trapped gas Jonah L. Munholland & Kevin G. Mumford Queen’s University, Department of Civil Engineering, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Remediation of sites contaminated by non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) and the prediction of risk to groundwater receptors requires an under-standing of contaminant mass transfer into the aqueous phase. Multiple empirical models and correlations have been developed to describe NAPL dissolution in porous media, but the validation of these models at small scales is difficult. Typically, effluent or wall sampling data from laboratory experiments are used to compare actual and predicted concentrations. These data represent spatially-averaged concentrations that can include the effect of many NAPL blobs and/or pools. The development of a visual technique to assess nonwetting phase (NWP) dissolution will allow existing dissolution models to be validated at the local scale, and improved if necessary. One potentially useful approach is to use the dissolution of trapped, disconnected carbon dioxide (CO

2) gas in a water-saturated porous media as a surrogate for NAPL dissolution.

In this proof-of-concept study, CO2 gas was injected into a two-dimensional flow cell (20 cm x 18 cm x 1 cm) containing 1.0 mm-diameter glass

beads under water-saturated conditions, and subjected to horizontal flow of deionized water. Dissolution of the CO2 gas lowered the pH of the pore

water surrounding the CO2 gas to approximately 4.0. To visualize this decrease in pH the influent water contained a 1% w/v Methyl Red pH indicator

dye, which changed the colour of the pore water from orange (pH 5.5) to red (pH 4.0). Digital images of the gas-phase and dissolved CO2 were

processed to separate changes in dye colour from changes in transmitted light intensity caused by the residual gas phase. The dissolved CO2 was

then quantified by calibrating dye colour changes to pH. Data from the digital images were averaged over a 1 mm x 1 mm area (approximately 180 pixels x 170 pixels), producing dissolved CO

2 data at approximately 34,000 locations, collected at 60 points in time (i.e., 1.8x106 data points).

This represents a significant increase in data density over conventional effluent or wall sampling. The results demonstrate a promising technique for investigating NWP dissolution at small scales, and could help to improve upscaling schemes for the application of mass transfer correlations.

1018 - Comprehending LNAPL Body Distribution at a Former Waste Oil Facility through Multiple Lines of Evidence Derek W. TomlinsonGeosyntec Consultants, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USAWilliam A. ButlerEnvironmental Resources Management, Inc., Sydney, NSW, AustraliaJohn R. LoperThe Loper Group, Inc., Seabrook, TX, USAHank MartinThe ELM Group, Inc., Boonton, NJ, USA

Over a period of decades a former lagoon was used for disposal of used oils (i.e., waste oil), which previously was operated as a sand quarry. The accumulation of waste oil not only displaced water within the lagoon, but also penetrated the surrounding aquifer given the heightened elevation of oil in the lagoon relative to the aquifer groundwater elevation. Active dewatering around the former lagoon prior to remediation via excavation


further increased penetration of oil into the surrounding aquifer. Following remediation, a ring of light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) remained around the former lagoon caused both by historic waste operations within the lagoon and also the smearing caused by dewatering operations during its removal. Multiple conventional investigations have been completed over the history of the remediation including: groundwater mon-itoring and sampling, soil borings, monitoring and recovery wells, confirming the ring-like lateral distribution of the LNAPL. More recently laser induced fluorescence (LIF) was used to aid and enhance understanding the vertical distribution.

Using a combination of observations during drilling, temporal LNAPL and groundwater gauging, soil lithology, photoionization detector (PID) and flame ionization detector (FID) readings, LNAPL physical and chemical properties, and LIF, a detailed understanding of the LNAPL conceptual site model (CSM) was developed. One piece of data on its own was not able to define the LNAPL CSM; rather, a multiple lines of evidence approach was necessary to best understand the complex LNAPL distribution caused by historic Site operations, heterogeneity caused by fill and reworked land within the former lagoon, and variability of the LNAPL.

The LNAPL CSM incorporated 20 years of historic data supplemented with more innovative characterization tools to define both the lateral and vertical extents of the LNAPL body. The LNAPL CSM is being employed with current remediation activities to aid in timing of the LNAPL extraction system during ideal seasonal water table elevations.

1021 - Mapping sub-surface groundwater contamination with soil gas radon – partition coefficients for selected NAPLJoerg DehnertSaxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology, Dresden, Saxony, GermanyDavid ReadDepartment of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, England, UK

The noble radioactive gas, radon, is present at varying concentrations in all groundwaters making it an ideal natural tracer for a variety of ap-plications. Several authors have proposed using low-cost and rapid soil gas radon measurements in the immediate sub-surface to demarcate groundwater contamination by organic solvents (e.g. Hunkeler et al. 1997, Schubert et al. 2005). The method is based on the fact that radon is much more soluble in non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL) than in water; partition coefficients of 60 have been reported for some solvents. Thus, it dissolves preferentially in the NAPL causing a minimum in soil gas radon concentration above the contaminated zone.

Radon partition coefficients between selected NAPL and water were determined using an Alpha Guard PQ2000 PRO radon monitor. A sequential flow system was employed using a gas-tight pump (Alpha Pump), vessels filled with 500 cm3 with water, 100 cm3 NAPL and a security vessel. All components were connected with radon-tight Tygon tubing. High activity radium scales (100 kBq/g) were used as the radon source and placed in a 2 dm3 gas-tight desiccator. Experiments were carried out with respectively, toluene, trichloroethene (TCE) and tetrachloromethane. Verification tests carried out on toluene at a radon loading of 400 kBq/m3 were in excellent agreement with published data (Schubert et al., 2005). However, the partition coefficient was not constant but varied with the radon activity concentrations employed for the test. With increasing radon concentration in the water, the partition coefficient of all NAPL-water systems decreased. Repeating the experiments over a wide range of radon concentrations has allowed the functional dependence of partitioning for each solvent to be determined. Discovery of these functions opens new opportunities for sensing methods based on radon soil gas concentration at NAPL contaminated sites.

1039 - Separation of phenolic and PAH plumes from weathering creosote NAPL: coupled effects of Raoult’s Law and differential sorptionScott K. Hansen, Bernard H. KueperDepartment of Civil Engineering – Queen’s University

Residual NAPL in the subsurface is a common persistent source of groundwater contamination: as it dissolves into flowing groundwater, its constituent chemical species generate aqueous phase plumes. When the NAPL contains many different constituent species, each with different chemical properties, nonlinear dissolution effects emerge wherein the various species’ concentrations adjacent to the NAPL change over time in proportion with their mole fraction of the NAPL. This is in accordance with Raoult’s Law. Furthermore, each constituent species produces an independent plume, evolving in accordance with transport parameters unique to that species. The authors have recently developed a novel semi-analytical approach for analyzing the coupled effects on plume behaviour of both differential dissolution and the differential plume travel velocities (due to differential sorption) of the various species in a NAPL.


Creosote represents an interesting example to analyze with this new model because it contains both high-solubility, low-sorption-affinity com-pounds (phenols) and low-solubility, highly sorbing compounds (PAHs), meaning that it is not feasible to attempt to compare the plumes developed from weathering of creosote NAPL without taking into consideration both effects. We present simulation work in fractured porous media showing how the dissolution of the creosote may actually lead to phenolic plumes that detach and become totally disjoint from those of the PAH components. Even when this is not so, the constituent plumes were found to evolve to such an extent that interspecies concentration ratios at remote monitoring wells were essentially never indicative of the true composition of the creosote. This broadly corroborates an earlier, un-modeled observational experiment performed by other researchers in the sandy aquifer at CFB Borden. We further present results from a parametric study set in fractured rock where we look at the plume separation effects of a number of domain parameters, including source zone size, fracture spacing, and amount of organic carbon in the rock matrix.

sessIon M2-F: groundWAter sustAInABIlIty IMonday, September 17 • 14:00-15:15 • Fallsview Studio ABCChairs: Tom Gleeson, William Alley

507 - Groundwater sustainability - What is it?Karen G. Villholth IWMI, International Water Management Institute - Southern Africa, Pretoria, South Africa

One of the fundamental challenges in developing and utilizing groundwater is to ensure its sustainability. It is a highly complex issue and ap-proaches and concepts develop continuously. Whereas previous attempts focused on determining safe yield as a maximum advisable volume of groundwater to be abstracted on a continual basis, it is increasingly acknowledged that sustainability in groundwater use is a multi-dimensional challenge. Factors include quantity but also need to address water quality and ecological impacts as well as the socio-economic consequences in a wider exercise of weighing trade-offs between different uses and users as well as inherent requirements and interdependencies with other aquatic systems and water sources for human use. Such exercise is recognized to necessarily involve not only scientists and groundwater specialists but also the range of stakeholders with interest in or influenced by the use of the resource. Hence, there is no blue print method for determining optimal levels and goals of groundwater sustainable use. Rather, it should be viewed as a societal process subject to guiding ideal, but realistic principles of environmental integrity and social equity. Furthermore, while attaining agreed concepts of acceptable limits for impacts, as the core challenge, this will in most cases not be a straight process, reaching final and fixed limits of use and benefits. However, it will be a dynamic, iterative, interactive and integrated process subject to current dynamics of the society, like political changes, human development and change in demands, knowledge generation and even global factors, like climate change. The time scale for these processes and associated decision processes range from short to intergenerational, and also depend on the actual characteristics of the groundwater systems. The paper will present the challenges that groundwater specialists are facing in contributing to sustainable groundwater development, both from a techni-cal but also from a broader perspective, with cases from developed as well as developing countries.

527 - Confronting Global Groundwater DepletionLeonard F. Konikow U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, USA

Development of groundwater resources for agricultural, industrial, and municipal purposes greatly expanded in the last century, and economic gains from groundwater use have been dramatic. In many places, however, groundwater reserves have been depleted to the extent that water levels have declined tens to hundreds of meters, well yields have decreased, pumping costs have increased, and detrimental environmental impacts have become evident. These impacts tend to increase the cost and reduce the sustainability of groundwater development. Estimates of depletion in individual aquifer systems based primarily on direct volumetric approaches indicates that cumulative global groundwater depletion since 1900 totals about 3,400 km3 through 2000 and 4,500 km3 through 2008. This large volume represents a substantial net transfer of water mass from continents to oceans, thereby contributing to sea-level rise (equivalent to a sea-level rise of 12.6 mm—approximately 6% of the observed total rise). The rate of annual depletion has increased markedly since about 1950, with maximum rates occurring during the most recent period (2000-2008), when they averaged about 145 km3/yr (equivalent to 0.40 mm/yr of sea-level rise, or 13% of the reported rate of 3.1 mm/yr during this recent period). Although groundwater depletion rates will ultimately be self-limiting, data show that we have not yet


reached that point either nationally or globally. Groundwater depletion must be confronted on local and regional scales, where water managers will necessarily have to take actions to reduce demand (primarily in irrigated agriculture) and / or increase supply through managed aquifer recharge, desalination, and / or developing alternative sources. Change is inevitable, and the paths followed will probably come with large socio-economic consequences and costs.

198 - Groundwater footprint reveals the global use and abuse of a renewable resourceTom Gleeson1, Y.Wada2 & Marc F.P. Bierkens2,3 1Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 2Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands3Deltares, Utrecht, NetherlandsL.P.H. van Beek2Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands

Groundwater is a crucial life-sustaining resource that supplies water to billions of people as well as playing a central role in irrigated agriculture and the health of many ecosystems. Most global assessments of water resource stress focus on the surface water, but recently the unsus-tainable depletion of groundwater, both regionally and globally, has been documented. However, it remains unclear how groundwater depletion compares to natural renewal and the groundwater needed for ecosystem services globally. We develop a new method, called the groundwater footprint for estimating the impact on groundwater use on aquifers and groundwater dependent surface water systems and ecology. The groundwater footprint method can be combined with water footprint and virtual water calculations as illustrated by the groundwater footprint of tomato sauce eaten in pizzas across Italy. We show that humans are overexploiting groundwater globally and that large aquifers that are critical to agriculture in Asia and North America are stressed. Overall, humanity is consuming 3.5 ± 0.7 times the sustainable rate of groundwater renewal. This suggests the potential for sustainably transferring groundwater via virtual water trade is limited at the global scale. Groundwater resources and/or groundwater-dependent ecosystems are likely stressed in regions where 1.7 ± 0.4 billion people live, primarily in India and China. The groundwater footprint of tomato sauce eaten in pizzas across Italy shows that groundwater is unsustainably extracted from the Puglia region and virtually exported to other areas of Italy. The groundwater footprint is the first aquifer-scale tool for consistently evaluating the use, renewal and services of groundwater, and it could be modified for other resources with renewal that is slow and spatially heterogeneous such as fisheries, forestry or soil.

432 - Sustainable yield development of groundwater resourcesFengxin Kang, Junxiang Xu & Jingmin HanShandong Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Jinan 250013, Shandong, China

Due to the overdraft groundwater drawdown caused by large-scale extraction of groundwater resources, eco-environmental and social-econom-ic issues occur all over the world, such as subsidence, land collapse, undesirable quality water intrusion, drying up of springs and lakes, loss of baseflow, reduction or elimination of wetland and riparian vegetation, loss of wildlife and reduction in biodiversity, increased cost of pumping and well infrastructure, contravention of existing water rights, etc.. The fundamental reason for these is that the depth to groundwater level exceeds the maximum allowable depth to groundwater level which is triggered by a pumping rate bigger than the sustainable yield.

Based on the study of water budgets for natural, developed, depleted and recharge enhanced groundwater systems, the water balance equations have been established individually. Both the natural recharge and capture control the development nature of groundwater resources. A bigger natural recharge supports a bigger discharge, and a bigger capture. In other words, the magnitude of natural recharge determines the magnitude of capture, and the magnitude of capture determines the magnitude of sustainable pumping rate. The development nature of groundwater resources relies on the amount of water that can be captured, and that the consequences of capture can be accepted. A groundwater system can only be maintained indefinitely if the pumping rate is equalled by the capture—a combined decrease in the natural discharge and increase in natural recharge. If the pumping rate continually exceeds capture, the aquifer storage will continue to be mined, the groundwater levels in the system can never stabilize, and the aquifer system will continue to be depleted. In other words, if pumping rate exceeds the potential capture in the groundwater system, a new equilibrium state that includes the pumping can never be reached. To be a sustainable development, the rate of pumping must be equal or less than the rate of capture. On the basis of the clarification of resources component of capture and its potential consequences which can be induced, this paper presents the concept of sustainable yield of groundwater resources both in theory and in practice.


sessIon M2-g: groundWAter For deCIsIon MAKers IMonday, September 17 • 14:00-15:15 • Upper Fallsview Studio AChair: Andrew Stone

160 - Accreditation of drilling companies – getting the message acrossJeroen November, Martine Blondeel & Paul Van GijseghemEnvironmental Inspectorate Division, Environment, Nature and Energy Department, Flemish Government, Brussels, Belgium

The possible implementation of an accreditation process for drilling companies was formalised by decree in Flemish environmental law since January 1st 1997. It’s actual implementation in regional law will take place in 2012. Although 15 years is a long time to implement such a scheme, different substantial factors contributed to the final implementation. One of these factors was the specific employment of geo-scientists at different environmental agencies and administrations. The expert judgement of hydrogeologists during the groundwater permitting procedure and inspections revealed the common lack of good practices in the field of well-installment. Although different best practices documents were made available, the field situation often remains economically driven rather than environmentally. This became an even bigger issue when geothermal heating and cooling appeared as a booming business since mid-2000. The groundwater-related inspections carried out by the environmental inspectorate division (EID) and the resulting reports were, among others, a real and final eye-opener for the decision makers in the invisible matter groundwater has always been. Initial inaccuracies and errors during installment of production wells or other bores may translate to poor manageability of local or regional groundwater systems. The EID-inspections show the end-of-pipe results of groundwater policy in the Flemish Region and thereby the absolute necessity to regulate the actual drilling in a more restrictive way. Therefore by 2015 drilling in the Flemish Region (e.g. groundwater, geothermal,…) can only be carried out by government accredited drilling companies. Close monitoring and inspection of this regulation in the field will have to be carried out for successful implementation of the accreditation scheme. One of the future challenges for the EID will be to cooperate in a successful field-transition of this accreditation process.

170 - A review of Swedish groundwater policyJeffrey Lewis1, Jan Sjöstrom1 & Malin Höök2 1Swedish Defence Research Agency 2Surgeon General’s Office of the Swedish Armed ForcesBo Sundström3

3Bottenviken Water District

Groundwater issues have not historically been a priority in Sweden. This is probably due to the abundance and accessibility of clean aquifers found throughout the country. As a result, groundwater management has never been an economic necessity in Sweden and the study of hydrogeology has never been emphasized in the way it has been in other countries. For these reasons, Sweden is lagging behind most other industrialized countries when it comes to implementing policies associated with the protection and management of groundwater. This situation is slowly changing as regu-lators and the wider public begin to understand the important role that groundwater plays in many environmental issues. The limited number of sites in Sweden where groundwater contamination has been observed suggests an “absence of evidence” rather than “evidence of absence”. As more hydrogeological assessments are undertaken in Sweden, it is inevitable that further groundwater contamination will be found.

The constitutional infrastructure for groundwater protection is reasonably robust in Sweden. What has been lacking is an understanding of how to put the policy into practice. Today, it is generally understood that despite its abundance, groundwater in Sweden is vulnerable to pollution and that once polluted, it is extremely difficult to remediate. The challenge for Swedish hydrogeologists and other groundwater professionals is no longer to convince, but rather to educate and support the efforts of environmental decision makers.

This article reviews the state of groundwater policy in Sweden. From constitutional foundations to the practical details associated with applying existing policy, we attempt to provide the reader with a synopsis of groundwater jurisprudence in Sweden. We conclude that the flexibility and site-specific approach of the Swedish environmental regulatory process should allow groundwater issues to be quickly integrated into the decision making process.


220 - A Collaborative Approach for Educating the Public about Groundwater ManagementH.C. Simpson1, 2, 4 and R.C. de Loë3,4

1Department of Geography & Environmental Management, Faculty of Environment, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada2Environmental Management Branch, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada 3Department of Environment and Resource Studies, Faculty of Environment University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada4Water Policy and Governance Group

Ignorance and misunderstanding of groundwater have been recognized by groundwater professionals as a major barrier to effective groundwa-ter resource management globally. A long-term goal should be to support the development of policies for groundwater management that are science-based. However, problems involving groundwater management are quasi-scientific because more than scientific information is required for their resolution.

Groundwater management must take a number of different factors – cultural, economic, political and social – into consideration. Emerging practice with collaborative decision making indicates that finding solutions to such “wicked” problems requires bringing together technical ex-perts and community partners to find a successful blend of technical information, local knowledge and community values that encompass these factors. Such a collaborative approach is essential for generating outcomes that will be of interest, relevant, and, most importantly, implemented.

The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, principles drawn from collaborative decision making practice are discussed that have been helpful for bringing together technical experts and community partners to address wicked problems. Second, a case study is presented that provides an example of how these principles have been applied successfully for addressing a wicked problem.

275 - Ground Water Science into Water Policy: The Importance And Means Of Effective Communication With Decision-MakersAndrew StoneAmerican Ground Water Trust, Concord, New Hampshire, USA

The presentation will outline the objectives and proposed program activities for the newly formed IAH Commission: Groundwater for De-cision-makers. World-wide, ignorance and misunderstanding of groundwater is a major barrier to effective water resources management. Groundwater professionals need to be advocates for sensible water policy to ensure that water allocation, resource protection and land-use decisions are based on hydrologic reality. Science-based knowledge that is effectively communicated can support the dual objectives of sus-tainably maximizing the use of groundwater for economic, social and environmental benefit while protecting against overdevelopment and water quality degradation.

The presentation will describe successful education programs that have facilitated the framing of water resources issues, enabled groundwater professionals to become involved in communicating their science to other professions and have been able to influence local, regional and national policies.

Groundwater professionals need to be prepared to share their expertise and be powerful advocates who provide information, create awareness and support education initiatives that promote the important economic and environmental role of groundwater. Targets for groundwater advoca-cy are policy makers, end-users, resource managers, organizations concerned with economic development, and citizen organizations involved with resource & habitat sustainability

885 - Implementing Science-based Dialog for Integrated Groundwater Resource Models and ManagementSuzanne A. PierceCenter for International Energy & Environmental Policy, Jackson School of Geosciences - The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas USA


Groundwater management is a significant, complex real-world challenge that requires thoughtful consideration of scientific and social aspects before selecting a recommended course of action. The ENCOMPASS research initiative adopts an integrated water resources management ap-proach to engage groups in collaborative dialog about groundwater cases through the use of simulation models and socio-technical methodolo-gies to bridge the gap between science and resource management practice. ENCOMPASS is a multi-national, multi-disciplinary, and multi-sec-tor cyberinfrastructure. Pilot cases focus on groundwater resources located in the Atacama Desert Region of Chile, particularly playa lake basins with groundwater dependent ecosystems and geothermal fields. Case implementation combines scientific activities with stakeholder dialog.

Traditionally, water resource management was presented as a technical issue to be controlled by governing agencies. Promotion of public understanding presented groundwater issues through didactic means using a deferential role to the findings of experts. We hypothesize that the tools and skills needed to develop decision relevant groundwater science, along with educational and communication products that work effectively with public audiences are considerably more diversified.

The ENCOMPASS implementation incorporates data and information as integral components within social processes. Early field testing at the case sites demonstrated collection of in situ datasets for hydrology and qualitative interviews using the same handheld equipment. These data can then be uploaded to the cyberinfrastructure to inform group dialog processes. Concurrently ENCOMPASS researchers are conducting collaborative modelling and problem framing workshops with stakeholders in the Altiplano to support the longer-term goal of evaluating hu-man-groundwater systems interactions in the region.

ENCOMPASS supports systematic and science-based approaches to societal problems. Case studies are establishing transferable methodol-ogies that meld the use of scientific information with stakeholder participation. This socio-technical approach is an effort to develop effective groundwater decision support, with consideration of both technical and community concerns.

sessIon M2-H: groundWAter QuAlIty And PolICIes For gW ProteCtIon IIMonday, September 17 • 14:00-15:15 Upper • • Fallsview Studio BChairs: Jana Levison, Matthys Dippenaar

871 - Nitrate pollution in intensively farmed regions: What are the prospects for sustaining high-quality groundwater?Nicholas J K HowdenQueen’s School of Engineering, University Walk,Tyndalls Park, Bristol, UKTim P BurtDepartment of Geography, Durham University, Durham, UK.Fred Worrall, Simon A MathiasDepartment of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK.Michael J WhelanDepartment of Environental Science and Technology, Cranfield University, UK.

Widespread pollution of groundwater by nutrients due to 20th century agricultural intensification has been of major concern in the developed world for several decades. This paper considers the River Thames catchment (UK), where water-quality monitoring at Hampton (just upstream of London) has produced continuous records for nitrate for the last 140 years, the longest continuous record of water chemistry anywhere in the world. For the same period, data are available to characterize changes in both land use and land management at an annual scale. A modeling approach is used that combines two elements: an estimate of nitrate available for leaching due to land use and land management; and, an algorithm to route this leachable nitrate through to surface or groundwaters. Prior to agricultural intensification at the start of World War II, annual average inputs were around 50 kg ha−1, and river concentrations were stable at 1 to 2 mg l−1, suggesting in-stream denitrification capable of removing 35 (±15) kt N yr−1. Postintensification data suggest an accumulation of 100 (±40) kt N yr−1 in the catchment, most of which is stored in the aquifer. This build up of reactive N species within the catchments means that restoration of surface nitrate concentrations typical of the preintensification period would require massive basin-wide changes in land use and management that would compromise food security and take decades to be effective. Policy solutions need to embrace long-term management strategies as an urgent priority.


359 - Assessing the vulnerability of the Tejo aquifer system in the Setúbal Peninsula, Portugal, by a specific index based on land use criteriaCatarina Silva Centro de Geologia Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, PortugalTeresa Albuquerque & Luís RibeiroGeo-Systems Centre/CVRM - Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal

In Portugal, the Water Framework Directive establishes that a best management plan for a river must include a summary of the risks from such human activities as agriculture on nearby groundwater bodies. In compliance with the Nitrate Directive (Directive 91/676/EEC), six Nitrate Vulnerable Zones were designated in Portugal. One of them, the Tejo vulnerability zone, was recently extended into the Setubal peninsula, based on the fact that increased agriculture and livestock activities have threatened the shallow aquifer of the Mio-Pliocene hydrogeological system. The water quality standard of 50 mg/L NO

3, established by the Directive, has been surpassed in several wells.

Various groundwater indexes are often utilized to assess the vulnerability of an aquifer to diffuse nitrate pollution from agricultural areas. Re-garding this vulnerability assessment, two methodologies are currently being used: one based on the intrinsic (geological and hydrogeological) characteristics of the aquifer; and the other based not only on the intrinsic characteristics of the aquifer but also on anthropogenic factors such as land use and contaminant type. The two methods used to assess the vulnerability of the uppermost aquifer are the DRASTIC (Aller et al., 1987) and the SI (Ribeiro, 2005) systems. Their results are compared against the nitrate concentrations found in the wells. The SI method is an adaptation of the DRASTIC method. The main difference includes the addition of a Land Use (LU) parameter. The concept of a purely intrinsic vulnerability assessment method is therefore abandoned. In addition, three DRASTIC parameters are eliminated: S (Soil), I (impact of vadose zone ) and C (hydraulic conductivity); which reduces the level of redundancy. Furthermore the weight string was also modified by a Delphi panel of Portuguese experts. The SI method has been widely used in other areas of Portugal and abroad, demonstrating that, by including a parameter for land use, SI manages to produce more reliable results than the DRASTIC index, despite the debatable role of nitrate attenuation, particularly under aerobic conditions (Stigter et al., 2006). Finally, with the SI method, we also analyse the impact of change of land use (e.g. fertilization of land with pig slurry) on groundwater quality in the near future.

523 - Hydrogeological Assessment of Nitrate Impacts at a Municipal Well in an Agricultural Setting using NMAN to Evaluate Nitrogen Management and BMPsT. Svensson1, I.M. Macdonald1, J. Bannerman2

1WESA Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada 2Crop/Quest Inc., Mitchell, Ontario, CanadaR. Wootton3, E. Hodgins3

3Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada

Nitrate has been identified as an issue at some of the well fields in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo (RMOW). Funding for technical studies under Ontario’s Source Water Protection (SWP) process has provided opportunity to complete an evaluation of historic versus current agricultural practices as it relates to historic, current and future nitrate concentrations at one of these well fields.

The study included a detailed land use and Beneficial Management Practices (BMPs) survey, a monitoring well installation field program and an evaluation of BMPs. One of the stated study objectives was to evaluate whether improved BMPs could be implemented to reduce nitrate (in the form of nitrogen) loadings to the aquifer, thereby potentially reducing future nitrate concentrations in the production wells. In addition, recommendations and accompanying cost / benefit analysis for the implementation of BMPs was completed.

The evaluation of historic versus current agricultural practices including BMPs with specific emphasis on nitrogen management was completed for all the properties within the Issues Contributing Area (ICA) of the well field. The ICA is considered to be the steady state Well Head Protec-tion Area (WHPA) for a given maximum pumping rate where an issue has been identified through the SWP process. The farm scale nitrogen management assessment was completed using the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA) NMAN software. A Nutrient Management Plan (NMP) was completed for each property within the ICA. The NMP process provided a total mass of excess nitrogen per hectare which is potentially available to leach to the groundwater within the ICA and ultimately be captured by the production wells.


211 - Influence of the emission policy on rainwater and shallow groundwater quality during the 1980-2011 period in the NetherlandsL.J.M. Boumans, E.J.W. Wattel-Koekkoek & E. van der SwaluwNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven/The Netherlands

A policy induced decline of atmospheric emission of nitrogen and sulphur decreased concentrations in rainwater and groundwater. It was found that the amount of rainwater nitrogen concentrations decreased 60% and sulphur decreased 80% during the last 35 years. Nitrate concentrations in shallow groundwater of sandy nature areas decreased 40% and sulphate decreased 50% during the last 20 years. Alu-minium decreased 30%. The cation concentrations decreased more than aluminum indicating that acidification is still going on. The decrease in groundwater sulphate concentration was caused by legislation for lower emissions of SOx. The decrease of the cation concentrations was unexpected and probably also caused by measures to decrease emissions of SOx and NHx. The decreasing use of manure from 1988 onwards and the use of alternative methods for manure application during the beginning of the nineties lead to lower agricultural nitrogen emissions and deposition in nature areas of sandy regions. Zinc, cadmium, nickel and copper concentrations also decreased, probably because there is less mineral dissolution.

Rainwater has been sampled at 31 different locations, in different measurement configurations since 1978. In 1988 bulk collectors were re-placed with wet-only collectors. Currently rainwater is sampled at 11 locations, with a sampling period for the acidifying components of 2 weeks.

Shallow groundwater, the uppermost meter, was sampled during winter 1989-1990, at 150 locations in nature areas of the Dutch sandy region. The sampling was repeated four times at the same locations during the 2000-2011 period. The sampling was performed by digging holes by hand one meter below the water table. In each hole a 50 cm screen is placed from 25 to 75 cm below the water table. Groundwater is sampled by applying suction to the screen.

352 - Policy measures to protect drinking water resources: How to monitor effectivity and efficiency Ir. Susanne WuijtsNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands

A national study about the groundwater protection policy in the Netherlands has concluded that although this policy has had the desired effect at some locations within designated groundwater protection zones, it has not managed to resolve all issues related to groundwater quality. This conclusion was based on 25 years of monitoring data and experience in managing groundwater resources. The study also notes the recent appearance of new forms of pollution. A more site-specific approach is expected to offer better results and is therefore being implemented.

The aims of the groundwater protection policy for drinking water resources in the Netherlands, a densely populated country, are the preservation of these resources for future generations; and the prevention of any groundwater quality deterioration. This policy has been in place since the mid 1980s, when it was initially introduced as a temporary but necessary measure until good groundwater quality was achieved at the national level. The policy is based on the prevention and restriction of inputs from agricultural and urban activities and historical pollution sources. It is realized by designating groundwater protection zones which are subject to specific restrictions on the type of land use activities that can take place. Examples of these measures are the limited use of fertilizers and manure and a so-called black-list of industries.

Due to a shortage of space, there is increasing pressure on local and provincial authorities to allow groundwater protection zones to be made available for other (planned) activities. This has led to a tendency for a more risk-based groundwater protection policy. Such an approach calls for good insight into the hydrogeological and geochemical system at the abstraction site, its vulnerability to pollution, the threats posed by the planned activity, and groundwater quality monitoring data. Only when this information is available can effective and efficient protection measures be developed. One tool for collecting such information is the so-called ‘drinking water protection file’. Monitoring data are an important infor-mation source in these files. In upcoming years provinces will be responsible for compiling and registering such files for all abstractions within their jurisdiction. All stakeholders are to be involved in this process.


sessIon M3-A: gW & ClIMAte CHAnge IIIMonday, September 17 • 15:45-18:00 • Strategy Room 1Chairs: Jason Gurdak, Grant Ferguson

673 - Buffering Capacity of Groundwater for Droughts: Examples from US High Plains and Central ValleyBridget R. Scanlon*, Claudia C. Faunt**, and Randall T. Hanson** *Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences, Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA**U.S. Geological Survey, San Diego, California, USA

A critical issue for water resources is management during climate extremes, particularly droughts. In the High Plains and Central Valley aquifers of the United States, groundwater provides a reliable water-supply buffer during drought. In the central and southern High Plains, groundwater availability is mostly independent of droughts because it was recharged during the past 13,000 yr. However, groundwater level monitoring and GRACE satellite data show depletion rates varying from 5.5 – 8.5 km3/yr. Because of the extremely low recharge rates to the aquifer, depletion of this resource is not sustainable and projections of past depletion suggest that 25% of the southern High Plains will be unable to support irrigation within the next 30 years. In the California Central Valley, historical irrigation prior to the 1960s relied mostly on groundwater, resulting in groundwater-level declines of up to 100 m and subsidence close to 10 m. Surface water diversions through extensive canal systems beginning in the 1960s resulted in groundwater recovery in many regions, but increased use of groundwater has resumed especially during droughts. Most irrigated areas use predominantly surface water during wet periods and mostly groundwater during droughts. Groundwater depletion in response to the recent 2006 – 2010 drought was estimated to be 24 – 31 km3 based on GRACE data, consistent with estimates from groundwater-level data. Analysis of climate-change projections (GFDL-A2 model) suggests that per-sistent droughts during the second half of the 21st century could result in an additional 35 km3 of groundwater depletion. Managed aquifer recharge of excess surface water into groundwater banks could provide buffering that would improve reliability of the resource and better management in anticipation of potential climate extremes.

510 - Characterising groundwater resilience to climate change in AfricaAM MacDonald, HC Bonsor, L Maurice, DJ LapworthGroundwater Science, British Geological Survey, Edinburgh, UKRG TaylorDept of Geography, University College London, London, UKRC CalowWater Policy Programme, Overseas Development Institute, London UK

In Africa, groundwater is the major source of drinking water and its use for irrigation is forecast to increase substantially to combat growing food insecurity. Population growth will put additional pressures on the resource making it increasingly important to understand and characterise the resilience of groundwater to climate change. Here we present the results of a major project to characterise and map groundwater resilience in Africa. We offer some definitions of groundwater resilience drawing on the more established use of the term resilience in ecology and sub-stantiated with focussed field studies. Groundwater resilience to long term (decadal) shifts in climate is governed by the available groundwater storage. Resilience to shorter term (inter annual) climate shocks is dominated by storage; but is also influenced by the long term average (decadal) recharge to the groundwater system which will help the system recover more quickly. For many people, the more pressing issue is the resilience of the water services dependant on groundwater rather than the actual groundwater resource itself. The research highlights the increased sustainability of improved water supplies targeted at the most productive parts of the aquifer. Therefore, for estimating the resilience of water sources to changes in climate, the aquifer permeability should be considered alongside storage and long term recharge.

Maps of groundwater resilience to climate change based on the three scenarios above are presented for Africa along with the results of case studies using residence time indicators to help validate the maps. The results indicate that across much of populated Africa, groundwater is resilient to short term inter-annual climate shocks. Water supplies based on boreholes equipped with hand pumps are generally more resilient to climate change than unimproved shallow wells. Therefore, continued investment is required to increase access to improved water supplies


across Africa. Higher yielding water supplies for town supply and irrigation will only be resilient in permeable aquifers with sufficient volume to store sporadic groundwater recharge. Investments in these higher yielding groundwater supplies should therefore be accompanied with robust hydrogeological analyses.

184 - Adaptation and mitigation to climate change: Demonstration of methodology evolved in UNESCO – IHP GWES project for sustaining groundwater resources during droughts

Balbir S. SukhijaNational Geophysical Research Institute Hyderabad – 500 007, (COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH) India

Extreme climate conditions are likely to be expected in the 21st century in the form of increasing temperature (with more number of hot days) resulting in many areas in more frequent droughts. Especially the two continents, Africa and Asia, are anticipated to be highly vulnerable to droughts. In extreme impending climate conditions, humanity’s sustenance almost hinges on groundwater. In this paper two strategies are discussed to overcome the problem of droughts (i) through artificial groundwater recharge using percolation ponds, and (ii) to identify and characterise deep aquifers resilient to droughts through detailed geophysical, hydro-geological and isotopic studies. The methodology described has been evolved in UNESCO – IHP project Groundwater for Emergency Situations (GWES).

Percolation ponds act as artificial recharge structures which are constructed with the purpose of harvesting surface run off caused due to mon-soon streams. The tracer method was specially developed in India to determine how effective these artificial recharge structures could be. Based on the studies carried out on percolation ponds located in diverse geological formations like granites, basalts and sandstones, it was concluded that percolation pond structures are quite useful for over-coming the droughts in semi-arid and arid regions and further it was demonstrated that the role of geology outweighs the effect of climate on such structures. It was shown that in similar climatic environment, the percolation ponds in the sandstones were far more efficient (efficiency 60%) than those located in basalts (efficiency 20-30 %)Recently it has been realised that certain deep aquifers can yield good quantity and quality of water even during extreme climate events. Keeping this in mind an outstanding example has been provided to demonstrate that the Neyveli Aquifer in South India appears as a representative aquifer for mitigation of droughts. Comprehensive hydrogeological and isotopic studies of the aquifer revealed that the Neyveli aquifer has the following specific characteristics: (i) distinct recharge areas, (ii) dynamic (extensive) groundwater regime with high degree of recharge rate (iii) wide span of radiocarbon ages (from modern to >30, 000 yr) indicating modern as well as paleo-recharge (iv) minimal changes in groundwater quality despite very heavy and continuous withdrawal over the last four decades including drought years. All these criteria provide the necessary ingredients for drought resilient aquifers which can be used to identify similar aquifers elsewhere in the world.

455 - Groundwater and irrigation from quantitative and qualitative perspectives with case study in the North China PlainJianyao Chen1, Changyuan Tang2, Makoto Taniguchi31Department of Water Resources and Environment, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou, China2Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba, Japan3Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan

Groundwater is the main source for irrigation in the North China Plain, which is one of the major agricultural production areas. Quantitative and qualitative aspects of groundwater and irrigation are critically reviewed to investigate temporal and spatial changes in recharge, water le602vels, and water quality within the past 20-30 years. Three patterns of water levels and recharge were identified in the North China Plain: stable water levels with two highs (two recharge periods), relatively stable with one high (recharge) in the winter, and decreasing water levels with less recharge. Recharge rates were then estimated by using annual changes in water levels and relevant hydrogeological parameters. The water balance over the entire North China Plain was analysed, including estimation of water abstraction, which is an important issue but poorly defined. As water diversion from the Yellow River also serves as a main water source for irrigation in the southern part of the North China Plain, near the Yellow River, it was also investigated. Basic water budget analysis was used to assess the concept of the “impact zone” on the Yellow River following aquifer characterization via geochemical approaches. Sustainability of agriculture based on groundwater dependent irrigation has thus been evaluated.


788 - Assessment of Agricultural Return Flows Under Changing Climate and Crop Water ManagementTimothy R. Green, Liwang Ma, Lajpat R. Ahuja & Thomas TroutAgricultural Research Service (ARS) – U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Fort Collins, Colorado, USASaseendran AnapalliDepartment of Soil & Crop Sciences – Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

Water rights, policy and emergent water markets in the semi-arid regions of the western USA, and worldwide, call for improved estimates of agricultural water budgets. Agricultural water is seen as a major potential water supply with high commodity value as municipalities seek water security under growing populations and potential climate change (including likely changes in temporal variability). Before selling water, historical “return flows” to streams and groundwater must be subtracted from the amount of irrigation water traded, and even rain-fed “return flows” must be considered part of regional water resources. Combined land-use and climate change may substantially alter return flows, adding complexity to already uncertain estimates of return flows.

An agricultural systems model, RZWQM2, has been used to simulate deep drainage (pre-groundwater recharge) and surface runoff (potential return flow to streams) under historical conditions in Colorado, USA. Conditions range from dryland to limited and fully irrigated croplands. Here, we look at the potential to apply RZWQM2 under projected climate scenarios to evaluate potential changes in return flows. Interactions between projected climate change and adaptive land use and water management (including limited irrigation) can be simulated. Selected examples will be shown, as research tools are developed for broader application. This work will be placed in the general context of USDA-ARS Agricultural Sys-tems Research together with UNESCO’s Groundwater Resources Assessments under the Pressures of Humanity and Climate Change (GRAPHIC).

sessIon M3-B: gW/sW InterACtIon sessIon IMonday, September 17 • 15:45-18:00 • Strategy Room 2Chairs: Steve Usher, Allison Aldous

631 - Characterising groundwater – surface water interaction to assess impacts to groundwater from mining activitiesEllen Kwantes, Wendy McLean & Stuart BrownSarah Scarff, Chiara Callipari & Liz WebbParsons Brinckerhoff, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia

Gaining an understanding of groundwater–surface water connectivity is an integral part of assessing groundwater impacts associated with mining developments, particularly with the ever-growing demand for energy and resources. This paper outlines part of a study of the potential groundwater impacts associated with mining activities in New South Wales, Australia. Interaction between surface water and groundwater systems was found to occur though a variety of mechanisms, including baseflow to streams and permanent pools and flood flow recharge to groundwater.

Three streams in the study area were investigated using several methods to characterise groundwater–surface water connectivity. The first method involved the analysis of groundwater hydrographs and baseflow recession curves of stream levels which indicated hydraulic gradients are typically towards the channels, indicating a potential for groundwater discharge to streams, i.e. a gaining system. Hydrographs showed a clear flood recharge response.

Secondly, groundwater-surface water connectivity was also assessed by undertaking stream surveys that identified potential groundwater discharge and permanent pools, but negligible flow between pools, consistent with the ephemeral nature of the streams.

Thirdly, stable isotopes (18O and 2H) showed that the alluvial groundwater is recharged mainly by surface water during flood events.

The fourth method involved the analysis of long-term (21-day) pumping tests which showed that there is a poor connection between the alluvium and underlying porous rock aquifers. This was confirmed by the strong vertical hydraulic gradients across the alluvium interface and distinct isotopic composition and radiocarbon ages.


These data were used to develop conceptual hydrogeological cross-sections for each stream. Numerical modelling (MODFLOW) was used to assess the potential impacts on surface water and groundwater in the study area as a result of mining activities.

656 - The role of peat double porosity on groundwater-surface water interaction in a drained fenP.M. Rossi, P. Ala-aho, and A-K. RonkanenWater Resources and Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Process and Environmental Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland

Groundwater discharge from an esker aquifer to a fen was studied to understand relevant hydrological processes for surface-groundwater interaction in an esker-peatland hillslope. Piezometric levels of the peat layer and esker sand layer were continuously monitored and compared to climate data. Groundwater exfiltration points were spatially mapped and related to peat depth. The study showed a clear interaction between fen surface water and sand esker groundwater although the hydraulic conductivity of peat was low and the peat depth thick. In the artesian aquifer beneath the fen, the piezometric head showed a clear response to precipitation and evapotranspiration. Wetting of the peat is rapidly seen as pressure increases in the confined aquifer. This provides new information on hydraulics of wetlands found in aquifer discharge areas. Groundwater exfiltrated through thick peat layers in vertical preferential point discharges is demonstrating how double porosity provides flow through the peat layer with low hydraulic conductivity in the peat matrix. The “pipe flow” channels were found in the deep peat area in the transition zones from deep peat to shallow peat. Diffuse seepage through the ditch bottom was found where ditches cut into the sand layer. Increased discharge through the ditch bed reduced the flow resistance at the aquifer boundary which can lower the groundwater level in the esker. The results show new processes in the groundwater discharge zone that are useful for groundwater modeling and policy development for future groundwater protection.

685 - Occurrence of Mn in alluvial aquifer as a consequence of surface – groundwater interaction in the Požega valley - CroatiaTamara Marković, Ozren Larva & Željka BrkićCroatian geological survey, Zagreb, Croatia

The trace metal manganese (Mn) is ubiquitous in the environment and can exists in different oxidation states, but the most widely occurring forms in the environment is soluble Mn (II) when reduced and insoluble Mn (IV) when oxidised. Naturally occurring Mn is commonly found in drinking water supplies, and is essential for human health at low concentrations. Human exposure to excessive Mn concentrations can result in adverse human health effects. The behaviour and fate of Mn was studied in the Orljava River, and in groundwater in alluvial aquifer in the Požega valley, where the high concentration of Mn was observed in groundwater at western part of the pumping site “Zapadno polje”. Only four out of eighteen wells have concentrations of Mn above MCL (in Croatia is 50 ppb). The concentrations range from 60 to 1146 ppb in the water from wells, and from 19 to 244 ppb in the river water. The occurrence and concentration of Mn in the groundwater and the river water is controlled by many factors, among which colloidal geochemistry, water chemistry and microbiological activity are considered as most important ones. The study area is a part of the Pannonian basin and is located in the central part of northern Croatia. The Orljava River and its tributaries are depositing the sediments in the valley from the surrounding mountains. The surrounding mountains consist of magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. The valley is built from alluvial and pond deposits. The aquifer is formed of gravel-sandy deposits and its thickness varies between 4 and 6 m. The pond deposits have high content of the manganese. During the regulation of the Orljava riverbed a few years ago, the sediments which contain high concentrations of Mn were uncovered. Mathematical model of groundwater flow and particle tracking confirmed the recharge of the aquifer by river in most hydrological conditions. Geochemical measurements and modelling discovered that the Mn has been entered into the aquifer by the river mostly absorbed on colloids (clays) and in soluble state. It was also determined that oxidative conditions prevail in the aquifer and the change of the pH is the driving force for the release of Mn in the water . The changing of the pH is a result of leaching of dissolved CO

2 from the surface to the ground. The highest contribution was observed in autumn. The change of water level in the

aquifer and infiltration of precipitation are driving forces of the CO2 leaching.


914 - Evaluation of the river – groundwater – wetland interaction in Sonso Lagoon (Colombia)Sandra Galvis, Juan Bernal & Leonardo David DonadoWater Resources Engineering Research Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia

Wetlands have been recognized by the Ramsar Convention as the new millennium ecosystems. Efforts towards the conservation of these eco-systems can improve the quality of life for the neighboring communities. Previous studies have addressed the relationship between groundwater and surface water in wetlands. This relationship is important because many of these ecosystems depend on groundwater contributions for their sustainability. The Sonso Lagoon wetland, located in the South-West of Colombia, has been impacted by sugar cane agricultural activities that deteriorate its hydro-ecological balance. The pressure on groundwater resources by these activities has alerted the interest of local environmen-tal authorities who seek to assess the hydrodynamic relationship between the wetland, the adjacent aquifer, and a river. This research has been conducted to validate a hydrogeological conceptual model in the vicinity of the wetland. A group of observation wells installed around the Lagoon have allowed the calculation of approximate volumes of recharge and discharge from the aquifer to the wetland by using a non-linear Darcy’s equation. The drilling of these observation wells provided information that verified the presence of a clay layer interbedded with sand within the first ten meters of the stratigraphic profile. Beyond this point, an aquifer of high conductivity was found. The high intensity of rainfall during the study period generated a higher water table in the Cauca River, causing an immediate response in groundwater levels near the river. These data show a seasonal dynamic for both the aquifer and the river. Consequently, the river recharges the aquifer through the wetland. A basic wave propagation model for the underlying aquifer has been implemented in order to assess water levels within the wetland.

956 - Groundwater – surface water interactions within a crystalline and carbonate basin. The Forca-Tavignano Basin (Corsica, France).Emilie Garel, Ambre Gamerre, Jean Ferrandini, Michelle Ferrandini, Beatrice Khoumeri, Marie-Madeleine SpellaUMR CNRS 6134 SPE, University of Corsica, FranceYves TraviUMR 1114 EMMAH, University of Avignon, France

A hydrochemical and stable isotopes (18O/2H ) approach was used to identify the groundwater pathways and their contribution in the surface water flows within a heterogeneous crystalline and carbonate basin, which is located in the Corsica mountains (French Mediterranean island).

The Forca-Tavignano basin surface area is approximately 15 km2 and the altitude ranges from 450 to 1700 m. The geology is highly complex. Thrust nappes (< 750 m altitude) are attached to hercynian granitic mountains. A part of the studied area is made of carbonate rocks with local extension and index of karstification. A spring (Minesteghju spring), with a 2500 m3.d-1 average flow is located near the main stream (Orta) and the basin outlet.

Since April 2011, on the whole basin, 4 rainfall collectors, 6 river points and 4 springs were sampled monthly for hydrochemical and stable isotopes analyses. The Minesteghju spring flow data are continuously recording since 2009.

The first isotopic results showed that the recharge area was the same for both groundwater and surface water. The HCO3--Ca2+-Mg2+ water type of the river and springs, located in the lowest basin part, indicated the water mineralization was essentially due to the carbonate rocks.

During storm events or snow melting periods, pre-event water (highly mineralized) was predominant in some stream arms. The configuration and disposition of the carbonate areas seem to strongly influence the groundwater and surface water flow interactions.

The hydrochemical and stable isotopic approach in Corsica Mountains thus provides a powerful method for setting groundwater types apart in terms of their interaction with rocks, their flow pathways and their interactions with surface water. As for the large scale mediterranean karstic areas, carbonate reservoirs of the Forca-Tavignano basin contribute actively during the floods and the low water.


772 - Groundwater-Surface-Water Interaction at the Pebble Site, Alaska, USAH. R. (Rod) Smith, Smith Water Management Consultants, Vancouver, BC, Canada Geoff Beale, Schlumberger Water Services, Shrewsbury, UK Hugh Mc Creadie, Piteau Associates, Vancouver, BC, Canada

For many mining projects, the detailed characterization of groundwater and surface water is essential for designing appropriate dewatering and other engineering systems, and also for designing an appropriate mitigation plan to minimize potential impacts to the local and regional hydro-logic system. The Pebble Project is a copper-gold-molybdenum porphyry deposit located on state land in the Bristol Bay Region of southwest Alaska, approximately 30 km northwest of Iliamna. Surface water flow throughout the study area is substantially influenced by the groundwater regime. Extensive field programs have been carried out for site characterization, including over 500 piezometer installations, continuous mea-surement of stream flows at 29 locations, detailed mapping of seeps, springs, wetlands and lakes, and numerous packer and pumping tests.

The site is characterized by a layered aquifer system with seasonal variation in piezometric levels of 5 to 30 ft, and strong vertical gradients in some areas. The streamflow profiles indicate that each of the drainages has characteristic gaining and losing patterns. Outwash sand and gravel aquifers underlying the stream channels coupled with low groundwater levels result in extensive losing reaches. Conversely, some reaches of the rivers have strong groundwater discharge, which results in open water even in the winter. In addition, cross-watershed groundwater flow of about 500 L/s into an adjacent drainage has been documented.

The work has involved the development of a site-wide water balance and a groundwater flow model. The semi-distributed parameter water bal-ance was calibrated to average monthly streamflow at 23 stations that have a five-year period of record, with a focus on low flows to maximize its usefulness for the analysis of groundwater-surface-water interaction. The seven-layer numerical groundwater model was calibrated to four years of monthly piezometric measurements at 293 piezometers and longitudinal profiles of late-winter streamflows. The water balance and groundwater model were iteratively adjusted so that the flows calculated by the groundwater model were mutually consistent with the flows calculated by the water balance.

294 - Local-scale spatial and temporal variability of streambed temperatures in a groundwater-fed streamM.A. Middleton & D.M. AllenDepartment of Earth Sciences – Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada

In aquatic systems with groundwater-surface water interactions, water temperature can be a useful parameter for evaluating exchanges in the system, and for monitoring changes in such dynamic systems. Water temperatures are also a key component in aquatic health. In systems where small temperature changes can be significant, it is important to be able to assess the quality and variability in temperature monitoring data. The goal of this study was to evaluate the significance and magnitude of spatial and temporal variability in streambed temperatures in a gaining reach of a stream.

A dense network of temperature (Tidbit) loggers was installed to monitor streambed temperature in a groundwater-fed stream in the Lower Fras-er Valley, British Columbia. The stream originates at low elevation, has a rainfall dominated flow regime, and flows across the Abbotsford-Sumas Aquifer, draining south into the Nooksack River basin in Washington state. The dense network was instrumented with 13 loggers in Fishtrap Creek, with water temperature recorded hourly at the streambed. The dense network extends over a short (<30 m) reach of the stream and the data were collected from July 2008 to August 2011.

The maximum daily temperature range was 5.8oC, with significant (p<0.05) differences observed across the site on 894 of the 1123 reported days. Across the site, 11 of the 13 data loggers had at least one day with streambed temperatures greater than two standard deviations from the mean of the site. Comparing the observations from each measurement location to the median values across the site shows seasonal and annual variations in the timing and magnitude of temperature difference. Spatial patterns of streambed temperatures also vary seasonally and inter-annually. Statistical evaluation of the streambed temperatures can be useful for developing temperature logging protocols to minimize uncertainty for habitat assessment.


537 - Methods to identify groundwater interaction with river water in the catchment of the River Vantaa, Southern FinlandKirsti Korkka-Niemi, Anne Rautio and Veli-Pekka SalonenDepartment of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandAnna-Liisa Kivimäki, Kirsti Lahti, Heli VahteraWater Protection Association of the River Vantaa and Helsinki Region, Helsinki, Finland

In this study we introduce the results of low altitude aerial infrared survey (AIR) and hydrogeochemical and flow rate studies performed at the River Vantaa and its tributaries during 2010 - 2012, in order to identify and characterize the hydraulic connections between aquifers and river systems. The River Vantaa is one of the raw water reserves for Finland’s capital area (ca. 1 million people). In addition, there are 21 important aquifers used by the municipal water companies in close vicinity to river beds. Aquifers are related to glaciofluvial sand and gravel deposits, (i.e., eskers or ice-marginal end moraine complexes). Based on AIR and site specific measurements, nearly 380 groundwater-surface water interaction sites along the catchment of the River Vantaa (270 km-long river system) were located. Water fluxes between groundwater and river systems were identified and quantified with main ionic concentrations (n=109), SiO

2 (n=225), stable isotopes (δ18O, δ2H) (n=234) as well as

river flow rate measurements (FlowTracker, ADCP Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler). A significant difference in SiO2 and stable isotope ratios

between groundwater and surface water was observed. Therefore, the chemical and isotope data can be applied to confirm the water exchange. At selected groundwater intake areas where risk of water quality deterioration during flood periods was recognized, water quality (NO

3-NO

2-N,

DOC, turbidity) in the production wells was monitored with S::can™ sensors during springtime. Along with on-line water quality measurements at one hour intervals, river water level and hydraulic head within the well field were monitored. During low flow periods, the dominant proportion of water in the narrow and shallow streams in the catchment of the River Vantaa is groundwater originated from the adjacent aquifer. Risk man-agement activities targeted to control bank infiltration during the maximum river flow periods are needed at several sites utilized by water works.

614 - Understanding Subterranean Hydrology in the Delineation of Wetlands – a Temporary Hillslope Wetland on Basement Granite in South AfricaNelda Breedt & Matthys DippenaarDepartment of Geology – University or Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa

Wetlands are complex multi-disciplinary ecosystems that have been defined in many different ways. It is, however, debated whether any of these definitions fully characterize and include all aspects of these ecosystems. In South Africa, the only legislative definition of wetlands is held by the National Water Act (NWA Act 36 of 1988). According to the Department of Water Affairs (DWA, 2005), wetlands are classified as such, according to four indicators: soil wetness, soil form, vegetation and terrain. However, due to semi-humid to arid climate over the major parts of South Africa, biotic indicators are often absent during the drier winter months, and only soil wetness indicators remain for wetland identification. These indicators are therefore not always evident in temporary wetlands during the dry season as found in a case study on a temporary hillslope wetland underlain by basement granite in Midrand, Gauteng. This wetland was excavated for the development of the Pan African Parliament (PAP) after these four wetland indicators were overlooked by the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Specialist. Subsequently, a 100 meter long cutting is available through the wetland, exposing the soil profile, bedrock and areas of seepage. The focus of this study is wetland clas-sification and delineation in South Africa and the role of hydrogeology in these systems, with the aim to better define and subsequently protect these valuable ecosystems, using an integrated multi-disciplinary approach. A better understanding and distinct incorporation of the hydrology into the delineation methodology is also required.

sessIon M3-C: HydrogeologICAl Issues relAted to oIl sAnds IIIMonday, September 17 • 15:45-18:00 • Strategy Room 3Chairs: Jon Fennell, Steve Wallace


448 - In situ remediation of acid-extractable organics in oil sands process-affected groundwaterVahid Sohrabi, Jim BarkerDepartment of Earth & Environmental Sciences – University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

In some oil sands mining operations, shallow sand aquifers and sand dykes will contain process affected water upon closure of tailings ponds. In situ chemical oxidation is an emerging technology that may reduce concentrations of the major toxicant, acidic organic chemicals including naphthenic acids, in this groundwater. In this in situ application, oxidants that remain effective for weeks and don’t require activation are required because mix-ing of contaminated groundwater with injected oxidant solutions is a slow hydrogeological process. Additional challenges are the low groundwater temperatures (4oC) and large volumes of groundwater potentially requiring treatment. Proof-of-concept laboratory research finds complete removal of naphthenic acids within 60 days at 20oC using persulfate and permanganate oxidants. Studies at 4oC are underway. Chemical characterization suggests persulfate is more effective in removing organic acids than permanganate and that partial oxidation reduces the portion of naphthenic acids but not necessarily the total acid-extractable organic fraction. Further chemical characterization and assessment of toxicity reduction with partial and complete oxidation is underway. Field trials at the In Situ Aquifer Test Facility have found that the sand aquifer is microbially active but that acid-extractable organics are persistent. Current research there focuses on the delivery and oxidation performance in situ. The oxidant demand generated by the aquifer solids appears to be minimal. The rate-controlling, dispersive mixing process in the sand aquifer has been characterized. While the oxidation of the acid-extractable organics appears possible, the major challenge is to demonstrate its capability and limitations in the field and, if this technology proves viable, to provide the demonstrated understanding for implementation.

550 - Performance of Seepage Mitigation and Pressure Relief Systems for Tailings Dams on Large Pleistocene Channel Deposits – A Case Study at Suncor’s South Tailings PondSarah McArthur, Warren Vincent-Lambert & Chris LangtonKlohn Crippen Berger Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, CanadaMike Bowron & Heather SutherlandSuncor Energy Inc., Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada

Suncor’s South Tailings Pond (STP) is an oil sands external tailings storage facility that was commissioned in July 2006. The south and west dykes of STP overlie a buried glacial meltwater channel aquifer called the Wood Creek Sand Channel (WCSC). The eastern boundary of STP is formed by the Steepbank Uplands, commonly referred to as the Kame. Three engineered systems have been implemented for seepage miti-gation and pressure relief along the south and west dykes over the WCSC. These are the Northwest Wellfield, the Southwest Cut-Off Wall and the Passive Relief Depressurization Well Network. Ongoing performance monitoring for the tailings structure and groundwater control systems will determine any requirements for additional seepage mitigation and / or pressure relief design elements. This monitoring involves long-term tracking of the groundwater levels and chemistry in the monitoring well network which surrounds the engineered systems. Data collected since the inception of these systems show that the systems currently operating are providing the necessary control over seepage mitigation and pressure relief in the WCSC beneath the STP dykes. A fourth system, the Kame Wellfield has been proposed to intercept eastward migrating seepage. An observational approach is currently being adopted to determine if this system will be required.

908 - Numerical Modelling of Gas Flow in the Suncor Coke Stockpile CoversBelkacem Lahmira, Lee Barbour & Julie ZettlDepartment of Civil and Geological Engineering, University of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Thermally driven convective air-flow within waste rock or natural soil profiles has been well established; however, the potential impact that this air flow may have on the performance of near surface soil moisture has not been previously explored. This paper presents the results of a numer-ical modelling study used to evaluate the potential effect of convective air flow on water redistribution within a soil reclamation cover placed over a coarse textured coke stockpile at the Suncor oil sands mine site. Two cross-sections of different geometry and soil cover prescriptions were simulated based on field observations of soil and atmospheric conditions. The combination of warmer, lighter air within the stockpile and colder,


heavier outside the stockpile resulted in a strong convective air flow cell in which drier atmospheric air was drawn in within the lower slope of the cover and expelled across the upper slope and plateau areas of the cover. The magnitude of the gas flux and the intensity of the convection cell depends on the permeability of the coke and cover material, the depth of the coke and the slope of the stockpile. It was estimated that convective air movement through the cover could produce as much as 1-2 mm/day of enhanced drying of the cover in lower slope positions. Field obser-vations of the distribution of water within the cover provided qualitative evidence of enhanced drying at lower slope positions within the cover.

445 - Process-affected groundwater in the oil sands mining operations and their remedial landscapeJim BarkerDepartment of Earth & Environmental Sciences – University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

In oil sands tailings operations, sand dykes retain process-affected water in tailings ponds. Some of these ponds are external to the mines and are in close proximity to shallow sand aquifers. Seepage through dykes occurs and some escapes collection (Yasuda et al., 2010). This seepage can impact adjacent sand aquifers. However, in four published cases transport into surface water bodies is limited (Oiffer et al., 2009; Gervais and Barker, 2005; McKinnon et al., 2005). The most immediate seepage of process-affected groundwater is from Tar Island Dyke beside the Athabasca River (Ferguson et al., 2009). In these cases seepage is dominantly process-affected dyke construction water rather than pond water. For most existing ponds seepage from the pond appears limited by the development of impermeable fines and bitumen pond “lining”. As the dykes seep, heads decline and seepage rates decline over tens to hundreds of years.

What does this mean for the reclamation of external tailings ponds? Removal of the pond water still leaves most of the structure’s water within the pores of the tailings and in dykes at elevated positions relative to nearby surface waters. While surficial landscapes may be engineered to manage shallow groundwater seepage, it is not yet clear that seepage through deeper flow paths can be controlled. The major chemical chal-lenges are likely acid-extractable organics (AEOs), including naphthenic acids, and salinity. While some degradation of AEOs in surface water is anticipated, compelling evidence of AEOs degradation in groundwater is lacking. Process-affected water continues to increase in salinity as recycled water extracts more salts from ore. The impact of process-affected groundwater seeping into aquatic ecosystems is still a challenging research topic. Remediation of groundwater faces large groundwater volumes, hydrogeology complexity and lack of demonstrated chemical/biological remedial systems.

1027 - Hydrogeological Considerations in the Recovery of Bitumen Directly Overlain by Non-saline Groundwater at a Proposed SAGD Project in Northeast Alberta Robert Clarkson, Kerry Van Son, Luc Lalonde, Karan Dutt, Simon Gittins & Michael Lesyk Cenovus Energy Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

In certain areas of Alberta bitumen resources are directly overlain by non-saline (<4000 mg/L TDS) groundwater. In recognition of this occur-rence, energy companies such as Cenovus TL ULC (Cenovus) have applied a high standard of practice in their assessment of local groundwater resources consistent with more stringent guidelines outlined by Alberta Environment and Water.

Cenovus recently submitted to Provincial regulators a Joint Application for a proposed commercial in-situ steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) project, approximately 90km northeast of Fort McMurray, Alberta. The proposed Telephone Lake project will be developed in two phases and targets oil production from the Middle McMurray Formation at a peak rate of 90,000 barrels per day with an estimated operational life of approximately 40 years.

One of the challenging aspects of the Telephone Lake project is that the bitumen reservoir is directly overlain by a lean bitumen or flushed zone that contains non-saline (350 to 400 mg/L TDS) groundwater. This high permeability zone, or “top water” aquifer, is laterally extensive across the project area and typically ranges in thickness from 0 to over 20m. To maximize efficiency of the SAGD process, and to preserve water quality, the project will utilize dewatering technology (Cenovus patent pending) whereby the top water aquifer will be dewatered in advance of SAGD activities. The dewatered volume will be re-injected into the Middle and Lower McMurray Formation at locations peripheral to the project and/or may potentially be exported to other users.

This presentation will discuss the hydrogeology of the Telephone Lake area and some of the hydrogeological methods and testing done to char-acterize baseline conditions, as well as provide an overview of the innovative top water management plan developed by Cenovus.


967 - The Cold Lake Beaver River Basin regional groundwater model: Providing a framework for policy development and cumulative impact assessment of freshwater resources in the oil sands areaJoe RiddellEnergy Resources Conservation Board/Alberta geological Survey, Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaSteve WallaceAlberta Environment and Water, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

The Alberta Geological Survey (AGS) and Alberta Environment and Water (AEW) are working together on the Provincial Groundwater Inventory Program to develop adaptable and science-based decision making tools supporting policy development and regulation to manage groundwater resources. A numerical groundwater flow model of the Cold Lake Beaver River Basin developed by the AGS is going to be used to refine and de-velop a method that uses a simple, steady state flow model to determine first-order regional hydrologic response characteristics. The concepts of transition curve analysis and hydrologic response area will be employed within an automated modelling environment to generate and display specific model outputs or properties for the entire model domain. These properties are designed to allow mapping and definition of hydrological response characteristics predicted by the model to potentially aid and be used for in policy development. The regional groundwater model also serves as a basis for future modeling efforts using more sophisticated and data intensive models needed to assist in managing the increasingly complex groundwater environment. The modeling strategy requires three critical elements to achieve the objective of effectively managing cu-mulative effects at a regional scale in Alberta: 1) a consistent method to develop the best geomodel possible to drive the hydrogeological model, 2) a framework that hosts a series of regional models that is updateable and adaptable as new data and pressures on groundwater resources emerge, and 3) ongoing collaboration between stakeholders to refine the outputs and hydrogeological properties generated by the model and determining how they guide policy and regulation. The Provincial Groundwater Inventory Program has been formalized under a Memorandum of Understanding between the Energy Resources Conservation Board and AEW that identifies three phases of study designed to achieve these elements not just in the oil sands area, but province wide.

988 - Regional Cumulative Effects Groundwater Management within the Northern Athabsca Oil SandsMargaret Scott, Jos Beckers, and Jon FennellWorleyParsons Canada, Burnaby, BC, CAN

The unprecedented growth of oil sands activity in the Athabasca region has raised concerns that mining and in-situ oil sand extraction processes may negatively affect groundwater quantity and quality. In 2010, the Royal Society of Canada, the Oil Sands Advisory Panel, and the Pembina Institute released reports highlighting the need to better characterize groundwater water resources within the Athabasca Oil Sands region, and to develop numerical modelling tools to better project potential cumulative effects of oil and gas development on water quantity and quality during bitumen development over the next decades and into the far-future (effectiveness of mine reclamation). Simultaneously, Alberta Environment and Water has developed a draft Groundwater Management Framework (GMF) that outlines an approach to identify and manage potential cumu-lative environmental effects of oil sands activities (and other related disturbances) on the environment. The GMF is predicated on the integration of decision-support tools such as modeling, monitoring, and management. The implementation of this framework will challenge groundwater users in the region to respond to adaptive and cooperative management principles in order to achieve the intended goals and outcomes.

Our presentation will focus on the development of the groundwater modeling decision-support tool for the mineable area north of Fort McMurray. Within the GMF, the purpose of the Northern Athabasca Oil Sands (NAOS) model is to facilitate understanding of potential cumulative effects of groundwater extraction, injection, and diversions (i.e. mine dewatering) on water quantity and quality. In addition, the numerical model devel-opment incorporates a consistent interpretation of the regional geologic and hydrogeologic setting (conceptual model), in alignment with Royal Society of Canada recommendations. The conceptual and numerical models can also be used in future Environmental Impact Assessments, to provide decision-support for expanding the regional groundwater monitoring network, and for establishing groundwater management targets within the GMF. Model development and calibration will be presented as well as associated challenges with representing the complex hydro-geologic setting and development history of the NAOS region. Possible future groundwater model refinements and potential applications for addressing the concerns highlighted by the independent research institutes will also be discussed.


995 - Evaluation of the Cumulative Effects of Groundwater Use in Alberta’s Oil SandsGordon MacMillan, Kevin Hayley, Alexander HaluszkaMatrix Solutions Inc., Calgary Alberta, CanadaRebecca JacksteitCenovus FCCL Ltd., Calgary Alberta, CanadaSandra RosenthalDevon Canada Corporation, Calgary Alberta, CanadaScott RaynerMEG Energy Corp., Calgary Alberta, Canada

The most commonly applied in-situ technologies for producing bitumen in Alberta’s Oil Sands are Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) and Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) both of which require water for steam generation. Most projects utilize groundwater from deep saline and/or non-saline non-potable aquifers to mitigate potential impacts to surface water and ecosystems.

In order for new projects in Alberta’s Oil Sands to be approved by the regulators, the proponent has to assess the feasibility and the potential environmental impacts of the proposed water use. This is typically accomplished using numerical models of groundwater flow. Most groundwa-ter used for in-situ bitumen extraction in Alberta’s Oil Sands is sourced from deep confined aquifers with a relatively high diffusivity. In order to assess the cumulative effects associated with the lateral and vertical propagation of long-term drawdowns, model domains greater than 30,000 km2 in area and 15,000 km3 in volume are common.

Fortunately, there are valuable oil and gas data sets in Alberta that can facilitate the necessary geologic mapping to complete an undertaking of this size. Alberta has a compiled a database of downhole wireline logs for nearly every oil and gas well drilled in the province. The resulting dataset has more than 500,000 wells, many of which have multiple petrophysical logs including gamma ray, caliper, density porosity, neutron porosity, resistivity and spontaneous potential. This data can support the development of high resolution geologic maps for water supply assessments. Other valuable data sets collected by oil and gas operators include downhole static/transient pressures, core, seismic, and water use rates/volumes.

Hydrogeology work in Alberta has evolved to incorporate knowledge compiled by the oil and gas industry. The challenge of evaluating the cumu-lative effects of groundwater use in Alberta’s Oil Sands area has resulted in some customized work flows and approaches including generating custom hydrogeology databases, adopting formal solutions to the inverse problem and parallelizing the numerical calibration on the cloud. These approaches are presented in a case study where three operating Oil Sands producers are collaborating to better understand the hydrogeology in their project areas and throughout the region.

498 - Alberta’s Oil Sands Projects - Groundwater Withdrawal Prediction UncertaintyLouis-Charles Boutin, Gordon MacMillan & Kevin HayleyMatrix Solutions Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

In Alberta, multiple Oil Sands Projects using Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) or Cyclic Steam Simulation (CSS) require water for steam generation. Most of these projects will utilize groundwater from saline and / or non-saline aquifers to mitigate potential impacts to surface water and ecosystems. These projects generally use numerical models of groundwater flow to manage their groundwater use and to evaluate potential environmental effects in support of environmental impact assessments. The typical approach is to run deterministic, forward prediction models, to evaluate the potential effects to key environmental indicators such as surface water bodies, wetland or shallow non-saline aquifers.

As with any effort of predicting future outcomes, there is a degree of uncertainty in the predictions associated with a numerical model of ground-water flow. Sources of model prediction uncertainty for the groundwater flow model include but are not limited to:

1. Conceptual model;2. Operational (groundwater use) uncertainty, and;3. Uncertainty in the calibrated parameters.

Quantifying the above sources of prediction uncertainty presents unique challenges. In an attempt to support sound operational and regulatory decision making, new approaches are being applied to identify, reduce and quantify the sources of prediction uncertainty. Some of the new ap-proaches being applied include a higher degree of model parameterization and non-linear uncertainty analyses, such as sub-space Monte Carlo.


sessIon M3-d: toPICs In generAl KArst HydrogeologyMonday, September 17 • 15:45-18:00 • Strategy Room 5Chairs: Stephen Worthington, Nadine Goeppert

128 - Carbonate Aquifers, Karst and Glaciation in Canada: A Review.Derek FordMcMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

There are approximately 400,000 km2 of limestone and 500,000 km2 of dolomite mapped as outcropping in Canada, plus further large areas with groundwater under shallow covers of clastic rocks. Regular carbonate platform and ramp lithologies of Paleozoic age predominate but reef and barrier deposits are regionally prominent, as are gypsum and anhydrite. ‘Outcrop’ is a misnomer for extensive areas of Interior Platform (circum-Shield) carbonate plains and plateaus because they are deeply buried by, and hydrologically subordinate to, Quaternary glacial and proglacial clastic deposits. Thinner glacial sediments elsewhere may shield the bedrocks from post-glacial dissolution, or be injected into mature karstic aquifers to partially clog them. North of Lat 60o N permafrost begins to inhibit recharge; it predominates in the extensive carbonate tracts in the Arctic islands.

Despite these constraints, karstic aquifers (i.e. solutionally enlarged conduit systems exhibiting triple porosity flow behaviour) are common, and locally or regionally well developed. Examples in the Appalachian, Interior Platform and Western Cordillera tectonic provinces of Canada will be reviewed, with emphasis on the variety in their characteristics that is due to differing geologic and environmental factors. Many Platform aquifers in Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and British Columbia are now under stress from rural and urban economic development. In the Western Cordillera speleothem deposits in relict caves (drained aquifers) hold the key to deciphering mountain and aquifer evolutionary history for much of the Tertiary and Quaternary.

200 - Quantifying the Nutrient Inputs into Karst Conduit Fed Ephemeral Lakes (Turloughs) in Ireland.Ted McCormack, Laurence Gill & Paul JohnstonTrinity College Dublin, Ireland

Turloughs are ephemeral lakes that are virtually unique to Ireland. They are groundwater dependant, seasonally inundated wetlands that occur in depressions in karstic areas, primarily in the West of Ireland. They usually flood in early autumn and remain flooded until late spring or early summer. In most cases, the turlough has no surface outlet and instead fills and drains through swallow holes or estavella. Due to the distinct hydrologic nature of turloughs, they have a corresponding distinct ecology and biodiversity. For this reason, turloughs have been a continuous focus of research interest due to the unique flora and fauna in this type of aquatic environment but also due to the risks of localised flooding. Turloughs have been designated as Special Areas of Conservation in Ireland and are designated as a Priority Habitat in Annex 1 of the EU Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC). Also, under the Water Framework Directive (EC, 2000) turloughs are designated as Groundwater Dependant Terrestrial Ecosystems (GWDTE).

The aim of this project is to characterise a series of turloughs located in County Galway in the West of Ireland. The series of 5 turloughs are thought to be connected together by a linked conduit drainage network and have been monitored over several years. The project objectives are the following:

• To further develop a pipe-network hydraulic model for the karst system (which accurately models the fluctuating turlough water levels) so that it also predicts water quality parameters.

• To evaluate the effect of a changing hydrological regime on corresponding hydrochemistry, in particular the nutrient sources and sinks for the turloughs.

This project involves extensive field instrumentation as well as regular collection of water samples retrieved from rivers, turloughs, boreholes and springs. A key component of this study is using a flood response model to investigate nutrient origin and nutrient flux through the turloughs (whether the turloughs act as sinks or producers for nutrients (N & P) in groundwater). Oxygen & Deuterium isotope analysis have also been carried out on the water samples. From this analysis, an indication of water source and turlough evaporation loses is being determined.


202 - Hypogene karstification – Specific problem at dam site hydrogeologyPetar MilanovićPresident of National IAH Chapter, Belgrade, Serbia,

The origin of a number of caves cannot be explained by meteoric water gravity flow. By analysis of cave patterns, water chemistry and sediments in caverns the hypotheses of its hypogen origin has been created. The process of karstification defined as hypogene are consequences of deep upward flow of hydrothermal or cold water associated with carbon dioxide, or by rising fluids formed in oil and gas-fields rich in hydrogen sulfide. Convectional flow of air above the water table in hydrothermal caves may lead to condensation corrosion due to the presence of H

2S in the air.

Water evaporates in the warm, lower parts and condenses on the higher, cooler walls. Fluids associated with deep ore-bearing mineral deposits can also be sources of cavern origin, sometimes at depths more than 1000 m. It is assured that many investigated and analyzed examples of karstification close to the surface were formed by deep-origin water, often combined with meteoric waters.

At many dam sites on soluble rocks (limestone, dolomite and gypsum) the problem of watertightness and seepage is (most probably) the consequence of hypogene karstification. The presence of thermal water or water containing H

2S has been reported at many dam sites in different countries.

The flow directions taken by water rising from great depth depend on geological structure. Vertical and sub-vertical faults (including major joints) are the preferred paths for groundwater penetration from deep-seated sources. If hypogene cavernosity is present at a dam site it requires very precise analysis with regard to watertightness and grouting technology.

A number of dam sites in Iran are situated on the karstified Asmari Limestone, which also hosts many oil & gas fields. Due to this fact, the possibility of simultaneous karstification by meteoric gravity water and by water of hypogene origin has to be anticipated at many dam sites. To apply successful measures against leakage at the dam sites and from reservoirs the correct diagnosis of cavern origin is essential for proper design of grout curtain properties (alignment, depth, inclination and properties of grout mix). Observations and data collected during construction of the Salman Farsi and Karun 4 dams in Iran may serve as examples.

378 - The role of sulfate dissolution in early permeability development in carbonate successionsJohn Gunn1 Simon Bottrell2, Stephen Worthington3, David Lowe1 and Les Brown4

1Limestone Research Group, GEES, University of Birmingham, BIRMINGHAM, B15 2TT, UK.2School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, LEEDS LS2 9JT, UK.3Worthington Groundwater, Dundas, Ontario, Canada, L9H 3K94School of Planning, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Queen’s University, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK

Dissolutionally enlarged pathways form dendritic, self-organized networks in the majority of carbonate aquifers. A study by Filipponi of more than 1500 km of conduits large enough for human exploration found that >70% were located along discrete lithostratigraphically controlled horizons that favour localized inception of dissolutional activity by virtue of physical, lithological or chemical deviation from the predominant car-bonate facies within the sequence. Many carbonate sequences contain sulfate horizons that strongly influence early permeability development. Dissolution of sulfate evaporites produces a diagnostic signal in the isotopic composition of S and O in the resulting dissolved sulfate. We use this indigenous tracer to search for and identify this process in two contrasting carbonate successions.

In Derbyshire, United Kingdom, 5% of groundwater flow from the carbonate outcrop is sulfate-enriched thermal groundwater. The sulfate has characteristic evaporite isotopic composition and evaporites are known from deep boreholes. The rate of sulfate export corresponds to 2,300 t/yr gypsum, equivalent to 1,100 m3/yr porosity generation (1 mm/yr increase in aperture over a 1000 km network of 1 m-wide fractures), a significant rate of porosity development in the deep aquifer.

In Cuilcagh (NW Ireland) isotopic compositions of sulfate in water from a spring that is the source of the Shannon also indicate evaporite disso-lution as a source of sulfate during flood events. However, in contrast to Derbyshire there is no thermal component.

Unlike carbonate dissolution, gypsum dissolution does not require a source of acidity and is therefore far more easily accomplished at depth and with slow flow rates. Thus, preferential dissolution of evaporites will provide a more effective mechanism for tertiary porosity/permeability en-hancement (& initiation of groundwater flow paths) than carbonate dissolution. The presence of a hydrochemical marker for evaporite dissolution in deep flows from limestone aquifers indicates that gypsum dissolution may be a significant process in both shallow and deep groundwaters.


Worldwide, many limestone springwaters have high sulfate concentrations, indicating that this process may be widespread.

397 - Overland Flow in Peak Cluster Area, a Case Study in Yaji Experimental Site in GuilinGuanghui JIANG1,2, Zhaoli Shen3 1Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, Institute of Karst Geology, Guilin, People’s Republic of China2The International Research Center on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO, Guilin, People’s Republic of China3 School of Water Resources & Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Function of overland flow and related runoff mechanism in karst area are not well studied in hydrology. Hydrological monitoring in a small drain-age area in Yaji karst experimental site is done in order to understand these processes, where karst is well developed in subtropical monsoon climate region. The methods include runoff plot monitoring and spring chemograph separation. The result of runoff plot monitoring shows that the component of overland flow is very small comparing with precipitation. It happens four to five times in a year, concentrating on May to June. The occurred condition of overland flow is closely related with the amount of rainfall. Usually the threshold value of rainfall for overland flow is more than 50 mm. But the percent of overland flow can be reached 40% in the largest standard by the method of chemograph separation. The reason for different results from two methods is that the concentration infiltration is popular in hill slope, where the overland flow converts to shaft flow quickly. It is difficult to capture the overland flow when use the runoff plot monitoring. So scale of drainage monitoring should be used in karst hydrology study. Or basin which is smaller than slope runoff plot should be used, such as karst fracture or soil profile, which could be called microhabitat. The chemistry of overland flow indicates overland flow, interflow, epikarst flow and drip water and so on are controlled by PCO2. Specific electric conductivity, concentration of calcium and bicarbonate are different in these flow types. In other words, calcium and carbon were obviously different in these flow types. These ions could be used to separate the hydrograph of spring. More work should be done to know the non-conservative behaviour of calcium and carbon. New items such as environmental isotopes, TOC, strontium, CFC and so on should be tried to use to study the feasibility as chemograph separation basis, in order to improve the precision of calculation.

676 - In-Cave and Surface Geophysics to Detect a “Lost” River in the Upper Levels of the Mammoth Cave System, Kentucky.Timothy BechtelFranklin & Marshall College, Department of Earth and Environment, Lancaster, PA USAChet Hedden Tucson, AZ USAJ.D. MizerUniversity of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USAUte BellmannKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, GermanySarah Truebe, Kenneth DresangUniversity of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USAEllen BechtelWellesley College, Wellesley, MA USA

At least two early explorers recall accessing a significant underground river in the 1960s through a crawl way beneath a ledge in Swinnerton Avenue on the upper level of the Mammoth Cave system just southwest of the famous Duck-Under. However, expeditions in the 1990s and 2000s failed to find this crawl way. Instead, the level of sediment in the passage is generally at or above the rock ledge leaving no accessible openings to lower level passages other than the Duck-Under itself. Previous studies have dated the sediments in the upper level passages of Mammoth to 2.3 to 2.4 mya, and there is no evidence of recent back flooding of Swinnerton that might have concealed a former crawlway. However, apparently recent organic material (leaves, twigs, etc.) have been documented in passages just below the Duck-Under and may be related to open channel flow from recent storm events which could theoretically provide local sediment transport. Thus, the possibility that the crawl way into the lost river has been covered by sediment since the 1960s remains unconfirmed. Therefore, we have used in-cave spontaneous potential (SP), ground penetrating radar (GPR), and Acoustic profiling, as well as surface mise-a-la-masse resistivity profiling, in an attempt to locate the river itself rather than the missing crawl way. In addition to the simple historic/exploration interest, we believe that this lost river may also be part of the solution to the “Candlelight River/Three Springs Conundrum” posed in 2001 by Meiman, Groves, and Herstein; in which a perched river (such as we are seeking) is required to explain


dye traces with flow paths that appear to cross beneath the surficial Three Springs and the subterranean Duck-Under. Direct exploration did reveal perched flowing water in a very small passage north and east of Swinnerton. While this does not match the historical accounts, it does present an opportunity for planned in-cave dye studies to work out the detailed 3-D hydraulics of this region of the cave system.

749 - Unsaturated zone air Pco2 estimation from measurements in karst water Nicolas PEYRAUBE, Roland LASTENNET, Alain DENISDepartment of Environmental and Civil Engineering – University of Bordeaux1, Bordeaux, France

The karstification process is mainly controlled by two parameters: water flux and water acidity. Most of the time, water acidity or aggressiveness is the result of the dissolution of CO

2 present in the unsaturated zone (UZ) during the water transit from soil to saturated zone (SZ). However, CO

2

partial pressure (Pco2) in the air of the UZ is not easy to measure. Caves or boreholes only represent a mixture consisting of UZ air and external

atmosphere. The aim of the proposed method is to provide an estimation of Pco2 in the air of the UZ karst using measurements in karst waters.

This method is based on a new combination of calco-carbonic equilibrium equations. Measurements of pH, temperature, bicarbonate concen-tration and others majors ion concentrations leads to the calculation of the classical equilibrium Pco

2 of water (Pco

2eq) which represents the CO

2

dissolved in water. Using the proposed method and this value of Pco2eq we can estimate the Pco

2 of the air in the UZ.

Applications can be found in water management to assess the origin of water (UZ, SZ, mix) and water flow conditions (great or small exchanges between gas and water phases) or in protection of carbonate rock (support of archaeological painting and engravings in caves) or to estimate the Pco

2 baseline for geologic storage of CO

2.

We present three case studies in Vaucluse (southeast France), in Perigord and in Gironde (southwest France).

In the first example, the method is used to highlight the different origins of drought and flood water in Vaucluse. The second example presents the case study of engraved cave protection (Cussac cave). Water’s ability to dissolve parietal art support or to precipitate calcite over the art work is determined by UZ Pco

2. Monitoring water quality over two hydrological cycles allow determination of values of Pco

2 in different parts of the

UZ. In the epikarst, the upper part of the UZ, Pco2 is estimated over 5% while Pco

2 of the transmission zone beneath is seasonally variable from

1.5% to 3%. Similar high values of Pco2 in the air of upper UZ are found with the third example in Gironde, around 6%.

776 - Parametrization of a physically-based model for describing regional ground water flow in a fissured/karstified aquifer covered by spatially heterogenous surficial formations Sanae El Janyani, Nicolas Massei, Jean-Paul Dupont UMR 6143 M2C, CNRS, SFR SCALE- University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, FranceNathalie Dörfliger BRGM, water division, Orléans, France

In Upper Normandy, the principal source of the drinking water comes from the karst aquifer. Developing under the chalk plateau, it is a covered aquifer overlain by superficial formations such as clay-with-flints and loess, resulting from both the weathering of chalk and wind periglacial deposits. The local geological and hydrogeological frameworks are characterized by a mature development of sinkholes on the surface.

The aim of this study is to investigate links between the morphostructural organization of the chalk plateau and the regional structure of the chalk aquifer piezometry. Thus, the relationships between (i) geological evolutions of the regional structural framework (chalk substrates and aquifer thickness characterization), (ii) of the epikarst and chalk karst developments, (iii) and the thickness of the loess cover and land use, are taken into account, seeking to identify a local context signature on the hydrological responses of the chalk aquifer piezometry from 40 piezometers surveyed in Upper Normandy by the French Geological Survey (BRGM).

Processing the piezometric time series allowed identification of two major components: the first one is an annual cycle and the second one corresponds to the year-to-year variability. The relative contributions and standard deviations of each component (also found in the regional precipitation signals) were calculated and the spatial fluctuations of the hydrological parameters are compared with maps showing spatial distribution of the geological parameters. Using the ANOVA statistical test, the Clay with Flints (CWF) and the aquifer thickness influence the transfers on an annual cycle: the highest thickness of the CWF presents the lowest standard deviations percentage; the highest aquifer thickness presents the highest standard deviations percentage. The lower thickness of the quaternary loess (QL) presents the lower standard deviations percentage on a multi-year component.


These results will serve as a basis for the parametrization of a physically-based numerical groundwater flow model. This model is realized by MARTHE (BRGM group software), for hydrodynamic and hydrodispersive modeling of groundwater flow in a porous medium, this software can model flow problems encountered in various contexts by taking into account the discontinuities and drains in a karst environment. First results of calculations are presently under development.

sessIon M3-e: ContAMInAnt Hydrogeology IIMonday, September 17 • 15:45-18:00 • Strategy Room 7Chairs: Mike Fairbanks, Tank Shantilal

127 - Characterization of Groundwater in Shallow and Deep Aquifers of the Agriculture Dominated Bharathapuzha River Basin, Kerala, India: A Multivariate and GIS ApproachKannan, N. & Sabu JosephDepartment of Environmental Sciences, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India

Hydrochemistry, sources of ions, pollution hotspots and potability of groundwater in shallow and deep aquifers of Palakkad and Chittur taluks (Area = 1875 km2) of the Bharathapuzha river basin, the largest river basin in Kerala State, India, are discussed in this paper. Geomorphically, the area falls in the ‘Palaghat Gap’- a subdued profile in the Western Ghats and is one of the rice bowls of the State. Geologically, the area consists of Archaean crystallines, overlained by laterite. Due to its unique geography, sub-humid to semi-arid climate and intense agricultural activities, quality of groundwater is a major concern and warrants attention.

In order to depict the major ions and nutrients, 40 dug wells (shallow aquifer) were selected grid wise (~16 km2) and water samples (n = 80) were collected for monsoon (MON) and premonsoon (PRM) seasons. Further, samples (n = 40) from 20 bore wells (deep aquifer) near to select dug well sites were also collected for the above seasons.

Physico-chemical analyses indicate that in the shallow aquifer, 23% of samples in MON and 30% in PRM are not suitable for drinking as the majority of the attributes are above permissible limits. The quality is further degraded in a majority (~60%) of deep aquifer samples. The sea-sonal variation of parameters indicates higher contents during MON for the shallow aquifer and vice-versa for the deeper aquifer. However, both exhibit similar spatial trends, indicating common influences on water quality.

Multivariate factor analysis (R-mode) identified three factors and indicates that groundwater chemistry is chiefly determined by ion-exchange reactions, dissolution processes and anthropogenic inputs. The major ions are chiefly derived from dissolution and ion exchange process, which is substantiated by the geology of the area. However, nutrients such as NO

3, PO4 and K are mainly contributed from irrigation return flow. GIS

modeling analysis employed to determine hotspot of pollution showed the ‘hotspots’ towards the eastern part of study area.

135 - Development of a microbial contamination susceptibility model for private groundwater sources in the Republic of IrelandPaul D Hynds, Bruce D Misstear & Laurence W GillEnvironmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland

There are an estimated 170,000 private groundwater wells in Ireland, serving up to 750,000 consumers daily. Monitoring data suggest that up to 35% of groundwater sources in Ireland were microbially contaminated at least once per year during the period 1999-2009. However, where contamination occurs, ingress pathways are difficult to establish on a well-specific basis.

In the current research, groundwater quality analyses were carried out for 211 private sources in the Republic of Ireland during the 3-year period 2008-2010. Microbial quality was determined using presence and concentration of E. coli. Assessment of potential risk factors was undertaken at all sources, while meteorological data were also acquired. Overall, 29.4% of wells tested positive for E. coli, with analyses indicating that source type, local bedrock type, local subsoil type, groundwater vulnerability, septic tank setback distance and 48-hour precipitation were all significantly linked to E. coli presence. A number of well design/construction parameters were also significantly associated with bacterial pres-ence, suggesting that both localised (well-specific) and generalised (aquifer-specific) contamination mechanisms are involved in private well


contamination. Hierarchical logistic regression with stepwise variable entry was used to develop a private well “susceptibility model”. The model predicted 84% of contamination events for the model development dataset, while a predictive accuracy >80% resulted from an independent set. The model hierarchies of primary significance were well design/construction (45%), septic tank location (24%), hydrogeological setting (23%), and 120-hr precipitation (6%).

The susceptibility model developed in this research provides a method for the determination of microbial contamination likelihood and mecha-nism, while also highlighting the importance of good wellhead construction in source protection, irrespective of the hydrogeological setting. It is considered that the adopted approach is transferable to other hydrogeological environments, including to small-capacity private wells in North America, Africa and elsewhere.

329 - Modelling chloride transport through a surficial glaciolacustrine / till sequence using high-resolution pore water measurementsKristian J. Hermann & M. Jim HendryDepartment of Geological Sciences – University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

The Quaternary geology of the Canadian Prairies is dominated by clay-rich glacial till and glaciolacustrine deposits of Pleistocene age. The low hydraulic conductivity of these fine-grained deposits form regionally extensive aquitards that are frequently relied on to inhibit the migration of contaminants and to protect underlying aquifers. At the local scale, the ability for these deposits to perform as surficial aquitards is controlled by the presence of fractures commonly associated with the upper oxidized zone and the occurrence of geological heterogeneities such as sand layers, that can impact water and solute transport processes. The objective of this study was to define the controls on water and solute transport in a surficial aquitard sequence to predict the long-term transport of anthropogenic chloride. The subject of the study was a brine plume resulting from mining activities at an active potash mine in Central Saskatchewan, Canada. Based on drilling and geophysical investigations, brine impacts extend about 1800 m downgradient from the source area and generally less than 10 m below ground. The brine plume is centred along a series of sloughs extending from the mine. The near surface geology is dominated by glaciolacustrine silt and clay deposits overlying clayey till of the Battleford formation. An intertill sand aquifer exists beneath the Battleford till. Twenty-two boreholes were advanced using direct-push drilling methods to obtain continuous soil cores from seven transects, positioned along the length of the brine plume. Soil cores were sampled at 15 cm intervals to permit highresolution pore water measurements of δ2H, δ18O, and soluble salts and soil geotechnical parameters. In conjunction with soil coring, high-resolution direct-push electrical conductivity logs were collected to aid in defining brine distributions and geological inter-pretation. Vertical transport modelling will be undertaken to predict chloride transport times along the length of the brine plume. This data will be paired with vertical modelling of δ2H and δ18O in an effort to understand the controls on long-term water and solute transport.

430 - Coastal aquifer contamination by arsenic and phosphorous from a fertilizer production plantMicòl Mastrocicco & Nicolò ColombaniEarth Sciences Department - University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy Marco PetittaEarth Sciences Department – “Sapienza” University of Roma, Roma, Italy

Inorganic arsenic has been widely used during the production cycle of fertilizers and pesticides and leakage into sub-soils and shallow ground-water has been reported in the recent literature. Despite of this, most of the scientific papers have focused on natural arsenic mobilization and geochemical cycling in the subsurface. Since the arsenic mobilization is usually driven by redox processes, pH changes and ionic strength of the water, it is of foremost importance to study its behavior in coastal aquifers where all of these factors essentially coincide. The study site is a former fertilizer plant located near the shore line in Italy, where a pump and treat remediation scheme has been active since 2001. A detailed characterization of arsenic in groundwater was performed to elucidate the mobilization/immobilization mechanisms actually occurring at the site. It was found that most of the arsenic was entrapped in the sediments located near to the source zone, while phosphorous (mainly phos-phate) migrated further downstream.

A marked vertical reverse trend of EC and Eh was found within the aquifer: the elevated EC was due to the seawater wedge intrusion enhanced by pumping wells, while anoxic conditions were due to organic matter oxidation by sulphate provided by seawater. The arsenic speciation in groundwater showed the net predominance of As(III) except in the upper portion of the aquifer, where post-oxic condition occurred due to con-


tinuous oxygen exchange with the vadose zone. In the deeper portion of the aquifer the As(III) concentrations increased up to 900 µg/l, while As(V) remained stable. This feature was probably due to the elevated ionic strength of deep groundwater, which can displace weakly bonded oxi-anions from exchange sites and also by reducing conditions which promoted As(III) mobilization. Phosphate was present almost only in groundwater due to the reducing conditions of the aquifer.

This characterization confirmed that two different mechanisms for arsenic fate were active: (i) the oxidation and consequent sequestration in the upper oxidized zone, near the water table, with a marked decrease of total arsenic in groundwater with respect to the aquifer bottom, where (ii) the reduced and salinized conditions gave rise to very high arsenic concentrations with As(III) as the main groundwater species.

500 - First results on the geochemical charcterization of some arsenic contaminated groundwater to better address their exploitation for civil useGiuseppe Sappa, Stefania VitaleDepartment of Civil, Building and Enviromental Engineering, Sapienza, University of Rome – Rome Italy

Exploitation of arsenic contaminated groundwater in the Viterbo region of Central Italy has been suspected to cause adverse health effects among the population. This paper focuses the recent status of knowledge about arsenic in groundwater utilized within the Viterbo Region. This area is located between the Tyrrhenian Sea coast and the Central Apennines mountains, and was formed by volcanic activities (acidic and Kalkaline magmatism) in the late Pliocene-Pleistocene period. It lies on the sedimentary basins of upper Miocene-Pleistocene age, elongated between ridges of Mesozoic-Paleogene sedimentary rocks, and the latter overlying a Paleozoic-Triassic metamorphic basement. Data collected from over 200 different groundwater sources across the whole region of Viterbo including wells and springs has been evaluated. During sample collections from 2007 to 2009, a series of in-situ measurements were conducted including: pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), temperature, redox potential (Eh), and alkalinity (Table 1). The concentrations of major anions (Cl−, NO

3− and SO

42−), cations (Na+, K+,

Ca2+, Mg2+ and NH4+), arsenic and other trace elements in the groundwater were determined by laboratory analysis. The target of this study has

been to interpret these properties and the geochemical modelling of them; in order to better address the groundwater exploitation for domestic use in the area. All of the available existing arsenic data sets have been collated, collected and incorporated into a Geographical Information System (GIS) system for production of maps to highlight environmental contamination and processes or distribution of arsenic in groundwater. Graphical relationships between the concentrations of arsenic were correlated with major cations and anions, measured in groundwater used for domestic supply, to identify the source and mechanism of arsenic release in the volcanic and sedimentary aquifers of the Viterbo Region. The identified hydrofacies have been integrated into GIS system to show the distribution of the dominant facies for each municipality. For each resource, hydrofacies and arsenic concentrations have been correlated to better understand the relationship between the enrichment of arsenic in groundwater on the different facies properties. Some interesting results came out of the study to address the groundwater exploitation as discussed in this presentation.

1000 - Impact of Textile Industries on Groundwater Quality Pandesara Region of Surat–IndiaTank Shantilal K, Vitthal Solanki1, Jigna Desai2

Department Of Biosciences,V.N.S.G.University, Surat-395007P.T. Mahila College, Surat1

SRK Institute of Applied Sciences, Surat2

INDIA

Surat is situated between 20.58º N and 72.54º E. It is one of the fastest growing cities of India. Pandesara suburb of Surat is experiencing significant growth with textile industries, particularly dyeing and printing (wet processing) concentrated in the area. Most of the industries and residential buildings obtain water from groundwater sources. The present study examines the results of groundwater quality monitoring at 5 sampling sites using a Water Quality Index (WQI) method. The WQI is a useful indicator of water quality in terms of suitability for public supply and other intended uses, as well as in general water quality management. In this study WQI was determined using the Canadian Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) method. The approach considered various water quality parameters such as Color, Turbidity, Temperature, pH, Conductivity, Total dissolves Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand


(COD), Chlorides (Cl), Total Hardness (TH), Total Alkalinity, Sulphate (SO4), Nitrate (NO

3), Nitrite (NO

2), Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium

(Mg), Total Coliform (TC), Fecal Coliform (FC), Fluoride (F), Iron (Fe), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd). Results indicate that water quality at all of the sites is poor or marginal and not suitable for human consumption. Millions of people in the area continue to use the water and the problem is likely to get worse as rapid growth continues.

205 - High arsenic levels in water resources resulting from geogenic resources: A case study from Muratlar Region, NW TurkeyAlper Baba1, Can Ertekin2 & Deniz Şanliyüksel31Izmir Institute of Technology, Geothermal Energy Research and Application Center, Gulbahce, Urla, Izmir, Turkey2General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Izmir, Turkey3Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Department of Geological Engineering, 17100, Çanakkale, Turkey

A large number of the studies on arsenic (As) in groundwater have been carried out over the last decades and a high concentration of this element has been identified in different parts of world. The Muratlar Region in the northwest of Turkey is one such area having complex geology of widespread volcanic succession with active tectonics and geothermal fluids. This natural setting serves as a suitable environment for the presence of high levels of arsenic in groundwater in the Muratlar Region. Arsenic was determined to be presented in water samples taken from water resources in the Muratlar Region during 2009-2010. High concentrations of arsenic were seen in the east of Muratlar Region, where densely settled argillic alteration outcrops were present. The maximum As concentration was 150 ppb. Chemical analyses revealed that arsenic was exceeding the maximum allowable limits depicted in the national and international standards for drinking water quality. The main reason for obtaining high arsenic concentrations is related to longer retention times of water resources in altered (argillic, silicification) volcanic rocks. Water-rock interaction is an important mechanism in determining the overall quality pattern of groundwater resources in this region.

505 - A multidisciplinary approach to delineate sources of uranium in groundwaterM.R. Gunsinger, D.F. LaPorte & K.J. DeVosGolder Associates Ltd., Mississauga ON, CANADA, G.R. BoonstraSuncor Energy Inc., Calgary ON, CANADA

Uranium and associated radionuclides that occur within bedrock can be mobilized and released into groundwater through natural geochemical processes. The occurrence of uranium and radionuclides in groundwater is particularly important within special geological environments where uraniferous rock formations contain structural controls on groundwater flow. To delineate natural source zones in the subsurface that may contribute uranium and radionuclides to groundwater, an integrated investigative approach was used that employs geophysical, hydrogeological and geochemical techniques. This presentation discusses how a multidisciplinary approach can be used to better define sources of uranium in groundwater. The results from a case study are presented to demonstrate how the integration of these methods can provide a better under-standing of the influence of uranium and radionuclide sources on groundwater quality.

554 - Top reasons not to use monitoring wells for characterization – a case for high resolution characterizationNicklaus, R.H. Welty, Joseph A. QuinnanARCADIS U.S., Brighton, Michigan, USAFred C. Payne, Rob EllisARCADIS U.S., Novi, Michigan, USADan T. RogersAmsted Industries Inc., Chicago, Illinois

Monitoring wells have been used to investigate and delineate groundwater contamination at contaminated sites since the origin of Superfund in the early 1980’s. The conventional approach of installing monitoring wells and collecting samples has evolved some – shorter well screens and


low-flow/hi-tech no-purge methods have enabled more repeatable sample results. However, if the well screens are not placed in the right depth or stratigraphic unit, the process is a perfect example of the difference between accuracy and precision: wells often provide data that are highly precise but inaccurate. Even if wells are properly placed, the contaminant and permeability data they provide is still of limited value for charac-terization. Sample results depend on the method because flow is distributed proportional to conductivity in the screen. Likewise, permeability data derived from wells average-out the finer-scale variations in permeability that control plume transport. We propose that monitoring should be designed and installed for a specific purpose and reserved for monitoring contaminant concentrations through time.

High resolution site characterization (HRSC) technologies have been developed that have enabled mapping of geology, relative permeability, dissolved-phase contaminants, and separate phase liquids at the scale of millimeters and centimeters. When HRSC tools are applied to charac-terize sites, quantitative conceptual site models can be developed to distinguish mass transport zones from storage zones, map mass flux, and quantify mass discharge. Ultimately, HRSC provides a more robust and accurate conceptual site model, which allows us to target remedies to mitigate risk to human health and the environment while minimizing total life-cycle costs of remediation.

Collectively, the tools and methods of HRSC have been proven for reliable screening in most cases and quantitative mapping tools in some cases at literally thousands of sites in the US and worldwide. We illustrate the advantages of HRSC with modeling results and examples from across the U.S.

sessIon M3-F: groundWAter sustAInABIlIty IIMonday, September 17 • 15:45-18:00 • Fallsview Studio ABCChairs: Marios Sophocleous, Kevin Hiscock

668 - Governance measures to effectively manage groundwater storagePeter Dillon, CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country Flagship Program, Adelaide, AustraliaAlbert TuinhofAcacia Water, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsEnrique Fernandez EscalanteTragsa, Madrid, SpainJohn ChiltonIAH Secretariat, Reading, United KingdomDevinder K ChadhaGlobal Hydrogeological Solutions, New Delhi, India

An international review of governance measures for groundwater storage, recharge and discharge made two broad findings. Firstly, depleting systems invariably had not adopted effective means of allocating the sustainable extraction. Unlimited rights to water are a precedent to storage decline. In those cases where there are no viable alternative supplies slowing the rate of depletion, and developing transitional plans for when it exhausts are the only realistic options. Secondly, there are many excellent examples of good management where depletion has been reversed through effective policies that cap extraction equitably, allow trading where it is beneficial or benign, provide alternative water supplies and/or provide for managed aquifer recharge. This paper focuses mainly on the positive prototype groundwater management systems and the lessons they reveal, including transitional implementation pathways. It concludes with a policy framework to suggest the most efficient solutions under circumstances ranging from localised ‘farmer-led’ groundwater management to centralised cap and trade systems with groundwater allocations periodically reviewed within an integrated catchment management plan that include alternative water supplies and groundwater replenishment.

This paper is based on work undertaken for one of a series of thematic papers initiated by Global Environment Facility and United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation through World Wide Ground Water. This abstract is submitted on the basis that presentation of the paper is subject to consent of these organisations.


309 - The importance of temporal distribution and scale when determining sustainable yields in semi-arid regionsRui Hugman & Tibor StigterGeo-Systems Centre/CVRM - Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, PortugalJosé Paulo MonteiroNuria SalvadorGeo-Systems Centre/CVRM - Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal

Many aquifers in the world possess high storage capacity and water quality, allowing them to constitute a prime source of water for human consumption and agriculture, even in dry seasonal periods when rainfall is scarce and surface water is fast depleted. Sustainable yield has been defined as the development and use of groundwater resources in a manner that can be maintained for an indefinite time without causing unacceptable environmental, economic, or social consequences. In practice this is generally calculated as a simple percentage of the mean annual recharge. In regions where there is significant seasonal and inter-annual variability of recharge, this can lead to over and underestimates of available freshwater. Climate change studies are showing that in the Mediterranean significant shifts in seasonal distribution and inter-annual variability are predicted. More specifically, rainfall events are expected to be concentrated in the winter, with large reductions in spring and autumn, and on an inter-annual basis, extreme events (high rainfall and droughts) will be more frequent. In currently ongoing work, numerical flow models of two important aquifer systems in the semi-arid south of Portugal that simulate scenarios of different temporal distributions of recharge and abstraction, demonstrate that sustainable yield is clearly influenced by these factors. Results also show that abstraction regimes which do not take into account the seasonal variation of recharge lead to an irrecoverable loss of freshwater. The predicted concentration of recharge in a shorter period of time will lead to increased freshwater losses during peak discharge periods, which can make aquifers more susceptible to negative impacts during droughts than under more distributed recharge conditions. Currently the importance of the time scale in determining the sustainable yield is being analysed by simulating scenarios in which abstraction rates for public water supply are determined for various time-scales (ranging from daily to long term averages) as a fixed percentage of the recharge during the previous time-period. The purpose is to understand the effects and feasibility of varying the temporal scale of groundwater abstraction in integrated water supply systems to maximize sustainable yield and minimize freshwater losses.

322 - Conserving and extending the useful life of the largest aquifer in North America: The High Plains/Ogallala AquiferMarios SophocleousKansas Geological Survey, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA

The decline of the High Plains/Ogallala aquifer is one of the largest water management concerns in the United States of America. The economy and livelihood of people living in that vast region depends almost exclusively on water extracted from that aquifer. The debate about its future is ongoing, and questions remain as to how best to conserve this groundwater resource. Maintaining the aquifer will require reductions in pumping rates and hectarage; and adopting additional conservation measures. Eventually, the agricultural system will have to be based predominantly on the renewable water resources of the region. In effect, this means a limited-irrigation and/or dry-farming regime. What Kansas is currently doing to further extend the life of the aquifer is presented here together with additional measures that could be taken. A key management approach to help sustain the aquifer in western Kansas is to divide the aquifer into subunits on which to base localized management decisions. Another measure under consideration is the establishment of so-called Local Enhanced Management Areas (LEMAs), which would allow locally agreed upon specific corrective controls in those areas. History has shown that incentive and voluntary plans alone have not been successful in halting water-level declines. Thus, limits and timelines need to be set and checks must be in place to enforce strict administration of conservation measures. It is advocated that water laws be reformed and modernized so that “water rights” are constrained by the current availability of water and the preservation of the resource base for future generations.


953 - Exploration & wellfield construction in the Rum Saq transboundary aquifer (Jordan-Saudi Arabia); currently the worlds largest aquifer project Shaminder PuriSecretary General, International Association of Hydrogeologists Drayton Rd, Dorchester on Thames, Oxfordshire, United KingdomHoward WongConsulting Hydrogeologist

Between 1989 and 1995 a major aquifer exploration programme was carried out in the Rum-Saq (non recharging) Aquifer, shared by Jordan & Saudi Arabia. The exploration consisted of a total drilling metrage of 18000 linear metres, well construction to depths of 1500m, pump testing in 13 wells of total duration of 7000 hrs, detailed geophysical logging and the construction of a 3-D mathematical model covering about 80000 km2. The outcome was a pre-feasibility study for the construction of 80 wells, to provide water resources of up to 150MCM/yr from three inter related wellfields. In 2011 the scheme to implement the construction of the wellfield has commenced and is in progress, forming perhaps the largest contemporary ground water development scheme in 2012. The wellfield consists of 55 production wells, to depths 550 to 600m depths, completed with wire wound stainless steel screen, gravel pack, cementation with 1.9kg/m3 density slurry, multiple geophysical logging runs, pump testing and completion for average well yields of up to 2.2 MCM/yr. In the intervening years, from pre feasibility to construction, a series of BoT bids were raised, the wellfield design has undergone some changes and the relations between the countries sharing the aquifers have improved. The scheme is to be operated under contract for 25 years, with the expectation that the well field will continue to provide reliable resources for a further 25 years (up to 2060). In the interim the existing users of the aquifer resources, farming corporations and the city of Aqaba, will evolve their water demands to ensure that long term resource sustainability is assured.

The presentation will highlight a number of key points from the exploration phase and the subsequent construction, which eventually com-menced a decade and a half later.

271 - Water Quantity Risk Assessment and Risk Management/Climate Change Adaptation Evaluation Process Supporting the Ontario Clean Water Act (CWA)Lynne Milford1 and Clara Tucker2

1Ontario Ministry of the Natural Resources, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada2Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

The Ontario government has introduced the Clean Water Act (CWA) to protect drinking water at the source, as part of an overall commitment to human health and the environment. The intent of the legislation and its associated regulations is to ensure communities are able to protect their drinking water supplies through the development of collaborative, locally driven, science-based protection plans. The Province has devel-oped under the CWA a framework to evaluate the potential impact of water quantity threats on drinking water sources, considering the impact of future water takings, future land use, drought and climate change. In order to assist with the evaluation of the impacts of Climate Change for Source Water Protection, the province has developed the “Guide for Assessment of Hydrologic Impacts of Climate Change (2008)”, which contains an approach for developing Local Future Climate Data series, a summary of Potential Hydrologic Impacts of Climate Change, a step-by-step Climate Change Impact Assessment and a Case Study. The Water Quantity Risk Assessment and Risk Management for impacts of Climate Change uses the provincial future climate data series to:

• determine the impact of climate change on the quantity threats and on the future quantity of groundwater and surface drinking water sources

• help municipalities on selecting Risk Management Measures that also have a beneficial adaptation effect to reduce the risk to municipal drinking water sources in light of Climate Change

• assist Source Protection Committees on writing Source Protection Plan policies with considerations to impacts of Climate Change

This presentation will outline the Risk Assessment/Management and Climate Change Evaluation Process (RMEP) approach to conduct an assessment of availability of drinking water sources, as well as the hydrologic effects of climate change and its relevance within source water protection program for Ontario’s Source Protection Authorities and Municipalities.


892 - Using environmental tracers to understand recharge processes and enable sustainable groundwater use in Gibsons, British ColumbiaJessica Doyle1, Tom Gleeson2, Andrew Manning3, Uli Mayer1 & Sue Gordon4

1Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada2Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada3United States Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, United States of America 4Gordon Groundwater Consultancy, Gibsons, British Columbia, Canada

Environmental tracers help constrain groundwater age, recharge, and flow processes. This information is useful for evaluating sustainable use and vulnerability of an aquifer by identifying groundwater provenance and information for water budgets. Gibsons, British Columbia, is a growing coastal community that supplies groundwater to two thirds of its 4,300 residents. The main aquifer is a deep, semi-confined formation of sand and gravel bound by the Coast Mountains in the north and the Ocean to the south. The Town of Gibsons is proud of its untreated groundwater resource and is proactive about its protection. This study aims to quantify groundwater age, recharge and flow processes to guide sustainable development of the aquifer. Samples of noble gases, tritium, chlorofluorocarbons, sulfur-hexafluoride and stable isotopes of oxygen and hydro-gen were collected from the aquifer. Concentrations of these tracers are a function of atmospheric mixing ratios, precipitation compositions, and the pressure (elevation) and temperature at the recharge location. Preliminary results identify two primary recharge components: (1) modern water (1-2 years old) with a warm recharge temperature (~9°C) recharged at low elevations by leakage through the confining till unit; and (2) pre-modern water (>50 years old) with a cold recharge temperature (~5°C) recharged through bedrock at high elevations (mountain-block recharge). Recharge temperature and elevation were calculated using noble gas thermometry and used to determine the contribution of mountain-block recharge to the aquifer. The contribution of mountain-block recharge varies from 0-80% depending on well screen depth and proximity to the mountain block. Evaluating recharge processes and the contribution of mountain-block recharge has led to refinements in the conceptual model of the groundwater system and will provide input into a predictive numerical model for use in the Town of Gibsons’ future development and land use decisions.

603 - Australia’s Groundwater Future: The Role of Multi-Disciplinary Science Approaches in Improving National Water Security.Ken Lawrie, Ross S. Brodie, Jane Coram and Laura GowGeoscience Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia

Presently, groundwater, through direct extraction (>30%), and indirectly through replenishing our river systems (>20%), contributes over 50% of Australia’s water supplies. Groundwater (and surface water) management in Australia faces intensifying pressures, from population expansion and increasing surface water scarcity in southern Australia posed by extreme drought and future climate change. Recently, and significantly, new additional pressures on groundwater systems have emerged through the rapid expansion of new energy sources (coal seam gas, uranium, geo-thermal and carbon geo-sequestration) and a rapid expansion of the minerals resource sector (including iron ore). The complexity and conflicts in the nexus between water, new energy, minerals and food and fibre security require innovative approaches in science, management and policy. This is particularly the case in the context of Australia’s inherent vulnerability to climate change and the likely emergence of a carbon economy.

Quantification of the hydrological cycle and catchment water balances in Australia is limited by a lack of spatial and temporal data. While substantial effort has been put into developing approaches for the mapping and quantification of surface hydrology, resources and processes, significant uncertainty remains in the knowledge of the size of Australian groundwater resources, their locations, rates of recharge, connectivity with surface waters and rates of use or depletion. Recently completed groundwater audits and regional groundwater investigations have made valuable assessments of resources based on limited available data, but have not adequately quantified the large uncertainties in groundwater model predictions and resource assessments, or identified where and what data and knowledge is required to improve these assessments.

To achieve a better quantification of the hydrogeological cycle in Australia, an approach that uses holistic systems approaches that integrate the use of the latest remote sensing and airborne geophysical mapping technologies integrated with hydrogeochemical and hydrogeological investigations and modelling studies is required. A number of case studies demonstrating the potential of holistic systems approaches have now been completed, and will be reported on in this paper.


598 - Groundwater sustainability of North China Plain, ChinaWU Aimin 1 & LI Changqing 2

1 China Geological Survey, Beijing, China2 China Institute for Geo-Environmental Monitoring, Beijing, China

The North China Plain, neighbouring Bohai Sea’s west coast, is situated in the north part of China. It has an area of 139,000 km2 with a latitude of 34°46’ N - 40°25’ N and a longitude of 112°30’ E - 119°30’ E. The North China Plain has a population of 150 million and GDP of more than 1,000 billion US$. With precipitation of 500-600mm and water resources of 339 m3 per capita, this area has some of the scarcest water supplies in China.

Groundwater supply represents 70% of the total water supply and 77% of the agricultural water supply in the North China Plain. Since the beginning of the 1980s, exploitation of groundwater induced a deficit of more than 100 billion m3 and land subsidence, ground fissure, sea water intrusion, etc. Based on groundwater fluctuation analyses and groundwater resources assessments, a groundwater sustainability plan for the North China Plain was proposed for addressing climate change, especially for addressing droughts.

From 2006 to 2010, the groundwater budget of the North China Plain was estimated as: recharge of 19.97 billion m3 /a, discharge of 27.14 m3/a, and deficit of 7.17 m3/a. In the total groundwater recharge, there were precipitation infiltration of 15.89 billion m3, irrigation infiltration of 2.79 billion m3, groundwater runoff recharge of 0.71 billion m3, river water infiltration of 0.41 billion m3, and sea water intrusion of 0.15 m3. In the total groundwater discharge, there were groundwater exploitation of 22.22 billion m3, groundwater evaporation of 4.38 billion m3, Bohai sea discharge of 0.45 billion m3, and river discharge of 85 million m3.

The suggested countermeasures in the groundwater sustainability plan for the North China Plain included: increasing water conservation and decreasing groundwater exploitation; enhancing groundwater exploration research and adjusting the exploitation layout; accelerating the South to North Water Transfer Project; and implementing integrated management of groundwater and surface water.

sessIon M3-g: groundWAter For deCIsIon MAKers IIMonday, September 17 • 15:45-18:00 • Upper Fallsview Studio AChair: Andrew Stone

323 - Educating Elected Representatives In California: Successful Strategies That Promote GroundwaterTimothy K. Parker, PG, CEG, CHGParker Groundwater, Sacramento, California, USA

Out of sight, out of mind, groundwater has been a challenging subject to carry though the halls of the California State Capitol. As a result of their diverse backgrounds, it is no surprise that most of our elected officials have little understanding or knowledge of the hydrologic system and how groundwater fits into a water budget or helps meet local water demands. In addition, only recently did groundwater start to be fully incorporated into the state water plan in California. Previous water plans had carefully calculated surface water use and estimated water demand but ground-water use was simply based on the difference. A big part of the challenge in California is that it still is a bit of the Wild West in a sense. Ground-water use does not require a permit and is not regulated, so if you own a piece of land you can put in a well and start pumping. A little more than a decade ago, the Groundwater Resources Association (GRA) of California made a commitment at the capitol to be the voice for groundwater in the state by being proactive; to be a resource for state legislators; and to weigh in on key legislation involving water resources and groundwater. This has involved a long-term commitment and investment of time and resources including: conducting annual legislative symposiums at the state capitol; briefing legislative staff; developing white papers on key topics; providing testimony on legislation; and responding to questions and research issues raised by state legislators and their staff. A decade later, the GRA is the go-to source for state legislative staff on issues as they come up. The visibility of groundwater has been raised above the surface and now, when there is a dialogue about water resources, both surface water and groundwater are generally mentioned. A key to the GRA’s success in promoting groundwater has been having an excellent legislative advocate on contract. This person walks the halls of the State Capitol on the GRA’s behalf, continually bringing groundwater to the surface of relevant dialogue and keeping the GRA in the conversation. Another key factor has been the long-term commitment of time and


resources. It takes time to build relationships and develop the recognition as a credible source of information; the go-to voice for groundwater. Finally, the GRA has been around for over 20 years and in that time has developed a solid reputation in the state, nationally, and internationally for putting on high quality educational programs that provide timely information to the industry on groundwater resources.

389 - Ground Water and International SecurityDavid KreamerUniversity of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA

In March 2009, a UN World Water Development Report quoted UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon as recognizing that increasing spatial and temporal paucity of water has the potential of “transforming peaceful competition into violence”. With greater utilization of surface water supplies, more competition is placed on groundwater resources, which themselves are being increasing exploited. There is a history of ground-water being used in wartime as a strategic tool in winning conflicts, including the Assyrian poisoning in the 6th Century BC of enemy wells, the stopping of springs in 701 BC to keep water from Assyrians advancing on Jerusalem, Saladin’s 1187 AD sanding up the wells on the Crusaders approach, retreating German troops poisoning South African wells in 1915, and the 1939-1942 use of chemical and biological poisons by the Japanese in wells during World War II. Groundwater quantity has also been at issue in trans-boundary conflicts such as historical U.S. - Mexico pumping increases near Yuma, Arizona. Several regions of the world can be identified as regions of potential future conflict involving groundwa-ter, based on water scarcity, climate change predictions, and projected population growth. UNESCO and the Global Water System Project have a produced a map which estimates the likelihood of groundwater related conflict; updates for the such maps include accounting for climate change, political evolution, and population shifts and migration.

468 - Groundwater resource modelling: a regulator-led national programme from England and WalesM. I. WHITEMAN*Environment Agency, Rivers House, 21, Park Square South, Leeds LS1 2QG, UKM. G. SHEPLEYAMEC Earth & Infrastructure, 505 Woodward Avenue, Unit 1, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8H 6N6P. J. HULMEpjHYDRO Ltd, 26 Bodmin Avenue, Stafford, ST17 0EF, UKM. W. GROUTEnvironment Agency, Kingfisher House, Goldhay Way, Orton Goldhay, Peterborough PE2 5ZR, UK

The UK has engaged in widespread exploitation of its principal aquifers for public water supply for over 150 years. Increasing demands, greater awareness of environmental pressures and more exacting legislation has heightened the need for quantitative models to predict the impacts of groundwater use. This has culminated in a unique national, regulator-led program for England and Wales to develop conceptual and numerical models of the principal bedrock aquifers and their associated superficial deposits.

• The models developed through the program have several common features:

• the models simulate groundwater flow in large aquifer units, and are therefore termed ‘regional’ models;

• the models are time variant with distributed parameter fields;

• the models were peer reviewed by independent senior consultants or academics;

• stakeholders, such as the privatized water companies, participated in the projects to develop the regional models;

• in most cases, the regional models simulate surface and groundwater flow and are therefore calibrated against gauged surface water flows as well as groundwater level hydrographs;

• the models were commissioned for water resource purposes based on regulatory objectives focused primarily on groundwater quantity.

Through this program, hydrogeologists in the UK have been able to inform decision-makers and contribute towards the achievement of sustainable groundwater management. The outcomes of this program are of interest to the international hydrogeological community particularly as international legislation. For instance, the European Water Framework Directive requires management of water issues across administrative boundaries with a varied cast of stakeholders. Methods have been developed through the program to assess and predict the anthropogenic impacts and environmental pressures. Many insights have been gained into how the regular use of groundwater models may address the environmental challenges of the future.


528 - Road Map to Consistent Guidelines for Land Development ApplicationsGayle Soo Chan, Shelly Cuddy & Ryan PostCentral Lake Ontario Conservation Authority, Oshawa, ON, Canada

Hydrogeological Study requirements for development vary widely amongst municipalities and Conservation Authorities (C.A.s) in Ontario. Cur-rently, the policy framework and technical guidelines are applied inconsistently by C.A.’s across the province and not scaled to the type of development. Further, provincial guidelines exist, but require revision and update given recent knowledge and understanding of groundwater resources afforded by provincial initiatives such as the Groundwater Resources Inventory Program (MNDM) and Source Water Protection (SWP) as well as technological assessment and software advances. The use of low impact design (LIDs) in mitigation of impacts is also relatively recent.

There is a need for a consistent minimum standard of groundwater policy and / or guidelines that support hydrogeological reviews at the conservation authority level. The guidelines would consider: 1) existing provincial, municipal, and conservation authority policies, guidelines and mandates; 2) when a hydrogeological study may be required; and 3) the minimum study requirements to address various types of land devel-opment and groundwater resource issues. A C.A. guideline will also serve to achieve efficiencies in the approval and review process as well as achieve consistency amongst C.A.s across the province.

287 - Groundwater management capacity support to lake, river and aquifer basin organisations of AfricaKaren G. Villholth1, Richard Owen2 & David Love3

1IWMI, International Water Management Institute - Southern Africa, Pretoria, South Africa2Dept. of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe3WaterNet, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe

The importance of groundwater is growing in Africa, as a result of perceived incompatibility between the available surface water resources traditionally relied on and growing demands for water for human development. Adequate and integrated development and management struc-tures for groundwater need to follow suit, but often lag behind. The present initiative encompasses an assessment of capacities and needs of African transboundary lake, river and aquifer basin organisations in terms of groundwater management, with initial emphasis on management of internationally shared groundwater resources. The focus on transboundary waters is in part driven by the motivation that transboundary ground-water management could serve as a nucleus for further cooperation between neighbouring states as well as pave the way for more coherent groundwater management at the national level. Nine selected lake, river, and aquifer organisations (Senegal River, Niger River, Volta River, Lake Chad, Nubian Sandstone aquifer, Nile River, Okavango River, Orange-Senqu River and Limpopo River) entered into the survey, comprising a desk study as well as interviews with acting representatives of the basin organisations as well as water management organisations of the respective member states. The overall aim of the study was to determine bottlenecks for further progress in transboundary groundwater management, identify significant lessons learned, and to pinpoint ways forward through concrete and agreed recommendations and strategies related to organisational, institutional, financial and capacity development. The initiative is supported and implemented by the sector project “Policy Advice Groundwater” of the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) and the SPLASH Project (of the EU Water Initiative, ERA-Net). Several capacity and water networking organisations in Africa, including Cap-Net, WaterNet, the African Groundwater Network, and Nile IWRM-Net are involved in the completion of the assessment.

895 - Why groundwater functioning is neglected by decision makers of Mexico?Carrillo-Rivera, José JoelInstitute of GeographyUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México

This work presents the experience in Mexico concerning the absence of positive response of decision makers towards including groundwater functioning in their water management actions. This lack of consideration is reflected in observed environmental impacts. Present groundwater view disregards theory and practice of international advances on inter-basin flow; concept available since early in the 1960’s. In this regard, inter-basin flow is fully acknowledged in Colombia since 1974 (Law 2811, article 313). The application of inter-basin flow concept has been proposed since the 1980’s to Mexican decision makers of the National Water Commission without positive response. The knowledge of ground-


water functioning was also not considered as a requirement for groundwater management by the Commission on Hydraulic Issues of the LVII Mexican Congress (1997-2000). Congress men(women) showed the view that scientific research is good but not to be applied under practical conditions. Environmental politicians involved in water issues believe to have the required knowledge about groundwater as they provide expe-rience from constructing several wells in their ranch or for the community they represent(ed). Overexploitation, appears to be the magic word as whatever the “problem” is, it is mostly leant on an “excessive” groundwater usage (only ~25% of reported extraction is metered) and never on an unfortunate administration. Furthermore, the concept of overexploitation is obtained from inadequate water balance that fails to consider basic hydrogeological issues as inter-basin flow and geochemical response. Therefore, this concept of overexploitation in used to assist in selling water rights for the same water (or more) without any benefit to the called “overexploited aquifer”. Disregarding warnings on groundwater func-tioning, decision makers neglect water quality response with extraction time in boreholes. Cuba started a continuous water quality monitoring programme since middle the 20th century that included constructing boreholes; new drilled boreholes in the island have been constantly added.

952 - The United Nations Law on the Use of Transboundary Aquifers – enhancing security of shared watersShaminder PuriSecretary General, International Association of HydrogeologistsDrayton Rd, Dorchester on Thames, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom

In the year 2000 there was practically no appreciation of transboundary aquifers in the mainstream global water agenda. The launch of an IAH initiative, with strong support from UNESCO’s International Hydrological Programme, gave significant stimulus to the UN’s International Law Commission (ILC) to commence work on shared natural resources, including aquifer systems. Over the years from 2005 to 2010, the ILC’s lawyers & judges gradually appreciated the significance of ‘aquifers’, understood the basic concepts of regional hydrogeology, received technical data about 200 of the worlds transboundary aquifers and based on the science of hydrogeology, formulated Draft Articles, which form the basis of a “Law on the Use of Transboundary Aquifers”. These Draft Articles have been adopted by the UN General Assembly, representing nearly 190 Member States, paving the way for their adoption and recognition by Aquifer System States (i.e., those that have rights to a transboundary aquifer system) to use these Articles as the basis of agreeing and negotiating joint management measures and sustainable use of aquifers.

The presentation will summarise the basic components of the law, illustrate the parallel processes in which science & law were intertwined to offer professional hydrogeologists the world over a common basis to deepen understanding and enhance cooperation across borders, on their underlying water resources. The ILC’s Draft Articles can be taken to be a contribution that turns around the syndrome of “out of sight – out of mind” groundwater resources. In coming year, the UN may consider turning these Articles into a UN Convention further enhancing the potential for professional hydrogeology to manage the resource sustainably.

961 - What role can early career hydrogeologists play as groundwater advocates? Judith Flügge, Mark Cuthbert, Matthys Dippenaar, Grant Ferguson & Viviana ReEarly Career Hydrogeologists‘ NetworkGermany, UK, South Africa, Canada, Italy

The Early Career Hydrogeologists’ Network (ECHN) of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) aims to support hydrogeologists at the start of their professional careers and to promote their involvement in IAH affairs. The ECH Network focuses on information sharing, network-ing and strengthening the status of early career hydrogeologists.

Two of the main goals of ECHN are (i) to enhance the information sharing possibilities for early career hydrogeologists and to provide a support network for members to discuss and develop ideas or schemes, and (ii) to enhance the social and professional network of the early career hydrogeologists.

Hydrogeologists need to be advocates for groundwater in order to advance groundwater literacy of the broad community and especially of de-cision makers. Recent changes in communication – including social networks and the Internet – influence the perception of science to decision makers and the general public. The new generation of hydrogeologists will, for instance through ECHN, have easier access to international colleagues from a range of undeveloped through developed countries with scarce to abundant resources and a vast variety of management approaches. The questions posed here are, therefore, whether the skills of the younger generation and the new platforms can be applied to ensure that water decisions are based on hydrological reality, as well as whether early career hydrogeologists can help promote awareness and appreciation of the value of groundwater.


These can only be addressed if (i) early career hydrogeologists are involved in decision making to ensure that vocational experience prepares them for the reality, and (ii) if the leading experts mentor them in the early years of their careers. In doing this, they become prepared to become the future leaders in hydrogeology while understanding the technical and management aspects of water resources while avoiding the loss of knowledge associated with retirement of well-experienced experts.

The introduction of ECHN and its aims will be followed by a panel discussion with members of the ECHN and the new IAH Commission of Groundwater Outreach to Decision Makers. We are looking forward to a lively discussion, where the audience is explicitly welcome to contribute.

sessIon M3-H: groundWAter QuAlIty And PolICIes For gW ProteCtIon IIIMonday, September 17 • 15:45-18:00 • Upper Fallsview Studio BChairs: Esther Wattel-Koekkoek, Tiffany Svensson

833 - Practices of groundwater protection politics for Ljubljana drinking water source (Slovenia)Branka Bracic Zeleznik, Petra Souvent & Barbara Cencur CurkPublic Water Utility JP Vodovod-Kanalizacija d.o.o, Ljubljana, Slovenia Ministry of Agriculture and Environment, Slovenian Environment Agency, Ljubljana, SloveniaUniversity of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Deparment of Geology, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Protection of drinking water sources is a part of environmental protection and the protection of groundwater is one of the most difficult targets. Drinking water sources in the vicinity of urban areas are highly desirable, so consequently, the protection zones are close to the urban areas, even underneath the city. Groundwater is not visible, so people living above the aquifer often have no feeling or consciousness about the influ-ence of their activities to their drinking water source, especially to the groundwater quality.

Analysing long time series of groundwater quality data can give us information about how groundwater quality varies spatially and temporally and, consequently, the groundwater quality data reflects effectiveness of groundwater protection.

Ljubljana citizens have been supplied with pure, untreated groundwater, not even disinfected, for more than 120 years. This is a result of 1) very good hydrogeological investigations of the Ljubljana field aquifer and its surroundings in the 19th century, 2) spatial planning, which included the public drinking water supply, draining and waste water purification plans, and 3) groundwater protection through protection zones that were established in 1955. The result of all these actions are green areas in the city, where, due to constraints the construction of buildings is prohibited and only some limited agricultural activities are permitted.

Today the Slovenian legislation is synchronized with the EU legislation and defines the administrative, legislative and economic systems nec-essary for implementation of effective management of water resources. The policies are based on sustainable development, including the long term use of water resources and on polluter pays principles. In comparison with practise it can be concluded that most of the problems are the implementation of the legislation in daily life. The controls and sanctions are ineffective, so a lot of irregularities and anomalies, such as illegal dumps, constructions and private wells, are detected, that have a negative impact on the environment and cause the drinking water source quality and quantity deterioration.

In the paper, the relation will be presented between legislation, policies and groundwater quality status, since the public water supply in Ljubljana was established.


735 - Scope and limitations of land planning tools in groundwater resources protection: a portrait of the province of QuebecJessie Pelchat1,*, Julie Ruiz2 and Stéphane Campeau2

1 Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières 2 Human sciences department, Geography section Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières3351, boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières (QC) G9A 5H7

Recent tragedies such as Walkerton in the province of Ontario have reminded us that groundwater resources require sustainable management and protection. In order to protect groundwater, stakeholders in land use planning have a set of tools including land planning documents, reg-ulatory processes and voluntary measures. What issues are land use planning stakeholders facing in regard to groundwater protection? What tools are they using and what is their perception of their effectiveness? To answer these questions, semi-structured interviews were conducted with stakeholders from a variety of organisations in Quebec, Canada. The results suggest that the issues regarding groundwater protection linked to land use planning range from local and regional concerns, such as poor public water supplies, contamination episodes and land use conflicts, to transboundary disputes. Moreover, from the stakeholder’s perspective, the planning tools have several limitations related to institu-tional, technical and political capacity. Also, the failure to sufficiently account for these issues and concerns with their land use planning tools is the result of complex interactions between the numerous stakeholders who are responsible for groundwater protection and the multitude of tools that are actually used by them. These complex interactions seem to lead to a general lack of coordination at a regional scale and more specifically a misalignment of protection and management strategies. Therefore, these results confirm the need to address a major issue later in this research: evaluate the contribution of hydrological information (aquifer characteristics, vulnerability maps etc.) in the alignment of protection and management strategies undertaken by the stakeholders involved in local and regional planning.

272 - The Outcomes from the Ontario Clean Water Act (CWA) Assessment Reports and Next Steps in the CWA Science Richard Vantfoort and Clara TuckerOntario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

The Ontario government has introduced the Clean Water Act to protect drinking water at the source, as part of an overall commitment to human health and the environment. The intent of the legislation and its associated regulations is to ensure communities are able to protect their drinking water supplies through the development of collaborative, locally driven, science-based protection plans.

Source Protection Committees and Source Protection Authorities across the province have now completed thirty-eight (38) watershed based Assessment Reports that pull together a broad range of water resource and land use information across the province. Although these reports were developed to identify threats to drinking water, the science in them can be used to support evidence-based decision-making for Policy Development. These documents are comprehensive evaluations of the vulnerability of groundwater aquifers and surface water bodies and they identify the types of activities that may impact the quality and quantity of drinking water. This same information can help us understand the potential impact of regulated activities on drinking water, ecological features, and more.

Assessment Reports contain a wealth of information ranging from watershed characterizations to vulnerability assessments for groundwater and surface water, to comprehensive water budget assessments at a sub-watershed and local scale. While these reports will provide the scientific foundation that Source Protection Committees will use to make focused and informed policy decisions about how best to protect our drinking water sources they are also a tool and resource for other water management practitioners and professionals to help support informed, or evi-dence-based decision-making. This presentation will showcase some of the outcomes from approved Assessment Reports and discuss how the information in these reports can be an additional tool in policy development and any other decision-making tool box.


576 - Science Based Source Water Protection Policy Development within the Grand River Watershed, Ontario, CanadaEmily Stahl, P.Geo. WESA Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada Martin Keller, M.Sc., Gregg Zwiers M.Sc., P.Geo. Grand River Conservation Authority, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada

The science upon which the Ontario Clean Water Act’s (Act) Source Water Protection program is founded is presented on a watershed basis within the Lake Erie Region’s assessment reports. The groundwater protection is afforded by the Source Protection Plans (Plan).

To determine the vulnerability of aquifers within much of the Grand River Watershed, the Surface to Aquifer Advection Time (SAAT) approach was used. The SAAT method estimates the average time required for a particle of water to travel from a point at the ground surface to the aquifer of concern. A formula provided by the Ministry of the Environment (MOE) computes two separate components of the SAAT. The unsaturated zone advection time (UZAT) was computed based on the depth to the water table, mobile water content (GAWSER model) and infiltration rate. A depth to water table map was generated using an interpolated water table map and the elevation of the land surface. The water table to aquifer advection time (WAAT) component of the SAAT model was computed only if the target aquifer was confined or if there was no aquifer material recognized.

The Lake Erie Source Protection Region (LER) has established a unique process of involving municipalities to ensure locally implementable poli-cies. In many cases polices have been developed on a wellhead basis. For example, in the Region of Waterloo, specific policies at specific wells are aimed at reducing impacts from chloride, nitrate and TCE. This paper will provide an overview and examples of the different policy approach-es taken to protect municipal drinking water supplies within the LER which account for the local conditions and capacity for implementation.

In developing a wealth of knowledge and understanding about groundwater resources, this program has been successful and allowed residents of each watershed to not only better understand their drinking water and where it comes from, but will aid in the protection of their drinking water into the future.

243 - Groundwater Protection Plans to improve sustainable drinking water protectionCors van den BrinkRoyal Haskoning Nederland B.V, Groningen, 9702 KB GRONINGEN, The Netherlands

Provinces are responsible for the sustainable governance of public drinking water resources. The EU Water Framework Directive has added another objective: the level of purification required for the production of drinking water must be decreased. To achieve these objectives, ground-water protection plans (GPP) are being drawn up under the direction of the provincial authorities.

In order to support the provinces, a process was set up on the basis of the idea that the parties involved should reach agreement ‘across ad-ministrative borders’. The set up of GPP consists of two phases. In Phase I data is collected and risks are analyzed. The result of the collection of data consists of groundwater protection files (GPF). GPF systematically and transparently map the risks affecting the quality of the public groundwater abstraction. This also makes the link to various actors and their roles transparent. In Phase II measures are identified to reduce risks. Also the negotiation is facilitated regarding the implementation and financing of these measures in implementation plans (Groundwater Measures Implementation Plan - GMIP). During the process, the emphasis gradually shifts from the content of identifying risks (laid down in GPF) to the process of making actors accept the information of the GPF and the necessity of measures to be taken. The result of this negotiation process is an agreement between all parties involved on an implementation plan with measures that need to be taken (laid down in GMIP). Cur-rently, these administrative agreements to protect the drinking water resources are being set-up or signed and monitored in several provinces.

GPP illustrate, that a transition toward sustainable governance of groundwater resources requires a process for inclusive and transparent sharing of ideas complemented by tools to structure, quantify, and visualize the collective understanding and data, providing an informed basis of dialogue, exploration and decision making.

936 - Gravel Pit Rehabilitation Near Shallow Municipal Wells – Threat or Opportunity?Tanya Kampherm Martin, Scott Lister & Wendy KempRegional Municipality of York, Newmarket, Ontario, Canada


When the Regional Municipality of York was approached with the opportunity to work with local landowners to fill an existing abandoned gravel pit lo-cated next to a pair of shallow municipal wells, it was unclear whether the situation provided a cause for concern or an opportunity for improvement.

Under the Clean Water Act, 2006, activities on these lands require careful consideration and the need for a strong precautionary approach. The landowners’ intent was to place 1.15 million cubic meters of clean fill in the abandoned gravel pit. The Region was supportive of this application as the proposed filling operation offered an opportunity to further rehabilitate and enhance the protection of the shallow aquifer; however, the Region was very concerned regarding the impact of the filling operations on both the quality and quantity of the municipal drinking water supply. This process was further complicated since the Region does not have legislative authority over the local municipal bylaws for fill permits. In addition, there were no Provincial standards or protocols for fill permits to protect drinking water sources.

To meet the Region’s goals for the site, the Region worked in close coordination with the Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville to put a fill permit and an agreement in place with the landowners. Enhanced operational controls were put in place to provide additional assurance needed for the proper source protection of the municipal drinking water supply. Three key objectives were taken into account for the lands given their close proximity to the shallow municipal wells. Protocols and standards were put in place to confirm that source site material be certified as clean prior to importation. Secondly, site conditions required close monitoring to ensure that no adverse affects occurred. Lastly, enhanced protection of the municipal drinking water supply was recommended after the filling operations were to be completed.

Throughout the fill permitting process, procedures and standards evolved to improve operations and provide continuous protection of municipal groundwater supplies. To date, the site has received fill from over 18 sites since filling commenced in late 2010 and groundwater monitoring results indicate all standards are being met.

948 - The Decommissioning Of Artesian Wells In Ontario - A Case Study In Peel RegionLasso Luis, Burkiewicz JustynaRegion of Peel, Brampton, Ontario, Canada

The Regional Municipality of Peel, located just to the west of Toronto, Ontario, bought two artesian wells in the vicinity of Caledon East with the intent of converting them into Municipal water supply wells. The initial well (5A) was originally drilled in the early 1980’s as a commercial supply well. After flowing conditions were encountered, the second well (5B) was subsequently drilled as a release well in order to properly case and commission Well 5A. Since they were drilled, both wells were constantly discharging water to Boyce’s Creek after flowing through a small wetland.

The project to incorporate the wells into the Municipal system was refused at three different government levels; the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (Federal), the Ministry of the Natural Resources (Provincial), and Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (Local). Their concerns were related to Boyce’s Creek, a sensitive environment for trout spawning, which they maintained was dependent upon the artesian flow from the two wells (CE 5A and 5B).

The situation became a concern in March 2010, when water from 5B rapidly became very turbid, discharging a high volume of sediment to Boyce’s Creek, which interfered with the normal trout spawning. Well 5B was shut off and sediment control measures were implemented along the wetland to prevent sediment from reaching the creek. An investigation was initiated to find out the reason for the sediment discharge. Initial testing suggested that the well casing at well 5B was faulted and that the well needed to be properly decommissioned.

To alleviate concerns that well decommissioning might impact Boyce’s Creek, the Region of Peel initiated a long term monitoring program, the results of which showed that the creek’s measurable flow rate would not be significantly altered. The most significant impact would be on stream temperature, as the cold groundwater from the wells was maintaining cold water temperatures in the stream.

Once it was determined that the wells could be decommissioned, various expensive and potentially risky ways to decommission the wells (e.g. drilling parallel wells to release pressure, deepening of well 5A to release pressure and then decommission 5B) were recommended. In the end, it was determined that inflatable packers would be used to temporarily stop artesian flows in 5B, while modified cement with an accelerant was injected down the well to permit rapid solidification and avoid grout migration to the neighbouring areas. Both wells have recently been successfully decommissioned.

This paper will touch on Ontario’s water policy issues (flowing wells and the link to cold water fisheries) on the one hand and more deeply explore some of the technical issues (groundwater/surface water interaction, well decommissioning) on the other hand.


966 - Derivation of natural background levels and threshold values for both pristine and human impacted groundwater bodies.M. Teresa Condesso de Melo, João Nascimento & Luís T. RibeiroCVRM - Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, PortugalM. Paula Mendes, Filipe Miguéns, Nuno Barreiras & Ana BuxoCVRM - Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal

The EU Water Framework (WFD) and Groundwater directives (GWD) establish the necessity of EU member states to assess the chemical status of their groundwater bodies based on the derivation of natural background levels (NBLs) and groundwater threshold values (TVs). The NBLs and TVs are derived for a list of pollutants identified as putting groundwater bodies at risk and should guarantee the protection of human health and groundwater dependent ecosystems.

This paper presents a synthesis of the main results of 20 Portuguese case studies applying the methodology for derivation of NBLs and ground-water TVs proposed by the Common Implementation Strategy (CIS) Working Group on groundwater. The starting point of this methodology is the hydrogeological characterization of each groundwater body and the development of their conceptual models. The main pressures (point and diffuse) on each groundwater body were identified and then compared to the results of a susceptibility index, to assess the groundwater body vulnerability. Finally, long-term water quality monitoring data was used for general quality assessment and after applying data aggregation methods to deal with detection limits and exceedance values. A series of classification tests was used to evaluate the risk of saline intrusion (or other type of intrusions) and to evaluate the impact of groundwater quality on surface water chemical or ecological objectives, on groundwater dependent terrestrial ecosystems, and on the quality objectives of drinking water protected areas.

The achievement of good chemical status in groundwater involved meeting a series of pre-established conditions that included environmental objectives and quality standards for groundwater dependent ecosystems. Two groundwater bodies showed poor water quality and were clas-sified at risk, requiring the implementation of specific measures to reverse signs of declining groundwater quality. Finally, all the NBLs and TVs obtained have been compared and related to the principal type of hydrogeological backgrounds (sandstone, limestone and hard-rock ground-water bodies) in an attempt to identify baseline trends.

207 - Modification of the DRASTIC methodology for assessing groundwater vulnerability in urban areas affected by land subsidence effects: Application to Mexico City Aquifer System.Antonio Hernández-Espriú1, Enrique Cabral-Cano2 & J. Antonio Reyna-Gutiérrez1,3 1Hydrogeology Group, Earth Sciences Division, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City. 2Department of Geomagnetism and Exploration, Institute of Geophysics, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City. 3DTU Environment, Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.Emilio Sánchez-León1,4; Héctor Macías-González1; Jaime Carrera-Hernández5

1Hydrogeology Group, Earth Sciences Division, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City. 4Center for Applied Geosciences, Department of Geosciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universitat Tübingen, 5Center of Geosciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro.

Mexico City (MC) and the Metropolitan Zone are one of the world’s most complex hydrological systems associated to megacities, where 25 million inhabitants depend of groundwater for drinking supplies. Groundwater overpumping has been carried out during 6 decades from a regional alluvial/py-roclastic/fractured aquifer system overlain by a compressible lacustrine aquitard of 40-350 m thickness, which gives to the underlying aquifer a natural cover against contaminant processes in the surface. However, some areas of MC have undergone accelerated ground subsidence causing fracturing and faulting reactivation, continuously damaging urban infrastructure such as gas station tanks or oil pipelines, increasing groundwater vulnerability (GWV).

A modified DRASTIC methodology for assessing GWV has been proposed, considering land subsidence effects as a key factor in urban areas subject to intensive groundwater pumping. Spatio-temporal variation of surface deformation controlled by fluid extraction, was studied using a


combination of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) from an observed period of 2003-2007, data from GPS stations and fracture measurement at a field scale (e.g., cracks in roads and streets). In a GIS environment, subsidence maps of MC were performed, getting annual-ized rates of – 35 cm/y to + 1 cm/y. Angular deformation or subsidence gradient maps were also computed to investigate potential zones of high GWV by the presence of fractures in the shallower aquitard. A new index “Sg”, referring to subsidence gradient (Sg) was added into the DRASTIC methodology (called DRASTIC-Sg) with a relative weight of 4. “Sg” was designed as a continuous normalized variable, where 1 was assigned to the lower gradient (xxxx) and 10 to the highest (yyyy). Sg rating values were obtained and fitted using a logarithmic function applied to the angular deformation raster using map algebra. Remaining DRASTIC parameters were evaluated using conventional hydrogeological methods.

A comparison between DRASTIC and DRASTIC-Sg models show an increase of the aquifer areas classified as moderate, high and extreme vulnerability zones from 34 to 41, 6 to 9 and 0.07 to 0.53%, respectively. Thus, DRASTIC-Sg model can represent a useful tool for assessing GWV in urban areas affected by land subsidence effects worldwide.

sessIon M3-J: trACers & IsotoPes IMonday, September 17 • 15:45-18:00 • Great Room CChairs: Robert Michel, Viviana Re

219 - Artificial sweeteners and pharmaceutical compounds as co-tracers of urban wastewater in groundwaterVan Stempvoort, D.R., J.W. Roy & A.El-ShaarawiWater Science & Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, CanadaJ.Grabuski, S.J. Brown, G. Bickerton & E. SverkoWater Science & Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada

In a municipal wastewater plume in groundwater at Jasper, Alberta, Canada, concentrations of two artificial sweeteners, three pharmaceutical compounds, a degradate of nicotine and two inorganic parameters were strongly correlated as co-tracers of the wastewater. These co-tracers were acesulfame, cyclamate, carbamazepine, primidone, sulfapyridine, cotinine, sodium and chloride. Other wastewater-derived pharmaceu-tical compounds were inferred to be strongly attenuated in the groundwater at Jasper. In a small catchment at Barrie, Ontario, Canada, which has an array of private septic systems, acesulfame was the only sweetener detected in the groundwater. At Barrie, there was strong positive correlation of acesulfame, nitrate, sodium and chloride, but these analytes were moderately correlated with carbamazepine and had weak or negligible correlation with other pharmaceutical compounds detected in the groundwater. There were significant differences in the distributions and concentrations of various pharmaceuticals at Barrie. Differences in degrees of correlation, in spatial distributions of sweeteners and phar-maceuticals, and in cluster analysis could be used (a) to delineate and distinguish one plume of treated municipal wastewater in groundwater at the Jasper site, and (b) to infer the apparent presence of multiple/mixed septic plumes in groundwater at the Barrie site. This co-tracer approach may be applicable at other urban sites.

277 - Nitrate removal and sulfate production in groundwater as a result of denitrification processes in a predominant citricultural zone in Northeastern MexicoPastén, E., Ledesma, R., Mahlknecht, J., Ramírez, A.Centro del Agua para América Latina y el Caribe - Tecnológico de Monterrey. Monterrey, Nuevo León, MexicoHarter, T.Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources – University of California, Davis, California, USA

Agriculture is the main economic activity related with groundwater nitrate (NO3-N) pollution representing an important health risk when above

the drinking water standard. A study was developed on NO3-N pollution in groundwater under intensive influence of citricultural activities in

Nuevo León, Northeastern Mexico. The project’s main goal was to evaluate the NO3-N content in groundwater and trace the pollution sources

within the area. The zone is characterized by being an almost flat zone with a shallow aquifer system at the foot of a high mountain range. Its main economic activity is agriculture, mainly producing orange, grapefruit and mandarin for national and abroad markets. Other crops are grown in a lower scale. The research focused on the determination of NO

3-N and salinity loading from orchards and other agricultural areas and the


fingerprinting of NO3-N pollution sources and pathways by applying chemical and isotopic studies. Statistical evidence showed that there was

no significant difference between the sample groups of different seasons. 34% of all samples exceeded the NO3-N drinking water standard

(10 mg/L), whereas 18% of the sampled sites exceeded the sulfate (SO4) drinking water standard (400 mg/l). NO

3-N and salinity loadings in

groundwater were determined for sites with diverse land use types (agricultural non-orchards, orchards, natural areas and residential) and soil characteristics. Chemical and isotopic relationships elucidated NO

3-N pollution processes in groundwater, concluding that the main factor was

the application of manure in agriculture areas, neighboring livestock farms and local discharges of wastewater in rural areas without sewage treatment. The impact of synthetic fertilizers was minimal. Isotopic relationships showed also evidence of denitrification processes occurring in groundwater. An inverse correlation between the NO

3-N and SO

4 concentrations was observed, concluding that a considerable amount of

the SO4 pollution is a direct result of denitrification. Chemical and isotopic tools had a relevant impact for the identification of different pollution

sources for specific sites. The results of the research will help on future pollution control within the region.

280 - Simulations of Tritium age and δ18O distributions in groundwater by using surface-subsurface coupling full-3D distribution model (GETFLOWS) in Kumamoto, JapanK.Ichiyanagi1, J. Shimada1 & M. Kagabu1

1Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto, 860-8555 Japan S.Saita1 & K.Mori 2

1Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto, 860-8555 Japan 2Technology Development Divisions, Geosphere Environmental Technology Corporation, Tokyo, Japan

The city of Kumamoto is unique in that city water is 100% provided by their abundant groundwater recharged from the Aso volcanic mountain. The full-3D distribution model (GETFLOWS) has been developed to evaluate the groundwater flow system including surface-subsurface water interaction. The boundary condition (permeability and porosities etc.) has been fixed to adjust the observed long-term record of the groundwater observation wells and river discharge data. Also, the simulated groundwater flow has also been validated by repeated Tritium age measurement and stable water isotopes monitored at several observation wells.

Temporal variation of monthly Tritium concentrations in precipitation has been observed at Tokyo/Tsukuba from 1953 to 1998, Kumamoto from 1999 to 2002, and Fukuoka from 2005 and 2009. Monthly concentration at Kumamoto from 2003 and 2004 was incorporated by the average values from 1998 and 2002. Also, monthly value at Kumamoto from 2005 to 2009 was modified from the observed values at Fukuoka which is located 100km north from Kumamoto city. Annual mean Tritium concentration in precipitation was input to GETFLOWS to simulate spatial and temporal distributions of Tritium in groundwater and to estimate the Tritium age. Comparing simulated and observed Tritium concentrations at several wells, both Tritium ages are corresponding at most observation wells.

Spatial distribution of δ18O in precipitation was influenced by geographical and meteorological factors (latitude, altitude, precipitation amount, and distance from the sea, and so on). Since 2008, monthly δ18O in precipitation has been observed at 6 sites in Kumamoto city. Because seasonal variations of δ18O among 6 sites showed almost the same patterns, precipitation amount and inland effects are not so important in this area. The altitude effect (-0.16‰ /100m) was calculated from observed δ18O in spring water located in Aso volcanic mountain from 100m to 900m in altitude. Also, the altitude effect (-0.86‰ /100m) was calculated form observed δ18O in precipitation at 2 sites in the Kumamoto plain below 200m in altitude. Annual mean δ18O depend on the altitude effect was input to GETFLOWS to simulate spatial distribution of δ18O in shallow and deep groundwater. As a result, simulated annual δ18O at several shallow and deep wells are relatively high and low than those in observation.

382 - Cl and C isotope analysis to assess the effectiveness of chlorinated ethylene degradation by zero-valent iron: Evidence from dual element and product isotope values Carme Audí-Miróa, Stefan Cretnikb, Neus Oteroa, Jordi Palaua, Orfan Shouakar-Stashc, Martin Elsnerb

aGrup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Medi Ambient. Departament de Cristal•lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals. Universitat de Barcelona. Barcelona, SpainbInstitute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-National Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,cDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada


This study investigated carbon and, for the first time, chlorine isotope fractionation of trichloroethylene (TCE) and cis-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE) during reductive dechlorination by cast zero-valent iron (ZVI). Carbon isotope fractionation of TCE and cis-DCE was consistent for different batches of iron studied. Transformation of TCE and cis-DCE showed chlorine isotopic enrichment factors (ƐCl) of -2.6 ± 0.1‰ (TCE) and -6.2 ± 0.8‰ (cis-DCE), with apparent kinetic isotope effects AKIE

Cl of 1.008 and 1.013 for TCE and cis-DCE, respectively, indicating that a C-Cl

bond breakage is the rate-limiting step in TCE and cis-DCE transformation by ZVI. This study also presents the first dual element (C, Cl) isotope plots of TCE and cis-DCE isotope ratios during degradation by cast zero-valent iron, obtaining a slope 4 times higher than the one obtained for biodegradation of cis-DCE by the reported dehalogenating mixed culture KB-1 (Abe et al., 2009), delineating a promising new way to discrimi-nate biodegradation and abiotic reductive dechlorination from a PRB in the field. However, more data is necessary to show whether these initial patterns can be reproduced in future studies with different organisms and different types of ZVI.

Product-specific carbon isotope fractionation (Ɛsubstrate→product

) of the hydrogenolysis product cis-DCE differed consistently by 10‰ compared to the ß-dichloroelimination products ethane and ethane. This pattern is indicative of abiotic transformation by ZVI, because the constant dis-crimination between products occurs only in the presence of ß-dichloroelimination, which takes place only during abiotic transformation with ZVI. Product-related carbon isotope fractionation may therefore provide a second, independent line of evidence to distinguish biotic from abiotic degradation with ZVI.

Taken together, our study brings forward two promising approaches to distinguish biotic and abiotic transformation by ZVI and, therefore, to assess the effectiveness of ZVI treatment in field settings: (i) evidence from dual element isotope plots of chlorinated ethylene parent compounds and (ii) evidence from carbon isotope ratios of their reaction products. We expect that these findings will increase the potential of carbon and chlorine isotopic data for monitoring a ZVI PRB treatment in the field.

715 - Parameter optimization of MODFLOW modeling in Szigetköz and surrounding area (NW Hungary) using tritium data obtained under natural conditionsJózsef DeákGWIS Plc., Dunakeszi, HungaryJános Maginecz, Kinga Veres, József Szalai“VITUKI” Environmental and Water Management Research Institute Non-Profit Ltd, Budapest, HungaryKrisztina Kármán, István FórizsInstitute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences,Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

A MODFLOW model of the regional thick gravel aquifer at Szigetköz and surrounding area was calibrated using tritium data. Our previous environ-mental isotope studies demonstrated that the Danube River is the primary source of the flow system and high (up to 500 m/a) horizontal groundwa-ter flow velocities were calculated. Travel times are hundreds of years such that the position of “bomb-peak” tritium in the aquifer can serve as an excellent tool to optimize the model parameters. Developing a reliable, quantitative model has highlighted the importance of drastic human impacts in 1992 that involved a diversion of the Danube, the operation of a huge reservoir (in Slovakia) and a lowering of the Danube level by 3 to 4 meters. Knowledge and understanding of the effects of these impacts to the groundwater flow regime is very important for environmental and ecological protection. As a first step, a MODFLOW model was developed for the area in VITUKI and calibrated under natural conditions (before 1992). Tritium data for 180 wells sampled between in 1991 to 1993, prior to observable impacts, were used for parameter optimization. Groundwater tritium peaks found between 3 and 15 km from the Danube (along pathlines) were used to designate the 28 to 30 years isochrones (i.e. following the tritium peaks of 1963). Initially the travel time data did not fit well with the model. However, better calibration was obtained following improvements to the seepage parameters and boundary conditions. E.g. the hydraulic conductivity data and rates of discharge (including evapotranspiration in the swampy Hanság area) were increased. Finally, acceptable agreement was obtained between the model and field data. The calibrated MODFLOW model is now being used demonstrate and investigate the severe human impacts initiated in 1992.

738 - Impact of aquifer heterogeneity on groundwater age in the Valcartier deltaic sand aquiferE. Millet1, R. Lefebvre1, M. Blouin1, E. Gloaguen1, J.W. Molson2

1 Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Québec, QC, Canada2 Département de géologie et de génie géologique, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada


The Valcartier deltaic aquifer system is contaminated by trichloroethene (TCE) and has been extensively characterized, especially with regard to its hydrostratigraphic structure. Four deltaic hydrofacies (HF) have been identified based on distinct grain sizes, mechanical (CPT) and hydraulic properties. The characterization also involved the dating of groundwater using tritium and helium. The data set thus allows the evaluation of the relative suitability of different approaches that can be used to represent the spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity (K) and its effect on mass transport. For this purpose we used mean groundwater age as an indicator of the dispersive effect of different levels of heterogeneity.

The first part of the study involved the definition of K fields with three different levels of heterogeneity. A homogeneous K field used the horizontal (Kh)

and vertical (Kv) values of K that provided the best calibration of the numerical model representing the flow system. The second level of heterogeneity

was taken from Ouellon et al. (2008) who krigged the HF proportions based on borehole log descriptions and derived Kh and K

v values using generalized

means for layered media. The third level of K heterogeneity was obtained from a two-step process. First, HF distributions were obtained by multiple point geostatistics based on the HF units identified from borehole logs and a training image providing structural information on the spatial HF distribution. The second step involved the simulation of the K heterogeneity within each HF using sequential Gaussian simulations for each HF simulation obtained in the first step. This procedure leads to the creation of several equiprobable geostatistical models reproducing two levels of heterogeneity at a small and larger scale. The heterogeneous K fields from selected realizations were retained for age transport simulations.

In the second part of the study, groundwater age transport simulations were carried using the approach of Goode with the three levels of K het-erogeneity derived in the previous part of the study. Simulated mean groundwater ages obtained using different levels of heterogeneity were first compared with each other. Simulated groundwater ages were also compared to tritium-helium groundwater ages. This work provides insights into how different representations of aquifer heterogeneity can affect dispersion and mass transport (as represented by age), and it illustrates the potential use of groundwater age as an indicator of dispersion.

sessIon t1-A: gW & ClIMAte CHAnge IVTuesday, September 18 • 10:00-12:00 • Strategy Room 1Chairs: Jianyao Chen, Timothy Green

659 - From global depletion to sustainable use of mega-scale groundwater systemsTom Gleeson1 and Werner Aeschbach-Hertig2

1 Department of Civil Engineering - McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada2 Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg

As the world’s largest freshwater resource, groundwater is of critical importance for irrigated agriculture and hence for global food security. Yet, groundwater depletion is widespread in large aquifer systems in the dry regions of the globe. The main driver of groundwater depletion is ex-cessive extraction of a resource that is only slowly renewed, and climate change has the potential to exacerbate the problem. We review results from the other recent studies that are the first comprehensive global assessments of groundwater depletion as well as options to transition to the sustainable use of groundwater. Global assessments have recently shown rapidly increasing groundwater exploitation of regionally important aquifers. Groundwater depletion impacts present and future water resources for communities, agriculture and industries as well as baseflow in surface water bodies and related ecosystems. Reversing the development from depletion towards sustainable management requires a compre-hensive understanding and modeling of all aspects of the groundwater balance and dynamics, as well as an assessment of the uncertainty of model predictions. Moreover, a wider perspective on global water resources, including the role of global trade is needed, to find and implement long-term sustainable and adaptive management schemes.

172 - Climate change impacts on surface water – groundwater interactions in southwestern AustraliaDon McFarlane, Riasat Ali & Richard Silberstein CSIRO Land and Water, Floreat, Western Australia, Australia

Annual rainfall has decreased by about 15% across south-western Australia since 1975. This talk reviews interactions between groundwater and surface water in 3 areas as a result of past and possible future changes. There are both beneficial and detrimental impacts. In the inland


Wheatbelt, rising groundwater levels that cause dryland salinity are now often steady or falling. Runoff and flooding have reduced as both levels and daily rainfall intensities have decreased, but lower and less reliable rainfall is reducing crop yields. Modelling has shown that further reductions in runoff and flooding can be expected in future. Salt lakes and wetlands that were groundwater discharges are now losing contact with groundwater. With less rainfall, runoff may by more saline which will impact downstream rivers.

Stream salinisation was a major concern in the Darling Range, inland from the coast, in the 1970s and 1980s. As a result, clearing for agricul-ture was banned and restrictions imposed on mining. Since the 1980s groundwater levels have declined by up to 10m and perennial streams are becoming ephemeral. Rainfall-runoff mechanisms have changed and runoff into reservoirs has declined by 80%. There is often a step reduction in runoff when stream inverts lose contact with groundwater levels. In coastal areas, the drier climate has had a mixed impact on groundwater levels in unconfined aquifers and associated wetlands which have large evaporative and drainage losses. In the past aquifers either remained full or were filled during each winter rainfall period. However increasingly, aquifers are not filling each winter, wetlands are drying and less groundwater can be extracted for irrigation and drinking. Modelling shows that the rate of fall in levels may increase in future if the climate becomes drier as projected by all IPCC models.

Streams that cross the coastal plain have traditionally gained fresher groundwater from aquifers before discharging into the ocean. This trend may reverse as groundwater levels fall. As a result, streams may discharge more saline runoff into coastal aquifers, even if stream flows reduce. There is also evidence of streams ceasing to flow to the Ocean. The loss of runoff into dams and use of groundwater means that Perth (popu-lation 1.8m) will soon receive over half of its drinking water from desalinated seawater.

675 - Dynamic Bayesian Networks for the assessment of Climate Change impacts on overexploited aquifers systemsJose-Luis Molina(1), David Pulido-Velazquez(2), José Luis García-Aróstegui(3), Manuel Pulido-Velázquez(4) (1) Salamanca University. High Polytechnic School of Engineering Avila, Spain; (2) Geological Survey of Spain (IGME). Granada; Spain, (3) Geological Survey of Spain (IGME). Murcia, Spain; (4) Universitat Politècnica de València. Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering, (IIAMA). Valencia, SpainDepartment of Hydraulic Engineering – University of Salamanca, High Polytechnic School of Engineering Avila, Spain

Bayesian Networks (BNs) are a powerful tool for integrating knowledge as well as assessing and predicting consequences of water management scenarios and uncontrollable drivers like climate. However, among their major limitations, the non transient nature treatment of the cause-effect stands out. A Decision Support System (DSS) based on Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBN) is proposed here and aims to palliate that limitation through time slicing technique. The DSS comprises several classes (Object-Oriented BN networks), especially designed for future five years length time steps (time slices), covering a total control period of 30 years (2070-2100). The DSS has been developed for assessing impacts gen-erated by different Climate Change (CC) scenarios (generated from several Regional Climatic Model (RCM) under two hypothesis of emissions, A1B y A2) in an aquifer system (Serral-Salinas) affected by intensive groundwater use over the last 30 years. A calibrated rainfall-runoff model (Molina et al., 2011) was used aimed to generate hydrological CC scenarios, and then an existing simulation groundwater flow model (Molina et al., 2011) through MODFLOW (McDonald and Harbaugh, 1998) was employed in order to analyze the aquifer behaviour under CC conditions. Results obtained from both models were used as input for the DSS, considering the rainfall, aquifer recharge, variation of piezometric levels and temporal evolution of aquifer storage as the main hydrological components of the aquifer system. Results show the evolution of the aquifer storage status for each future time step under different climate change conditions and under controlled water management interventions. Fur-thermore, results also show the economic costs generated by different scenarios of land use changes under such as CC conditions. The DBN ap-plication is seen to be effective in propagation of probabilities into the future to represent impacts generated by different hydrological scenarios.

1067 - Past and future contribution of global groundwater depletion to sea-level riseY. Wada1, L.P.H. (Rens) van Beek1, F.C. Sperna Weiland2, B.F. Chao3, Yun-Hao Wu3, and Marc F. P. Bierkens1,4

1 Department of Physical Geography - Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands2 Deltares, Delft, The Netherlands.3 Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC4 Unit Soil and Groundwater Systems, Deltares, The Netherlands


Recent studies suggest an increasing contribution of groundwater depletion to global sea-level rise. Groundwater depletion has more than doubled during the last few decades, primarily due to increased water demand, while the increase in water impoundments behind dams has been tapering off since the 1990s. As a result, the contribution of groundwater depletion to sea-level rise is likely to dominate over that of other terrestrial water sources in the coming decades yet no projections from the 21st century currently exist. Here we present a reconstruction of past groundwater depletion and its contribution to global sea-level variation, as well as 21st century projections based on three combined socio-economic and climate scenarios (SRES) with transient climate forcing from three General Circulation Models (GCMs). We validate and correct estimated groundwater depletion with independent local and regional assessments, and place our results in context of other terrestrial water contributions to sea-level variation. Our results show that the contribution of groundwater depletion to sea-level increased from 0.035 (±0.009) mm∙yr-1 in 1900 to 0.57 (±0.09) mm∙yr-1 in 2000, and is projected to increase to 0.82 (± 0.13) mm∙yr-1 by the year 2050. We estimate the net contribution of terrestrial sources to be negative of the order -0.15 (±0.09) mm∙yr-1 over 1970-1990 as a result of dam impoundment. We estimate, however, that this contribution became positive between 1990 and 2000 and in the order +0.25 (±0.09) mm∙yr-1 due to increased groundwater depletion and decreased dam building. We project the net terrestrial contribution to sea-level rise to increase to +0.87 (±0.14) mm∙yr-1 by 2050. By 2015, the accumulated positive contribution of terrestrial sources including groundwa-ter depletion will start to exceed the sink formed by dam impoundment (maximum: -31 ±3.1 mm in 2010), and the resulting cumulative contribution is estimated to amount to a total sea level rise of +31 (±11) mm by 2050.

141 - Coastal groundwater vulnerability due to global environmental changeMakoto TaniguchiResearch Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan

Coastal groundwater vulnerability and security are important hydrogeological research subjects in global environmental problems under the pressures of changing climate and societies. A research project by the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature on the coastal subsurface environments in seven Asian cities revealed that subsurface environmental problems, including subsurface warming, saltwater intrusion and groundwater contamination, occurred one after another depending on the development stage of the cities during the last 100 years. Exchanges of water between aquifer and ocean in the coastal cities depend on land-based driving forces, including natural resources capacities such as groundwater recharge rates, and social changes such as excessive groundwater pumping due to industrialization. Risk assessments and man-agement plans for aquifers, which are parts of water security, have been made for seven Asian coastal cities. Subsurface warming is another important global groundwater problem due to global warming. The impacts of subsurface warming are still not clear; however, a continuous increase in groundwater temperature over the world will result in unavoidable impacts on the subsurface environment, including micro-biomass activities in subsurface environments. In this paper, repeated measurements of subsurface temperature in Asian cities show how subsurface warming spreads quickly and widely. Coastal groundwater vulnerability in Asian cities due to global environmental change will be discussed from a trans-disciplinary perspective.

sessIon t1-B: gW/sW InterACtIon IITuesday, September 18 • 10:00-12:00 • Strategy Room 2Chairs: Philippe Van Cappellen, Mandy Meriano

866 - The effect of lake loading on groundwater levels around Lake Tutchewop in the Murray-Darling Basin, southeastern Australia.Tim Robson & John WebbEnvironmental Geoscience – La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia

The Murray-Darling Basin, which provides 80% of Australia’s $28.3 billion irrigated agriculture industry, has the Murray River as its major drainage outlet, and management of salt loads in the river is required to ensure the agricultural viability of the basin. One available management option is to divert the saline groundwater flowing towards the Murray River using salt interception schemes; these diverted 490,000 tonnes of salt in 2009-10.

Lake Tutchewop, a salt evaporation basin within one of these interception schemes, has received ~1 million tonnes of salt since 1968. The piezometers drilled around the lake to monitor the groundwater and investigate the fate of the added salt have many years of monthly water


level measurements, making them ideal for stochastic time series modelling. Because the addition of saline disposal water to the lake is often not synchronous with rainfall events, the impact of lake loading on surrounding groundwater levels is relatively easy to distinguish, unlike for many lakes.

The predefined impulse response function in continuous time (PIRFICT) model was applied to the available data using the commercially available program Menyanthes. The PIRFICT model is a transfer function noise (TFN) model that is able to handle input and output data with different observation frequencies. The input variables (rainfall, FAO-56 evapotranspiration, pan evaporation and lake levels) were tested in double and triple input models.

The results showed that for bores within 1.8 km of the lake, triple input models with lake level, rainfall and FAO-56 evapotranspiration produced better results than models using rainfall and evapotranspiration only; this effect extends to a maximum depth of ~53 metres below the lakebed. In these bores the relative influence of the variables in decreasing order was lake level, FAO-56 evapotranspiration and rainfall. The response in groundwater levels to lake level changes is due to a pressure response rather than movement of saline disposal water, and is verified by hydrochemistry. The results indicate the importance of quantifying surface water responses in groundwater systems, and this is also of value in determining the management options for saline disposal basins.

503 - Environmental Flows and Levels - Recommendations for Groundwater-Dependent Wetlands in Oregon, USA.Allison R. Aldous Director of Research and Monitoring, The Nature Conservancy in Oregon, USA.

Groundwater discharge is an important component of the water budget of many wetlands and other groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Land and water management activities that alter groundwater flowpaths supplying these ecosystems can be detrimental to inhabiting species and key ecological processes. However, there are few examples where limits to groundwater alteration have been established based on groundwa-ter-ecology relationships. We developed a method for setting limits to groundwater withdrawals based on ecological thresholds, termed Envi-ronmental Flows and Levels, which is analogous to Environmental Flows for lotic ecosystems. We illustrate this method with a case study from pumice fens in the Fremont-Winema National Forest, Oregon, where wetlands are used to supply water to a livestock grazing operation. In this method, the groundwater system is characterized at increasing levels of detail, starting with a wetland water budget, and then progressing from analytical to numerical models; which incorporate the proposed groundwater withdrawals. Simultaneous with the hydrogeologic analyses, key groundwater-ecology relationships are defined and quantified to determine ecological thresholds beyond which the wetlands may experience irreversible degradation. This includes the relationships between the position of the water table and obligate wetland plants, as well as the water table and the process of peat accretion. Data from these wetlands, as well as data from the published literature, are used to set ecological thresholds to change in the water table. These data are then used to establish a maximum pumping rate to maintain the water table above the threshold. A maximum drawdown of 20 cm was identified as the threshold for obligate wetland plants. The water budget and models all indicated that the proposed pumping regime will not draw the water table down beyond this threshold due to the hydrogeologic characteristics of the fens coupled with the relatively low water extraction rates. We are in the process of testing this method at other wetland sites. Once it is complete, the method will be used to inform groundwater management across the National Forest system and in other landscapes.

346 - The groundwater dependent ecosystem of the Sagittario River, central Italy: Relationships between surface water, groundwater and the nitrogen cycleMarco Petitta1, Maurizio Barbieri1, Maria Chiara Caschetto1, Diana Galassi2, Ramon Aravena3

1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra - Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, Italy2 Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali - Università de L’Aquila, Italy3 Earth and Environmental Department - University of Waterloo, ON, Canada

Artificial changes in river dynamics, natural flood risks and anthropogenic impacts resulting from industrial, zootechnical and agricultural practices, are impacting the fluvial and riparian ecosystem and the related aquifer system of the Sagittario River (Abruzzo, Italy). The related alluvial aquifer is represented by a multilayer system, locally separated by low-permeability layers and lenses which have high organic matter content. Results from discharge measurements indicate a strong relationship between the river and the water table. Upwelling and down-welling zones have been identified throughout the stream. Chemical analyses showed how the distribution of nitrates varied considerably and ranged


from 0.03 mg/l to 22.79 (N-NO3) mg/L. Nitrogen isotopes were measured in surface water and groundwater. NO

3-δ15N values varied from

a minimum of 4.72‰ to a maximum of 11.72‰. The main δ15N signal is probably due to natural nitrogen sources, such as organic matter deposition; whereas the lowest values could be attributed to agricultural practices, where synthetic fertilizers are commonly used. The hydro-geological framework includes two different groundwater flow systems in the alluvial deposits, separated by a local aquitard. The shallow aquifer is fed by local recharge and river losses, while the deeper aquifer system is fed directly from the carbonate massif that surround the basin. The strong interaction between groundwater and the river represents an additional variable to be considered for future groundwater management strategies. Strategies should account for surface water inputs, into the groundwater system, that have been affected by anthropogenic impact; and the role of the hyporheic zone. Nitrate contamination in the shallow aquifer is negligible, due to the hydraulic conditions that characterize the unsaturated zone. Peat and clay deposits create anoxic conditions, reduced infiltration processes and lead to denitrification processes. High local nitrate concentrations reflect a punctual contamination which is probably due to anthropogenic practices that involve synthetic fertilizers and animal waste.

829 - Land-ocean linkage via groundwater at varying scales: direct inputs of water and associated nutrients to coastal zones via submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) Hans H. Dürr & P. van CappellenEcohydrology Research Group, Earth and Environmental Sciences - University of Waterloo, Canada Rens van Beek, Aileen M. Robert & E. DaniëlsDepartment of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geosciences - Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Caroline P. SlompDepartment of Earth Sciences – Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences - Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

The coastline of the Earth is over 400 000 km long and about 40% of the world’s population lives within 100 km of the coast. River transport of water and nutrients have been studied at varying scales, and direct discharge of freshwater and associated dissolved nutrients via Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) is now also recognized as a potential impact to coastal waters, e.g. through increased eutrophication, hypoxia or harmful algal blooms. Yet, at continental to global scales, nutrient transport via SGD has received rather little attention compared to efforts made to estimate other pathways of nutrients such as riverine inputs. Most studies on nutrient fluxes to the coastal zone via SGD have focused on local to regional scales, using field methods to estimate fluxes, or classical hydrogeological models. While the major part of the research was carried out in the Northern hemisphere (U.S. and Europe), other known hot spots of human impacts that are highly SGD-prone due to climatic and geologic settings, such as SE Asia, have moved into the spotlight more recently. Yet, many studies concentrate on areas of high total SGD including recycled fluxes from the saltwater / freshwater mixing zone. While at local scales, the effects of this recycling in the ‘subterranean estuary’ are important to understand the short-term changes in nutrient availability, at the global scale, quantification of the yet inadequately constrained net fluxes of freshwater and nutrients discharged via SGD to the oceans is crucial. Also, aquifer lithologies were mostly sandy, and e.g. volcanic lithologies – abundant in SE Asia, are still under-represented. Here, we present different methods to estimate freshwater SGD and dissolved nutrient fluxes at varying scales from local to global using 1) a classical hydrogeological model applied to a high population coastal area in the Philippines; 2) a highly simplified hydrogeological model used as a test for larger scales (>500 km of coastline), applied to the well-studied stretch that is part of the South Atlantic Bight on the East coast of the U.S.; and 3) spatially explicit global-scale baseflow estimates from global hydrological models, combined with assessments of nutrient (mainly nitrogen, N) fluxes, including degradation processes, in order to identify hotspots of nutrient delivery by SGD.

188 - New Field Guides for Inventory and Monitoring of Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems Joseph T. Gurrieri1, Christopher P. Carlson2 & Allison Aldous3

1 USDA Forest Service, National Groundwater Program, Golden, Colorado USA 2 USDA Forest Service, National Groundwater Program, Arlington, Virginia USA3 The Nature Conservancy, Portland, Oregon USA Leslie Bach3 3 The Nature Conservancy, Portland, Oregon USA

The U.S. Forest Service, in cooperation with The Nature Conservancy, has produced a set of Field Guides for inventory and monitoring of


groundwater dependent ecosystems (GDEs). These Field Guides will provide a consistent and scientifically sound approach to characterizing and monitoring groundwater-dependent resources. With new demands on water resources within and adjacent to National Forests and Grass-lands, predicted scarcity of water due to current uses, energy development, and climate change, GDE resources are increasingly threatened. Groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) include numerous regionally and nationally significant ecosystems such as springs, many wetlands and riparian areas, and cave/karst regions. Strongly groundwater dependent systems occupy only a small percentage (1% or 2%) of the land area. However, these groundwater-fed systems are highly significant from a conservation perspective because in water-limited areas or in thermally-stressed aquatic systems, these locations of focused groundwater discharge concentrate biodiversity, and serve as refugia for sensitive species. The Field Guides present options for different levels of intensity of data collection, depending on objectives and priorities, available resources, and spatial and temporal scales of interest. The Level I Field Guide, aimed toward informing land management planning and large scale assessments, primarily describes the GDE type, location, extent, current uses, physiographic and geologic setting, and general ecological conditions. The Level II Field Guide, designed for project-level design and monitoring, captures all Level I information and also in-cludes field methods to inventory and monitor springs, fens and other wetlands, with focus on the measurement of hydrology, soil, geology, and vegetation-related parameters. Rigorous field testing at several locations across the US produced a user-friendly product and proved that the methodology is applicable in a wide range of different ecological and climatic locations.

473 - Comparative analysis of wetland ecosystems in the flow system contextSzilvia Simon1, Judit Mádl-Szőnyi1 & Katalin Jobbágy1

1 Department of Physical and Applied Geology – Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

The protection of groundwater dependent ecosystems (GDEs) is a crucial task all over the world. In Hungary several wetland ecosystems are situated in a vulnerable position, requiring appropriate management. Based on the geologic nature of groundwater flow systems, it was hypoth-esized that the spatial distribution of the different GDEs is determined by their hydraulic position in the flow field. The Danube-Tisza Interfluve of the Great Hungarian Plain can serve as an ideal test area for the understanding of wetland ecosystems in a flow system context. Two main types of mesophytic vegetation can be distinguished in the interfluve area being the saline and the fresh water type ecosystems. The regional scale hydrogeological investigations in the area recognized that the distribution of the soil and vegetation pattern correlates with the groundwater flow systems (Mádl Szőnyi and Tóth, 2009). Characterization of two reference areas was intended to improve understanding of the influence of the different groundwater flow systems on wetland ecosystem precedents for the typical saline and fresh water type GDEs of the Danube-Tisza Interfluve. A saline lake and a fresh water peatland were investigated in the context of the flow system concept. The results highlighted that these wetland areas are determined by their complex hydrogeological position. Their different chemical and ecological status originates from the differing connections with the groundwater flow systems of the area, characterized by fluids of different geochemical composition. The study pointed out, that the flow system concept is the sole approach to describe and understand groundwater dependent ecosystems from a hydrological, chemical, and nutrient-supply point of view. The results also draw attention to the significance of scale effect on the understanding of ground water-lake interactions and to the consideration of anthropogenic activities; which can critically change the natural flow conditions.

584 - Complex base flow in stratified glacial drift aquifers: ecological implicationsJonathan Malzone, Christopher LowryUniversity at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States

The stratified glacial drift sediments that make up the Cattaraugus Creek Watershed, New York cause complex stream aquifer interaction. In the experimental basin one stream, Elton Creek 3rd order, has been monitored and contains sand conduits that intersect with the stream resulting in high nitrate springs. Benthic invertebrates find these nutrient zones very productive, with higher benthic indices measured directly over seeps. The chemically distinct signature can be seen as a second component to base flow that provides sub seasonal variation in surface water nutrient concentration. Field data suggest that during periods of low aquifer recharge stream stage is low and springs continue to discharge, which results in an increased nitrate concentration in the surface water. When periods of increased aquifer recharge raises the stream stage the spring concentrations are diluted. These springs provide a mechanism that redistributes nutrients in the stream. Hyporheic water in this stream has highly variable dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and temperature readings suggesting fluctuating conditions. The relationship with stream stage and nitrate concentration may provide this fluctuating environment in the hyporheic zone as surface water infiltrates into the subsurface. Tracer tests were conducted along a known zone of high nitrate groundwater discharge to compare tracer readings to nitrate in order to quantify nutrient uptake. Simultaneously, stream stage and precipitation were measured to observe the water quality of the hypoheic zone as affected by


stream stage and a singular spring. Data were used with geologic maps to correlate transient nitrate concentrations to the influence of springs. Because high nitrate springs are abundant enough to produce appreciable volumes of water capable of creating environmental changes during low flow they can be viewed as a component of base flow. It has been found that sub seasonal fluctuations in nitrate concentration in surface water are due to interactions with springs, which in turn cause a highly variable hypoheic zone. These data point to a complex mechanism in stratified glacial drift aquifers that ecosystem restoration must consider. In some cases restoration efforts unknowingly place structures over these seeps hoping to improve habitat indices, but do not consider the complex nutrient pathways. Understanding complex nutrient pathways and their hydraulic controls will provide restoration efforts with knowledge of the abiotic-biotic link in stream ecosystems.

873 - Dynamics of stream catchments in groundwater dominated systemsS. J. Parker, A. P. ButlerDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, UKC. R. JacksonBritish Geological Survey, Kingsley Dunham Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham, Notts, United Kingdom

Unconfined aquifers composed of permeable rocks with low specific yield (e.g. limestone and chalk) frequently exhibit marked seasonal and inter-annual fluctuations in water table elevation in response to groundwater recharge. This can lead to substantial changes in stream length. In aquifer outcrops, where there are a number of drainage channels at different elevations, the interaction of these channels with the time-varying regional groundwater system can result in highly dynamic groundwater catchments and makes questions such as “Where does a river collect its water?” and “What is an appropriate catchment area for a semi-distributed model?” particularly challenging to answer. These issues have been studied in the chalk aquifer of the Berkshire Downs in southern England. We have focussed on the River Lambourn, an important Chalk stream and a tributary of the River Thames. Previous studies have quoted fixed catchment areas varying between 168 and 210 km2. However, these are contingent on the boreholes employed and the interpolation method used. We have analysed stream catchment areas using data from 51 bore-holes and results from a distributed groundwater model. Interpolation between data points (either boreholes or model grid nodes) was performed using thin plate splines. Catchment area was calculated by following the location of the groundwater divide from the catchment outlet using interpolated field data, entire model output and interpolated model output at model nodes coincident with borehole locations. Results showed that both modelled catchment areas and those based on field data are highly dynamic with the maximum extent based on field data between 60% and 80% greater than that of the minimum area. Catchment areas delineated using all model output compared to that from an interpolated phreatic surface based on output from a sample of model nodes suggested that the interpolated surface consistently underestimated catchment areas by between 5 and 10%. These results, which were also confirmed using catchment delineations based on particle tracking analyses using the distributed model, have important implications for semi-distributed lumped models and river protection zones. They also demonstrated that catchment area is a useful additional metric when assessing model performance in such systems.

sessIon t1-C: regIonAl gW FloW ITuesday, September 18 • 10:00-12:00 • Strategy Room 3Chairs: Jose Joel Carillo Rivera, Judit Madl-Szonyi

137 - Groundwater flow systems and modern hydrogeology: the story of half a centuryJózsef TóthDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences - University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

The talk is an illustrated summary of a curiosity prompted essay of the 50-year history and consequences of the concept of gravity-driven basin-scale groundwater flow systems. A mathematical formulation of the concept was first proposed in the early 1960s. Basinal flow fields had been conceptualized before but lacking mathematical formality those models could not be developed into general theories. Following the initial analytical models of homogeneous rock framework with linearly sloping and periodically undulating water tables, complexity of the flow domains was rapidly increased by numerical models that could simulate arbitrary boundaries and heterogeneous-anisotropic rock. By 1980, interpretations of cross-formational flow on the basin-scale and leakage through well-field aquitards converged. Hydraulic continuity of the rock framework was understood, the flow-systems concept internationally tested, verified and generally accepted.


Interest in basin-scale groundwater flow has continued. Some examples for post-2000 studies are: 3-D basins of high topographic relief; effects on flow of various types of heterogeneity and anisotropy; periodically transient water-table fluctuations; relative effects of hydraulic conductivity and infiltration rates on flow patterns; effect of pumping-well location on basin yield; sand box models of complex flow patterns.

Basin-scale groundwater flow was recognized already early on as a generator of various natural processes and phenomena as in soil sali-nization, botany, soil- and rock mechanics, geothermics, karstification, mineral and petroleum accumulation, etc. As a result, The Theory of Regional Groundwater Flow naturally splits into two component theories: i) Groundwater Hydraulics of Drainage Basins and ii) Groundwater as a Geologic Agent. Owing to the determinant role flow systems play in many earth processes, they function as the central linkage between the groundwater-related disciplines. They can thus be considered as the core concept of modern hydrogeology.

351 - The hydrogeological characterization and regional hydraulic function of faults in the Pannonian Basin, HungaryBrigitta Czauner, Judit Mádl-SzőnyiEötvös Loránd University, Dept. of Physical and Applied Geology Budapest, Hungary

Structural elements generally represent key geological factors in fluid migration and retention. Faults can be conduits for the migration of water, hydrothermal fluids, contaminants, and hydrocarbons; particularly in low-permeability environments. However, the hydraulic behaviour of a fault is usually difficult to determine due to the lack of hydraulic data from the fault zone itself. Starting from these considerations, the initial purpose of this work was to investigate the hydraulic role of faults in groundwater flow and hydrocarbon entrapment through the joint application of different hydrogeological research techniques. During the integrated study, seismic, lithostratigraphic, well-log, hydraulic, hydrochemical, and temperature data were interpreted simultaneously in order to characterize the tectonics, fluid-stratigraphy, and fluid flow systems of the research area, located in the Pannonian Basin, Hungary. Regional scale upward dissipation of overpressure from the Pre-Neogene basement was identified across the Neogene basin fill with differing rates depending on the heterogeneity (e.g., fault density) of the regionally extensive aquitards. As the manifestation of pressure dissipation in a heterogeneous flow field, diagnostic anomalies can be observed in the fluid-potential field, as well as in the geothermal and hydrochemical patterns. These anomalies usually coincide with fault zones and hydrocarbon occurrences. On the margin, a simple method was developed to identify fluid-potential (i.e. hydraulic head) anomalies caused by pressure data, which were measured in gas pools. Moreover, direction dependent hydraulic behaviour of high-permeability faults, as well as their role in the development of thermal water reservoirs and hydrocarbon entrapment was also demonstrated. Their flow barrier function transversally is simply due to the configuration of the fluid-potential field and not to their permeability. Consequently, during hydrocarbon exploration it is not definitely necessary to search for low-permeability faults, while hydrogeological methods can be also effective in hydrocarbon exploration.

777 - Stratigraphic Controls on Groundwater Flow in a Dolostone Municipal Supply AquiferJohn PiersolGolder Associates Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario, CanadaFrank Brunton, Elizabeth PriebeOntario Geologic SurveyDave BelangerCity of GuelphAmy DomaratzkiRegion of Waterloo

The Ontario Geologic Survey has been revising and characterizing the Niagara Escarpment region early Silurian stratigraphy in Ontario since 2005 as part of its bedrock aquifer mapping program. This bedrock stratigraphic characterization work has been integrated into a number of hydrogeologic investigations being undertaken to improve conceptualization of regional groundwater flow and assess sustainable capacity and vulnerability of municipal groundwater supplies. The dolostone aquifer system supplying water to the cities of Cambridge and Guelph has been characterized in detail and a comprehensive hydrogeologic dataset has been compiled and is presented here, in particular to assess the control of bedrock stratigraphy and sedimentology on the regional groundwater flow regime. Interpretation of the results of large-scale pumping tests and long-term monitoring in the Guelph and Cambridge areas has provided key insights into the hydrogeologic behaviour and properties of


the stratigraphic units in this area. A summary of the interpreted properties of the stratigraphic units within this area is presented with a focus on illustrative examples from detailed characterization work in the east Cambridge area. Although the hydrogeologic properties of these early Silurian dolostone formations are quite variable and influenced by locally enhanced fracturing and karstification, when viewed in a sequence stratigraphic context, predictable and often extensive bedrock aquitard and aquifer hydrogeologic units can be delineated to inform groundwater supply management and protection.

228 - Regional groundwater flow and ore genesis at MVT lead-zinc deposits, Pine Point, NWT, CanadaK. U. WeyerWDA Consultants Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada

Hypotheses on the genesis of MVT lead zinc deposits place the ore genesis generally well into the geological past. In the case of the Pine Point lead zinc deposits, the time of genesis has been assumed to have happened from the Middle Devonian age to the Tertiary age. “From a hydrologic perspective, ore genesis could have taken place at any period in which gravity-driven flow systems were operative” (Garven, 1985).

In the 1970s, Pine Point Mines Ltd. and the Federal Department of Environment entered into a research agreement dealing with groundwater flow and dewatering in the Pine Point area. The project was initiated by an unexpected and dramatic failure of mine dewatering at the open pit R-61 in Spring 1976. Four years of regional and local field investigations into the geology, the dynamics and chemistry of groundwater and of isotopes (S and H) in water led to unexpected insights into the pattern of regional groundwater flow which shed doubt onto traditional Pine Point ore genesis hypotheses. It is generally held that, based on isotope data, the temperature of the ore forming fluid must have been hydrothermal in a temperature range of 100 °C or more in the Pine Point area. The average homogenized temperature in fluid inclusions in dolomite in the area is 116 °C and the burial temperature about 70 °C according to Qing (1991). The ore bodies are located within karst at positions where regional flow systems of differing water chemistry intersect.

In the course of our regional and local investigations into groundwater flow, water chemistry, and water isotopes, we digitized all available regional and local geological and mineral data for exploration boreholes available from governmental files. The massive body of these data indicated that in the Pine Point region the history of groundwater flow systems and their respective chemistry would support the continuous formation of ore bodies from glacial times to the present day situation. The body of available data on regional groundwater flow and groundwater flow at the ore bodies pro-vides strong indications that the interplay of today’s regional groundwater flow systems, their chemistry and the associated microbiological activity may presently be forming MVT ore bodies and mineral showings even at low non-hydrothermal temperatures in the range of 3 °C.

891 - Hydrogeochemistry and aquifer dynamics in the northern regions of Ghana René Lefebvre1, Christian Boyaud2, Marc-André Carrier1, James Racicot2,3 & Enoch Assare4

1 Centre Eau, Terre, Environnement, INRS, Québec, Québec, Canada2 SNC-Lavalin, Montréal, Québec, Canada3 now with Cowater International Inc., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada4 Water Resources Commission, Accra, Ghana

A CIDA-supported groundwater resources assessment was carried out from 2005 to 2011 in northern Ghana. The study included the com-pilation, synthesis and analysis of available data, targeted field data collection, and the development of a regional hydrogeological synthesis. Hydrogeological conditions differ in the two geological contexts of northern Ghana: Precambrian basement (PCB) rocks and Palaeozoic rocks from the Voltaian Sedimentary Basin (VSB). Most of the consolidated rocks in Ghana are overlain by a weathered mantle that is generally less than 30 m thick but that can be as thick as 140 m. Groundwater occurrence and flow is mostly related to fracture zones. The project involved the hydrogeochemical characterization of 100 monitoring and existing boreholes, including measurements of physicochemical parameters and analyses of major and minor ions, stable isotopes (18O & 2H) and 14C. Comparison of geochemical data with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water shows that groundwater in northern Ghana is generally of good quality. Certain quality issues arise in the Oti-Pendjari group, where WHO guidelines exceedances are often recorded for fluoride, lead, chloride and nitrates. High fluoride concentrations are also observed in intrusive rocks and metamorphized Precambrian formations, notably in the Bongo-Bolgatanga area. Additionally, nitrates and nitrites contamination, which is stricly point-specific in the project area, could originate from human and agricultural activities taking place at the surface. Geochemical data also provide indications on aquifer dynamics. Groundwaters of the PCB display mixed-cations (Ca+Na+Mg) and


bicarbonate (HCO3)-dominated water types. Their level of mineralization is generally moderate, indicating rock matrix-groundwater interactions

of moderate extent and proportional residence and travel time in the geological formations. In contrast, groundwaters of the VSB are generally sodic (Na-dominated). HCO

3 is also the most commonly found anion, although some groundwaters exhibit a rather dominated water type. Such

water types are indicative of more advanced geochemical evolution and longer residence time for groundwater in the VSB formations, which is supported by the greater 14C apparent ages of the more evolved water types.

736 - The Symbiotic Relationship between Groundwater and Geotechnical Engineering Hughes, D.1, Barbour, L.2, Clarke, G.3, McLernon, M.1, and Carse, L.11 Queen’s University, Belfast, UK 2 University of Saskatchewan, Canada3 VCE Consult Vienna, Austria

The excavation of a large, 24m deep, cutting in glacial till during the upgrading of a major road between Belfast and Dublin in Northern Ireland presented an ideal research opportunity for a team of geotechnical engineers and hydrogeologists from Queen’s University Belfast and the University of Saskatchewan to study the influence that a topographically driven groundwater flow system within a glacial till drumlin has on the geotechnical performance of built infrastructure such as roadways. The road alignment runs through a Drumlin swarm formed of lodgement till between 10-50m thick. The glacial till at this site is underlain by Silurian shale which has a low hydraulic conductivity when intact but was found to have a relatively high hydraulic conductivity just below the base of the till due to weathering and fracturing of the bedrock surface. The drumlin hydrogeology was heavily instrumented with sets of nested piezometers prior to excavation and pore water pressure changes were monitored before, during and after construction. Ground flow models, calibrated against field observations, were used along with slope stability analyses to predict that instability could be expected as the cutting progressed towards the fractured bedrock. The model predictions were supported by the onset of piping and high upward hydraulic gradients which caused localized liquefaction and instability at the toe of the cutting just as the excavation advanced to the depths identified as critical by the modeling exercise. Remedial action was taken to reduce the pore water pressures within the fractured bedrock below the toe of the excavation by penetrating the fractured bedrock with a toe drain. Once the high internal pore water pressures were dissipated the excavation stability improved. In spite of these remedial measures however, the overall factor of safety against slope failure remains low and likely that the toe failures have reduced the strength of the tills through loss of structure and strain soft-ening. Subsequently an innovative drainage solution has been designed to further reduce the pore water pressures within the drumlin by using the natural under-drainage provide by the fractured bedrock. The case study clearly illustrates how essential it is that the geotechnical engineer clearly understands the groundwater regime before embarking on geotechnical design and how the hydrogeologic system can form an integral part of remedial methods to enhance the performance of built infrastructure.

sessIon t1-d: FrACtured roCK ITuesday, September 18 • 10:00-12:00 • Strategy Room 5Chairs: Kent Novakowski, Wendy Kemp

982 - Use of Thermal Conductive Heating to Remove Chlorinated Solvents from Fractured Bedrock – Importance of Site CharacterizationDr. B.H. KueperDepartment of Civil Engineering - Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada

A pilot-scale thermal conductive heating (TCH) application was carried out at the former Naval Air Warfare Centre (NAWC) site located in West Trenton, NJ. Bedrock at the Site consists of fractured mudstone and has been impacted by past releases of trichloroethylene (TCE). TCE con-centrations in groundwater in the vicinity of the pilot test range from 5,000 to 60,000 ppb. Measurements of matrix porosity range from <1% to approximately 6%; matrix intrinsic permeability ranges from approximately 9E-15 cm2 to 7E-13 cm2. Pre-test measurements of TCE in the rock matrix showed that TCE had not fully diffused into the matrix, with highest concentrations near existing fractures. Post-test measurements revealed that heating resulted in an approximately 40% to 70% reduction in rock matrix TCE concentrations, with substantial spatial variability. Temperature data revealed that heating of the bottom portion of the 17 m thick treatment zone was not effective in achieving boiling because


of excessive inflow of groundwater through discrete fractures. Related numerical modelling indicates that groundwater flow through fractures can limit the ability to achieve boiling in the rock matrix and that the permeability and spacing of individual fractures, rather than simply the bulk permeability of the bedrock, may need to be known to predict and mitigate this effect.

881 - Positron emission projection imaging of DNAPL TCE migration in a limestone fractureMichael O. Rivett & Nicola J. KingSchool of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

Assessing the migration of dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) such as trichloroethene (TCE) through fractured rock at the laborato-ry-scale is fundamentally limited by opaqueness of the rock. This has lead to a dearth of experimental datasets that may be used to validate DNAPL – fracture transport models and reliance instead upon simple difference observations of DNAPL bulk entry and drainage from a fracture to quantify DNAPL transport within. We overcome this problem by labelling DNAPL TCE with a positron emitting tracer that permits real-time imaging of DNAPL migration within a rock fracture via positron emission projection imaging (PEPI), a medical imaging tool. TCE migration was imaged within a 0.1–3 mm variable aperture fracture induced within a 20 cm length cubic block of limestone – the UK’s Kent Upper Chalk, a dual-porosity major aquifer. DNAPL TCE was labelled with a 64Cu tracer (half-life 764 minutes) complexed with TFAA (trifluoroacetylacetone). PEPI relies upon detection of photons released when positrons emitted from β+ decay of radioactive 64Cu nuclei collide with electrons. 2-D time slices of DNAPL migration within the limestone fracture were obtained at 10-second imaging intervals for a pixel size of around 5 mm. The water-saturated fracture was initially oriented horizontally and DNAPL invasion and drainage imaged. Further fracture drainage was induced by stepped tilting of the limestone block. Preferential pathways of DNAPL entry occurred along the higher aperture routes with DNAPL accumula-tion in fracture topographic lows partly surrounded by lower apertures. DNAPL drainage resulted in islands of TCE persisting that were in part attributed to aperture and topographic controls. Observed estimates of DNAPL saturation at 2-25% for a tilt range of 0 - 15o were comparable to Longino & Kueper’s (1999; J. Contam. Hydrol.) PCE DNAPL data from limestone fractures of 3-21% and 10-27% for a similar tilt range. The technique has wider flexibility for lab-scale measurements in that it may be used to label other NAPLs, potentially image longer term processes via longer half-life labels, and be applied to not only 2-D, but now 3-D, fractured rock or porous media samples.

526 - Benefit of inclined coreholes for discrete fracture network characterization of a Silurian dolostone aquifer in Guelph, OntarioJ.D. Munn, B.L. Parker & J.A. CherryG360 – Centre for Applied Groundwater Research, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

The transport and fate of contaminants in fractured bedrock aquifers depends strongly on the nature and distribution of the discrete fracture network (DFN). The current standard practice of using only vertical coreholes for site characterization can result in datasets significantly biased toward fractures perpendicular to the corehole and is insufficient for complete fracture orientation analysis. This bias can be particularly strong in flat-lying sedimentary stratigraphy where the fracture network often consists of low-angle bedding plane parallel fractures and vertical or near vertical joints. An examination of this bias was conducted at a contaminated site in Guelph, Ontario in a Silurian dolostone aquifer. Two inclined coreholes (plunging 60°) were drilled to supplement high-resolution datasets collected from eleven existing vertical coreholes on the site. The DFN Field Approach was used to collect depth discrete datasets including lithological and fracture logs from rock core, rock core contaminant analysis, downhole geophysical surveys (e.g, ATV, conductivity, temperature, natural gamma), and hydraulic testing including the first use of flexible liner profiling in inclined coreholes. These datasets were integrated to provide estimates of fracture frequency, orientation and aperture distributions and to estimate values of bulk effective fracture porosity. Orientation analysis revealed three dominant fracture sets on the site that vary in intensity through various mechanical layers. These sets consist of a horizontal, bedding-plane set with an average spacing of 0.3 m, and two high-angle sets, NE-SW and WNW-ESE striking, with average spacings of 1.5 m and 2.1 m, respectively. When data from only the vertical coreholes are used for the analysis, only two fracture sets are identifiable: a bedding plane set and a high-angle E-W set, confirming the necessity of inclined coreholes for complete fracture orientation analysis. Hydraulic fracture apertures were estimated using the cubic law and range from 15 to 407 µm with a geometric mean of 125 µm. The detailed fracture properties determined in this study will ultimately be used as input parameters for both static and dynamic three-dimensional DFN models, to assess current and future threats to the bedrock aquifer.


845 - Conceptualization of flow and transport in fractured rocks: An updateWalter A. IllmanDepartment of Earth & Environmental Sciences - University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada

The development of conceptual models for flow and transport in fractured rocks and its translation to robust mathematical models has been a topic of great interest over the last several decades. By and large, conceptual models fall under three major categories: equivalent continuum models (ECM), discrete fracture network models (DFNM), and stochastic continuum models (SCM). In this talk, examples of field and laboratory research are presented that provide increasingly stronger support for the applicability of SCMs in fractured rocks developed through hydraulic tomography (HT) (as opposed to the geostatistical analysis and kriging of small-scale data). Unlike ECMs, which provide effective parameters and zero resolution on heterogeneity, HT provides information on subsurface heterogeneity in hydraulic conductivity (K) and specific storage (S

s),

as well as their uncertainty estimates. Unlike DFNMs, which principally rely on detailed fracture geometry data collected from boreholes and outcrops, HT relies on the stochastic inverse modeling of multiple pumping tests. Because HT relies on signals generated at various pumping locations and corresponding signals monitored at multiple observation ports, it provides direct information on fracture connectivity. The robust estimates of K and S

s distributions (or tomograms) obtained via HT are demonstrated through the 3-D inverse modeling of two large-scale cross-

hole pumping tests conducted in a granitic formation at the Mizunami Underground Research Site in Japan. Furthermore, recent laboratory experiments of HT on a fractured dolomite sample reveals that the approach is capable of delineating narrow high K and low S

s regions that

coincide with actual locations of fractures. Finally, we show that a dissolution experiment of trichloroethene from a well-defined source zone in the fractured dolomitic rock sample can be modeled quite accurately using a transport model that utilizes the K tomogram obtained from HT. While HT is certainly not a panacea technology, our research suggests robust estimates of K and S

s tomograms can be obtained with this

approach and future research should go into integrating different types of information (e.g., core, slug/single-hole tests, geophysics, tracer tests) in further advancing HT for characterizing fractured rocks.

864 - Interpreting groundwater flow rates in highly heterogeneous fractured bedrock aquifers using environmental tracersJohn Kozuskanich, Craig Simmons & Peter CookNational Centre for Groundwater Research and Training, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

Radiogenic tracers (e.g. 14C, CFCs, 3H-3He) are often integrated with hydraulic data to constrain groundwater flow rates. The interpretation of the groundwater age and recharge/flow rate is done using a variety of analytical solutions that assume homogeneous aquifer properties. This study focuses on the suitability of employing these simplified interpretive methods in highly heterogeneous geologic environments such as fractured rock aquifers where flow and solute transport are further influenced by the geometry and interconnectedness of preferential pathways (discrete fractures and fracture networks) and matrix diffusion. A numerical model with known hydraulic boundary conditions was used to simulate radiogenic tracer transport and generate tracer breakthrough curves at points throughout the flow field in a discrete fracture network (and a homogeneous porous media baseline). The simulated radiogenic tracer dataset was systematically interpreted using a selection of analytical models (of varying complexity in transport processes considered) to provide estimated groundwater flow rates that could then be compared to the known numerical model parameters. The results are useful for ascertaining the conditions under which the simplified interpretive models can be reasonably applied in highly heterogeneous bedrock aquifers and for building an understanding of the associated uncertainty in the groundwater flow estimates.

919 - Induced temperature gradients to characterise preferential groundwater flowpaths in open boreholes Eddie W. Banks, Margaret ShanafieldNational Centre for Groundwater Research and Training, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

Techniques that are used to characterise the hydraulic properties and groundwater flow processes of aquifers are essential to the design of hydrogeologic conceptual models. Solute dilution and tracer injection tests, heat pulse and impeller flow meters have been used for hydro-stratigraphic characterisation. There are relatively few techniques that can be used to measure ambient conditions within a groundwater well without disturbing the fluid profile. Rapid time series temperature profiles within open-groundwater wells were measured using distributed temperature sensing (DTS). To identify zones of active groundwater flow, two continuous electrical heating cables were installed alongside a


DTS fibre optic cable to heat the column of water within the well and to create a temperature difference between the ambient temperatures of the groundwater in the aquifer to that within the well. Additional tests were done to examine the effects of pumping and hydraulic connectivity between groundwater wells. Horizontal groundwater flow through the aquifer was estimated based on the geometry of the well and the change in the temperature profile over time at different depth intervals within the well. The results from this technique were compared with downhole video footage and geophysical logging to confirm the zones of active groundwater flow. Agreement between the estimated groundwater flow rates based on the advective heat flux and results from solute and flow meter tests was good. This technique has excellent scope as a rapid appraisal tool for the design of hydrogeologic conceptual models. It also could be used in further areas of research including monitoring the effects of managed aquifer recharge schemes.

558 - Application of distributed temperature sensing within boreholes for fractured rock site characterizationThomas Coleman, Beth Parker & John CherrySchool of Engineering – University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Using heat as a tracer in groundwater investigations has been used with success for gaining insight into various hydrogeologic processes. Gathering borehole temperature data with a high degree of spatial and temporal resolution can be useful for many monitoring and charac-terization applications in the subsurface; however, current standard practice methods and tools are incapable of collecting these data. Using distributed temperature sensing (DTS) as a tool for hydrological investigations is a novel technique that has only begun to be utilized over the past few years. Fiber optic DTS systems provide a means of collecting temperature data continuously down a borehole with good temporal and spatial resolution. The use of DTS in boreholes has been limited with previous applications based on open-hole studies that have been subject to cross-connection effects. Deploying flexible underground liners is a means of recreating natural flow conditions and providing a borehole environment in which temperature measurements can be related to flow conditions around the borehole. Following the even addition of heat to the static water column within the liner, subsequent cooling rates are linked to flow within fractures intersected by the borehole. DTS offers sig-nificantly improved temporal resolution when compared with techniques using point thermal probes raised and lowered on a wireline. However, the improved resolution with time is gained at the cost of reduced effective spatial and temperature resolutions possibly causing implications for identifying discrete features with low flow rates or close spacing. Transient and long-term monitoring studies conducted to identify and quantify flow with depth may benefit from the increased temporal and spatial resolutions of fiber optic DTS systems.

sessIon t1-e: FAte oF nAnoPArtIClesTuesday, September 18 • 10:00-12:00 • Strategy Room 7Chairs: Denis O’Carroll, Sarah Dickson

1025 - Field scale modelling of nZVI transport.Magdalena Krol, Denis O’Carroll & Andrew OleniukDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering - The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, CanadaBrent SleepDepartment of Civil Engineering - University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CanadaPeter Bennett & Zhong XiongAMEC Geomatrix, Oakland, CA, United States

Nano-scale zero valent iron (nZVI) particles have significant potential for use in remediation of contaminated source zones. However, the trans-port of these particles through porous media is not well understood, especially at the field scale. This paper describes modelling of field-scale push-pull tests of carboxylmethyl cellulose (CMC) stabilized nZVI. A 3-dimensional compositional simulator, modified to include nZVI attachment according to colloidal filtration theory, was used to simulate nZVI transport at this field trial. Using only attachment efficiency as a fitting parame-ter a good match between simulation and field behavior was obtained. Regional groundwater velocities impacted nZVI transport, with increased velocities leading to increased nanoparticle attachment when the attachment efficiency was kept constant. Simulations also showed that nZVI suspension viscosity had a significant impact on nZVI mobility. CMC concentration is a design parameter used to increased nZVI suspension


stability. However with increased CMC concentration, suspension viscosity increases leading to potential complications with delivery. As such, this presentation will also discuss design considerations when implementing this technology in the field.

240 - Delivery of iron-based nanoparticles to TCE source zoneZiheng Wang and Edgar Acosta Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry - University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

In situ degradation of dense non-aqueous of liquid phase (DNAPL) can be achieved by injecting zero-valent iron nanoparticles (NZVI) to the con-taminant zone. However, one limitation of this technique is the targeting NZVI to the DNAPL zone. This presentation discusses several strategies to deliver iron-based nanoparticles to the dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) zone. Iron oxide nanoparticles were selected in this work as surrogates for NZVI as they have similar chemical composition on their surface. Sodium oleate (SO) was adsorbed on the nanoparticles with the objective of producing SO bilayers that stabilize the suspension of iron oxide nanoparticles in alkaline solutions. The hydrophilic-lipophilic nature of SO-coated iron oxide nanoparticles was adjusted using various alternatives: via the addition of a lipophilic surfactant, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (AOT), the increase in CaCl2 concentration, the reduction in the pH of the solution, and via the introduction of the positively charged surfactant benzethonium chloride (BC). The mixture of SO and BC showed to be particularly desirable for targeted delivery due to the high stability of the suspension in water and its preferential partition into TCE.

376 - Nano-scale Zero Valent Iron (NZVI) for Site Remediation: Small-scale Field ApplicationAhmed I. A. Chowdhury, Christopher Kocur & Denis M. O’CarrollDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering - University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaHardiljeet Boparai, Magdalena KrolDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering - University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

Nano-scale zero valent iron (NZVI) is a promising technology for the remediation of a wide range of contaminants (e.g., chlorinated solvents, polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorophenols, pesticides, heavy metals and inorganic anions). Although extensive research has been conducted to investigate the NZVI mobility and reactivity at the lab-scale, limited work has been completed in the field. In large-scale applications, degradation of contaminants depends on the successful delivery of NZVI to the source zone while the particles are reactive. Recently, a pilot-scale NZVI field application was carried out in London, Ontario to observe the reactivity and mobility of NZVI in contaminated subsurface environments. On-site synthesized NZVI slurry (1.0 g/L NZVI with 0.8% CMC as stabilizer) was gravity fed into the injection well. A total of 40 gallons of NZVI slurry was injected in 45 minutes. Periodic samples were collected from the injection well and two monitoring wells for over one year to observe the contaminant degradation. About 99 and 90 percent degradation of trichloroethyle (TCE) was observed in the injection and monitoring wells, re-spectively, after one year following injection. This study suggests that on-site synthesized NZVI particles are reactive in the subsurface conditions and can be used for large-scale site remediation.

915 - Reactivity of nano-scale Zero Valent Iron (nZVI) Following Field Scale Injection KOCUR,C.M.1,3, A.I.CHOWDHURY1, H.BOPARAI1, N.SAKULCHIACHAROEN1, M.KROL,1 B.E.SLEEP2, L.AUSTRINS3, D.M. O’CARROLL1 1 Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Western University, London, ON, Canada.2 Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada3 CH2MHILL Canada Ltd. Kitchener, ON, Canada

Nano scale zero valent iron (nZVI) has demonstrated tremendous potential for the remediation of numerous priority source zone pollutants in laboratory scale studies under ideally mixed experimental conditions. However, the effective delivery of nZVI to degrade contaminants in-situ presents a number of challenges. Aggregation of nZVI due to ferromagnetic attraction between particles and subsequent rapid settling has been a major concern in past studies, leading to several innovative approaches for particle stabilization. Polyelectrolyte polymers, like carboxymethyl-cellulose, can be used to screen attractive forces between nZVI particles mitigating aggregation and settling. The resulting colloidal stability has a two-fold effect with previous studies demonstrating that stable nZVI has improved mobility in porous media and reactive studies showing the benefits of higher surface area when a small particle size can be preserved. This study examines the reactive performance of colloidally stable


nZVI particles at a field injection site in Sarnia, Ontario. The nZVI injection was performed under gravity fed conditions and the particles were found to exhibit high mobility in the subsurface. Groundwater constituents were monitored in detail during nano-particle injection and migration as well as for an extended period thereafter to evaluate nZVI reactivity with the target contaminants. Two distinct periods of reaction were observed: (i) rapid reaction was observed within the targeted area immediately following nZVI injection. (ii) slower degradation followed over a longer period resulting from nZVI induced bio-stimulation. This study will discuss the performance of polymer stabilized nZVI in the degradation of chlorinated solvents following field scale injection as well as the challenges currently facing nZVI implementation.

903 - Employing Synchrotron X-Ray Microtomography to Study Silver Nanoparticle Transport Through SoilsIan L. Molnar1, Denis M. O’Carroll1, Clinton S. Willson2 and Jason I. Gerhard1

1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering – Western University, London, Ontario, Canada2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering – Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A.

With the rise in nanotechnology use and production alongside the toxicological properties of many engineered nanoparticles there is significant interest in understanding the potential pathways that nanoparticles may travel if released to the subsurface environment. Despite the need to better understand the behaviour of engineered nanoparticles in the subsurface environment, few tools exist that are capable of quantitatively assessing their behaviour in soil.

Synchrotron x-ray computed microtomography (SXCMT) is a method of non-destructive, three-dimensional imaging and has the potential to become a powerful tool for understanding nanoparticle transport and behaviour through subsurface environments. SXCMT can be used to create quasi-real time, high-resolution, 3-dimensional maps of nanoparticle concentrations within a wide range of porous media. These datasets can provide valuable information about nanoparticle distribution throughout the pore-network and even within each individual pore. It is of specific interest to study silver nanoparticles (nAg) with SXCMT because of a dearth of literature regarding nAg transport and mobility in the subsurface environment in addition to having a strong absorption K-edge in the range of radiation produced by synchrotron light sources.

This study will employ SXCMT to study the transport of nAg through a variety of water-saturated mineral oxide soils and will explore role of the mineral’s isoelectric point on nAg distribution both within the pore-network and individual pores.

633 - Transport of engineered Ag nanoparticles through water saturated fractured mediaChristoph Neukum, Anika Braun & Rafig AzzamRWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

The accelerating production and application of engineered nanoparticles is causing concerns regarding their release and fate in the environ-ment. For assessing the risk that is posed to drinking water resources it is important to understand the transport and retention mechanisms of engineered nanoparticles in aquifers. In this study an experimental setup for analyzing the mobility of silver nanoparticles in saturated fractured media is presented. Transport experiments with different sandstones are carried out under varied conditions to study the impact of electrolyte concentration and pore water velocities. The analytical part of the experiments is mainly undertaken with Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (FlFFF). This chromatography like technique separates a particulate sample according to size. It is coupled to a UV detector for analyzing concentration and size distribution of the sample. For optimization of the sample preparation and for getting a first idea of the aggregation behaviour the effect of ionic strength, sample concentration and addition of a surfactant on particle or aggregate size and temporal dispersion stability was investigated in sedimentation experiments. In general the samples are more stable the lower the concentration of particles is. The particle size distribution of the silver nanoparticle samples is quite uniform in each medium. The fresh samples show aggregate sizes between 40 and 45 nm while the primary particle size is 15 nm according to the manufacturer. Aggregate size is only slightly increasing with time during the sedi-mentation experiments. The transport experiments reveal large differences of the mobility and retention of Ag nanoparticles in fractured media respectively. Porosity and the distribution of the pore sizes are important factors of the retention characteristics.


940 - Assessing Bedrock Aquifer Vulnerability to Sewage-derived ContaminantsAmy S. Allen1, Beth L. Parker1, Kari Dunfield2, Mark Borchardt3 and William Robertson4.1 G360- Centre for Applied Groundwater Research2 School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada3 ARS-USDA ,Marshfield, WI, USA4 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences - University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada

Although industrial wastes such as hydrocarbons and organic solvents have long been recognized as significant potential threats to fresh water supplies, several recent investigations have revealed that harmful biological contaminants such as viruses and bacteria derived from sewer and septic systems may pose the most acute impacts to drinking water aquifers. In fractured rock aquifers, contaminant attenuation is relatively limited due to the rapid groundwater velocities and low residence times associated with fracture flow. As relatively few studies have investigated the vulnerability of wells completed in fractured bedrock aquifers to virus contamination, this study analyzed groundwater samples from several bedrock wells with various types of completions to assess the susceptibility of a fractured dolostone aquifer to sewage-derived contaminants such as viruses, bacteria, protozoa, artificial sweeteners, and pharmaceutical compounds.

Over a six-month period, spatially varied and temporal samples were collected from over 20 private and municipal supply wells as well as sev-eral depth discrete monitoring wells completed in the fractured Silurian dolostone aquifer in Wellington County, Ontario. Human, bovine, swine, and avian viruses and bacteria were included in the analyses as well as the analysis for 6 pharmaceutical compounds and 4 types of artificial sweeteners. The presence and/or absence of these contaminants was used to analyze the susceptibility of fractured bedrock aquifers to sew-age-derived contamination as well as the possibility of using artificial sweeteners as tracers of anthropogenic and pathogenic contaminants. Due to the high cost of virus sampling and analysis, identifying a common tracer for assessing the influence of wastewater sources on sedimentary rock source water aquifers provides insights regarding the vulnerability of these aquifers to a wide variety of emerging contaminants including pathogens.

983 - Injection of gelling colloidal silica solution into porous media Tirupati BolisettiDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering - University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada

The paper presents the results of a modeling study of the injection of colloidal silica grout solution into a porous media. Colloidal silica is a stable dispersion consisting of uniformly sized discrete nanoparticles (sizes vary from 2 nm – to 100 nm). The colloidal silica grouts are formed by reacting colloidal silica solution with a brine solution. Based on the concentration of the colloidal silica and brine, the gelling process is con-trolled. Recently, there has been some interest in the areas of geotechnical engineering for preventing liquefaction of soils and geoenvironmental engineering for environmental containment in the groundwater system.

A grout injection simulation model was developed by non-iteratively coupling a groundwater flow model, MODFLOW, and a reactive transport model, RT3D. In order to simulate the gelling process, an empirical gelation model, developed by fitting an empirical equation to the experimental measurements, was incorporated. The hydraulic conductivity is reduced by a factor to account for the effect of increased viscosity of gelling colloidal silica solution. The model was used to simulate colloidal silica gelling solution into sand columns. The modeling study revealed that the model was able to simulate the processes of grout injection into the sand columns and that the longitudinal dispersivity significantly affects the grout injection.

sessIon t1-F: HydrogeologICAl Issues relAted to oIl sAnds IVTuesday, September 18 • 10:00-12:00 • Fallsview Studio ABCChairs: Jon Fennell, Steve Wallace


224 - Cumulative Effects Assessment Groundwater Management Framework (GWMF) for Alberta’s Oil Sands Margaret KlebekAlberta Environment & Water, Edmonton, Alberta ,Canada

Alberta Environment&Water (AEW) is developing a management system to address the cumulative environmental effects of oil sands activities across the region. One of the main concerns in the Lower Athabasca Region is the potential effects to groundwater from current and future oil sands projects. To address this, AENV is developing groundwater management framework (GWMF) to guide stewardship of groundwater in the region. The principal goal of these frameworks is to manage cumulative effects using a science-based approach.

The approach used was predicated on the intimate connection between modeling, monitoring and management and included an assessment of aquifer vulnerability, future development and overall associated risk. The principal goal for the groundwater management framework is to manage groundwater resources in a sustainable manner and protect it from over-use. As part of the groundwater management framework, a regional groundwater monitoring networks and models are being developed to facilitate proper resource management based on a sound understanding of potential cumulative effects to water quantity and quality.

The framework introduces several new mechanisms to achieve the goals of preserving and improving groundwater quality. The GWMF includes an assessment of aquifer vulnerability to surface contamination. The GWMF establishes the basis for determining when levels of specific chemical parameters have been reached (“trigger values”) that could have an effect on groundwater quality. On the basis of aquifer vulnerability and trigger values, the GWMF establishes groundwater quality protection limits that prescribe specific management actions when limits are exceeded.

This presentation summarizes the process of developing the groundwater management framework for Alberta’s oil sands region, and associated performance monitoring systems to manage groundwater resources in a sustainable manner and protect it from contamination and over-use.

1033 - Overview of the Groundwater Component for the Joint Canada-Alberta Implementation Plan for Oil Sands MonitoringGreg BickertonEnvironment Canada-National Water Research Institute, Burlington Ontario, Canada, Roderick HazewinkelAlberta Environment and Water, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

In recent years there has been considerable attention focused on the environmental monitoring programs related to oil sands development in Northern Alberta. A variety of highly publicized academic papers and reports from various panels and commissions have provided critical scientific reviews on the adequacy of existing monitoring programs and recommendations on the needs and science gaps to be addressed to create a scientifically credible approach to environmental monitoring in the region. In 2012, the governments of Canada and Alberta announced the Joint Canada-Alberta Implementation Plan for Oil Sands Monitoring to create an integrated and scientifically defensible monitoring program for the oil sands region that will provide an enhanced understanding of cumulative effects and detection of environmental change. This plan builds on the foundations of monitoring activities that are already in place and is intended to enhance existing monitoring by responding to the scientific reviews of existing programs. This joint plan follows an ecosystem-based approach to identify and understand the effects of the oil sands industry on the river systems in the region. This presentation provides an overview of the strategy and approaches to be used to address the groundwater component of this new integrated monitoring plan.

1016 - Framing groundwater vulnerabilty and risk in the Oil Sands: an approach to identify and discernJon Fennell, MSc, PhD, PGeolWorleyParsons Canada, Calgary Alberta, Canada

Undoubtedly the oil sands deposits of Alberta and northern Saskatchewan are an important and strategic resource for Canada, including those reliant on our exports of this energy source. However, with that comes the challenge of responsible management and extraction of this precious


commodity. With increased development, the risk of undesirable effects to the environment, or unintended consequences from oil sands mining and in situ development increases in the absence of full knowledge, understanding, and appreciation of the associated risks.

Numerous approaches to assessing the vulnerability of natural systems have been developed to frame the risks of development activities on local and regional groundwater systems. Most of these related to the classic “top-down” method, like DRASTIC and AVI, and have proven useful in protecting shallow groundwater resources in heavily-developed areas. However, the oil sands present a unique challenge. For instance, dewatering of the soil and bedrock formations surrounding oil sands mines is required to ensure the safe recovery of the deposit during surface mining operations. The associated drawdown effect can propagate large distances and potentially influence connected systems. Additionally, the placement of tailings management structures, or other waste containment areas, presents a different challenges for shallow groundwater resources, both in time and space.

Using previous approaches to vulnerability mapping, a method of mapping surface and subsurface vulnerability and associated risk has been developed by the Alberta government to address the challenges faced in the Canadian oil sands. This presentation will showcase how this cus-tomized method has been used to establish a performance monitoring system designed to ensure the timely detection of groundwater-related effects from oil sands development, and support Alberta’s developing groundwater management frameworks.

998 - Water Conservation Policy and Practice for Oil Sands Operations in AlbertaRobert George, Steve Wallace, Denise AuriatAlberta Environment and Water, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Both saline and non-saline water supplies are used for oil sands operations. Non-saline sources include groundwater and surface water and both require a license with a specific allocation for use. For surface mining operations, the main use is associated with bitumen processing. For in-situ operations, water use is mainly associated with steam generation for thermal oil recovery, such as cyclic steam stimulation and steam assisted gravity drainage.

Less than the nine per cent of the total water allocated (licensed) in Alberta is for oil and gas development purposes, with oil sands operations constituting more than half this amount. However, the practice remains controversial as the water is lost from the hydrological cycle once used. Despite a significant increase in hydrocarbon production over the past decade, non-saline water use has decreased as a result of regulatory and industry led measures, coupled with an increase in saline water use.

The Alberta government has had policy in place since 1990 to encourage the reduction of non-saline water used for enhanced oil recovery oper-ations, mostly focused on water used for water flood operations associated with the conventional oil pools located in the central western portion of the province. Enhancements to this policy were made in 2006 to increase water conservation efforts in water-short areas of the province and to improve water use efficiency in oil sands projects that inject steam underground. Current policy updates for thermal in-situ projects will provide further clarity to in-situ operators on water conservation measures that are expected by government agencies. Key components of the updated guideline include staging of licensed volumes to reflect variable water use during the various phases of the project, and requirements to thoroughly evaluate alternative water sources including an environmental net effect assessment.

The Alberta government is working on expanding its current water conservation policy to all upstream oil and gas operations, such as multi-stage hydraulic fracturing for unconventional oil and gas development, in an effort to reduce the use of non-saline water resources. An important component of ongoing water conservation measures is water treatment research to reduce the need for fresh water in oil sands processing and thermal in-situ projects. Government agencies, universities and industry operators are all involved in coordinated research initiatives to further improve the energy and water use efficiency of oil sands operations.

509 - Keeping SAGD Oil Sands Projects in line with Alberta’s Regulatory FrameworkSamantha Murphy, Tim Van Dijk & Marie-Eve CaronMatrix Solutions Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is a widely accepted technology for recovering bitumen in the Athabasca Oil Sands region of north-eastern Alberta. Regulations for groundwater use for SAGD project development are driven by Alberta’s “Water for Life Strategy” and focus on protecting current and future users of non-saline water. This presentation will provide insight into Alberta’s groundwater-related legislation and how it is related to the approval and operation of SAGD projects. Highlights will include an overview of the process for conducting environmen-tal impact assessments required for project approval from provincial regulators (i.e., Alberta Environment and Water (AEW) and Energy and


Resources Conservation Board (ERCB)), a description of typical approval conditions and groundwater monitoring commitments, and licensing process for groundwater withdrawal and wastewater disposal wells. A description of recent changes to the regulations will be provided including developing regional plans, long-term safe yield estimates, evaluating cumulative effects of groundwater use, and project-specific groundwater quality and water level targets. Examples will be provided based on our experience working on SAGD projects as hydrogeological consultants.

1036 - Tailings pond closure in the oil sands: the challenge and a path forward Robert McLaughlin, MSc, PGeolSuncor Energy, Calgary Alberta, Canada

Commercial-scale development in the Canadian oil sands has been in existence since the late 1960s. The first development was initiated by Great Canadian Oil Sands (now Suncor Energy) in 1967. This surface mining operation, located approximately 35km north of the city of Fort McMurray Alberta, consists of former mining operations on the west side of the Athabasca River and active mining operations on the east side. Processing of the oil sand deposits is also conducted onsite, and entails the mixing of the ore with hot water and various process chemicals (e.g., sodium carbonate) to separate the oil from the matrix minerals. During the separation process, the heavier sand particles and fines (silt and clay particles) are removed for on-site disposal.

The prevailing disposal method to date has been the development of large surface impoundments to contain the waste solids. These impound-ments generally consist of a starter dyke comprised of overburden materials (till, clay, shale) removed to access the oil sand deposit, followed by larger dykes constructed from the waste sand recovered during processing of the oil sand. Disposal of the fines has occurred inside these large earthen dykes where they have been left to consolidate under natural forces.

The first-ever tailings pond developed in the oil sands resides on the west-side of the Athabasca River. This tailings pond was decommissioned in 2010 through a process of dry-capping and re-vegetation, and is now moving towards final closure. To date, no closure criteria exist in the world that specifically deal with oil sands tailings ponds. Yet the industry has matured to the point where certain structures are now reaching the end of their operational life. The challenge now faced by government and industry is to develop practical regulations around closure of oil sands tailings ponds, with the goal of geotechnical and geochemical stability of the resulting landforms. This presentation will explore the current state of closure criteria development in Alberta, and some of the hurdles faced in the process. A conceptual framework will be presented that highlights the pathway from investigation to post-closure monitoring, and finally the end goal – “Closure”.

sessIon t1-g: trAnsBoundAry AQuIFersTuesday, September 18 • 10:00-12:00 • Upper Fallsview Studio AChairs: Alfonso Rivera, Shaminder Puri

825 - Managing hidden treasures across frontiers: emerging international customary norms for the management of transboundary aquifers Prof. Gabriel EcksteinTexas Wesleyan University School of Law, Fort Worth, TX, USA

In recent years, transboundary aquifers have received growing attention in negotiation and policy-making circles. Although there is still only one international agreement in force that squarely addresses the allocation and management of a transboundary aquifer, new cooperative ar-rangements have recently been forged by national and local governments overlying various transboundary ground water resources. Additionally, in 2008 and 2011, the UN issued two resolutions (A/RES/63/124 and A/RES/66/104) on the Law of Transboundary Aquifers. The result is a growing number of instruments and experiences indicating the emergence of accepted international legal norms and practices. This study re-views many of the latest instruments and arrangements and identifies some of the trends in this nascent governance and management regime. The study also considers gaps and shortcomings in the emerging system and offers recommendations for the further development of the law.


499 - Knowledge: A key for cooperation and management of transboundary aquifersOfelia Tujchneider, Marcela Pérez, Marta Paris & Mónica D´EliaDepartment of Hydrology, Faculty of Engineering and Water Sciences – National University of El Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina, CONICET, Argentina.

Mismanagement of aquifers and often their lack of protection result in significant future costs and social problems. A special kind of aquifer is the transboundary aquifer. This type of aquifer underlies two or more countries generally sharing the water, but will not always define the system as transboundary. The identification of transboundary aquifer systems (TAS) requires a multidisciplinary approach and the generation and analysis of data and information, combining physical and chemical sciences with socio-economical aspects. All of these factors should be interpreted and accepted by the countries sharing the aquifer to agree on the boundaries and characteristics of the TAS. The management of groundwater resources must consider water allocation accessible and in equitable manner sufficiently flexible to adapt to changing conditions.

Aquifer management includes: inventory of demand and uses; scientific and technical knowledge; trained staff; systems to monitor the quantity and quality of water; relying on administrative and legal measures; and adequate financial resources, public information, education and training. The study of the groundwater resource depends on scale and avaialable data, thus the possibility to reaching the proposed objectives some-times is limited by the comprehension of these elements and the methodology involved. Management has to be realistic, socially acceptable, implementable, tailored to each local and temporary circumstances, and integrated into all resources required by society.

Another key factor to be considered is the question of the sovereignty of States. This involves implementing and maintaining a structure of re-lations among nations facilitated agreed cooperation and agreements. These should be articulated with legal, institutional, social and economic ways of generating management models. A good example of that knowledge which is the key for building consensus, friendship and cooperation between the countries of the shared TAS, is the ongoing UNESCO/OAS ISARAM Americas Programme. In South America, the Transboundary Aquifer Yrenda-Toba-Tarijeño (Argentina-Bolivia-Paraguay) is an example of cooperation and sharing data for improving knowledge. Nowadays several other activities are leading to concrete scientific approaches for better understanding the TAS behavior and bringing solutions for human needs and the protection, management and governance of the resource.

250 - A 3D unified geological conceptual model of the Milk River Transboundary Aquifer (Alberta-Montana)M-A. Pétré1, A.Rivera2 & R.Lefebvre1

1 Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Québec, QC, Canada2 Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, Québec, QC, Canada

The Milk River transboundary aquifer straddles southern Alberta (Canada) and northern Montana (United States), in a semi-arid region consid-ered water short. This confined sandstone aquifer is a source for municipal supply and agricultural uses on the Canadian side, as well as for secondary oil recovery on the US-side of the border.

The transboundary aquifer is part of the inventory of UNESCO ISARM-Americas initiative, which encourages riparian states to work cooperatively toward mutually beneficial and sustainable aquifer development. The objectives of this study are to better understand the dynamics of the Milk River aquifer in order to make recommendations for a sustainable management and its good governance by the two international jurisdictions, as recommended in the UNGA resolution 63/124 on the Law of Transboundary Aquifers. In these contexts, models can constitute useful tools for informed decisions. In the case of the Milk River aquifer, models could support scientists and managers from both countries in avoiding potential tensions linked to the water shortage context in this region.

In this context, a unified geological conceptual 3D model of the aquifer was developed. The unified conceptual model covers circa 70 000 km2. The study area is limited to the North/Northeast and Southeast by gas fields. The unified conceptual model will form the basis for a future 3D numerical hydrogeological model of groundwater flow in the Milk River aquifer across the Canada-US border. The current interpretation of the conceptual model supports the future assessment of the aquifer sustainable exploitation using a two-phase numerical model to evaluate the impact of gas withdrawal from the aquifer geological unit.


724 - Mapping transboundary buried valley aquifers along the Manitoba-North Dakota borderHinton, M.J., Logan, C.E., Pugin, A. J.-M. Pullan, S.E., Oldenborger, G.A., & Sharpe, D.R.Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

In south-western Manitoba, at least four buried valley aquifers cross the international border between the United States and Canada. The Geo-logical Survey of Canada is using innovative approaches to delineate buried valley aquifers along the Manitoba-North Dakota border. Mapping of buried valley aquifers is particularly challenging in these areas due to the lack of surface expression and their narrow, elongated shape. Studies using water well records and targeted drilling programs have had limited success in delineating the buried valleys and developing sound conceptual models because they lack the required data resolution and continuity. Key elements of buried valley aquifer characterization include the delineation of aquifer boundaries, hydraulic boundaries within the aquifers as well as permeable and hydraulically connected elements of the valley fill that provide pathways for aquifer replenishment. Surface and airborne geophysical methods such as 3-component shallow seismic reflection and airborne electromagnetic provide spatially continuous datasets that greatly assist aquifer mapping, conceptual model development and the selection of key study areas for additional ground based investigations. This presentation will highlight data from the Spiritwood, Medora-Waskada and Pierson transboundary buried valley aquifers – three aquifers with significant differences in their dimensions and geological architecture.

A complication for transboundary aquifers is data integration across the border. For the Spiritwood aquifer, data collection programs on either side of the border have differed greatly. Whereas there are extensive geophysical data on the Canadian side, there has been more focus on targeted borehole drilling, piezometers and monitoring data on the US side. These differences make it difficult to provide consistent mapping and aquifer characterization across the international boundary.

853 - Canada/U.S. transboundary geological maps of the Richelieu/ Lake Champlain and Yamaska basinsNicolas Benoit, Michel Parent, Denis Lavoie, Christine RivardGeological Survey of Canada, Québec, QC, Canada Richard J. Reynolds, John H. Williams, Gregory J. WalshU.S. Geological Survey, Troy, New York and Montpellier, Vermont, U.S.A.

Aquifers of the Richelieu/Lake Champlain and Yamaska watersheds are being characterized in the context of a regional groundwater assess-ment. The study area, which covers 16,500 km2 (55 % in Québec and 45 % in the United States), extends from the St. Lawrence River south-ward into northern Vermont and New York. For the needs of this study, bedrock and surficial geology maps were compiled at a scale of 1:250 000. The bedrock map is based on compilation maps from the Quebec Department of Natural Resources (DNR) and on state survey maps in the U.S. (Vermont: 1:100 000 and NY: 1:250 000 scale); a small scale Canada/U.S. map (1:1000 000) was also used. The surficial geology map is based on 1:50 000 scale maps produced by the Quebec DNR specifically for this regional assessment and on 1:62 500 scale maps for VT and 1:250 000 for NY. The bedrock map describes the main lithologic assemblages of each formation or group for the four geological contexts recognized in the study area: Adirondacks, St. Lawrence Lowlands, Appalachians and Cretaceous intrusive rocks. The map also shows the main fractured/faulted zones, as these may have a large impact on groundwater flow. The surficial geology map subdivides Quaternary sediments on the basis of stratigraphy, origin and lithofacies. Due to the different scales and origins of the source maps used to produce these new trans-boundary maps, map units and legends had to be harmonized to recent standards and classification schemes. Source maps were either avail-able in a digital format or had to be digitized first. Representative cross-sections, based on borehole and geophysical data, were also prepared on the Canadian side to gain a better understanding of surficial sediment stratigraphy and architecture. The surficial cover, consisting mainly of glacial sediments and minor glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine sediments, is thin and discontinuous in uplands, but may reach a thickness of 50 m in the north-western part of the study area where the glacial sediment suite is covered by thick marine silty clays. These transboundary geological maps and cross-sections are key tools for characterizing hydrogeological contexts, in particular to better understand groundwater flow dynamics, to assess hydraulic properties and recharge rates, as well as to develop transboundary groundwater flow numerical models.


795 - Issues and Approaches to Evaluating Shared Groundwater Resources on the Mexico-United States BorderRandall T. HansonU.S. Geological Survey, San Diego, California, USARubén Chávez-GuillenComisión Nacional del Agua – México D.F., México

Increasing development and use of groundwater resources on both sides of the border between Mexico and the United States has required new approaches to bi-national studies of transboundary aquifer systems (TAS). Issues that affect the sustainability of border resources include water availability for agriculture, public supply, industry, maintaining ecological habitat, and maintaining international streamflow agreements. Other sustainability issues include water quality from agricultural and urban return flows and anthropogenic and natural groundwater contamination. An agreement between the two countries could define the border region to be considered and the level of joint studies to be performed. Joint studies and management of the border portion of a TAS may help to prevent or correct adverse transboundary effects that could result in serious economic or socio-political problems between the parties. Typically there is a lack of sufficient hydrogeological information at an early stage of international collaboration to develop management of sustainable groundwater resources. Countries that share the TAS may start with an agreement or convention that reflects the intention to collaborate in joint studies and prevent conflicts over resources. These agreements can be dynamic and developed for each TAS, based on the information exchanged, local characteristics, relative importance, level of development, budgetary resources, existing transboundary effects, and effects from proposed development. The Transboundary Aquifer Assessment Program (TAAP) is a new approach to addressing TASs along most of the Mexico-US border and starts a more holistic and joint approach to evaluating transboundary resources. The Hueco Bolson and Mesilla Bolson-Conejos Médanos of the Lower Rio Grande provide examples of joint studies, whereas TASs such as the Upper Santa Cruz, San Pedro, and Mimbres-Palomas are starting studies or need joint studies. West of the region addressed by the TAAP, other TASs such as the Lower Colorado and San Diego-Tijuana would benefit from joint studies to help steward sus-tainable resources for both countries. Selected current and needed studies will be presented to exemplify the range of issues and approaches needed to evaluate TASs between Mexico and the United States.

811 - Correlating governance of transboundary freshwater resources to manageable hydrologic units on the Mexico-U.S. borderProf. Gabriel EcksteinTexas Wesleyan University School of Law, Fort Worth, TX, USADr. Yoram EcksteinDepartment of Geology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA

Governance of transboundary freshwater resources is often the victim of domestic and cross-border politics. This is the situation on the Mex-ico-U.S. border where surface waters are managed under a number of formal bilateral treaties, while transboundary aquifers are completely ignored. This border situation, however, is also due to the state of knowledge in which different studies offer disparate and sometimes contrary information. For example, while Mumme (2000) identifies 18 transboundary aquifers traversing the border, UNESCO’s International Hydrological Programme identifies only 10 in their Atlas of Transboundary Aquifers (2009). This confusion is especially remarkable given that the vast majority of the border’s population is solely or primarily dependent on ground water resources that traverse the frontier.

As a means of overcoming the disorder and providing a framework for cross-border cooperation, this study reviews the existing literature and attempts to coordinate the information in a comprehensible manner. It identifies those transboundary freshwater resources – both surface and ground water – on the Mexico-U.S. border that, from a hydrologic perspective, could be managed and governed as a unit. The goal is two-fold: 1) to establish a hydrologic basis for augmenting management and coordination of the region’s transboundary aquifers on a local and regional basis; and 2) to assist decision-makers, at all levels of governance, to achieve more holistic and scientifically-sound management schemes for the border region’s fresh water resources.


303 - Transboundary Massacre Aquifer: A vital resource for the population of northeastern HaitiFifi Urbain2, Emmanuel Evens2, Joseph Osnick2, Winiarski Thierry1

1 Université de Lyon – Laboratoire d’Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA) de l’Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l’Etat, Vaulx-en-Velin CEDEX, France. 2 Université Quisqueya – Laboratoire de Qualité de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (LAQUE), Haut de Turgeau, Port-au-Prince, Haïti.

In Latin America and the Caribbean, groundwater is a vital resource and is playing an increasingly strategic role in sustainable development. The Massacre Aquifer, for example, constitutes one of the largest groundwater reservoirs for the population of northeastern Haiti. During the 2011, UNESCO XI IHP-LAC National Committees and Focal Points Meeting (and side events) this coastal aquifer, which is shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic, was recognized as the priority system for which a case-study should be implemented. As of 2006, studies from the ISARM – Haiti program have showed that the groundwater in this region is significantly threatened by salinization. Some boreholes in this area have chloride values (318.66 – 810.89 mg .L-1) much higher than the drinking water thresholds proposed by OPS / OMS (250 mg. L-1). Previous investigations have indicated that excessive groundwater consumption has created high blood pressure in the population of northeastern Haiti. This paper aims to share information about the Massacre Aquifer and explain the strategic framework and program of actions undertaken as part of the sustainable management of transboundary aquifers on the island of Hispaniola.

sessIon t1-H: nutrIents In groundWAter ITuesday, September 18 • 10:00-12:00 • Upper Fallsview Studio BChairs: Dave Rudolph, Ian Clark

461 - Implementing a Non Traditional Approach: California Central Valley Dairy Representative Monitoring ProgramTill E. Angermann, Vicki Kretsinger Grabert, Barbara DalgishLuhdorff & Scalmanini Consulting Engineers, Woodland, CA, USA

In May 2007, the California Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board (CVRWQCB) adopted Waste Discharge Requirements General Order No. R5-2007-0035 for Existing Milk Cow Dairies. The goal of the Order is to protect groundwater resources. The Order imposes signifi-cantly more stringent requirements than previously mandated, including the installation of monitoring wells on about 1,400 existing dairies to identify whether dairy farm practices are protective of groundwater. Installing monitoring wells for regulatory compliance purposes on all dairies in the Central Valley would likely span more than 10 years and would generate an overwhelming quantity of redundant data.

In February 2011, the CVRWQCB adopted a revised Monitoring and Reporting Program (MRP), which allows for representative groundwater monitoring as an alternative to the site-by-site approach. The MRP is managed by the Central Valley Dairy Representative Monitoring Program (CVDRMP), a non-profit California corporation; which incorporates approximately 1,200 dairies. The CVDRMP is also in the process of creating a comprehensive sustainable dairy farming plan (SDFP). Components of the SDFP provide for peer review of RMP data collection, analyses, and interpretations; by two technical advisory committees including stakeholder input, ongoing identification of research, extension and consulting needs, as well as funding sources necessary to support those needs. The CVDRMP has begun implementing the RMP, which will include at least two phases.

In September 2011, the CVRWQCB conditionally approved the Phase 1 Representative Monitoring Program Workplan (LSCE, 2011). Phase 1 RMP refers to the initiation of a network of dedicated monitoring wells distributed over 18 dairies in Stanislaus and Merced Counties. It also includes: associated centralized data collection, analysis, and reporting, along with formation of and review by external advisory committees and stakeholder input. In October 2011, 216 piezometers were installed on 18 dairy farms in Stanislaus and Merced Counties. The monitoring network also incorporated 18 existing monitoring wells. Monitoring activities started in January 2012. The Phase 2 RMP refers to the geographic expansion of the RMP to all San Joaquin Valley Counties, and selected counties in the Sacramento Valley, where dairy farming occurs.


230 - Evaluation of Nitrate Impacts at a Municipal Well in an Agricultural Setting using Mass Balance Modeling TechniquesC.T. Johnston1, M.J. Fraser1 & J. & Sadler-Richards2

1 Stantec Consulting Ltd., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada2 Cordner Science, Ailsa Craig, Ontario, CanadaR. Wootton3 & E. Hodgins3

3 Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada

The Regional Municipality of Waterloo (RMOW), alerted by increasing nitrate concentrations at some of their well fields, recognized that work was required to better evaluate the potential impacts of historic and/or current agricultural practices on groundwater supplies. To optimize the implementation of Beneficial Management Practices (BMPs) an evaluation of future nitrate trends and the impacts of potential nitrate reduction measures at a Production Well was initiated.

To better understand the impacts of agricultural practices on groundwater, and the benefits of potential reduction measures being considered, a GIS-based mass balance model was developed for a Production Well with increasing nitrate concentrations in an agricultural setting. The model utilized particle tracking data from existing groundwater flow models to provide travel time estimates. These data were combined with detailed fertilization practices data, recharge rate estimates, and soil and groundwater nitrate concentration profiles to calibrate the loading source function for the mass balance model. Using an integrated mass balance model, nitrate within the well field capture zone was allowed to travel to the well, providing an estimate of nitrate concentrations over time. Following calibration to observed nitrate concentrations, the model was used to evaluate future nitrate concentrations under a variety of BMPs.

681 - Nitrate Contamination Sources of a City Production Well Tomas Opazo, Ramon AravenaDepartment of Earth Sciences – University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, CanadaBeth ParkerSchool of Engineering – University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaEmmanuelle Arnauld, Anna BestSchool of Environmental Sciences – University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Several water supply wells for the City of Guelph, in Canada, are located in rural areas and completed in bedrock aquifers, where concern has arisen as a result of an apparent increase in nitrate (NO

3) concentration in one of the production wells. This study aims to evaluate the possible

NO3 sources of contamination of a production well by the combined use of chemical (redox parameters, major and minor ions) and isotopic

(δ2H, δ18O, δ15N, 3H) analysis.

Groundwater sampling was conducted during dry and wet seasons in several domestic bedrock wells, and in overburden and shallow bedrock piezometers situated in the Arkell Research Station (ARS), a potential upgradient NO

3 source area that has been cultivated and fertilized for

several decades. Two bedrock holes were drilled in the ARS area and near the production well, to characterize the bedrock geology and to obtain depth-discrete hydraulic and geochemical information.

Nitrate (NO3-N) concentrations range from non-detected (<0.1 mg/L) to 18.9 mg/L. Most of the high NO

3 concentrations are found under

oxidizing conditions in the ARS and in downgradient domestic wells tapping the Guelph Formation. Concerning the groundwaters with low NO3

concentrations, they are found in the ARS and in domestic wells upgradient of the production well, mainly under more reducing conditions and in some cases associated with relatively high sulfate (SO

4) concentrations. The spatial variation of δ15N for the ARS groundwaters reveals an

apparent mixture of two NO3 sources. However, it appears that denitrification is occurring downgradient of the ARS based on the inverse relation-

ship between NO3 concentration and δ15N enrichment, which is concordant with an inverse correlation between dissolved oxygen concentrations

and δ15N values. Additionally, high NO3 concentrations are associated with high 3H values (13.8-21.2 T.U.) and low NO

3 concentrations are

correlated to low 3H values (4.2-8.5 T.U.), suggesting long residence times likely associated with flow through low permeability units. As can be deduced from the inverse correlation between NO

3 and SO

4 concentrations in the domestic wells groundwater and under a deficiency of DOC,

rock reduced sulfur-species might be acting as electron donors for denitrification.


807 - Quantifying groundwater nitrate leaching under an agricultural field: unusual spatial-temporal patterns and a new approachM.C. Ryan, F. Malekani, S. Loo, L. Rivera and E. CeyGeoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, CanadaZebarth, B. Potato Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, NB, Canada

A robust method to estimate field-scale groundwater nitrate leaching under different agricultural practices is critical to evaluating beneficial management practices. An ideal approach would be cost-effective, applicable at the field scale, provide insight into the seasonal timing of nitrate leaching so it can be linked to management practices, and permit annual leaching rate estimations in a timely manner. Soil zone approaches are plagued by spatial and temporal variability. Groundwater approaches have combined monthly shallow groundwater nitrate concentrations with recharge rates, or interpreted groundwater age with depth in vertical nitrate profiles.

Unusual spatial and seasonal groundwater nitrate patterns were observed in detailed shallow groundwater nitrate monitoring below a single field. Very high nitrate concentrations were consistently observed almost one meter below the water table in monthly sampling, suggesting shal-low groundwater nitrate concentrations can underestimate nitrate leaching. A ‘smear’ zone of apparently high lateral dispersion was observed at the boundary between groundwater recharged between different land uses. These unusual patterns are attributed to the high variability in both nitrate concentration loaded to the water table and seasonal recharge rate at this site.

A new approach to estimate nitrate loading to groundwater combined monthly Darcy flux estimates with vertical nitrate concentration profiles at the downgradient edge of the field. The rates of nitrate (and tracer chloride) leached compared reasonably with other approaches to estimate groundwater loading, and showed monthly variations that were linked with agricultural management.

247 - Importance of representative and source specific monitoring of nitrate concentrations in EU designated vulnerable zonesTibor Stigter1, Luís Ribeiro1 & Amélia Carvalho Dill21 Geo-Systems Centre/CVRM - Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal2 Geo-Systems Centre/CVRM - Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal

Groundwater contamination by nitrate is a major concern in Europe, particularly regarding the consequences for surface waters and wetlands that constitute (partially) groundwater dependent ecosystems. As agriculture has proven a major contributor, the EU has implemented legislation to reduce the nitrogen load from this source, through the Nitrates and Water Framework Directives. This has led to the designation of vulnerable zones, the implementation of restrictions on fertilizer use, as well as increased monitoring of groundwater by EU member states. A recent status report indicated that one-third of the monitoring stations located in the 15 pre-2004 EU countries still showed an upward trend in 2004-2007. When trying to assess the efficiency of monitoring programs and to correctly target correction measures, network representativeness and data interpretability are key issues that need to be addressed. Trends in observed nitrate concentration can reflect sinks or sources or could partly result from dilution or concentration events linked to aquifer recharge. In the Mediterranean, where climate change is expected to lower aquifer recharge, shallow aquifers could show natural increasing trends in nitrate, just as they will for conservative chloride. Finally, where more than one possible source of nitrogen exists, their discrimination is essential to support adequate policy implementation. Based on two designated nitrate vulnerable zones in the south of Portugal, where coastal groundwater discharge threatens the good qualitative and ecological status of the Ria Formosa lagoon, we illustrate that monitoring network representativeness can be assessed through kriging interpolation algorithms that produce standard error maps. Furthermore, we show how the different phenomena behind observed nitrate-concentration time-series can be separated using the chloride ion as a conservative tracer, through a number of equations. Finally, we use coupled 15N and 18O isotope signatures of nitrate in groundwater as a technique to differentiate nitrate from ammonium fertilizers and from septic tanks. Results show that ammonium fertilizers are the main source of nitrogen in groundwater, and that increases can be masked by dilution phenomena linked to natural and artificial aquifer recharge.


327 - Using a multivariate statistical method for assessing groundwater contamination due to pesticides in the Tejo alluvial aquifer, PortugalMaria Paula Mendes, Emília Silva*, Luís Ribeiro & Maria José Cerejeira* Geo-Systems Centre/CVRM - Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal* CEER, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal

The study was performed in maize (corn), potato, sugar beet, tomato and other vegetable agricultural areas, located in the Tejo alluvial aquifer system, Portugal. The main objective of the study was to examine the occurrence of individual pesticides and their mixtures. The occurrence of pesticides in groundwater was evaluated by: (1) groundwater sampling in seven campaigns over the period from 2004 to 2006; (2) selection of the pesticides to be analyzed, as based on direct inquiries with farmers, on the Mackay multi-compartmental fugacity model calculations, and on the GUS, Bacci and Gaggi leaching indexes; and (3) the application of the Joint Correspondence Analysis (JCA) methodology in the analysis and discussion of the results. The pesticide detection frequency was below 80% which resulted in a serious problem for related statistical analyses. To overcome this problem, the JCA methodology was used to perform exploratory analyses of the categorical data. JCA can provide information on possible associative patterns amongst the variables and the temporal trend of individual data. Of the 126 groundwater samples that were analysed, 44% and 21%, respectively had at least one of the target compounds over the detection limit or concentrations greater than 0.1 µg L−1, which is the relevant groundwater quality standard. Atrazine was the most frequently detected compound and was present in 9% of the groundwater samples at levels higher than 0.1 µg L−1. The herbicides alachlor, atrazine, ethofumesate, metolachlor, metribuzin and the metabolite desethylatrazine were detected together, which differed from the detection of the insecticides endosulfan and lindane. These insecticides were not found simultaneously. The relationships between the variables, wells and sampling periods with the associations observed in the JCA maps indicate which pesticides have the higher detection frequency. This can be explained by the diversity of crops surrounding the wells and the influence of recharge events during the spring and autumn sampling periods. The co-occurrence of pesticides in the groundwater samples draws attention to the future in assessing the environmental risk of pesticide mixtures.

467 - Spatial analysis of national scale groundwater nitrate monitoring data in IrelandTedd, K.1, Coxon, C.1, Daly, D.2, Mannix, A.2 and Misstear, B.3

1 Department of Geology - Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland2 Environmental Protection Agency, Richview, Dublin 14, Ireland3 Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering - Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland

As in many European countries, eutrophication is the principal threat to surface water quality in Ireland. In some situations groundwater rep-resents a significant pathway for nutrient transport to surface water. According to the Water Framework Directive, (2000/60/EC) water quality status assessments carried out by the Irish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2008, 41% of Irish estuarine and coastal water bodies (13% by area) are classified as having less than good status, as assessed using multiple biological elements. While very few Irish groundwater bodies (less than 1%) are classified as poor status due to exceedances of the Drinking Water Directive’s (98/83/EC) limit for nitrate, 16% of groundwater bodies are ‘at risk’ owing to the potential deterioration of associated estuarine and coastal water quality by nitrate from groundwa-ter. The majority of these ‘at risk’ groundwater bodies are in the southeast and southwest of Ireland (unpublished EPA data).

Nitrate data from the EPA’s national groundwater quality monitoring network were assessed to evaluate factors affecting groundwater quality and status. Data from 70 monitoring points within the South Eastern River Basin District (SERBD) were investigated with respect to pressure layers (including land cover, fertiliser application rates, livestock and septic tank density) and pathway layers (including soils, unconsolidated de-posits, bedrock geology and climate data). This spatial analysis suggests that pathway parameters are more important than pressure parameters in understanding nitrate concentrations. Linear regression shows that the most significant parameters are soil type and the proportion of high groundwater vulnerability within the zone of contribution of a monitoring point, as well as the proportion of arable land.

Further work, utilising additional pathway and pressure data, together with a greater understanding of nitrate transport and attenuation pro-cesses, is important. This will provide a useful basis for policy makers tailoring mitigation measures to ensure good status of all water bodies by 2015, as required by the Water Framework Directive.


sessIon t2-A: gW & ClIMAte CHAnge VTuesday, September 18 • 13:00-15:15 • Strategy Room 1Chairs: Richard Taylor, Makoto Taniguchi

246 - Consequences and uncertainties of climate change for three Mediterranean aquifers and dependent ecosystemsTibor Stigter, Rui Hugman & Luís RibeiroGeo-Systems Centre/CVRM - Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, PortugalBruno Pisano1, Javier Samper1 & Fakir Younes2

1 Escuela de Caminos - Universidad de A Coruña, Spain2 Faculté des Sciences Semlalia - Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco

There is currently a general consensus that Mediterranean regions are hotspots for climate change, with an overall predicted increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall, as well as a shift of its distribution in time, tending towards more concentrated and extreme events, of heavy rainfall and long droughts. Modelling studies carried out in three coastal aquifers, in the Central Algarve of Portugal, the Atlantic Sahel of Morocco, and the Plana de La Galera near the Ebre Delta in Spain, indicate a significant decrease in recharge until the end of this century. In the short term, despite the large range of predicted values, an overall significant decrease in autumn rainfall and an increase in the frequency of drought years are expected, whereas the rising temperature will increase water demand for agriculture (irrigation), drinking water supply and tourism. Here we highlight the results of forcing the climate scenarios onto groundwater flow simulation models, calibrated with existing data from national monitoring networks and newly obtained data from research-specific monitoring surveys. The scenarios include changes in sea-level, aquifer recharge and irrigation based on crop water demand. To allow for comparison, the same downscaled climate model run, ICTP-REGCM3, was used for the three study sites. Other climate change scenarios down-scaled from the ENSEMBLES data, all based on the A1B CO

2 emission scenario, were also run for the Portuguese study site, to illustrate the uncertainty

present in the final groundwater flow simulation results, derived from various levels of uncertainty related to the climate models, downscaling methods, recharge calculations and model calibration. The results show that, despite a relative large uncertainty in the discharge simulations, particularly for 2020-2050, scenarios tend to converge towards the end of the century, revealing a significant drop in groundwater heads, particularly in the recharge areas, an increase in frequency of occurrence of seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifers, as well as a strongly reduced outflow into groundwater dependent wetlands. In the light of these results, it is clear that future groundwater resource management in these areas will have to find ways to reduce water demands and increase aquifer storage and (artificial) recharge.

769 - Anthropogenic and climate change effect on seawater intrusion in Dar Es Salaam coastal aquifer Giuseppe Faldi, Matteo Rossi*, Giuseppe SappaDepartment of Civil, Environmental and Building Engineering – “Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy

This paper presents the first results of a study carried in the framework of the EU co-funded project “Adapting to Climate Change in coastal Dar Es Salaam” in order to evaluate the population vulnerability to Climate Change effects with reference to seawater intrusion phenomenon. The rapid urbanization that has taken place in Dar es Salaam over the past 20 years has resulted in a significant increase in the anthropogenic pressure (qualitative and quantitative) on the coastal aquifer, causing a raise in the groundwater salinization processes, due both to seawater intrusion and pollutants leakage (civil, agricultural and industrial). Recent estimates show an actual water demand for the Dar inhabitants of about 410,000 m3/d, with a supply from groundwater raised from 18,000 m3/d in 2000 to the current 50,000 m3/d.

Meanwhile seawater intrusion could also be amplified in medium and long term by the expected consequences of CC. The analysis of meteoro-logical data for the past forty six years (1961 to 2007) show a general decrease of rainfall amount and a general raising trend on the temperature series, with a consequent loss on the related aquifer recharge flowing through the outcrops sand formation which dominate in great part of the region. Moreover, groundwater withdrawals lower the piezometric surface and raise the saltwater-freshwater interface. Using more than 10 years of hydrogeological and geochemical data collected on a monitoring network of about 90 boreholes distributed in the Dar Es Salaam coastal area, this work assesses the effects of climate and anthropogenic factors on seawater intrusion in Dar coastal aquifer, a really important but still widely unexplored issue that is one of the CC effects on groundwater resources.


771 - Coastal Aquifer Management: Climate Change or Too Many Faucets?Grant Ferguson1 & Tom Gleeson2 1 Department. of Civil and Geological Engineering - University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada2 Department of Civil Engineering - McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Climate change and human population growth are expected to have substantial impacts on global water resources throughout the 21st century. Coastal aquifers are a nexus of the world’s oceanic and hydrologic ecosystems and provide a water source for the over one billion people living in coastal areas. Synthesis studies and detailed simulations have predicted that rising sea levels could negatively impact coastal aquifers via saltwater intrusion and/or inundation of coastal regions. Saltwater intrusion caused by excessive extraction is already impacting island nations, such as Tuvalu and the Marshall Islands, and diverse regions of the globe, including the Nile River delta, Queensland, Australia, and Long Island, USA. An extensive review of saltwater intrusion cases indicates that existing problems are attributable to excessive groundwater withdrawals in nearly all cases despite the rise in sea level over the past several decades. Here a systematic examination of risk in the United States utilizing an analytical model of saltwater intrusion and a GIS analysis of relevant hydrogeologic properties of coastal watersheds was conducted. This analysis demonstrated that expected rises in sea level will have a much smaller effect on the distribution of saltwater in coastal aquifers than even moderate groundwater withdrawals. An examination of documented saltwater intrusion cases in the United States showed that problems coincide with areas of high demand rather than areas deemed to be more sensitive due to their hydrogeologic conditions. Thus, human water use is a key consideration in the hydrology of coastal aquifers, and more attention needs to be given to overall water management rather than focusing on climate change issues in isolation.

459 - Impacts of sea level rise and increasing fresh water demand on sustainable groundwater managementBurcu Unsal Erdemli, Ozlem Yagbasan & Hasan YazicigilDepartment of Geological Engineering – Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

Coastal zones, where more than 70 percent of the world’s population resides and 11 of the world’s 15 largest cities are situated, are quite vulnerable to climate change. Coastal aquifers are of vital importance, serving as a major fresh water source for densely populated coastal zones. In order to ensure sustainability of these fresh water resources it is important to assess mechanisms by which climate change affects coastal aquifers. This study focuses on the two major stresses exerted by climate change, namely, sea level rise and increasing demand on groundwater. Global sea levels, rising since the mid-19th century, are expected to rise more rapidly compared to the past trend due to increasing effects of human-induced climate change. Higher temperatures and increased variability in precipitation caused by climate change are likely to enhance reliance and demand on groundwater resources. However, both sea level rise and excessive groundwater extraction will most likely enhance saltwater intrusion farther inland, threatening both the quan-tity and quality of fresh water resources. This study aims to quantify these impacts with a hypothetical case study. For this purpose, a three-dimensional variable-density numerical groundwater flow and solute transport model was developed using SEAWAT, to simulate a circular island aquifer in the form of a fresh water lens surrounded by salt water. The model is further utilized to assess the long term effects of sea level rise and increasing fresh water demand on the groundwater reserve and saltwater intrusion rate both in lateral and vertical directions. Model results are used to determine the sustain-able yield of the system, considering groundwater quantity as well as quality.

661 - Development of a GIS Based Approach for the Assessment of Relative Seawater Intrusion Vulnerability in the Province of Nova Scotia, CanadaGavin W. KennedyDepartment of Natural Resources, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Approximately 60% of Nova Scotians reside within 20 km of the coastline and many of the province’s coastal regions are experiencing resi-dential growth. In coastal regions of the province where water servicing is not available (unserviced areas), individual, on-site wells represent the only practical means of obtaining a water supply. It is estimated that over 90% of these wells intercept fractured bedrock aquifers. There are limited tools available, however, to groundwater managers and land use planners for evaluating the sustainability of groundwater supplies in these unserviced areas, which are vulnerable to the effects of seawater intrusion. Seawater intrusion into coastal aquifers is driven by over-pumping and rising sea levels is therefore a key issue for water resource management in Nova Scotia.


Quantitative methods for vulnerability characterization cannot be meaningfully applied at the provincial scale due to the lack of available detailed hydrogeological data at this scale. A GIS based approach for broadly evaluating the relative vulnerability of bedrock coastal aquifers to seawater intrusion in unserviced areas of the province was therefore developed. The approach uses available provincial spatial datasets, such as digital elevation models, civic address points, and well logs data, to evaluate relative vulnerability based on the following derived criteria: distance to the coast, land slope, development density, non-residential groundwater use, water level, and well water salinity problems reported by well drillers during well construction.

A provincial relative vulnerability map was produced using this GIS approach, and compared to available chemistry data. The map identifies areas that may already be experiencing seawater intrusion or are at greatest relative risk to additional groundwater withdrawals, sea level rise, or decreased groundwater recharge. The scoping approach/mapping could be used by groundwater managers to help identify emerging seawater intrusion problem areas, to identify suitable coastal aquifer monitoring well locations and areas for more detailed quantitative analyses, and to help inform land use planning decisions. Improvements to the quality and resolution of input data layers are recommended to improve the reliability of the assessment tool.

sessIon t2-B: gW/sW InterACtIon IIITuesday, September 18 • 13:00-15:15 • Strategy Room 2Chairs: Fereidoun Rezanezhad, Adrian Butler

801- Impact of trees on groundwater balancesM.W. LubczyńskiDepartment of Water Resources - Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

The role of trees in water balances is largely unknown and underestimated. On the one hand, trees enhance cloud formation and decrease runoff increasing infiltration. On the other hand trees uptake unsaturated zone water reducing recharge, some of them (phreatophytes) even tapping groundwater or its capillary fringe water directly. The impact of trees upon groundwater depends mainly on the climatic conditions of the investigated area, depth of groundwater table and type of tree species and density. In general, the drier the condition and the shallower water table, the larger is the impact of trees upon groundwater balances.

When water is abundant in the unsaturated zone, trees typically use it as the first source target following the lowest energy principle of water use. That water use does not affect directly groundwater resources, but by reducing recharge it affects groundwater resources indirectly. However, when unsaturated zone water is scarce within the tree root access, as during droughts or long dry seasons, to survive, many tree species uptake groundwater by deep rooting systems (sinkers), this way affecting groundwater directly. Field experiments have already proven that the largest impact of trees upon groundwater is observed in water limited environments (WLE). Considering that WLE are typically charac-terized by low recharge and long dry seasons when trees may use a significant amount of groundwater, such groundwater “consumption” can be comparable with recharge input therefore must not be neglected in groundwater balances and water resources management. In practice, groundwater uptake by trees is either underestimated or disregarded, mainly because of limited knowledge about the phenomenon and because tree measurement methods are typically not known to hydrogeologists.

This presentation reviews current methods of assessing tree water use and the role of trees in groundwater balances. By presenting examples, it is shown that by underestimating or omitting groundwater discharges by trees, significant errors can made in groundwater balances carried out with numerical groundwater models, particularly for dry WLE. Problems involved in this research are highlighted and possible future research directions discussed.


289 - Tree-water use and groundwater level changes in an unconfined alluvial aquifer at Maules Creek, Narrabri, NSW, AustraliaIan Acworth, Andrew McCallum & Gabriel Rau NCGRT, UNSW, AustraliaMartin AndersenNCGRT, UNSW, Australia

Tree-water use from a shallow unconfined aquifer is axiomatic, however there are few well proven examples based upon piezometer measure-ments. We report measurements from a sequence of shallow piezometers installed across a stream bed at Maules Creek close to Narrabri in New South Wales, Australia. A sequence of 21 shallow piezometers has been installed across the creek from one side where there is extensive tree cover to the other side which is dominated by pasture. The creek is groundwater fed from a shallow aquifer comprised of Recent alluvium comprising rounded cobbles, gravel and sand with lenses of clay to depths of greater than 10m. Groundwater level loggers installed in all pie-zometers were set to record at 15 minute intervals and data was successfully recovered for a 6 month period which included several small flood spates down the Creek. Full climate station data were available from a research site 9km distant at a similar elevation.

The data logger records of absolute pressure were corrected for changes in barometric pressure using independent data sets from barometric pressure loggers installed on site. The groundwater elevations on site indicate that the direction of flow in the aquifer is not parallel to the creek but occurs at an angle with groundwater moving from the tree-lined bank through the creek into the pasture-lined bank of the creek. Close examination of the groundwater level records shows a diurnal variation in head of approximately 10mm. This is very highly correlated with the short-wave radiation data measured at the climate station. The onset of incoming radiation each day is marked almost immediately by a decline in groundwater level. Cessation of short-wave radiation at dusk marks the end of the groundwater level decline and the onset of recovery during the night. Cloudy days, marked by lower incoming short-wave radiation, correlate with much reduced diurnal groundwater level change. The amplitude of the signal is much reduced on the pasture-dominated side of the creek as compared to the tree-lined side of the creek and also shows significant variation with the seasons as the incoming short-wave radiation changes. The climate at the site exhibits many days in both summer and winter when the relative humidity is low. During these times it would be expected that the aerodynamic component of the potential evaporation would be significant, but this does not appear to be the case.

It is clear from the analysis that the trees are transpiring at the full potential evaporation rate indicated by the radiation component term of the potential evaporation. Groundwater storage is recovered by flow from the creek into the aquifer during the night. The analysis of groundwater level change in response to stream aquifer flow shows significant variation on each side of the creek.

393 - Aquifer-river relationships as criteria for selecting eucalyptus forestry areas, ibicui river catchment, Rio Grande Do Sul, BrazilSandor Arvino Grehs Fundação Luiz Englert, Sarmento Leite 246 / 201 Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilCarlos André Bulhões MendesInstituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

This paper focuses on groundwater–surface interactions, interpreted from remote sensing results and field activities, as input criteria for selecting suitable areas for eucalyptus forestry in a part of the Ibicui River Catchment, a region covering 17,596 km2, within the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The geology of the river catchment is comprised of Triassic and Jurassic sedimentary rocks, Cretaceous volcanic rocks and alluvial deposits. In support of groundwater behavior modeling efforts, thirteen hydrolithological units were mapped, with different estimated porosities and hydraulic conductivities; the frequency of tectonic lineaments and surface drainage were mapped; and a digital terrain model was established. These studies helped to identify suitable areas for the establishment of eucalyptus forests and minimize potential conflicts with water resource demands from other land uses. The choice of eucalyptus forest areas corresponds to the hydraulic connection of shallow aquifers with perennial rivers and streams. Areas of perched aquifers were avoided.


495 - Estimating watershed-scale distribution of depression-focussed groundwater recharge using aerial photography and a simple water balance approachG.A. Mohammed, C.R. Farrow, M. Hayashi and L.R. BentleyDepartment of Geoscience - University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada

The landscape of the northern Prairie region of North America is characterized by clay-rich glacial till and undulating topography having nu-merous depressions. The catchments of these depressions generally consist of local upland areas surrounding the depressions without inflow or outflow streams. The upland area receives precipitation input, but it is almost entirely consumed by evapotranspiration leading to very little groundwater recharge. On the other hand, the depressions receive snowmelt runoff from the upland areas, in addition to the precipitation, overcoming the evapotranspiration demand resulting in a considerable recharge. A watershed of first or second-order streams in the region typ-ically have thousands of depressions. Watershed-scale recharge estimation taking into account individual depressions and upland areas helps to represent the role of depressions in regional groundwater models. This kind of recharge study is conducted in a small watershed of about 250 km2 gross area being the West Nose Creek Watershed, located north of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Aerial photograph of the watershed was taken at the springs of 2003, 2007, and 2009. The aerial photograph is used to delineate upland and depression areas in the watershed. De-pressions encompass about 3% of the watershed. The average shape index (ratio of perimeter of a depression and perimeter of a circle having the same area as the depression) of the depressions in the watershed is about 1.25 with a standard deviation of 0.23, where a perfect circle has a shape index of 1.0. This helps to develop circular conceptual depressions preserving the actual area and perimeter of the depressions. The watershed is spatially discretized into a modeling unit of quarter-sections (800 m × 800 m). Each quarter-section is classified into upland or depression areas; where different land-cover types exist in the upland areas. The modified Versatile Soil Moisture Budget (VSMB) model is applied independently in the upland and depression areas taking into account the different land-cover types. The runoff generated in the upland areas is used as an input to estimate the recharge under the depressions. The methodology is verified using artificial flooding experiment in an instrumented depression, field monitoring of two other depressions surrounded by crop and grass land-cover types and by comparing the watershed-scale estimated recharge with the baseflow at the outlet of the watershed.

601 - The Use Of Water Balance And Carbonate Reaction Modelling To Predict The Initial Formation Of Mound Spring Structures, Central South Australia Mark KeppelSchool of the Environment, Flinders University, South Australia, AustraliaVincent Post, Adrian WernerNational Centre for Groundwater Research and Training, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.Andrew LoveSchool of the Environment, Flinders University, South Australia, AustraliaJonathan ClarkeThe Mars Society Australia. Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia 3068Todd HalihanBoone Pickens School of Geology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA

Mound springs are dome-shaped structures composed predominantly of calcium carbonate associated with discharging groundwater from Great Artesian Basin (GAB) aquifers. In an attempt to explain how these structures initially form, a carbonate-reaction hydrochemistry and water balance model was adapted as a means of providing insight into this process. A variety of discharge rates and different mound sizes were modelled using measured major ion chemistry. It was found that the mound footprint predicted by the model generally provided a reasonable approximation of the actual mound footprint. Differences between predicted and actual mound footprints may be indicative of gross changes in discharge rate from a given spring over time. The work presented here provides a “proof of concept” with respect that the provision of predic-tions concerning the spatial footprint through carbonate-reaction and water balance modelling that reasonably replicate the actual footprint of a spring related structure can be used to impart quantitative constraints on determinations of past spring activity.


466 - Quantifying the Groundwater Component within the Water Balance of a Large Lake in a Glaciated Watershed: Lake Pyhäjärvi, SW FinlandWiebe, A.J., Conant Jr., B., & Rudolph, D.L.Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences – University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada

Accurate estimates of groundwater discharge into lakes may provide valuable information for assessing contaminant loadings such as nutrient mass fluxes, and the subsequent contribution of groundwater to eutrophication. In order to address groundwater-lake exchange and the uncertainty that may hinder such assessment, this study evaluated water balance techniques for lake systems at Lake Pyhäjärvi (155 km2) near Säkylä, Finland. Net ground-water discharge into the lake was estimated for 38 water years (WYs 1971-2008). The results were compared with flux estimates via Darcy’s Law for the adjacent Honkala Aquifer in the Kuivalahti-Säkylä esker. Initial direct runoff estimates averaged river flow per unit area ratios from the two inflow rivers, while refined estimates employed hydrograph separation results from the PART program for the larger river. The mean net groundwater discharge increased from -73 to +38 mm per unit lake area (-4.8 to +2.5% of average total inflow) due to these adjustments. This yielded a better qualitative match with seepage observations. The magnitude of the groundwater component’s average absolute uncertainty (118 mm per unit lake area) suggests that the water balance approach is better suited to lakes with relatively large net groundwater contributions (>5% of average total inflow). Groundwater discharge estimates based on Darcy’s Law (≤22 mm per unit lake area, ≤1.4% of average total inflow; ±one order of magnitude) potentially constitute a large proportion (>30%) of the magnitude of the mean net discharge. The evaporation, precipitation, and direct runoff components contributed the most uncertainty in the water balance, while hydraulic conductivity contributed the most to the esker flux. Groundwater contributions to rivers may be more important than direct discharge from highly permeable subsurface materials in the context of understanding nutrient loadings to large lakes.

802 - A comparison of urban groundwater recharge estimates using classical and modified soil moisture balance modelsMandy Meriano, Mike Doughty, Ken W.F. Howard and Nick EylesDepartment of Physical and Environmental Science - University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Urban development can significantly alter the water balance of an area by increasing surface runoff, reducing direct recharge and introducing new sources of recharge that may offset the loss of natural recharge. Understanding and quantifying the impact of urbanization on groundwa-ter recharge remains essential for predicting the sustainability of urban growth and water resource management. A highly urbanized coastal watershed on the northern shore of Lake Ontario, Canada overlies a shallow aquifer system that provides baseflow to four small streams that sustain a wetland community. The aim of our study was to better understand the urban recharge processes and to develop a method by which a meaningful estimate of groundwater recharge can be achieved with an acceptable level of accuracy.

A practical approach for estimating regional groundwater recharge to shallow urban aquifers was applied. The approach included the creation of a computer program of the classical Thornthwaite and Mather model of soil moisture balance and its modification to include a bypass flow mechanism (i.e. flow through preferential flow paths). The classical model did not produce a reasonable simulation of the groundwater recharge or water table fluctuations when compared to the daily calculated recharge and daily mean groundwater elevation - owing to differences in re-charge mechanisms created by urbanization. The introduction of bypass flow improved model predicted recharge considerably. Here we present results showing that although urbanization has significantly altered the spatial and temporal patterns of groundwater recharge in the study area, the total recharge has, for the most part, remained unchanged.

819 - A winter water balance approach to quantifying lake-groundwater interactions in the Beaver River Basin, Alberta Brent Welsh & Ernst KerkhovenAlberta Environment and Sustainable Resources Development, Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaGarth van der KampEnvironment Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Quantifying lake-groundwater interactions using conventional techniques can be time consuming and costly. In the North American prairies sev-eral lakes are underlain with thick glacial clay-till deposits with irregular but frequently encountered interglacial aquifers. Seepage meters and


monitoring wells, regardless of their abundance, can overlook key groundwater inflows or outflows. Conversely, sparse but strategic placements may produce an opposite bias. In cold climates, monitoring lake level fluctuations during ice covered periods offers a simpler approach. Under ice, surface water inflows, outflows, and evaporation can be considered negligible for closed basin lakes, and water balance changes can be attributed to groundwater and precipitation. By measuring the snow load on the lake ice surface, the groundwater contribution can be isolated. Eleven closed basin lakes in the Beaver River basin were selected for this study. Their lake levels were surveyed twice, once in December/January and once in February/March, during the coldest part of each winter from 2008 to 2012. Bulk snow surveys were also conducted to quantify snow load in millimetres of snow water equivalent. Results from the snow survey were subtracted from the lake level measurements to quantify groundwater inflow or outflow rates. Pressure transducers were deployed on each lake to monitor water levels from fall to spring and these hydrographs were evaluated with precipitation records from local weather stations to assist the interpretation of results. Groundwater inflows were observed on six of the lakes, with lake level increases ranging between 0.02 to 0.94 mm/d. Groundwater outflows were observed on one lake with declines ranging between -0.37 to -0.98 mm/d. Four lakes fluctuated between gaining and losing lake statuses. The most significant source of error was associated with snow drifting, which was minimized by conducting additional snow surveys with adequate spatial coverage. Groundwater inflow and outflow rates varied for each lake, reflecting recent local precipitation patterns indicating a shallow source of groundwater inflow.

1035 - Quantifying Groundwater Dependencies of Southern Ontario WetlandsAndrea Bradford, Ph.D., P.Eng.University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada

A framework has been developed for determining ecological flows and water levels in the Lake Simcoe Watershed in Ontario, Canada. Ap-plication and refinement of the framework is ongoing. The approach and techniques being used to quantify the flow needs for streams are being extended to evaluate the water dependencies of wetlands. Groundwater is an essential source of water for many wetlands, even those characterized as “predominantly surface water supplied”. Groundwater may be significant not only for the quantity of water supplied, but also the quality and timing of the contribution. The framework allows for identification of specific functions and biotic needs and characteristics of the hydrological regime that maintain critical variables within acceptable ranges. This “bottom-up” approach is complemented by an analysis of a “natural” or reference hydrologic regime, which typically relies on model output. Specific functions and biota to be sustained are linked to relevant hydrologic statistics. The study is identifying specific functions and biotic needs dependent on groundwater in Southern Ontario wetlands, the tools available to quantify these dependencies and the key gaps in knowledge, tools and data to effectively apply the framework to groundwater dependent wetlands.

sessIon t2-C: regIonAl gW FloW IITuesday, September 18 • 13:00-15:15 • Strategy Room 3Chairs: Joe Tóth, Cliff Voss

694 - Study of Groundwater Discharging at Seeps along Mountain Bedrock SlopesAmanda A. Pierce, John A. Cherry, Beth L. ParkerG360 Centre for Applied Groundwater Research, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaRobert IngletonDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, CanadaDavid McWhorterProfessor Emeritus, College of Agricultural and Chemical Engineering, Colorado State University, Denver, CO, USA

Groundwater discharging at seeps along mountain bedrock slopes down-gradient of a large industrial site 490 to 670 metres (m) above mean sea level in southern California provides important insights into the groundwater flow system and contaminant transport and fate. In the 1950s-1960s, an estimated 2 million litres of immiscible phase trichloroethene (TCE) was released into the subsurface composed of faulted Late Cretaceous age turbidite sandstones with shale interbeds. The mountain groundwater system is a large mound maintained by recharge from rainfall (estimated 750 litres per minute) with flow primarily in fractures (moderate bulk hydraulic conductivity of 10-5 cm/s) directed downward and outward toward the slopes and the urban lowlands below. Groundwater samples were obtained by sampling the surface flow


from more than 90 seeps distributed over 40 km2 and analysed for hydrochemical and isotopic parameters. A subset of the seeps was also sampled for TCE and its degradation products. The combination of this information, supported by numerical modeling, indicates that much of the seeps water originates as recharge on the mountain plateau; however, some local shallow subsurface flow evidently contributes substantially too many of the seeps but to a much lesser degree after long periods of no rainfall. Therefore, to better maintain sample integrity, minimize surface water and soil effects, and capture shallow, intermediate, and deep groundwater flow paths, small diameter (4.2 cm to 5.1 cm) holes have been drilled at a subset of seeps and instrumented with small diameter well clusters completed at a range of depths. Due to the isolated locations and challenging topography of these seeps, portable drilling equipment is being used. In addition, the small diameter monitoring wells were specifically designed for this research to ensure the quality of the groundwater samples collected from the small diameter holes completed in fractured rock. The groundwater sampling results show contaminants are found in some seeps on site but not offsite. The results from this study provide important information for ground-truthing the numerical models for groundwater flow and contaminant transport currently being used at the site to support decision making.

475 - Groundwater discharge induced hypogenic karstification in extreme geomicrobiological environment Judit Mádl-Szőnyi1, Anita Erőss1 & Andrea K. Borsodi21 Department of Physical and Applied Geology - Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary,2 Department of Microbiology Institute of Biology - Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

Based on the analysis of discharging fluids, processes and products; together with the evaluation of the hydrogeological environment and flow regimes of the Buda Thermal Karst (Erőss et al 2010, Erőss 2010), general conclusions could be inferred for hypogenic karstification. The regional discharge zone of the deep carbonate systems with an adjoining sedimentary basin can be characterized by simultaneous existence of different hypogenic processes. The predominance of these processes depends on the elements of the hydrogeological environment, the consequent flow regimes, and the geological and fluid evolution of the system. Moreover, the weight of the karstification processes can change spatially over a geological time period. As an example, a thermal water discharge zone with an additional basinal fluid component can be char-acterized by specific products such as iron-manganese-hydroxide microbial biofilms. They can be interpreted as redox interface indicators which developed in the water table zone. Due to the microbial activity they may be responsible for sulphuric acid speleogenesis. Moreover, biofilms function as “radium reservoirs” and thus produce radon in the spring water. Accumulation of trace elements on the surface of iron-manganese precipitate, originated from the basinal component is another characteristic feature. This complex manifestation of groundwater discharge can be preserved on a geological time scale together with calcite rafts and interpreted as a former cave-generation level marker. These findings highlight the importance of flow-system context in the understanding of simultaneously operating porosity-generating and -plugging hypogenic processes which result has applied research significance. These conclusions underline the basic research significance of scale effect in re-vealing complex coherent natural processes including: i) regional groundwater flow, ii) local “extreme geochemical environment”, and iii) nano scale operating abiotic-biotic interactions. Based on complementary literature studies these results can be generalized and handled as a newly revealed abiotic-biotic discharge feature of moving groundwater in hypogenic karsts.

189 - Identification of Groundwater flow systems response in Drâa basin (Morocco)S Ouysse1, JJ Carrillo-Rivera2, & G. Hernández-García3

1 Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco; 2 Instituto de Geografía, UNAM. CU, México, DF; 3 Instituto de Geofísica, UNAM, México, DF N LaftouhiCadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco

Groundwater is an active geologic agent and an important component of arid regions. The knowledge of recharge and discharge components of groundwater flow systems is pre-requisite for integrated land and water management strategies. In the Drâa basin (~30,000 km2, South-East-ern Morocco) some discharge zones have been identified but they have not yet been considered in the context of basin-scale flow. The objective of this work is to simulate groundwater discharge zones in High and Middle Drâa sub-basins using different proxies and analyse discharge response to climate evolution. Available information on the geologic framework, chemical and isotopic data, water-table response, saline soils,


vegetation and river hydrographs were used to develop a conceptual 3D model on groundwater flow systems. Modflow package was used to simulate initial conditions of groundwater flow before commissioning of the Mansour-Eddahbi dam in 1972. For the model were considered: i) the groundwater potential in fractured Precambrian rhyolitic rocks at depths of more than 1,000 m; ii) evolution of water quality with time in wells; iii) evolution of isotopic signatures from a single well and from well to well at oasis level; iv) saline soils (seirozem) in oases areas and in Iriqui lake plain; v) phreatophyte and halophyte vegetation in the Iriqui lake plain and in the Middle Drâa alluvial aquifers; and vi) baseflow compo-nents in the High Drâa rivers (Dades and M’Goun). The model simulations suggest the presence of different flow- system components with local systems prevailing in the High Drâa sub-basin. Recharge is inferred to occur here chiefly in Liasic karstic limestones. Discharge of intermediate and regional flow systems is inferred to occur in oases and in Iriqui Lake. Groundwater response to climate evolution was simulated for the High Drâa by varying recharge between 50 and 200 mm/a, affecting mostly the local flow systems; the water-table recovers approximately 100 m during humid conditions. Changes in regional discharge appear negligible. Response of local systems to recharge variability in the High Drâa sub-basin suggests that springs are to be affected by climate evolution.

867 - Role of groundwater flow systems in the ecology of wetlandsO. Batelaan1,2, M. El-Rawy1, U. Schneidewind3,4, J. Dams1 & P. De Becker5 1 Dept. of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering - Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium2 Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium3 VITO, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Environmental Modelling Unit, Mol, Belgium4 Ghent University, Department of Soil Management, Ghent, Belgium5 INBO, Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Brussels, Belgium

The development of groundwater flow systems theory, concepts and applications has had a tremendous influence on hydrogeologists’ un-derstanding of spatial and three dimensional groundwater flow relations. The realization of how groundwater is connected in the subsurface, horizontally and vertically over longer and shorter distances, grew steadily over several hundred years but had a clear culmination with the landmark papers of Joe Tóth. Tóth also realised and indicated the importance of groundwater flow systems for different physical, chemical, geomechanical and ecological processes at the land surface. As traditionally hydrogeologists are more focussed on subsurface phenomena, this link between groundwater flow systems and the land surface has often been neglected or simplified as a result of our mostly mono-disciplinary approaches and research capacities. Increasing attention for interdisciplinarity, as e.g. in the research on groundwater-surface water interaction or ecohydrology, offers opportunities to use groundwater flow systems for better understanding phenomena like occurrence of vegetation and their dependence on groundwater. Connecting groundwater and land surface processes, especially at groundwater dependent wetlands, might therefore be an eye-opener for both hydrogeologists and ecologists.

In this presentation we will review from where we came with respect to groundwater systems and the ecology of wetlands as well as what are open issues in research. We will present examples, groundwater and vegetation modelling methodologies, results and lessons learned from case studies in Belgium in which vegetation and groundwater flow and systems information go hand in hand. Scenario studies on the change of land use, climate or drainage and their impact via groundwater systems on wetlands are evaluated. Of particular interest is a recent case study in a military domain where invaluable wet heath land is affected by drainage. Scenario studies on partial closing of draining ditches were conducted to find an optimal solution taking into account ecosystem optimalisation, evaluated by vegetation prediction modelling, as well as military operational needs.

387 - Regional Hydrogeology of Southwestern SaskatchewanAnatoly Melnik and Benjamin RostronDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences - University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

The knowledge of regional hydrogeology is required for groundwater management and allocation, geothermal energy exploration and devel-opment, assessment of favourable locations for CO

2 sequestration, and modeling of petroleum migration. Hydrogeological characterization

of southwestern Saskatchewan has been completed as part of a multi-year project initiated by the Government of Saskatchewan in order to investigate the movement of fluids in the Williston Basin in Saskatchewan.

Pressure and chemistry data were obtained from drill-stem tests and water analysis reports. These data were culled for poor quality, produc-tion-influenced pressures and contaminated chemical data to ensure that only representative values were used in further analyses. Processed data were used to construct distribution maps and cross-sections of hydraulic heads, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and water chemistry. Twelve


major regional aquifers have been identified: seven Paleozoic; one Jurassic; and four Cretaceous-aged units. Four major water types were identified: 1) Ca-SO

4 freshwaters, found in Paleozoic aquifers; 2) Na-Cl brines, found in all aquifers; 3) Na-SO

4 waters, mixture of Type 1 and

Type 2 waters; and 4) Na-HCO3 freshwaters, found mainly in Mesozoic aquifers. TDS values range from >300 g/L in Paleozoic aquifers to <25

g/L in Cretaceous and shallow aquifers and are controlled by lithology and regional flow systems.

Formation waters in all Paleozoic and Jurassic aquifers flow from south towards the subcrop areas in the north, and in the Lower Cretaceous aquifers from southwest to northeast. These aquifers represent basin-scale flow systems with recharge located in the uplifted areas of western and central Montana. On the other hand, fluid flow in the Upper Cretaceous aquifer is controlled by local topography where water flows from local topographic highs toward low-lying areas. Significant density effects exist in areas of high TDS in Paleozoic aquifers. Hydrodynamic effects on hydrocarbon accumulations have been observed in the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous aquifers. The hydrogeological data and maps for southwestern Saskatchewan are currently being integrated with previous studies in southeastern Saskatchewan to produce a province-wide hydrogeological characterization of the Phanerozoic aquifers.

525 - Over-exploitation of Groundwater and Changes in Groundwater Flow Directions in an Agriculture Dominated AreaS K Goyal and A K Narula Department of Physics, RKSD College, Kaithal, Haryana, India

Saline water intrusion is a potential threat to the quality of groundwater. Under natural conditions, the boundary between fresh and saltwater tends to be relatively stable; however, pumping can cause saltwater to migrate inland and upward, resulting in contamination of fresh water. Kaithal district in northern India represents an agriculture dominated area. The general elevation varies from 217 m to 252 m above mean sea level (msl) with a gentle slope from north-east to south-west. The paddy-wheat cycle has put a tremendous pressure on groundwater in the area. The present study was carried out to monitor and understand the changes in groundwater depth and quality in the district from 1987 to 2007. It was found that the excessive pumping has resulted in lowering of levels in most parts of the study area, particularly in the fresh water quality zone. However, rising water table and salinity conditions continued to prevail in the southern parts of the district. The comparison of 1987, 1997 and 2007 spatial maps showing the elevations of groundwater levels above msl depict a perceptible change in water table elevations resulting in creation of hydraulic head in a different direction. This occurrence has probably led to a shift in the general flow of groundwater from north-east to south-west (in1987) to that from south to north-west (in 2007). Further, it was found that during 1987, the northern and eastern parts of the district had electrical conductivity (EC) measurements indicative of a good water quality range (250-750 µS/cm). The central part had moderate water quality and southern part was mineralized. From 1987 to 2007, a general increase in EC was found in almost the entire district except in southern areas. However, a markedly higher increase, ranging between 1000-2000 µS/cm was found in the northern, north-western and south-western parts. The general deterioration of the groundwater quality in the study area can be explained by the effect of the heavy application of fertilizers and their subsequent leaching. The relatively large deterioration observed in the north-western and south-western areas and negligible changes in the southern areas can be attributed to the intrusion of saline water from the south. This was initiated by altered groundwater elevations due to over-exploitation in the fresh quality area. Thus, a potential threat to the quality and availability of groundwater can be visualized in the region.

482 - A field-based study to investigate hydrologic connectivity and driving mechanisms in a Swiss prealpine research chatchmentJana von Freyberg, Mario SchirmerEawag, Dübendorf, SwitzerlandDepartment of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Group Hydrogeology

In our research, we investigate the first-order controls on the formation of surface and subsurface hydrologic connectivity in a small (~3 km2) pre-Alpine catchment. Our motivation is to understand how hydrologic connectivity evolves within the catchment during storm events and droughts. This will allow us to establish a general framework of interdisciplinary interest (e.g., ecology and climate science). In particular, we will focus on the identification of groundwater flow paths on local and regional scales and their effects on small-scale flow processes in the riparian zone as well as on the impact of tile drains as a significant contributor to event runoff. In order to incorporate hydrologic connectivity into our work it is necessary to apply a fully coupled model that simulates recharge and flow between surface, soil and aquifer areas. This will be accomplished by using the numerical code HydroGeoShere.


As groundwater in mountain headwaters sustain downstream baseflow in larger catchments, it plays an important role for water resource management in the densely populated lowlands of Switzerland as well as in many other parts of the world. Therefore, it is necessary to improve our understanding of the groundwater flow processes and their interactions with the ecosystem in high altitude watersheds; under explicit consideration of the joint behaviours and feedbacks of climate and groundwater.

We conduct our field-based study in the pre-Alpine Rietholzbach research catchment; situated in northeastern Switzerland. It was equipped with a meteorological station, a lysimeter, 20 piezometers, 3 stream gauging stations and various soil moisture and temperature probes, which provide continuous measurements of atmospheric and hydrometeorological data. These measurements are used in combination with isotope analyses to determine groundwater residence times and streamflow composition. The installed setup facilitates in the investigation of annual, inter-seasonal as well as short-term dynamics of water flow and its links to associated parameters describing atmospheric, surface and sub-surface properties. Based on our first one-year time series, we will present a conceptual model of the complex groundwater flow processes and the involved feedback mechanisms, which explains the extremely dynamic streamflow response of the catchment.

426 - Characterization of groundwater flow systems of the Chi River Sub-basin Part II, north-east ThailandKriengsak Srisuk, Laa Archwichai & Phayom SaraphiromGroundwater Research Center, Faculty of Technology - Khon Kaen University, ThailandSumrit Chusanatus & Sitisak MunyouDepartment of Groundwater Resources, Thailand

The objective of this paper is to characterize groundwater flow systems based on physical and chemical properties of the Chi River Sub-basin Part II. A groundwater flow system is a set of the flow lines in which any two lines adjacent at one point of the flow region remain adjacent through the whole region, and that can be intersected anywhere by an uninterrupted surface across which flow takes place in one direction. Groundwater flow systems can be mapped and characterized by boundary types, flow pattern, fluxes and locations. The Chi River Sub-basin Part II covers an area of about 7,000 km2. Wide spread saline soils in the agricultural area is one of the critical problems and is due to the fact that rock salt of the Mahasarakham Formation is found at a shallow depth of 60 to 400 m. The integration of hydrogeologic environment, climate, topography and geology, were analyzed and defined for characterizing groundwater flow regimes in the Chi River Sub-basin Part II. One hundred and fifty observation wells were selected for monitoring water levels and salinity. Sandstone and siltstone beds of the Phu Thok Formation are the main aquifers that yield both fresh and saline groundwater. Rainwater is the main source of recharge water to the eastern and western regions (recharge area). The discharge area is found in the central lowland along the Chi River. The ratio of recharge to discharge area of the sub-basin is about 1:5. The transmissivities of the Phu Thok Formation generally range from 1.0×10-6 to 1.0×10-3 m2/s. Groundwater generally flows from the northwest and southeast to the center of the area. Six groundwater flow systems were identified namely: 1) Kaeng Khlo local and regional flow systems; 2) Chaiyaphum-Mancha Khiri local and regional flow systems; 3) Ban Lhuam-Kaeng Sanam Nang local and regional flow systems; 4) Waeng Noi-Chonnabot regional flow system; 5) Ban Phai-Thaphra local and regional flow systems; and 6) Phra Yun-Khon Kaen local and regional flow systems. However, groundwater flow systems can be altered due to hydrogeologic environment (climate, topography and geology) changes.

sessIon t2-d: FrACtured roCK IITuesday, September 18 • 13:00-15:15 • Strategy Room 5Chairs: Bernie Kueper, Antonio Chambel

535 - Investigating the impact of hydraulic connections between granular and fractured rock aquifers on hydraulic testingRomain Chesnaux, Annie-Pier Elliott and Alain RouleauDepartment of Applied Sciences – Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, Quebec, Canada

Hydraulic connections between a granular aquifer and a fractured rock aquifer can exert significant physical and chemical impacts on both a local and a regional scale. In particular, when conducting pumping tests in wells installed in the vicinity of a contact zone between the two types


of aquifers, both aquifers may contribute to the groundwater flow to the well, causing significant effects on the drawdown patterns observed during the transient phase of pumping. These effects are investigated numerically using conceptual models that present different configurations of hydraulic relationships between a fractured rock aquifer and a granular aquifer, based on the structural setting of the bedrock. The results of such numerical investigations help in understanding the impacts of the hydraulic relationships between aquifers when assessing their hydraulic conductivity with the usual methods, (i.e., the interpretation of pumping tests). Numerical simulations of contaminant transport are also conduct-ed to illustrate the consequences of mixing groundwater from several aquifers, each with a different chemical signature.

Preliminary results of this study demonstrate that the local groundwater exchanges between aquifers strongly depend on the discontinuous nature of the fractured rock media and on the degree of connectivity between the granular aquifer and the fracture network of the bedrock aqui-fer located below or beside it. Indeed, the structural connectivity between the aquifers, as well as their respective boundary condition patterns, are the most important factors controlling the response obtained from pumping tests conducted under the influence of hydraulic connections. The results of the numerical investigations provide new insights which could be useful for practitioners in identifying and quantifying hydraulic connections so that they can better assess the implications of such groundwater flow exchanges between aquifers on the interpretations of hydraulic tests.

583 - Application of the Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Approach at the Schkopau Site, GermanyRobert J. Stuetzle, Beth L. Parker, John A. CherrySchool of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaDavid Wandor1, Fred Richter2 & Robert Upmann3

1 The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA2 Dow Olefinverbund GmbH., Schkopau, Germany3 Tauw GmbH., Berlin, Germany

The Schkopau site is a former state owned East German chemical park privatized in 1995 following the reunification of Germany. A compre-hensive, high-resolution, depth-discrete characterization method referred to as the Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Approach was applied to two coreholes in order to accurately define the vertical distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and improve the definition of the flow system in the fractured sedimentary bedrock at the site. Although this study was focused on VOCs, the site has been in operation as a large scale petrochemical manufacturing facility since 1937 resulting in a variety of types of subsurface contamination, both inorganic and organic. The VOC contamination on site consists primarily of chlorinated ethenes, ethanes and methanes, which exist in the source zone as DNAPL and in a dissolved phase plume stretching hundreds of metres down-gradient. These contaminants migrate through a variably lithified sedimentary sequence of fractured Triassic interbedded clay/shale and sand/sandstone. Although the sequence is flat lying, the presence of numerous faults results in abrupt variations in the depth of geologic units across the site.

Coreholes were advanced into the top of the Volpriehausen unit, believed to be the lower boundary of VOC contamination. The first hole, 42.5m deep, is located in the source zone and the second, 68m deep, is located 500m down-gradient. The lithologies and fractures observed in each core were logged in detail and 338 samples were taken from the two cores for VOC analysis. In addition to standard downhole geophysical logs, innovative logs such as FLUTe K-profiles and Active Line Source (ALS) temperature logs were collected from both coreholes. Together, the data were used to design multilevel systems for the two holes. These multilevel systems allow for groundwater sampling and head monitoring in depth-discrete intervals, as opposed to the existing long-screen conventional well completions. The high resolution data sets produced will provide the information necessary to define the vertical distribution of VOCs in the subsurface and improve the understanding of the flow system in order to more effectively manage remediation and contain-ment measures to prevent impacts to a nearby river, the Saale, and down-gradient supply wells.

521 - Hydraulic factors controlling groundwater flow in the fractured rock aquifers of the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region, Quebec, Canada Sandra K. Richard, Romain Chesnaux & Alain RouleauDepartment of Applied Sciences – Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada

Groundwater flow in fractured rock aquifers is strongly dependent on geological structures such as faults, shear zones and systems of smaller fractures. These networks of discontinuities are complex and difficult to characterize. This study focuses on identifying the factors that effectively


control groundwater flow in fractured rock aquifers through the study of their hydraulic properties. The study focuses on the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean (SLSJ) region in Quebec, Canada, where bedrock aquifers play a major role in determining regional hydrogeological patterns. The bedrock in this area is composed of four main lithologies, namely anorthosite, granitic rock, gneiss (dating from the Precambrian era) and Pa-leozoic limestone. Thirteen (13) borehole logging and hydraulic tests between packers were conducted in thirteen (13) wells located in different types of fractured rock aquifers distributed in the SLSJ region. These tests allowed investigators to locate fractures intersecting the borehole (using Caliper, Acoustic Televiewer, Multifunction Probe) and to quantify (using a flowmeter and packer tests) the contribution of each fracture participating in the groundwater flow through the borehole. It was determined that the productive zone of the tested aquifers was located in the upper part of the borehole, probably due to lower values of the vertical component of the stress field affecting the upper part of the bedrock. Furthermore, a limited number of the fractures existing in the network govern most of the flow, probably due to preferential pathways created with surface water or the presence of granular layers overlaying the bedrock. The response to pumping tests conducted on these wells was then analysed using the log-derivative drawdown versus time. The variations observed in the results highlighted different flow dimensions and the role of the connectivity of the fractures within the network. Tracer tests coupled with packer tests were also undertaken to determine the connectivity of fractures between boreholes using nearby wells. The present study illustrates the predominant effect of the connectivity between fractures in controlling groundwater flow in fractured rock aquifers.

536 - Verification of Darcy flow conditions in straddle packer testsQuinn, P.M., Parker, B.L., Cherry, J.A.G360 - Centre for Applied Groundwater Research, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

The term ‘packer testing’ is widely used in fractured rock hydrology to describe borehole testing that uses inflatable packers to isolate a section of the borehole for water injection or withdrawal. It is rare that more than one type of test is conducted in the same test interval; however, in the quest to obtain the most accurate values for transmissivity (T), and to gain the most insight concerning the hydraulic nature of the fracture network, there are advantages in conducting more than one type of test in each test interval. In this study both constant head step tests and multiple “stepped” slug tests with different applied head differentials (∆Ho) were conducted in the same test interval in fractured dolostone and sandstone boreholes using straddle packers to isolate specific intervals (1.5 m length), selected based on the multiple data sets collected as part of the discrete fracture network (DFN) approach for contaminated site investigations. The assumptions inherent in the mathematical models used to determine T for each type of test (i.e., Theim and Hvorslev) are shown to be valid as part of the data analysis procedure. The T values ob-tained from each type of slug test (rising and falling head) were very similar at low initial applied head, but at larger ∆Ho, the T values decreased for both types of slug tests, suggesting error due to non-Darcian flow. Non-Darcian flow behaviour was confirmed by constant head (CH) step tests conducted in the same test interval where the flow (Q) vs applied head (dH) relationship became non-linear at relatively low injection rates. This study shows when multiple slug tests are conducted at different ∆Ho, non-Darcian flow effects gradually increase as ∆Ho is increased, which is consistent with results and trends of the CH step test and further supports a Darcy-Missbach relationship previously developed where Qn is proportional to dH. To maintain Darcian flow conditions during slug tests, ∆Ho must be kept small, generally less than 0.2 m. This study shows the value in conducting both a series of “stepped” slug tests and a CH step test to achieve greater confidence in T for hydraulic tests in fractured rock. Accurate T values are essential for groundwater travel time calculations, which is important in the assessment of contaminant behaviour in aquifers and source water protection.

969 - Measuring the vertical hydraulic properties of a bedrock aquifer using pumping testsJessica Worley, Kent NovakowskiDepartment of Civil Engineering – Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Groundwater aquifers in sedimentary rock are frequently comprised of layers of relatively low permeability with vertical fractures that act as conduits for the vertical movement of water. Vertical fractures provide connections between horizontal fractures and encourage wider dispersal of contaminants in this setting. Current analytical models for open-hole pumping tests used to determine bulk hydraulic parameters may not be adequate for predicting the rapid groundwater flux through a vertically-connected fracture network. As a result, pumping tests that isolate iden-tified fracture features are often necessary for accurate determination of vertical parameters. An analytical model is presented for the study of pumping tests conducted in a fractured rock aquifer with connection to a free surface boundary at the water table. The solution accommodates multiple horizontal fractures intersecting each wellbore and a connection from the top horizontal fracture to a free surface boundary. Wellbore storage is included at the source and observation wells using an approximate superposition technique and the solution is derived using the


Laplace transform method. Evaluation is performed by numerical inversion using the Talbot algorithm. The results of these tests are compared to the results of pumping tests conducted using isolated zones. These latter tests were evaluated using the ratio method where interpretation is based on the ratio of drawdown between a pumped fracture zone and the surrounding rock at a given radial distance from the pumped well. A field example is presented to demonstrate the application of the model and to compare values of vertical hydraulic conductivity and vertical spe-cific storage between an open-hole pumping test, isolated interval pumping test, and constant head testing data in a sedimentary rock setting.

339 - Delineation of a Highly Transmissive Zone within Regionally Extensive Dolostone BedrockStephen Di Biase, Blythe Reiha, Jen Hancox and John PetrieGolder Associates Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario, CanadaDave BelangerThe Corporation of the City of Guelph, Ontario, Canada

The City of Guelph is one of the largest communities in southern Ontario that relies solely on groundwater for its potable water supply. Currently, the City draws approximately 50,000 m3/day to service a population of approximately 121,000. To understand the sustainable limits of its water resource relative to future demand projections, the City has undertaken a series of hydrogeological investigations aimed at characterizing its underlying bedrock hydrostratigraphy on a local and regional scale. These investigations have included the installation of 37 cored bedrock holes, downhole geophysical logging and multi-level monitoring well nests in the vicinity of the City. Through on-going collection of data from these monitoring locations, a data set has been developed from which steady state and transient groundwater response analyses could be undertaken. These analyses include comparisons of groundwater potentials in shallow (unconfined) and deep (confined) flow systems; and groundwater level response to municipal well shut-downs and major recharge events. Based on these analyses, a zone of high transmissivity has been delineated along a narrow alignment beneath the City. Mapping of this zone has improved the City’s groundwater exploration success rate and allowed for focused source protection planning.

703 - Frozen groundwater seeps: a new method to quantify groundwater discharge from discrete features using thermal infrared imagingPriyanka Pandey1, Tom Gleeson2 and Michel Baraer3

1 Department of Bioresource Engineering - McGill University, Montreal, Quebec. 2 Department of Civil Engineering - McGill University, Montreal, Quebec.3 Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences - McGill University,Montreal, Quebec.

Previous hydrologic studies have used thermal infrared imaging to qualitatively locate large groundwater springs and characterize diffuse seepage faces. In the winter in northern regions, frozen groundwater seeps from discrete features such as fractures and faults are common along cliffs, mines, quarries and roadcuts. Our objective is to test whether thermal infrared imaging can be used to quantitatively estimate groundwater discharge from discrete features. First we examined the relationship between groundwater cooling and groundwater discharge in controlled laboratory experiments in a cold room. The experimental setup comprised of a peristaltic pump, four metal sheets, a metal frame for support and an insulated pipe with four hypodermic needles through which the water flows out and freezes on the metal sheets. From the experiment we derived relationships between the cooling rate and ambient temperature, temperature of the water source, slope and friction of the freezing surface, discharge flow rate and wind velocity. Second we documented the morphology and evolution of a seep on nearby Mount Royal through the winter season to apply and assess the relationships from the detailed laboratory experiments. Initial results suggest that the flow rate is the primary control on groundwater cooling and that thermal infrared imaging can be used as a non-invasive tool for quantifying localized groundwater discharge from discrete features.


sessIon t2-e: ContAMInAnt Hydrogeology IIITuesday, September 18 • 13:00-15:15 • Strategy Room 7Chairs: Judith Flügg, Jennifer D. McDonald

446 - Ethanol impacts on gasoline spills – Implications from two field experimentsJuliana FreitasCiências Biológicas - Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil Jim BarkerDepartment of Earth & Environmental Sciences - University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Ethanol is added to most gasoline in the USA and Canada. If spilled into the subsurface, high aqueous ethanol concentrations could inhibit hy-drocarbon bioattenuation. Three field experiments at CFB Borden indicate that processes in the unsaturated zone, capillary fringe and below the water table will limit this inhibition. BTEX biodegradation rates in dissolved plumes were similar for ethanol-free gasoline and 10%-ethanol (E10) sourced plumes. An E95 source did cause some decrease in BTEX bioattenuation. Surficial releases of E10 and then E95 at the same location found that ethanol became separated from gasoline residuals, limiting the impact of ethanol on dissolved hydrocarbon plumes. Soluble ethanol partitioned into unsaturated zone pore water, minimizing ethanol reaching the capillary fringe. Both ethanol and hydrocarbons migrated laterally in the capillary fringe, which is usually not monitored. Because ethanol is less dense than water, high ethanol concentrations in the unsaturated zone and capillary fringe will remain above most hydrocarbon residuals even with water table fluctuations. When E95 was released into E10 re-siduals, only minor remobilization of gasoline LNAPL was noted. The LNAPL (composed of E10 hydrocarbons and E95 denaturants) accumulated in zones below the highest ethanol concentrations, and was smeared by oscillations in the water table. The separation between the ethanol-rich phase and the hydrocarbon residuals can minimize the impacts of ethanol. These behaviors minimize the impact of ethanol on the dissolved hydrocarbon plume. However, ethanol biodegrades rapidly in the source zone, usually generating potentially explosive methane in the soil.

317 - On the value of geochemical data for understanding groundwater flow and natural attenuation of a leachate plume at a former landfill Laurie Tremblay1, René Lefebvre1, Vincent Cloutier 2, John Molson3

1 : INRS, Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Québec, Canada2 : IRME - Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Campus d’Amos, Canada3: Dept. of Geology and Geological Engineering - Université Laval, Québec, Canada

An integrated multidisciplinary characterization program was carried out on a shallow semi-confined aquifer at the Saint-Lambert-de-Lauzon sanitary landfill. The study aimed to develop efficient characterisation approaches to define aquifer and leachate plume heterogeneities at a sub-watershed scale (12 km2). Geological, geophysical (surface and direct push), hydraulic and geochemical methods were used to: 1) define aquifer properties, 2) identify the leachate plume and 3) evaluate the potential for natural attenuation. Geochemical sampling was conducted in three ways: 1) between packers in 29 wells screened over the full depth of the aquifer; 2) in 10 discrete shallow piezometers (1.5-2 m below ground surface); and 3) in 30 discrete wells screened at specific intervals. Low-flow groundwater sampling was done with a peristaltic pump to preserve sensitive geochemical conditions. Groundwater was analyzed for major and minor elements as well as for stable (18O, 2H, 15N, 3He/4He) and radiogenic (14C, 3H) isotopes. Parameters such as alkalinity, Fe2+, S2-, temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, ORP and pH were recorded on site. Physical and geochemical parameters of the aquifer soil matrix were also analyzed. The statistical integration of multiple data sources allowed the representation of aquifer heterogeneity in 3D and the delineation of the leachate plumes. Statistical and graphical interpretations of the geochemical data provided insight on the natural environment of the semi-confined aquifer in the sub-watershed and into the geochemistry which controls plume evolution. Geochemical data were most useful in refining the conceptual model of groundwater flow and in understanding geochemical processes along flow paths. The data were also integrated to develop a representative groundwater flow and mass transport numerical model. The geochemical data in combination with 2D numerical modelling has provided a better understanding of groundwater flow and natural attenuation mechanisms of the leachate plume at the former landfill. This improved knowledge of the site condi-tions will lead to a better assessment of the environmental risk to groundwater receptors with respect to the leachate plume.


618 - Comprehensive conceptual model of an Italian megasite combining numerical flow and transport modeling, MLS and CSIA of nitrogen and chlorinated solventsMarco PetittaDipartimento di Scienze della Terra – Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, ItalyNicolò ColombaniEarth Sciences Department - University of Ferrara, Ferrara, ItalyMicol MastrociccoEarth Sciences Department - University of Ferrara, Ferrara, ItalyChiara SbarbatiDipartimento di Scienze della Terra – Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, ItalyRamon AravenaEarth and Environmental Department - University of Waterloo, ON, Canada

Chemical, geological and hydrogeological investigations were conducted in a polluted site in Italy, with the aim of improving and validating a conceptual model of groundwater flow and contaminant transport and of providing a rough evaluation of contaminant evolution with time in the context of a permanent remediation strategy. Various sources of pollution were detected, including petroleum hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents and nutrients (phosphorous and nitrogen). The collected data facilitated the construction of a numerical model, which takes into account groundwater flow interaction with salt water intrusion by a density-dependent model. Simulation results agree with the field data, showing that the dissolved contaminants are completely intercepted by a P&T system, the salt wedge intrusion has reached the pumping wells, and that approximately 25% of pumped groundwater comes from losses from a surface seawater canal at the site. The three dimensional flow model was validated by data collected in 2009-10, and it is now used to forecast and manage the pumping rates of more than 70 wells. New monitoring by multilevel sampling has been performed in 2011-12 to build a transport model, including dispersive/diffusive components, to be used for a preliminary evaluation of the mass of total dissolved contaminants in groundwater. It has been demonstrated that the effect of a vertical physical barrier has created a stagnation zone downgradient of the barrier, where contaminant concentration does not decrease with time, except by natural attenuation. The conceptual model of the contamination evolution takes into account the processes influencing locally and at the site scale natural attenuation coupled with pump & treat strategies. Isotope analyses of the main contaminants have been performed to evaluate the processes that are involved in their attenuation. In particular, they were focused on nitrogen compounds, related to past industrial activities and to a sewage system, and chlorinated solvents, from industrial processes in limited zones of the megasite and migrated downgradient with time.

840 - Laboratory studies on the sorption behaviour of wastewater derived pharmaceutical residues Victoria Burke & Gudrun MassmannInstitute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, GermanyUwe DuennbierDepartment of Laboratories – Berlin Water Company, Berlin, Germany

Wastewater derived organic trace pollutants may enter the groundwater due to wastewater irrigation or bank filtration processes. The fate and transport behaviour of some compounds during these processes has already been investigated in former studies, however, sorption data are largely lacking.

The aim of our study was to broaden the knowledge on the sorption behaviour of selected wastewater derived trace pollutants. So far, only numerical models have been used to estimate retardation and partition coefficients, but measured values of these parameters from laboratory studies are largely missing. Therefore, we performed column experiments operated under water saturated conditions. The study included pharmaceutical residues classified as beta blockers, antibiotics, psychoactive drugs, and phenazone-type compounds, as well as the corrosion inhibitors benzotriazole and methylbenzotriazole.

A stainless steel column was filled with sterilised aquifer sediment collected at a Berlin field site and flushed with tap water which was spiked with the investigated compounds in environmentally relevant concentrations and sodium chloride as conservative tracer. Additionally, sodium acid was added to the influent water to prevent biodegradation during the experiment. The column effluent was sampled periodically over a period of 12 days.

Retardation due to sorption was observed for the beta blockers metoprolol, atenolol, sotalol and propranolol, for the corrosion inhibitors benzotriazole and methylbenzotriazole, as well as for the psychoactive compounds diazepam and oxazepam. By comparing the transport


behaviour of the organic compounds to the conservative tracer, retardation coefficients were determined, and resulting linear sorption partition coefficients were calculated.

These results provide useful information on the transport behaviour of the investigated compounds in the saturated zone, which were not available from previous studies. Furthermore, the obtained values are relevant to conduct future experiments investigating the redox dependent degradation of the target compounds.

843 - Long-term discrete monitoring of a stable herbicide plume in a fractured dolostone aquiferCarlos Maldaner, Cory Repta, Beth Parker & John CherryG360 - The Centre for Applied Groundwater Research, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.Raymond CarterDillon Consulting Limited, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada.

Strong natural attenuation is observed in a persistent co-mingled plume of metolachlor (MET; a halogenated organic herbicide) and trichloroethene (TCE) in a 100 m thick fractured dolostone aquifer supplying drinking water to the city of Cambridge, Ontario. The plume containing MET was discovered in 1992, but MET likely entered the aquifer primarily in the early to mid 1980’s. Initial investigations conducted in 1992-1995 concluded that it was caused by dissolved-phase transport by groundwater flow down through 30m of Quaternary overburden deposits into the dolostone aquifer. Subsequent study of the dolostone initiated in 1999 using a combination of conventional methods and the Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) Approach revealed MET throughout the depth of the dolostone aquifer, comingled with trichloroethene (TCE) from a nearby industrial source. This deep contamination of MET and TCE is attributed to flow of dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) at separate input locations through the overburden to near the bottom of the dolostone aquifer. The site conceptual model incorporates DNAPL dissolution to groundwater flowing in fractures combined with diffusion-driven mass transfer from fractures into the adjacent low-permeability but porous rock matrix, resulting in strong attenuation of source zone concentrations followed by the present day condition in which back-diffusion from the rock matrix into groundwater moving in the fracture network results in a persistent low concentration plume. Seven multilevel sampling (MLS) systems have been installed for depth-discrete hydraulic and groundwater monitoring. Results from sampling of the conventional well and MLS network in 2011 were consistent with the site conceptual model, demonstrating that MET and TCE concentrations had declined slightly throughout the contaminated zone, while the distribution was broadly similar to that seen previously in 2004/5. MET first arrived at a municipal well located 950 m away in 2001, at a concentration well below the Ontario MOE guideline, and the MET concentration at this location has remained at similarly low levels for the past 10 years. The long-term data indicate that the plume has achieved a stable position. This site demonstrates that contaminant fate and transport in a fractured rock aquifer is governed by diffusion processes exchanging contaminant mass between mobile groundwater and the porous matrix.

922 - Study on the evaluation of the advection dispersion phenomenon of groundwaterMakoto Nishigaki 1,Kazuki Hagiwara2 1.2. Graduate School of Environment Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan

Recently, in order to quantitatively estimate soil and groundwater pollution, a computer simulation program called ‘advection dispersion analysis’ is commonly used. Therefore, in this context, past analytical codes such as MODFLOW and D-TRANSU are developed and used. When using advection dispersion analysis, the formula factor of dispersion usually used is that proposed by A. E. Scheidegger in 1961 as an important parameter for use in many analysis codes. The formula proposed by Scheidegger is a very effective tool reflecting the experimental result indicating that blur of concentration front becomes less when the flow velocity is high. However, if advection dispersion analysis is conducted using Scheidegger’s formula, the extension of the concentration of the pollutant towards the upstream side, where the groundwater velocity is zero, is larger compared to the case where there ground-water velocity exists. This phenomenon does not occur in actual field conditions. Therefore, by considering the action of the contaminant from pollution source to the direction of the upstream side, an indoor tracer experiment followed by advection dispersion analysis was conducted in order to estimate the validity of Scheidegger’s formula in the above said situation. Furthermore, the formula factor of dispersion for the above mentioned phenomenon was proposed followed by the advection dispersion analysis in order to test its validity.

By considering the concentration of the contaminant on the upstream side, the indoor tracer experiment, using salt water, was conducted in or-der to estimate the validity of above stated obtained results. As a result, the Scheidegger’s formula is able to grasp the concentration of pollutant to the downstream side, whereas, it is unable to grasp the concentration of the pollutant to the upstream side.


529 - Former Water Street Landfill Anaerobic Attenuation Pilot Study for the Town of Greater NapaneeJohn St. Marseille, P.Eng., P.Geo.GENIVAR Inc., Cornwall, Ontario, CanadaMeaghan Davey Greater Napanee Utilities

The Town of Greater Napanee (Napanee) owns a former municipal landfill located on a 2.4 ha parcel of land along the Napanee River. The landfill was operated as a municipal landfill from the 1950’s to the early 1980’s. The site has been closed and covered and is now used as a municipal park. Since 2005, groundwater monitoring has been completed annually at the on-site monitoring wells to characterize the site. The primary contaminants of concern (CoC) have been characterized as petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs, VOCs and PAHs). There are also seasonally occurring seeps, of iron-complexed compounds, along the downgradient (river) side of the former landfill which have had an aesthetic impact.

To address the remediation needs, various options were explored. The most favourable, although experimental, was anaerobic remediation. With Ministry of Environment (MOE) collaboration, experimental remediation of the former landfill was initiated in July 2010 using MgSO

4 (epsom salt)

added to groundwater. A comprehensive monitoring program of groundwater and surface water was also undertaken. A remediation program was initiated to attenuate target contaminants (PHCs, PAHs) at the former landfill area.

Epsom salt is poured directly into the groundwater monitors to about the static groundwater level and the mass of epsom salts added to each well was recorded. Initially the epsom salts were replenished semi-weekly; however, as of December 2010, the epsom salts are replenished on a weekly basis. Epsom salts, having a solubility of more than 700,000 mg/L, will disperse and advect (SO

4) downgradient under the site’s relatively

high natural hydraulic gradient to be available / migrate to the aquifer where the target contaminants exist. The Mg signal is also a useful tracer.

The objective of this approach is to passively bioremediate the organic contaminants by inducing anaerobic degradation (by sulfate reducing bacteria). This bioremediation process has been cited by Anderson and Lovely (2000) and Cunningham (2001). The epsom salt itself is non-toxic and readily available. The end products of this redox reaction are bicarbonate and bisulfide (HS-) at neutral pH (average pH> 6.8, which exists at the site). This simple passive method of bioremediation has widespread application to various contaminated sites for various organic com-pounds.

This project offers a field-scale opportunity to evaluate a simple method to effect groundwater remediation. Groundwater monitoring has occurred at on-site monitoring wells and seep sample locations on a monthly basis to monitor the progress of the groundwater remediation program. Geochemical indicators (major ions, cations, and field parameters (pH, temp, ORP, conductance) plus the target organic species and other key redox couple compounds (Fe2+, NO

3-)) were monitored regularly. The results of the remediation program show that the anaerobic

induced remediation (via epsom salt addition) has been effective for target compounds; however, further remediation and monitoring is required to confirm long-term performance.

973 - The potential impact of naturally-attenuated leachate from the Merrick Landfill on the Little Sturgeon RiverRichard Plourde, Kent Novakowski & Pascale ChampagneQueen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, CanadaDepartment of Civil Engineering – Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

In this study, the impacts of leachate-impacted groundwater from the Merrick Landfill (North Bay, Ontario) discharging to the Little Sturgeon River, a naturally-depleted stream, are investigated through a comprehensive hydrogeological program. The landfill is constructed on a sand aquifer overlying a fractured crystalline bedrock. Special attention is also given to the geological setting of the near-river zone, which is com-plicated by the presence of a bedrock ridge at the bank of the flood plain and by low permeability material and bedrock underlying the stream. Seven transects consisting of nested mini-piezometers and drive-point piezometers were installed in the flood plain, perpendicular to the River. Slug tests were conducted and groundwater samples were obtained from these piezometers and from previously installed piezometers around the site. Temperature and electrical conductivity measurements were collected from the river, numerous groundwater seeps adjacent to the river, and the transects. Hydraulic conductivity values ranged from 10-6 – 10-5 m/s for the upper part of the aquifer (around the landfill) and from 10-7 – 10-6 m/s for the lower part of the aquifer (at the edge of the floodplain). In all nested site piezometers, the vertical component of flow


is always downward. Values of hydraulic conductivity in the transects ranged from 10-7 – 10-5 m/s, only slightly lower than the sand aquifer. Based on the temperature measurements taken at the riverbed, groundwater discharge at the bed is not an important contributing component. Background electrical conductivity values are 20 µS/cm for the river water and 50 µS/cm for the groundwater. Measurements taken at the groundwater seeps and in the transects range from 350 to 1735 µS/cm and 110 to1110 µS/cm, respectively. Values in the river water spike to 80 µS/cm adjacent to the first seep and gradually increase to 130 µS/cm before the end of the last transect. The results suggest that the major contribution of leachate-impacted groundwater to the river occurs through surface water pathways coming from the seeps, and that direct leachate-impacted groundwater discharge is not a significant contribution of contamination to the river. The leachate contaminated groundwater that does not discharge at the seeps (the vast majority) is determined to underflow the river in the bedrock.

206 - Contribution of photodegradation to the natural attenuation of RDX and nitroglycerin (NG) on training ranges Genevieve Bordeleau1 and Richard Martel1 & Guy Ampleman2

1 Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS-ETE), Quebec City, QC. Canada2 Defence Research and Development Canada, Valcartier, Quebec City, QC. CanadaSonia ThiboutotDefence Research and Development Canada, Valcartier, Quebec City, QC. Canada

Energetic materials such as RDX and nitroglycerin (NG) have often been detected in soils on training ranges. Once deposited on the ground, they can dissolve with precipitation and enter groundwater. Natural attenuation does play a role in reducing concentrations of RDX and NG, however the processes involved are not well understood. Previously, only biodegradation was considered a significant process in the context of training ranges. A few studies have shown that other processes like photodegradation can successfully degrade energetics when dissolved in water. However, on training ranges energetics are mostly found in solid form at the soil surface. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate whether photodegradation contributes to natural attenuation of RDX and NG in soils on training ranges.

Experiments were done on RDX and double-base propellant (containing NG and nitrocellulose) exposed to sunlight under both dissolved and un-dissolved (solid) forms. Aqueous solutions of RDX and NG were exposed for several weeks at different times of year. In parallel, RDX powder and propellant grains were spread on top of thin sand layers in quartz-covered petri dishes, which were exposed to sunlight for 6 months. Samples were collected for the analysis of RDX/NG as well as nitrate, which is a common degradation product of both RDX and NG.

In the aqueous solutions, RDX was photodegraded by sunlight very rapidly (half-life between 0.3 and 2.5 days), while NG degradation was slower (half-life of 30-173 days). Both compounds released significant amounts of nitrate in the solution. Surprisingly, photodegradation affected non-dissolved energetics to a large extent, with 73% of the RDX and 58% of the NG being degraded over the 6-month period. While RDX concentrations in the sand decreased steadily over the whole period, NG degradation stagnated after 2.5 months. This was due to the nitrocellulose matrix of the propellant par-ticles, which is not affected by sunlight and limits access of UV rays to NG molecules located inside the propellant particles. Overall, the results show for the first time that photodegradation is an important natural attenuation mechanism for both RDX and NG located at the soil surface, resulting in a decrease in contaminant mass at the source zone, before they dissolve and start migrating down the soil profile.

sessIon t2-F: AQuItArds ITuesday, September 18 • 13:00-15:15 • Fallsview Studio ABCChairs: Jim Hendry, Michael Rivett

695 - How do you characterize aquitard properties?C. E. NeuzilU.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, USA

Low-permeability units create the plumbing of groundwater flow systems and play crucial roles in water supply, contaminant and waste isolation, and resource extraction. Too often, however, they receive only cursory treatment because their flow and transport properties are difficult to determine. Three approaches to this problem are available. The first is to use specialized laboratory and in situ testing procedures such as pulse permeametry and bore-


hole-completion history matching. While often very useful, these procedures require nonstandard equipment and can be technically challenging and costly. They also characterize only small volumes of aquitard material. The second approach is to use “natural” flow experiments. Natural experiments are flow systems that can be analyzed to yield reasonably unique inverse estimates of aquitard properties. Of much longer duration than human experiments, they characterize large volumes of aquitard material. However, the analyses are also time-consuming, less well constrained than human experiments, and not possible in all flow systems. Combining testing and natural experiments is particularly powerful because it reveals scale dependence or its absence. If neither of these approaches is feasible, it is now also possible to take a third approach by constraining aquitard properties based on their physical and lithological characteristics and geologic history. Simple permeability - porosity and specific storage - porosity relations in aquitards can provide surprisingly robust estimates of both parameters in many instances.

632 - At the end of the line: diffuse groundwater discharge and palaeohydrology at the terminus of the Great Artesian BasinGlenn A. Harrington, Brian D. SmerdonCSIRO Water for a Healthy Country National Research Flagship, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaW. Payton GardnerSandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USAM. Jim HendryDepartment of Geological Sciences – University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada

The Great Artesian Basin (GAB) is one of the world’s largest contiguous groundwater systems and has been the focus for countless studies into recharge mechanisms and hydrodynamics of continental-scale flow systems. Despite all this attention, few studies have focused on quantifying discharge fluxes in the GAB, and those that have were targeted either at quantifying artesian spring discharge or utilising evaporation from the land surface as a proxy for deep groundwater discharge flux.

This paper presents two deep, continuous vertical profiles of environmental tracers (chloride, deuterium and helium-4) from aquitard porewaters col-lected near the western margin of the GAB. All profiles are clearly diffusion dominated, however an upward flux of several millimetres per ten thousand years is required to simulate the measured chloride profile. This discharge flux, which can be considered the first true estimate of diffuse discharge from this part of the GAB, corresponds to a bulk vertical hydraulic conductivity for the aquitard sequence of 1x10-13 ms-1. Helium-4 tracer data were unable to resolve fluid flux below abut 1x10-11 ms-1 due to the high molecular diffusion coefficient of helium compared to chloride and deuterium.

The measured chloride and deuterium profiles reveal a long-term palaeohydrological history that correlates very well with the history of playa Lake Eyre. At one of the sites we interpret a distinctive S-shaped tracer profile (300 m deep) that represents an archive of alternating sa-line-fresh-saline conditions in the overlying water table aquifer throughout the late Pleistocene (120 ka to present). In contrast, the chloride profile at the other site represents a more classic diffusion profile (100 m deep) that can only be explained by long-term salt accumulation to the shallow water table aquifer, consistent with a local groundwater discharge zone.

Measured tracer concentrations in groundwater sampled from the underlying artesian aquifer at both sites are distinctly different to the aquitard pore water immediately above, suggesting that conditions in the aquifer have changed recently. Radiocarbon measurements for the same groundwaters yield apparent ages of 25-30 ka indicating that this part of the basin - which is traditionally conceptualised as a discharge zone - was actively recharged during the late Pleistocene.

756 - Vulnerability of water supply wells beneath regional aquitards in an urban setting K. R. Bradbury, M. B. Gotkowitz, D. J. Hart, and M. J. ParsenWisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, University of Wisconsin-Extension, Madison, WI, USAC. A. GellaschUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USAM. A. Borchardt and S. K. SpencerUSDA-Agricultural Research Service, Marshfield, WI, USA

Hydrogeologists, water managers and regulatory officials often assume that regional aquitards protect underlying aquifers and wells from contaminants originating at or near the land surface, but rarely test these assumptions. We have been investigating a regional shale aquitard (the Eau Claire aquitard) beneath the city of Madison in southern Wisconsin, USA. Evidence for rapid transport across the aquitard includes


the presence of human enteric viruses in numerous deep water supply wells, observations of fractures in the aquitard and adjacent sandstone aquifers, and significant ambient downward flow in cross-connecting boreholes.

We have repeatedly detected human enteric viruses in deep (over 800 ft) bedrock water supply wells cased across the aquitard. The likely source of the viruses is leakage from urban sewers. These virus detections are surprising because the viruses have relatively short (1-2 yr) viable lifetimes in groundwater environments and simulated advective travel times from the surface to the wells are calculated to be tens to hundreds of years. Local digital borehole logs commonly show that sparse but important hydrogeologic discontinuities such as vertical or horizontal frac-tures dominate flow even in the sandstone aquifers. Such observations suggest that our traditional conceptual models of uniform aquifers and aquitards dominated by homogeneous porous-media processes are often incorrect. Instead, a small number of discrete features can contribute most of the transmissivity measured in a well or borehole. Likewise, multi-aquifer or cross connecting wells often carry significant ambient vertical flow and seriously degrade aquitard integrity.

These findings are potentially very significant for several reasons. First, the widespread virus occurrence in the deep wells shows that exfiltration from sanitary sewers can significantly impact urban groundwater quality. Second, the frequent virus detections show that the deeply-cased municipal wells are not necessarily well protected from near-surface contaminants. Finally, the rapid transport times from the surface to the wells imply that discrete features, which might include fractures, cross-connecting wells, improperly abandoned wells, or failing well casings, can profoundly influence vertical and horizontal groundwater movement.

809 - Preferential flow paths in glacial aquitardsKallina M. Dunkle & Mary P. AndersonDepartment of Geoscience - University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USADavid J. Hart Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, Madison, WI, USA

Preferential flow paths in glacially-deposited aquitards depend on the connectivity of high conductivity units, which can be difficult to detect. An aquitard in Outagamie County, WI, occurs in an east-west trending bedrock valley filled with over 300 feet of predominantly fine-grained glacial Lake Oshkosh sediment with some glacial till and sand bodies. The fine-grained lake sediment appears to form an extensive aquitard. However, sand bodies within the aquitard are the source of groundwater for many rural residents and likely form preferential flow paths that may transmit contaminants to underlying aquifers.

We detected the location of sand bodies using electrical resistivity imaging and data from 2,200 well logs. We used multiple-point geostatistics to generate 300 hydrostratigraphic models and then analyzed for statistics of connectivity, including the number of fully percolating paths, using the code CONNEC3D. Analysis of the well logs and electrical resistivity imaging indicated approximately 20% sand and gravel. All of the models contained 13-20% sand and gravel and had at least one fully percolating path in the vertical direction. Since flow through the aquitard is dominantly in the vertical direction, the sand bodies are acting as preferential flow paths in this aquitard, and likely in similar glacial aquitards. A representative set of 6 hydrostratigraphic models was selected and imported into groundwater flow and advective transport models. Flow paths were traced using particle tracking and compared to the statistics of connectivity. Overall, results from this study indicate that the connectivity of high conductivity units is key in determining groundwater flow and transport in a glacially-deposited aquitard.

592 - Mapping and assessing variably saturated clay aquitards beneath the water table in the Darling River floodplain, Murray-Darling Basin, S.E. Australia.

David Gibson, Martin Smith, Ross S. Brodie, Ken Lawrie, Larysa Halas Geoscience Australia, Canberra, ACT, AustraliaJared D. Abraham United States Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, USA

An integrated multi-scale approach has been used to map and assess shallow (<100m) aquitards in unconsolidated alluvial sediments beneath the Darling River floodplain. The study integrated a regional-scale (7,500km2) airborne electromagnetics (AEM) survey with targeted ground electrical surveys, downhole lithological and geophysical (induction, gamma and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)) logging, hydraulic testing and hydrogeochemistry obtained from a 100 borehole (7.5km) sonic and rotary drilling program. Electrical conductivity mapping confirmed a


relatively continuous lacustrine Blanchetown Clay aquitard, mostly below the water table. The Blanchetown Clay is typically 5-10m thick with a maximum thickness of 18m but, importantly, can also be absent. Variations (up to 60m) in the elevation of the aquitard top surface are attributed partly to neotectonics, including warping, discrete fault offsets, and regional tilting.

Hydrograph responses in overlying and underlying aquifers, laboratory permeameter measurements on cores, and hydrogeochemical data demonstrate where the Blanchetown Clay acts as an effective aquitard. In these areas, the AEM and induction logs can show an electrical conductivity (EC) decrease towards the centre of the clay rich aquitard, contrary to the typical response of saturated clays. Even though the aquitard centre is below the watertable, core moisture data and NMR total water logs indicate very low water content, explaining the relatively low EC response. The NMR logs also indicate that the clay aquitard is partially saturated both from the top and the bottom. This suggests very low hydraulic conductivities for the aquitard resulting in negligible vertical leakage in these areas. This is supported by core permeameter measurements of less than 10-12 m/s.

In certain areas, the Blanchetown Clay is leaky, inferred from the geophysics and hydrogeochemistry. In these areas and where the clay layer is absent, local episodic recharge has resulted in previously unrecognised resources of fresh to slightly brackish groundwater in the underlying semi-confined aquifer. Where present, the Blanchetown Clay could form an effective upper aquitard cap for managed aquifer recharge (MAR) schemes.

413 - Geotechnical centrifuge permeameter for characterizing aquitards: pore water chemistry and potential inter-aquifer leakage W.A. Timms School of Mining Engineering - University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Affiliated with National Centre for Groundwater Research and TrainingA. Hartland, R.I. Acworth, M. Whelan School of Civil & Environmental Engineering - University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Affiliated with National Centre for Groundwater Research and TrainingM.J. HendryDepartment of Geological Sciences - University of Saskatchewan, Canada.D. O’CarrollCivil and Environmental Engineering - University of Western Ontario, Canada

Hydraulic disconnection by aquitards can limit potential impacts of dewatering and contaminant migration. This paper presents examples of laboratory tests on minimally disturbed aquitard drill core that has applications for assessing vertical leakage to irrigation aquifers, and the degree of disconnection between coal seams and shallow aquifers or surface waters. Direct measurement of vertical hydraulic conductivity (Kv) provides valuable constraints to numerical modelling to increase confidence in unique calibration. These measurements are complimentary to various field measurements of horizontal K but are rarely attempted because of lengthy testing times. However, with accelerated steady state flow in a centrifuge, testing can be completed in reasonable experimental time for a large number of duplicate core samples. The heterogeneity of sediment at a site on the Liverpool Plains in Australia’s Murray-Darling Basin was characterised from sediment cores to 40 m depth including soil moisture and bulk density. Core was tested in the new NCGRT permeameter (0.7 m radius, 65-100 mm diameter cores). The relatively large centrifuge radius minimizes gravity differences within the sample and allows for in flight monitoring of pore pressures and other parameters. Pumping stress effects can be tested, if core consolidation is minimised by spinning the centrifuge below the limiting “g” tested for consolidation of soil under the overburden pressure. The centrifuge permeameter also enables the effective porosity and breakthrough of chloride or reactive contaminants to be observed within reasonable experimental time, if flow is sufficiently slow for chemical equilibrium. Accelerating core samples at 100 times gravity, for example, makes it possible to observe in 1 day of centrifuge testing, flow that would occur in 10,000 day (~27 years) under in-situ conditions. Contaminant transport experiments are commencing to assess NaCl sorption and breakthrough in smectite clays, and nano-particle and colloid transport in low permeability non-reactive porous media. The centrifuge permeameter can also be used in transient flow mode, to define water retention curves and recharge rates in partially saturated material. Finally, the centrifuge permeameter can also be used to extract porewater for analysis, and to measure specific storage and consolidation.


538 - Identifying Aquitards in Sequences of Fractured Sedimentary Rock Hydrogeologic UnitsJ.R. Meyer, B.L. Parker & J.A. CherryG360 - Centre for Applied Groundwater Research, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Twenty-two high-resolution, depth-discrete Westbay® multilevel systems (MLSs) have been installed at contaminated fractured sedimentary rock field sites located near Los Angeles, CA, Madison, WI, and Toronto, ON. These sites include a range of rock types (e.g., sandstones, shales, and dolostones) deposited in a variety of environments. This study demonstrates how vertical profiles of high-resolution head data are used to identify the presence of aquitards within vertical sequences of hydrogeologic units. The high-resolution MLSs incorporate an average of 29 head mea-surement zones or about 3 zones per 10 m and were installed in comprehensively investigated coreholes. Measurements of hydraulic head were collected at least semi-annually or as often as monthly from the MLSs for several years. The vertical component of hydraulic gradient, referred to here as vertical gradient, was calculated for each pair of adjacent monitoring zones. The vertical gradients were plotted in vertical profile with other detailed datasets collected from the coreholes. The profiles show thick sections of no measurable vertical gradient (absolute value less than 0.02) separated by much thinner sections of large, sometimes greater than 1, vertical gradient. The thin zones of large vertical gradient indicate a contrast in bulk vertical hydraulic conductivity and are interpreted as aquitard units. The aquitard units delineated using the high-resolution head profile data do not necessarily correspond to stratigraphic units and are often much thinner than would be predicted by interpretation of geophysical logs such as natural gamma. In addition, detailed lithologic logs collected from continuous cores were not predictive of the position or thickness of many of the zones of large vertical gradient. Large vertical gradients also occurred across the same sections of the corehole where hydraulic testing showed substantial horizontal hydraulic conductivity. These results suggest detailed vertical head profiles are essential to accu-rate delineation of aquitard units in fractured sedimentary rock. Properly identifying and characterizing distinct hydrogeologic units that serve as aquitards is critical to accurately defining the flow system which is fundamental to predictions of contaminant transport and fate.

375 - Hydrogeology and Solute Transport in a Complex, Fractured Shale, Fort à la Corne, Saskatchewan, CanadaErin E Schmeling1, M Jim Hendry1 & S Lee Barbour2

1 Department of Geological Sciences - University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

The presence of secondary structures (e.g., fractures) can compromise the ability of clay-rich bedrock aquitards to protect underlying aquifers from near-surface contamination. To date, the effects of secondary structures on water migration and solute transport are poorly characterized. This study characterized the water migration and solute transport mechanisms at a geologically simple and a geologically complex late-Creta-ceous shale aquitard ~3 km apart at the same study area in central Saskatchewan, Canada. The primary properties of the complex aquitard were altered by kimberlite volcanism during deposition of the aquitard (99 to 112 Ma BP). An interpretation of piezometric data from the shale during a 22-day pump test of the underlying Mannville Group sandstone aquifer (195 to 353 m BG) yielded hydraulic conductivity (K) values within the Upper Mannville and Lower Colorado shale and fractured, deformed, kimberlite and shale deposits (termed kimberlite debris flow (KDF) one to two orders of magnitude greater than those obtained from laboratory testing of intact samples, which suggested the presence of transmissive fractures throughout the aquitard. Piezometric responses during the pump test also suggested no vertical leakage through the regionally located kimberlite pipes attributed to insufficient drawdown to reverse the upward hydraulic gradient through the aquitard. High-res-olution, 1-D vertical profiles of conservative δ2H and were also collected from the geologically simple and geologically complex sites (203 and 353 m deep, respectively) to further define the vertical controls on solute transport. The shape of the 1-D tracer profiles and associated transport modeling from the geologically simple site suggested diffusion as the dominant transport mechanism through the entire thickness of the Lower Colorado shale aquitard (113 to 197 m below ground, BG). In contrast, profiles through the complex Cretaceous shale and associated modeling suggested advection to be the dominant transport mechanism (119 to 155 m BG). Below the complex shale, the shape of the profiles and modeling suggested diffusion to be the dominant transport process (155 to 255 m BG).


sessIon t2-g: CArBon seQuestrAtIonTuesday, September 18 • 13:00-15:15 • Upper Fallsview Studio AChairs: Dan Palombi, James Brydie

391 - Groundwater Resources and Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide Neil WildgustPetroleum Technology Research Centre, Regina, Saskatchewan, CanadaLudmilla Basava-ReddiIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, Cheltenham, Gloucs, UK

Groundwater resources represent a major potential environmental receptor in the context of risk mitigation for CO2 geological storage. Many

sedimentary basins around the world that hold significant storage potential in deep saline formations (DSF) and depleted hydrocarbon fields may also contain potable groundwater resources.

Whilst industrial scale CO2 geological storage has already been demonstrated as a safe technological option (e.g. Weyburn-Midale, Sleipner,

In-Salah), potential problems of over-pressurisation and brine displacement, especially in the context of DSF storage, could have a major impact on storage capacity. The degree to which brine and pressure displacement may occur will be governed by several factors. Key amongst these will be the boundary conditions of storage reservoirs; whether systems are ‘open’, whereby fluid and pressure communication within storage formations is strong; or ‘closed’ where compartmentalisation by lateral flow boundaries (e.g. faults) effectively limits pressure dissipation. In reality, some systems could actually be regarded as ‘semi-closed’, with intermediate fluid and pressure communication.

Recent studies by the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEAGHG) have provided a review of the potential impacts of storage on groundwater resources, in terms of both hydrodynamics and geochemistry. The juxtaposition of storage and groundwater resources has been assessed for several key regions. Pressurisation and brine displacement effects have been modelled using real world datasets. IEAGHG research indicates that risks to groundwater resources associated with industrial scale CO

2 geological storage can be effectively managed in appropriately selected

and characterised sites. Further large scale demonstration projects are needed to improve understanding of storage performance and better calibrate predictive modelling.

143 - Hydrogeology of the Basal Aquifer in the Alberta and Williston basins and its CO2 storage potential.Anatoly Melnik1 & Stefan Bachu2

1 WorleyParsons, Canada2 Alberta Innovates - Technology Futures, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Regional hydrogeological characterization of the Basal Aquifer has been completed as a part of bi-national (Canada-USA) project that aims to define the area suitable for CO

2 storage and evaluate the storage capacity of the lowermost Cambro-Ordovician saline-aquifer system in the Northern Plains

– Prairie Region of North America. The Basal Aquifer has an area ~1.34 million km2 and underlies 43 large CO2 sources with combined emissions of

159 Mt CO2/year. The aquifer consists of Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician clean sandstones that overlie the crystalline Precambrian basement.

The Basal Aquifer is >5000 m deep in the Alberta and Williston basins and its thickness varies between 50 - 400 m in the confined area. The aquifer is overlain by a primary caprock comprising Cambrian and Ordovician shales, as well as tight carbonates and evaporites.

The temperature values in the Basal Aquifer range from >150°C in the northwest of the Alberta Basin and >130°C in the Williston Basin in North Dakota, to <10°C in outcrop areas. The total dissolved solids (TDS) range from >300,000 mg/L in central Alberta and the deep parts of the Williston Basin, to <10,000 mg/L at the aquifer’s edges and outcrop areas in the south and northeast. The hydraulic heads based on average groundwater density of 1090 kg/m3 range from >1200 m in south-central Montana to <300 m in northeastern Saskatchewan and western Manitoba. The vertical pressure gradient in the aquifer ranges from 10.8 kPa/m to 11.7 kPa/m, and strongly depends on the TDS, hence on groundwater density.

The formation water in the Basal Aquifer flows from the southern recharge areas in Montana, Wyoming and South Dakota to the north and northeast, towards the Alberta Basin and the discharge areas in northeastern Saskatchewan and central Manitoba. Significant density effects


marked by quasi-stagnant flow conditions are present in the deepest parts of the aquifer due to high TDS and water density, resulting in negative buoyancy effects. The area suitable for CO

2 storage of ~717,820 km2 was determined based on the following criteria: 1) water salinity greater

than 10,000 mg/L, 2) porosity greater than 4%, 3) CO2 dense phase and 4) storage depth of minimum 1000 m. The regional-scale CO

2 storage

capacity of the Basal Aquifer was estimated to be 113 Gt CO2.

385 - 11F-Hypotheses in Carbon SequestrationK. U. WeyerWDA Consultants Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada

By experience one knows that people usually have 10 fingers. Nevertheless, there exists at least one procedure of counting to return not 10 but 11 fingers. For clarity’s sake we call that kind of error an 11F-hypothesis.

In carbon sequestration erroneous 11F-hypotheses include:

• Fluid flow in the subsurface is driven by pressure differences as the main force,

• Buoyancy is the main driving force for CO2 sequestration worldwide,

• Light material, such as supercritical injected CO2, always moves vertically upwards as it is lighter than the host fluid (the groundwater),

• heavier material, such as saline water with additional CO2 dissolved, is heavier than the host fluid and hence flows to the bottom of the geologic layer system, and

• others.

All of these hypotheses are presently of central importance in determining the storage and flow behaviour of sequestered CO2. An example is the determination of the height of CO2-columns leading to breakthrough of sequestered CO2 through confining caprocks. By applying Hubbert’s (1940) force potential to CO2 sequestration instead of Muskat’s (1937) velocity potential this presentation will show all of these assumptions to be physically incorrect. Applying this change of methodologies will lead to realistic determination of general migration pathways, end points of CO2 migration, and time spans involved.

612 - Modeling impacts of competing groundwater use in the Gippsland Basin, Australia Sunil Varma1, Karsten Michael1 & Elise Bekele2

1 CSIRO Earth Science and Resource Engineering, Western Australia, Australia 2 CSIRO Land and Water, Western Australia, AustraliaMonica Campi3 and Craig Beverly3

3 Department of Primary Industries, Victoria, Australia

A study of the mutual impacts of large scale groundwater extraction related to mine dewatering, public water supply, petroleum production and CO

2 storage on the Latrobe Aquifer system in the Gippsland Basin, Victoria, southeastern Australia, was conducted. This basin contains

significant hydrocarbon and potable groundwater resources and also contains substantial coal resources. The Victorian Government is currently investigating the prospects of geological storage of large quantities of CO

2 in the Gippsland Basin. These activities could have significant impact

on the basin aquifers and hydrocarbon reservoirs.

Impelling force vector analysis suggests that the neglection of fluid density effects, particularly in the deeper parts of the basin, can introduce varying degrees of inaccuracy in the interpretation of the groundwater flow. Hence regional-scale numerical models that are capable of simulat-ing variable density flow of groundwater are being used for this study. As the model domain includes the shallow freshwater zones as well as the deep petroleum reservoirs, the MODFLOW-SEAWAT code from the USGS, as well as the TOUGH2 code developed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, are being used conjunctively for this study. The MODFLOW based code has advantages in simulating the shallow unconfined flow and the surface boundary condition such as aquifer recharge, whereas the TOUGH2 model is better suited for representing the variable density flow in the deeper parts of the basin.


399 - Potential far field impacts from CO2 storage on freshwater resources: an Alberta, Canada case studyJon Paul Jones1,2, James R. Brydie1 & Ernie H. Perkins1

1. Alberta Innovates – Technology Futures, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada2. Dept. Earth and Env.Sci. – Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

There are a number of risk-related parameters that need to be investigated for CO2 storage projects before injection can begin. For example, the

formation pore water pressure increase in response to CO2 injection could potentially impact overlying freshwater resources. The main objective

of this work is to investigate if, how and to what extent any pore water pressure increases associated with proposed CO2 injection operations

may impact overlying freshwater resources in the region surrounding a proposed CO2 storage project in Alberta, Canada. The target formation

at this site is perforated by 1,323 hydrocarbon wells, some of which have been abandoned, some are still actively producing and some have hydrocarbon production suspended. In general, the presence of these hydrocarbon wells would pose little risk in terms of CO

2 containment

over the life of the CO2 storage project as they are mostly located outside the estimated footprint of the injection plume. However, these wells

do represent potential far field pathways for hydraulic communication between pressurized saline water in the target formation and overlying freshwater resources.

Far field analyses carried out for this work will be performed through a series of numerical simulations employing a single phase flow code (Hy-droGeoSphere). The initial simulations are for a steady state model that is representative of long term average conditions at the CO

2 storage site

(i.e., the baseline). Next, the code is used to simulate the injection phase of the project, followed by 50 years post injection. Predicted pressure head distributions during the mid- and post-injection phases are compared to the baseline distributions to determine the degree of impact, if any, that injection has had on the overlying freshwater aquifers. Moreover, pressure changes at a number of hydrocarbon wells that perforate the reef are monitored and may be used to verify predicted pressure behaviour.

639 - Long term monitoring of freshwater aquifers in the vicinity of a CCS projectAllison Hortle1,4, Mike Trefry2, Karsten Michael1,4 and Patrice de Caritat3,4

1 CSIRO Earth Science and Resource Engineering, Perth, Australia/CRC for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC), 2 CSIRO Land and Water, Perth, Australia; 3 Geoscience Australia, Canberra, Australia; 4 CRC for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC), Canberra, Australia

A key risk to the acceptance of onshore CCS is the demonstration of the ongoing integrity of groundwater resources. Any CO2 leaving the primary

storage container, is likely to encounter other shallower, confined aquifers, some of which will be designated potable water resources. Monitoring these groundwater resources therefore has a twofold priority: firstly as public assurance of their ongoing integrity in a CCS environment and secondly as a potential storage verification strategy.

The Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC) Otway Project in the onshore Otway Basin, Victoria has stored 65,445 tonnes of a mixed CO

2 and CH

4 gas into a depleted gas reservoir (Jenkins, et al., 2012). Groundwater monitoring of a deep, confined

freshwater aquifer above the storage reservoir began approximately two years prior to injection and is ongoing. Results to date show that groundwater levels in the aquifer have not been affected by the storage related activities. Comparison of the chemical and isotopic composition of the groundwaters collected before, during and after injection shows no sign of statistically significant changes attributable to the anomalous presence of CO

2. The monitoring program demonstrates that the physical and chemical integrity of the groundwater resources has been pre-

served in the area (de Caritat et al., 2011).

Analysis of hydrographs obtained from wells monitoring the confined aquifer showed some complex structures around the solar and lunar frequencies, indicative of an earth tide signal. The response at each monitoring station was used to calibrate the hydrological properties of the aquifer. Analysis of this data was used as a baseline against which to test the aquifer response to variations in pressure. If CO

2 does enter a confined aquifer, it may induce a

change in pressure whose influence will extend much further into the aquifer than the CO2 itself. The radius of this pressure front and the rate at which

is transmitted through the aquifer is controlled by the transmissive properties of the aquifer. The amplitude of the pressure front is dependent upon the volume of fluid moving into (or out of) the aquifer. The relationship between pressure change due to CO

2 ingress and the radius and rate of pressure

transmission and therefore the detectability has been determined and compared to the location of the existing monitoring wells.


733 - CO2-Storage in Eastern Germany – Investigation of potential failing zones and brine rising zones with geoelectric and electromagnetic methods HERD, Rainer, KRAUSE, Yvonne & SCHAFRIK, Wlad Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus, Brandenburg, Germany

Within the framework of the project ”brine - CO2 storage in eastern Brandenburg” geophysical investigations are conducted by the German

Research Center for Geoscience (GFZ), Potsdam and the Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU), Cottbus on different scales in order to investigate underground situations and evaluate methods suitable for a salinization early warning system. BTU’s research is focused on the distribution of underground structures up to a maximum depth of 200 m. Of prevalent interest are the detection capabilities for near surface failing zones which might serve as favored pathways for brine migration and the status-quo of the freshwater-saltwater boundary.

Geophysical investigations with the frequency domain electromagnetic (FDEM) and direct current (DC) geoelectric methods are qualified for the identification and monitoring of brine displacement as the measuring parameter is the resistivity/conductivity of the subsurface.

In eastern Brandenburg the Oligocene Rupelian clay represents the barrier horizon separating the freshwater and saline aquifers. Due to postgla-cial processes this layer is locally reduced or totally eroded which might enhance upward brine migration during pressure increase. The areas of investigation were selected by known high fluid conductivity values (hydro chemical indication) and the potential presence of quaternary erosion channels in the Rupelian clay (geological indication).

The geophysical results yield a vertical and horizontal resistivity/conductivity distribution. The interpretation is done by lithology profiles of nearby boreholes and correlation with fluid conductivities in groundwater wells. The results of FDEM and DC on coincident profiles are generally in accordance and show that both methods are suitable with DC geoelectrics supplementing a higher resolution close to the surface (max. 80m depth) and the electromagnetics adding coarser/less detailed conductivity information of the deeper underground (down to 200m depth).

921 - Multiple investigations to assess claims of CO2 leakage from the IEA-GHG Weyburn-Midale CO2 monitoring and storage project.Benjamin J. RostronDepartment of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences - University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

The IEAGHG Weyburn-Midale CO2 monitoring and storage project was initiated in 2000 to study the geological storage of CO

2 as part of a CO

2-

EOR project in the Weyburn Field in Saskatchewan, Canada. Initial injection of CO2 began in October 2000 and continues to date with more than

18 Mtonnes of CO2 stored in the Weyburn reservoir. In January 2011 a local landowner, supported by a consultant’s soil gas survey, claimed they

had conclusive proof that the “source of the high concentrations of CO2 in soils… is clearly the anthropogenic CO

2 injected into the Weyburn

reservoir”. These claims quickly attracted local, provincial, national, and international media attention alerting the world to the “leakage” at the Weyburn CO

2-EOR project and calling into question the safety of geological sequestration in general.

A careful look at the data reveals a different story. Soil gas data collected by the consultant in August 2010 from shallow (< 1 m) drill holes yielded measured CO

2 concentrations from approximately 1 to 11%, methane concentrations ranged from approximately 1.2 to 24 ppm, and

d13C isotope concentrations from -21.5 to -22.9 per mil. All of those results are within previously measured values from the area by researchers in the IEAGHG Weyburn-Midale project.

In 2011, three further independent soil gas and groundwater studies were conducted. The first, conducted by Trium Environmental Inc., sup-ported by the field operator Cenovus, measured soil CO

2, methane, C2+ concentrations, d13C and 14C concentrations; shallow groundwater and

dugout geochemistry; and other data. The second study, conducted by a group of researchers funded by the International Performance Assess-ment Centre (IPAC) measured: soil gas; noble gas isotopes; and surface / shallow groundwater chemistry. The third, conducted by researchers in the IEA-GHG Weyburn-Midale project, measured soil CO

2 concentrations and flux over time, in addition to repeating previous soil gas surveys.

None of the studies have detected any evidence of migration of injected CO2 above the regional subsurface seal. Shallow soil gas data have all

been attributed to near-surface biogenic and/or pedogenic processes.

This talk will highlight relevant data collected by the research project and others, and contrast it with claims of leakage.


1090 - Geochemistry of aquifer systems at the QUEST CCS project site: initial insightsLuc RockShell Canada Limited, Calgary, Alberta, CanadaRobert PierpontJordan Oil Shale Company, Amman, JordanEsra Inan VillegasShell International Exploration and Production, Houston, Texas, USASerguey ArkadakskiyIsobrine Solutions Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has been identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the International Energy Agency (IEA) as a technology that will play a crucial role in reducing CO

2 emissions to the atmosphere. In Canada, Shell, on behalf of the Atha-

basca Oil Sands Project venture (Shell Canada Energy, Chevron Canada Limited, Marathon Oil Canada Corporation), is planning a CCS project named QUEST. The proposed CCS site is located northeast of Edmonton, Alberta. The purpose of the QUEST project is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the Scotford oilsands bitumen upgrader located near Edmonton. It is a fully integrated CCS project, as it involves the capture / transport / injection / storage of carbon dioxide, and a measurement, monitoring and verification (MMV) program. The proposed plan is to inject CO

2 (approximately 1 million tonnes of CO

2 per year) from the Scotford upgrader into a deep saline aquifer located at a depth of approximately

2 km starting in 2015. Based on the hydrostratigraphy in the area, several aquifer systems can be identified above this deep saline aquifer. Understanding the geochemical characteristics of the various aquifer systems within the area of a CO

2 injection project constitutes an important

aspect prior to starting CO2 injection. Knowledge about the similarities and / or differences with regards to the geochemical characteristics of the

target ‘CO2 injection’ aquifer and overlying aquifers will help to show isolation of the storage complex relative to overlying units; hence, ultimately

provide a tool to demonstrate containment of formation fluid or injected CO2 from the storage complex, and evidence that water quality within

overlying aquifers has not been impacted. The aim of this presentation is to present and to discuss initial insights into the geochemical charac-teristics of the target ‘CO

2 injection’ aquifer and overlying aquifers at the QUEST CCS project site, and to evaluate whether leaked formation fluid

from the deep saline aquifer could be identified in overlying aquifer systems.

sessIon t2-H: nutrIents In groundWAter IITuesday, September 18 • 13:00-15:15 • Upper Fallsview Studio BChairs: Dave Rudolph, Lindsay McMillan

974 - Natural Attenuation of Septic System Nitrogen by AnammoxW.D. Robertson1, T.A. Moore1, J. Spoelstra1,2, L. Li1, R.J. Elgood1, I.D. Clark3, S.L. Schiff1, R. Aravena1 and J.D. Neufeld1

1 University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1 Canada2 Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada3 University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

The anammox reaction has been revealed as an important component of the global nitrogen cycle and now some municipal wastewater treat-ment plants are specifically targeting this reaction as a means of energy efficient nitrogen removal by co-mingling NH

4 and NO

3-rich feedwaters.

On-site wastewater treatment systems such as septic systems however, are by design, intended to provide relatively complete oxidation of wastewater NH

4, and thus minimize the potential for anammox activity. We investigated a large, well characterized septic system plume at a

campground in southern Ontario (Long Point site), where NH4 does occur because wastewater oxidation is incomplete during the campground

startup period in the spring. In the proximal plume zone, NH4-N concentrations of up to 75 mg/L co-mingle with NO

3-N concentrations of up to

100 mg/L, but beyond 15 m from the tile bed NH4 is completely absent from the plume. Using a combination of mass balance, isotopic, and bacterialogical screening techniques, compelling evidence is developed that anammox is likely the dominant reaction causing NH

4 attenuation

in this groundwater plume. The discovery of the potential for robust anammox activity in septic system plumes opens up the possibility of modi-fying on-site wastewater treatment designs to more effectively take advantage of anammox N attenuation. The advent of smart metering, pump controls, etc, associated with many modern on-site treatment technologies could facilitate the exploitation of this potential.


522 - Comparison between two on-site sanitation systems using permeable reactive barriers (PRB) to remove nutrients and pathogensAlexandra Suhogusoff1, Jesse Stimson2, Ricardo Hirata3, William Robertson4, Don Forbes4, Carol Ptacek4

1Instituto de Geociências - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;2AMEC Consultants Inc., Oakland, CA, United States;3Instituto de Geociências - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; 4Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences - University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada

Sparsely-populated areas or periurban communities commonly lack access to public water supply and sewerage systems. The inhabitants of these areas must make use of excavated wells to provide their water needs and septic systems or pit latrines for domestic wastewater disposal. These on-site sanitation systems can release pathogens and nutrients, including nitrate and phosphate, into shallow groundwater. This study compares two on-site sanitation systems improved with permeable reactive barriers (PRB) for nutrients and pathogens removal. The sites are the Maryhill site, located near Waterloo (ON, Canada) and the Parelheiros site, located in the periphery of São Paulo (Brazil). In the Maryhill site, wastewater percolates through a succession of tanks installed in the subsurface adjacent to one another horizontally, while at the Parelheiros site, wastewater infiltrates vertically through layers emplaced in a single excavated pit. Both alternative latrines employed two reactive materials: BOF (Basic Oxygen Furnace) slag for pathogen removal and woodchips for nitrate removal. BOF slag, produced by the steel-making industry, is effective in inactivating pathogens as well as precipitating phosphate because it generates elevated pH conditions. Woodchip, as a carbon source, plays a role as an electron donor in denitrification reaction, since oxygen is restricted in the saturated media. At the Maryhill site, the woodchip tank is placed before the BOF slag tank and, at Parelheiros, the BOF slag layer is emplaced before the woodchip PRB. The Maryhill latrine was able to oxidize 75%-98% of ammonium to nitrate and to remove 99% of nitrate, phosphate and E.coli in the effluent. The Parelheiros latrine was more efficient in promoting nitrification. The removal of nitrate was substantial averaging about 42% but did not exceed 60%, where-as phosphate and E.coli were nearly completely removed from the effluent. The use of BOF slag before woodchip in Parelheiros design may have negatively affected the performance of denitrifying bacteria given the high pH (~12) created by the overlying BOF slag. The Maryhill latrine appears to be a more satisfactory design for nitrate removal. The combined use of woodchip and BOF slag in differing subsurface environments has proved to be a good alternative method for mitigating latrine / septic system impacts to groundwater.

854 - Ammonium and nitrate removal by anammox activity in highly contaminated groundwater Yangping Xing, Elif Tekin, Danielle Fortin & Ian D. ClarkDepartment of Earth Sciences - University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Tara A. Moore & Josh D. NeufeldDepartment of Biology - University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Excess nitrogen inputs into water bodies and groundwater ecosystems can threaten water quality and lead to undesired environmental issues. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) has been recognized as a critical process for removing nitrogen contamination and mainly investi-gated in marine and surface aquatic systems, but the related research is lacking in groundwater ecosystems. Our study is, to our knowledge, the first case for anammox reaction in groundwater. Microcosm tracer labelling experiments with 15N-NH

4+, 15N-NO

3-, and 15N-NO

2- were performed

with groundwater and sediment samples from a highly contaminated aquitard near Elmira, Ontario, Canada in order to detect the activity of anammox and assess the respective contribution of anammox and denitrification to nitrogen removal in groundwater. The labelling experiments showed that the potential anammox reaction rates ranged from 71.5 to 148.1 nmole N

2 L-1 d-1 which is very comparable to those reported in

freshwater lakes. A comprehensive mathematical calculation suggests that 32 to 48% of N2 production or nitrogen removal was attributed to

anammox at the Elmira site. The measurements of NH4+ and NO

3- concentrations before and after incubation and elevated δ15N-NO

3- indicated

a complex and interactive ammonium attenuation mechanism including anammox and both microaerobic and anaerobic ammonium oxidation. Together with results from our complimentary molecular studies, our study points to anammox as an active nitrogen removal process in the highly contaminated Elmira groundwater and to the fact that anammox organisms show a strong adaptability to heavy total nitrogen loads up to 46.5 mmol L-1 and relatively high dissolved oxygen concentrations up to 65.3 µmol L-1.


989 - Anammox activity in agricultural fields with Controlled Tile DrainageCorey Flemming, Yangping Xing, & Ian ClarkDepartment of Earth Sciences – University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaDavid Lapen, Mark SunoharaAgriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Controlled tile drainage (CTD) is an agricultural drainage practice with tremendous potential to improve surface water quality by limiting field drainage, and therefore the export of nutrients and other agricultural pollutants through groundwater. The restriction of field drainage creates the potential for the development of anaerobic conditions favourable to denitrification. As a consequence, there is the possibility for increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the form of N

2O, an intermediate species of the denitrification process.

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is a recently discovered alternate pathway for nitrate reduction, through ammonium oxidation, with the benefit of having no N

2O emissions. We explore whether or not this pathway is present in agricultural soil and groundwater. Stable isotope

analysis of nitrogen gas was used to determine the presence or absence of anammox activity at two agricultural sites within the South Nation watershed. Experiments using 15N-labeled ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite, were carried out with incubated soil and water samples. Anammox activity was discovered in all soil and water samples, with significantly greater activity in soil. This is the first evidence for anammox activity in agricultural soil. On-going research aims to identify the environmental factors responsible for anammox bacterial activity and pinpoint the optimal conditions for maximizing the contribution of anammox in nitrate reduction. The overall goal is to determine how to best manage CTD in order to reduce GHG emissions while ensuring water quality and crop yield benefits. If CTD were shown to reduce nutrient loss through ground-water with minimal impact to GHG emissions, it would provide an attractive means of addressing eutrophication of groundwater-fed ecosystems.

713 - In-situ denitrification of highly permeable, aerobic groundwater using acetate in a cross-injection schemeH.J. Shaw1, D.L. Rudolph1 & J.F. Devlin3

1 Department of Environment and Earth Sciences – University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, CanadaP.C. Schillig3, C.E. Critchley4

3 Department of Geology – University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA4 Golder Associates, London, Ontario, Canada

A municipal well field supplying water to the city of Woodstock, Ontario has several of the supply wells chronically impacted by elevated nitrate concentrations. The wells are situated in a rural setting surrounded by agricultural land that is believed to be the source of the nitrate in the wells. In order to reduce the nitrate mass arriving at the wells, the municipal officials invested in farm land within the immediate vicinity of the wells and implemented beneficial management practices (BMP) designed to reduce fertilizer nitrate application. As a result of the intrinsic time lag associated with these types of regional nitrate reduction practices, a targeted groundwater remediation strategy was implemented involving the injection of acetate as a carbon source to stimulate in situ denitrification. The work followed an initial remedial attempt that provided encouraging results. The aquifer system is highly aerobic and consists of heterogeneous sand and gravel deposits of glacial origin.

A cross-injection scheme (CIS) was employed to deliver the acetate. The CIS comprises an injection-extraction well pair with which a “wall” of electron donor substrate is built up perpendicular to the ambient groundwater flow. The injections are carried out over a number of hours in order to create the acetate wall and then pumping is stopped to allow it to migrate down gradient. In building on the initial CIS application at the site, the current study was designed to increase acetate delivery to the high hydraulic conductivity layers by calculating daily mass flux of both nitrate and oxygen through all the layers and increasing the acetate concentration accordingly. In comparing results with the previous study, similar drops in DO were observed, however all the hydrogeological layers showed a decrease in nitrate concentration, which was not achieved in the initial work. The results suggested that better and more vertically-consistent results were obtained furthest downgradient from the injection-extraction wells. This is interpreted to be due to longer residence times and/or better dispersion of the acetate.

We conclude from this study that this highly aerobic and permeable aquifer can be effectively denitrified. A future goal is to differentially deliver the carbon source to the layers of varying K to optimize its usage.


436 - A comparison of nitrogen fate and transport in catchments underlain by aquifers of high and low permeability using chemical and isotopic toolsA. Orr, M. Archbold, U. Ofterdinger & R. FlynnGroundwater Research Group, SPACE, Queen’s University, Belfast, UKR. AravenaDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences - University of Waterloo, ON, Canada J. DeakinDepartment of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering - Trinity College Dublin, Ireland

Variability in nitrogen fate and transport in different catchments types is often not considered. This research considers the importance of such nitrogen processes within groundwater pathways in two agricultural catchments in Ireland; a well-drained catchment, underlain by karstified Carboniferous limestone, and a poorly drained catchment, underlain by Silurian greywacke. Depth specific low-flow groundwater sampling was used to evaluate the hydrochemical stratification in groundwater. Groundwater samples, as well as surface water samples, along river courses were analysed for nitrogen species (NO

3, NH

4 and NO

2) and nitrate isotopes (δ15N and δ18O) as well as field parameters and major ions.

The dominant nitrate (NO3) groundwater pathway in the poorly drained greywacke catchment is through the shallow weathered bedrock, as

indicated by transmissivity values and the ionic and isotopic signatures, and a clear reduction in NO3 concentration is observed with depth. A

similar chloride trend would suggest dilution is a major factor, however δ15N and δ18O isotopic values producing an enrichment ratio of 1.8 indicate that denitrification is also an important process involved in the fate of the NO

3 within the groundwater flow system. This consistent trend

with depth is in contrast to the stratification pattern observed in the karstified catchment. NO3 was not detected in the shallow groundwater

pathway; the dominant groundwater pathway is in the deeper groundwater where there is little change in the nitrate isotope values with depth (δ15N values range between 4.1 and 4.6 ‰). This deeper groundwater contributes the dominant proportion of the river flow through a number of springs. As a result, the deeper groundwater, springs and river have a similar ionic signature and NO

3 concentration range (23 ± 3 mg/l).

Despite this pattern, the NO3 isotopes show a distinct difference in isotopic values between the deeper groundwater in the diffuse karst and the

springs indicating some denitrification is occurring during groundwater discharge into the river. Furthermore the isotopes give an indication of the variability of the spatial extent of the springs and the complexities of the fissures through which they are fed. The results of this study clearly show the importance of the geology in the fate and transport of NO

3 in agricultural catchments.

774 - Characterization of nutrients in the fresh-saline water interface in coastal aquifersRussak A. & Sivan O.Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences - Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, IsraelLazar B. Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, IsraelHerut B.Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa, IsraelYechieli Y. Geological Survey of Israel, Jerusalem, Israel

This study aims to quantify the behavior of nutrients across the fresh-saline water interface (FSI) at the Israeli coastal aquifer due to freshening and salinization processes. In addition to field sampling, column experiments were conducted to simulate salinization and freshening under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

The field results show that the FSI acts as a redoxcline. The oxidized fresh groundwater zone is charecterized by relatively high NO3- and low

NH4+ and NO

2- concentrations, while the saline groundwater is almost anoxic with high NH

4+ and low NO

3- and NO

2-. Within the FSI, NO

2- was

enriched. The PO43- concentration increased from the fresh groundwater to deep saline groundwater, reaching to higher concentration than in

seawater (less than 1 µmol∙L-1).

The experiments results show that the nutrients’ behavior was not conservative as well. During salinization under aerobic conditions, PO43- was

enriched (up to 2µmol∙L-1), higher concnetration than in seawater, mainly due to anion exchange. During salinization under anaerobic condition, the enrichment was even higher and reached 6 µmol∙L-1, probably due to its release via processes like organic matter oxidation and dissolution of manganese oxide or calcite, which release the adsorbed PO

43-.


During a salinization experiment under anaerobic conditions, NH4+ was highly enriched up to 80µmol∙L-1 (compared to about 1 µmol∙L-1 in fresh

water and in seawater) due to cation exchange. Under anaerobic conditions, NO3- was reduced via denitirfication and the NO

2- concentration

increased at low salinity, when the concentration of NO3- was expected to be relatively high. Under aerobic conditions, the NO

3- seemed con-

servative and NH4+ and NO

2- remained at low concentration (less than 2 µmol∙L-1).

1060 - Direct simulation of groundwater age and transit time: application to nutrient management in the Lake Rotorua catchment, New ZealandChristopher J. Daughney, Uwe Morgenstern & Mike ToewsGNS Science, Lower Hutt, New ZealandFabien J. CornatonDHI-WASY GmbH,Berlin, GermanyBethanna M. Jackson & Kristin StokesVictoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand

Lake Rotorua is a focus of culture and tourism in New Zealand. The lake’s water quality has declined over the past 40 years, partly due to nutrient inputs that reach the lake via the groundwater system. Improved land use management within the catchment requires prediction of the spatial and temporal variations of water age, and from this prediction of current and future nutrient inflows to the lake. This study combines the two main methods currently available for determination of water age: numerical groundwater models and hydrological tracers. A steady-state catchment-scale finite element groundwater flow model is calibrated to match observed groundwater levels and stream base flows. The model is also calibrated to measurements of water age in streams, as determined from fitting the exponential-piston flow model (EPM) to time-series measurements of tritium concentration. A Laplace transform of the transit time differential equation is used to account for advection and disper-sion of “age mass”. This allows determination of the distribution of water age at each point in the model domain, and hence a more meaningful comparison to the EPM. Results show that travel time from the land surface through the aquifer system and into Lake Rotorua varies from a few years to more than 200 years, depending on location. Notable from a management perspective is that rainfall recharge to the aquifer system far from the lake can still reach the lake quickly where groundwater emerges into a river that then flows rapidly to the lake.

sessIon t3-A: HydrogeologICAl Issues surroundIng sHAle oIl And gAsTuesday, September 18 • 15:45-18:00 • Strategy Room 1Chairs: Avner Vengosh, Ramon Aravena

311 - An overview on the potential of groundwater contamination from shale gas development and hydro-fracturingAvner Vengosh, Robert R. Jackson, Nathaniel Warner, Adrian Down & Tom Darrah Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USAStephen Osborn California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California, USA

Advances in drilling technologies and production strategies, such as horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing, have significantly improved the production of natural gas by stimulating fluid flow (liquid and gas) to and from wells. Since 2008, these technological developments have spurred exponential growth of gas well drilling across the United States, particularly in basins with abundant natural gas resources within the Barnett, Haynesville, Fayetteville, Woodford, Utica, and Marcellus shale formations. While the new drilling and fracturing technologies and associated gas exploitation could dramatically change the energy landscape in the U.S., recent findings (Osborn et al., 2011; Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 8172-8176) show methane contamination in shallow wells associated with gas wells in north-eastern Pennsylvania. Other key hydrogeological issues related to gas drilling include decreasing water availability owing to the large volume of water required for the hydraulic fracturing process and the safety of the disposal of produced water, which is often highly saline, toxic and radioactive. Preliminary results for the direct impact of produced water disposal in south-western Pennsylvania show a significant increase


in salinity, toxic metals, and natural radioactivity in downstream river water and sediments. Sustainable and long-term shale gas developments will need therefore to accommodate these and other environmental issues associated with shale gas drilling and hydraulic fracturing.

178 - Monitoring wells and network design for shale-gas development areasRichard E. JacksonGeofirma Engineering, Heidelberg, Ontario, Canada

Innovation in shale-gas extraction over the past 20 years has blended horizontal drilling, hydraulic stimulation (“fracking”) and micro-seismic testing resulting in a much improved approach to exploiting such reservoirs and other unconventional gas resources.

Monitoring the potential effects of such development on shallow groundwaters raises a number of both familiar and unusual issues largely due to the spatially variable nature of the potential sources of contamination, e.g., (i) shallow impoundments containing flow-back fluids and/or produced brine; (ii) improperly abandoned oil and gas wells acting as ‘short circuits’, (iii) production wells with poor cement completions leaking thermogenic hydrocarbon gas into shallow groundwaters, and (iv) the potential for migration of natural gas from depth via faults and seeps. These potential sources of contamina-tion create a complex problem for regulatory agencies charged with management of shallow groundwaters.

The likelihood of “out-of-zone” vertical fractures penetrating upwards to shallow potable groundwaters is considered to be remote, except where hydrau-lic stimulation is conducted in shallow formations as has occurred on a few occasions in Canada. Of greater concern is the construction and completion of production wells with several strings of telescoped casings, for which the preferred monitoring method must be a multi-port monitoring well.

The development of groundwater monitoring networks is well understood when the sources of potential contamination are at ground surface, but not when they are deep hydrocarbon sources and deep wells with multiple casings. Experience with nuclear-waste disposal indicates that such monitoring will have to rely on multi-level monitoring wells resistant to brine and hydrogen sulphide corrosion and capable of groundwater sampling and hydraulic-head measurement at various depths on a repeatable basis. We describe one published account involving deep-well disposal near Sarnia, Ontario, Canada and the potential for contamination of a buried valley aquifer. Such buried valley aquifers are the most valuable groundwater resources in areas undergoing shale-gas development in Canada and require special protection and research into the origin of their groundwater quality.

1031 - Monitoring of Gases in Groundwater in AlbertaSteve WallaceAlberta Environment and Water, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Monitoring of dissolved gases in groundwater was initiated by the Government of Alberta several years ago in response to concerns over coalbed methane development in the central area of the province. Since then the program has evolved beyond CBM areas to characterize dissolved gases in groundwater across the province. Specialized sampling techniques have been developed to collect gas samples from a 150 monitoring well network in a systematic fashion. Samples are analyzed for a number of parameters including compositional and isotopic gas analysis, with a focus on determining origin and potential migration of gases. This unique, well established program may serve as a useful reference for development of similar programs in other jurisdictions, particularly given the rapid development of shale gas and other unconventional resources in North America and beyond over the past few years and the heightened concerns over hydraulic fracturing activities by the oil & gas sector.

150 - Water Management Issues Associated with Bakken Oil Shale Development in Western North DakotaRobert Shaver Water Appropriations Division, North Dakota State Water Commission, Bismarck, ND, USA

The Bakken Shale in western North Dakota is estimated to contain 2.1 billion barrels of recoverable oil using horizontal drilling and hydrofracing tech-niques. Up to 2,500 new oil wells could be drilled per year for the next 10 to 15 years. Water requirements, primarily for hydrofracing, are estimated at 1.5 to 2.0 million gallons per oil well. Except for the Missouri River/Lake Sakakawea, western North Dakota has limited surface water and ground water resources. Other smaller rivers and streams are characterized by very low flows during most of the year making them unreliable water sources.


Ground water sources include the regional bedrock Fox Hills aquifer, and some small-scale aquifers of glaciofluvial origin. Large-scale water withdrawals for oil field use are not permitted from the Fox Hills aquifer because it is a major source of water for rural domestic and stock use. Declining Fox Hills pressure heads of between 1 and 2 feet per year are a major management concern and a regional computer modeling study has been initiated to address this issue. Glaciofluvial aquifers are of limited areal extent making them insufficient sources for large–scale water supplies, particularly during periods of extended drought. In addition, glaciofluvial aquifers are incised into sedimentary bedrock units and large-scale pumping can induce lateral flow of more saline bedrock ground water into the glaciofluvial aquifers thereby degrading water quality. Given the above, ground water withdrawals from glaciofluvial aquifers are managed using an “incremental development” approach that limits timely allocation of water.

In May 2010, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers placed a moratorium on the issuance of permits to divert water from Lake Sakakawea, the most reliable water supply in terms of both quantity and quality in western North Dakota. In response, and to accommodate more efficient distribution of water for oil field industrial use, the State Engineer developed policies allowing for temporary diversion from other surface water bodies in western North Dakota (predominantly small-scale ponds and sloughs) and temporary conversion of existing irrigation water permits for industrial use. Oil field industrial demand for water is being met without causing aquifer depletion and undue harm to other water appropriators.

687 - Large scale aquifer injection schemes to mitigate impacts of coal seam gas exploration in Queensland, Australia Leif Wolf, Catherine Moore, J Sreekanth, Peter Dillon, Henning PrommerCSIRO Land & Water, Dutton Park, QLD, Australia

Proved and Probable Reserves of coal seam gas (or coal bead methane) in Queensland alone rose from 90,394 Mm3 in the year 2005 to 881,117 Mm3 in 2011. Industry estimates that up to 40000 wells will be installed in the next two decades mostly from the Walloon coal mea-sures in the Surat and Bowen Basin. The development is associated with water extraction initially predicted to peak at 261 GL/y for a 40 Mt/y industry but recent industry figures assume a peak of 160 GL/y. This compares to current bore discharge 630 GL/year (Including sub‐artesian bores) for the entire Great Artesian Basin (GAB). Even without any CSG development, water levels were declining widely in the GAB in the past, individual head levels in bores were falling up to 80 m over the time period from 1880. There is a strong demand in Australia for reliable environ-mental impact assessments of coal seam gas (or coal bed methane) development in a very short time frame. The employed groundwater models relate to very short calibration periods compared to model periods of 1000 years and more. In recognition of the prohibitive high computational demand, multiphase flow and fracture networks are neglected in regional modelling with a currently unknown impact on the uncertainty of the results. Brine ponds and spillage from temporary storage ponds represent additional groundwater risks. Showcasing results from several ongoing CSIRO research projects this talk will review the current challenges of CSG environmental impact research and detail on the feasibility to use large scale re-injection schemes for impact mitigation and for the replenishment of overused shallow aquifer systems.

680 - Evaluation and management of water resources in an oil and gas exploration environment: a South African perspectiveAdaora U Okonkwo1, E. van Wyk1, M. Smart2, M. Nepfumbada3

1 Hydrological Services, Department of Water Affairs, South Africa ,Private Bag X313 Pretoria 2 Geohydrology Western Cape, Department of Water Affairs, South Africa, Private Bag X16 Sanlamhof, Bellville 3 Water Resources Information Management, Department of Water Affairs, South Africa, Private Bag X313 Pretoria

The oil and gas industry has been in existence globally for many years. In the 1940s the geological survey of South Africa undertook its first organized search for hydrocarbons in South Africa. Until the 1990s, the upstream oil market did not exist. Since then the industry has grown. Recently, the application by different companies for the exploration of shale gas in the Karoo region in South Africa, using hydraulic fracturing has sparked a major debate in the country. The process of hydraulic fracturing, the technology used to extract shale gas uses a large amount of water mixed with chemicals. Contamination of surface water and groundwater can, therefore, occur during this process. Therefore, proper water management is very important, particularly in the Karoo region where the dependence on groundwater is very high. This study was, therefore, carried out to evaluate the different processes involved in oil and gas exploration and the water resources consequences.

The different processes in an oil and gas industry especially where hydraulic fracturing is used were studied using literature review and site visits where possible with emphasis on the associated possible impacts on water resources. The second part of the study will look at the man-


agement options available for water resources protection and mitigation, identification of gaps if any and how these gaps can be filled. This will be conducted by assessing available management options around the world and thereafter, compare with the South African environment.

179 - Identification and monitoring of vulnerable aquifers in shale-gas development areasDru Heagle1, Richard E. Jackson1 & Al Kohut2

1 Geofirma Engineering, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada2 Hy-Geo Consulting, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

Innovation in shale-gas extraction over the past 20 years has blended horizontal drilling, hydraulic stimulation (“fracking”) and micro-seismic testing resulting in a much improved approach to exploiting such reservoirs and other unconventional gas resources. This has led to widespread shale-gas development across North America with several documented cases of groundwater contamination. We consider what groundwater systems must be monitored in order to provide some measure of protection from contamination during shale-gas extraction and what analytes should be monitored before and following development.

Monitoring must clearly focus on the most valuable and vulnerable aquifers in areas undergoing shale-gas development. In Canada these in-clude unconsolidated aquifers deposited in bedrock valleys eroded and subsequently in-filled during the Quaternary period. Such buried valleys exist across Canada and are significant groundwater resources in areas of shale-gas development, e.g., northeastern British Columbia, across the border in Alberta above the Montney Shale, and the Sussex area of New Brunswick. What is currently unknown about the buried-valley aqui-fers is their spatial hydraulic conductivity architecture and their connectivity with neighbouring bedrock formations. This hydraulic connectivity is presumed to arise due to unloading after initial erosion, then sedimentary infilling, followed by isostatic rebound of the bedrock valleys after deglaciation. Often, these buried-valley aquifers are eroded into permeable sedimentary formations, e.g., the Paskapoo Formation in Alberta, that also provide limited but critical supplies of freshwater and must be protected. Monitoring of such formations requires multi-level wells.

We describe the analytes that should be required for baseline groundwater quality testing of shallow groundwaters in areas of shale-gas development. If disputes are to be readily resolved, they must include isotopic analytes that are not normally tested for in groundwater quality monitoring, e.g., the carbon and hydrogen isotopes of hydrocarbon gases, as well as parameters typical of monitored natural attenuation studies, e.g., sulphate.

sessIon t3-B: gW/sW InterACtIon IVTuesday, September 18 • 15:45-18:00 • Strategy Room 2Chairs: Marie Larocque, Richard Evans

688 - An analysis of the spatio-temporal dynamics of summer evapotranspiration from a boreal patterned fen, Quebec, CanadaGwenael Carrer, Alain N. Rousseau, André St-HilaireINRS Eau Terre Environnement, Quebec, Quebec, CanadaSylvain JutrasDepartment of forestry – University Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada

The northern boreal region of Quebec contains one of the largest hydroelectric complexes in the world. This region is largely occupied by patterned peatlands. Thus, deterministic hydrological modelling of inflow forecasting requires further understanding of the water dynamics of these waterlogged ecosystems. Evapotranspiration (ET) is the major output term in a summer hydrological budget. Patterned peatlands are dominated by ponds, non-vascular plants and in a lower proportion by vascular plants. Non-vascular plants do not actually transpire but water moves through the capillary fringe and then evaporates. From June to September 2011, Actual Evapotranspiration (AET) was measured with two different methods in a patterned fen and was then compared with Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) calculated with commonly used equations. AET was measured continuously during four months using an automated lysimeter at one specific site dominated by sphagnum sp. (moss car-pets). In addition, twenty six weighing lysimeters were installed at different locations characterizing three commonly found ecosystems (ponds, strings, moss carpets). Local AET were measured for three periods of a few days and then averaged to estimate the total fen AET. For both types of lysimeters, we compared three PET equations: the Priestley-Taylor equation (PT), the Penman-Monteith equation (PM

1) that requires


aerodynamic resistance (ra) and the Penman-Monteith equation (PM

2) that requires ra and surface resistance (r

s).The best fit was found with

the first the Priestley Taylor equation. The PT α values reached 1.40 in June, 0.9 in August and 1.15 in September. The other two equations derived from the PM equations largely overestimated AET. With the weighing lysimeters, we observed moderate spatial variations of AET during the periods of measurements. In June, the fen mean AET was 4.4 mm.d-1 and the maximum standard deviations for ponds, moss carpets, and strings reached 1.2 mm, 1.8 mm, and 2.3 mm, respectively. For the weighing lysimeters, the PT equation gave the best results for all the ecosystems. In conclusion, for a patterned fen with high water table, the PT equation was the best estimator of ET and had the advantage of requiring the measurement of only a few weather parameters. The addition of the resistance factors ra and rs (PM1 and PM2), which are not easy to estimated, did not seem to improve the estimation of ET.

667 - Effect of evapotranspiration capture on stream depletion estimationYulong Zhu1,2, Adrian D. Werner1,2, and Craig T. Simmons1,2

1 National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia2 School of the Environment, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia

Over the past few decades, enhanced understanding about stream-aquifer interactions has led to serious concerns over stream depletion due to groundwater pumping. Numerous analytical solutions have been developed and widely used for stream depletion estimation in conjunctive management of groundwater and surface water. However, these analytical solutions do not consider evapotranspiration (ET) capture (decreased evapotranspiration due to lowered water-table during groundwater pumping), which may lead to additional unknown conceptual uncertainties. This paper systematically and quantitatively explores the effect of ET capture on stream depletion estimation via numerical experiments. A preliminary test was designed to illustrate the difference between results of numerical simulations and of two analytical solutions (Theis 1941 solution and Hunt 1999 solution). A further step in this paper concerns the sensitivity of basic controls (i.e., aquifer properties, ET-related pa-rameters, streambed clogging, and location of the pumping well) to ET capture. Results indicate that ET capture could significantly affect the ratio of final stream depletion rate relative to pumping rate. For the cases tested, the distance between well and stream, aquifer diffusivity and the ratio of maximum groundwater ET to extinction depth seem to be the top-three controls of ET capture. These results imply that misusing current analytical solutions for stream depletion and neglecting ET capture may cause overestimation of stream depletion and unexpected threat to ecosystem health. Therefore pumping in groundwater dependent ecosystems should be very cautious.

515 - Arkell Spring Grounds Adaptive Management Program and Operational Testing Program in Support of Increased Water TakingR. Freymond & M. FraserStantec Consulting Ltd., Kitchener, Ontario, CanadaD. BelangerCity of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

The Arkell Spring Grounds, located east of the City of Guelph in the Township of Puslinch, is the largest producing well field for the City. The spring grounds, first developed in 1908, consist of shallow spring collectors. In the 1960’s, one overburden and three bedrock production wells were established to supplement the water supply. Hydrogeological studies completed in the late 1990’s have indicated that the Arkell Spring Grounds have additional water supply capacity.

Subject to the conditions of the Arkell Class Environmental Assessment and the existing Permit To Take Water, the water taking from the bedrock aquifer will increase from 19,584 m3/day to a maximum of 28,800 m3/day. The conditions of approval for increasing the water taking required the City to complete a detailed hydrogeologic study of the Arkell Spring Grounds and develop an Adaptive Management Plan (AMP), both of which were approved by the Ministry of the Environment in 2009.

The AMP focuses on the ecosystem health of Blue Springs Creek, a coldwater stream situated about 2 km to the northeast of the Arkell Spring Grounds. The AMP is intended to confirm the conclusion of the initial studies: Blue Springs Creek will not be impacted by the proposed increase in water taking from the bedrock aquifer system. The AMP includes detailed ecosystem monitoring of Blue Springs Creek as well as a ground-water monitoring program conducted over a 42 month period starting in January 2011. The 42 month monitoring period included a 6 month baseline data collection period followed by 3 years of an Operational Testing Program (OTP) where the bedrock production wells are pumped at rates as high as 26,957 m3/day for extended periods of time.


The 2011 baseline monitoring data confirmed Blue Springs Creek as a cold water ecosystem with consistent upwelling conditions and a healthy trout population. The OTP was initiated for 4 months beginning in July 2011 where pumping from the bedrock production wells increased from 18,700 m3/day to 25,300 m3/day. Up to 3 m of drawdown was observed in response to the increased water taking from the spring grounds but did not extend under Blue Springs Creek located about 2 km east of the spring grounds. Further testing will be completed in 2012 and 2013 to stress the system to the maximum permitted pumping rate of 26,957 m3/day from the bedrock production wells during various times of the year in an effort to address any seasonal concerns.

212 - Complex groundwater divides: experience in the UK with uncertainty and managementNick Robins, Louise Maurice & Melinda LewisBritish Geological Survey, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK

A groundwater divide is the groundwater equivalent of a topographical divide. But groundwater divides do not necessarily coincide with surface water divides; while a surface watershed is fixed, the groundwater divide may move laterally and in elevation. Knowledge of the location and ar-eal movement of a groundwater divide informs sustainable groundwater management to safeguard groundwater dependent ecosystems. Inves-tigatory methods are expensive and include tracer testing, piezometric monitoring, water balance calculations and groundwater flow modelling.

The location of groundwater catchment boundaries depends upon aquifer extent, development of permeability, and proximity to, and elevation of, base levels. Extreme conditions occur in karst where heterogeneous development of permeability forms conduits for groundwater cross-flow between topographical catchments. Dip-scarp slope topography can result in cross-topographical catchment groundwater flow. Springs in the base of scarp slopes may require groundwater catchments that extend into the dip slope, reflecting the steepness of the scarp slope and its restricted catchment. In both these geomorphological situations river valley incision may drive cross-catchment flows to other deeply incised valleys with lower hydraulic head. Cross-catchment groundwater flows can also be caused by variability in river levels in the absence of strong karstification or the dip-scarp slope topography. These three types are illustrated by case studies in the UK: dip-scarp divide in the Jurassic Limestone in the Frome and Thames catchments in the English Cotswold Hills, the karst systems of the Carboniferous Limestone in South Wales and variable river level in the Berkshire Chalk.

The management benefits of detailed investigation, in terms of cost effectiveness, need to be assessed before embarking on comprehensive investigatory work. The likely outcome of the work needs to be balanced against the improved ability of groundwater managers to implement sustainable management strategies. Uncertainty stemming from lack of information regarding the location of a groundwater divide needs to be identified in order to inform managers to what degree the ‘Precautionary Principle’ needs to be applied.

308 - The characteristics of soil and water loss from karst hillslope with different landuse types in northwest Guangxi of ChinaHongsong Chen1,2, Jing Yang1,2, Fei He2, Wei Fu2, Kelin Wang1,2

1 Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region - Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China;2 Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang, Guangxi, China.

The principles of soil and water loss from the hillslopes in the karst regions of southwest China is poorly known. This has significantly affected progress in the control of rock desertification and vegetation restoration. Based on six years (2006 to 2011) of observation data, from thirteen large runoff plots with an area of more than 1000 m2 (20 m width), the characteristics of surface runoff and soil erosion and their influence on hillslopes with variable land uses were investigated in the karst peak-cluster depression area of northwest Guangxi in China. The soils have been developed from dolostone and contain significant amounts of rock fragments at the soil surface and within the topsoil. According to the average annual rainfall (1389.1 mm), 2008 was a rainy year (1979.8 mm); 2011 was a dry year (1127.3 mm); and the others were normal years with annual rainfall varying from 1302.7 to 1510.1 mm. Whether a rainy or dry year, event runoff coefficients were less than 5% and annual runoff coefficients were lower than 1% on hillslopes with different land uses. This indicated that surface runoff was very small and nearly all rainwater infiltrated into soils on karst hillslopes. On average, stable infiltration rates ranged from 0.4 to 4.3 mm min-1 and exceeded those of most natural rainfall events, confirming that overland flow was rare on karst hillslopes. Due to deep soils (50-80 cm), low bare bedrock ratio


(<10%), and high soil infiltration rate, saturation-excess runoff took place on hillslopes but infiltration-excess runoff would occur in bare bedrock and some locations with shallow soils. Surface soil erosion modulus on hillslopes had great differences among different land uses, but they were mostly weak (<30 t km-2 a-1), and even less than 1 to 5 t km-2 a-1. Due to intensive human disturbance, surface soil erosion was light (30-100 t km-2 a-1) in economic forestland during early growth period and on slope farmland in 2010. It tended to decrease with an increase in vegetation cover in economic forestland and increase on slope farmland due to continuous human disturbance from 2006 to 2011. In addition to rainfall characteristics, bare bedrock ratio, the depth of soil and its spatial distribution, rock fragment cover and content, and hydrogeological structure were the important factors affecting surface runoff and soil erosion on karst hillslopes in southwest China.

709 - Assessing the impact of urbanization on groundwater-dependent ecosystems using MIKE-SHEPeter A. Dekker, Dr. Andrea Bradford, Steven MurraySchool of Engineering – University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs), including wetlands and fluvial ecosystems, are often threatened by urbanization. Increased imper-vious area leads to increased runoff, decreased infiltration and baseflow, and increased flashiness of streamflow, potentially stressing the biota of these ecosystems beyond their ability to adapt and survive. Low-impact development (LID) stormwater management practices promote the storage and infiltration of stormwater rather than rapidly conveying it overland or through pipe networks, and thus, have a demonstrable potential to restore some semblance of a natural hydrologic regime and mitigate degradation of GDEs. This study will assess the impact of urbanization on the hydrologic regime in the Lovers Creek subwatershed near Barrie, ON. The MIKE-SHE integrated hydrologic modelling software, devel-oped by DHI, will be used with recognition that alteration of the hydrologic regime, particularly the groundwater availability, is a major factor in degradation of GDEs. The potential of LID for mitigation will also be evaluated through several model scenarios representing various levels of LID implementation. Hydrologic data will be generated for each scenario using MIKE-SHE and a statistical analysis will be completed comparing each data series to the pre-development scenario. A second objective is to develop a modelling approach to represent urbanization and LID and to link these to the hydrologic response of streams and wetlands at a scale and resolution which are ecologically relevant.

186 - Parameterisation And Uncertainties Associated With River Baseflow In The Nattai River, AustraliaAgnes Sakal1, James E Ball2 & Douglas N Graham3

1 Sydney Catchment Authority, Sydney, NSW, Australia2 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering - University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia3 DHI Water and Environment Pty. Ltd,.Broadway, NSW, Australia

Effective reservoir operation requires accurate and reliable estimates of reservoir inflows. This can be a challenging task when inflows are not dominated by rainfall-runoff. One of the limitations of most rainfall-runoff models is the lack of an accurate groundwater component to calculate baseflow to the river. Lake Burragorang behind the Warragamba Dam west of Sydney, Australia, is controlled by the Sydney Catchment Authority (SCA) and supplies Sydney’s drinking water. The Nattai River is one of the major inflow tributaries to Lake Burragorang. However, like many of the rivers in Australia, the Nattai River is predominantly groundwater fed during prolonged dry periods. The Nattai catchment is mainly covered by native eucalyptus forest, where rainfall generates some runoff, but this mostly infiltrates. However, a fraction of the infiltration is lost to evapotranspiration (ET) before it reaches the groundwater table and resurfaces in the Nattai River as baseflow.

To simulate the complex interaction between rainfall, ET, infiltration, runoff, baseflow and streamflow, a fully integrated, distributed model was developed for the Nattai catchment using MIKE SHE. MIKE SHE is an integrated catchment modelling framework that includes all of the relevant hydrologic processes to simulate all the reservoir inflows in both wet and dry periods. The SCA has detailed surface water related data, including land cover and land use, plus rainfall and surface water measurements. Although baseflow is an important component of reservoir inflow, there is little available groundwater information in the catchment and no groundwater measurements. Thus, the MIKE SHE model was calibrated/vali-dated against two river gauging stations over a 12 year period. The focus of this paper is the evaluation of the parameterization and uncertainties associated with river baseflow in the Nattai River using the shuffled complex evolution method, which is available in the MIKE SHE software


731 - Modelling Surface-Groundwater Interactions using Integrated Hydrologic Models Steven Murray, Sam Bellamy, David Van Vliet AquaResource, a Division of Matrix-Solutions Inc. Waterloo, Ontario, CanadaMike GarrawayOntario Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.

Integrated models are developed to simulate coupled groundwater/surface-water flow in one or more watersheds, by simultaneously simulating flow across the land surface, within unsaturated and saturated subsurface materials, and within streams and lakes. By physically modelling both the surface and groundwater systems, the water resource modeller is able to represent surface-groundwater interactions, and how landscape changes (e.g. landuse or water takings) may impact those interactions. To assist water managers in completing studies using this type of pre-dictive tool, an assessment has been completed of various integrated hydrologic models and their ability to better predict cumulative hydrologic impacts. This assessment considered three integrated models, including MIKE SHE (DHI), GSFLOW (USGS) and HydroGeoSphere (Université Laval and University of Waterloo) and evaluates each model with respect to its ability to meet common water management objectives, including assessing cumulative hydrologic impacts related to water takings, land use change and climate change. This presentation presents the results of this assessment, as well as a case study which demonstrates the application of the models and the interpretation of results to evaluate cumulative hydrologic impacts.

sessIon t3-C: regIonAl gW FloW IIITuesday, September 18 • 15:45-18:00 • Strategy Room 3Chairs: René Lefebvre, József Deák

1041 - Mapping Regional Groundwater Flow Systems in the Alberta BasinDan Palombi, G.F. Huff, Shilong Mei, David Bechtel & Sheila StewartERCB/Alberta Geological Survey, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Regional groundwater flow has been studied in the Alberta Basin for over 50 years. Understanding the regional hydrogeology of the Alberta Basin has been important in evaluating its many natural resources including water and hydrocarbons. More recently, there has been an increasing interest in saline aquifers for their potential geothermal energy, future water production and suitability to safely store liquid or gaseous wastes such as CO

2. Hence, the Alberta Geological Survey (AGS) has embarked on a multi-year project focused on completing an inventory and char-

acterization of saline aquifers in Alberta.

The first phase of the Saline Aquifer Mapping (SAM) Project selected a pilot study area in central Alberta with the objective of evaluating various techniques to develop and refine the methodology for mapping regional groundwater flow in saline aquifers. A geological model of the Cambri-an- to Cretaceous-aged rocks has been developed with an emphasis on understanding the geologic complexity of the sub-Cretaceous angular unconformity at which many regional aquifers subcrop and come into direct contact with overlying aquifers. The ability to map connected pore space will aid in predicting an aquifers ability to produce water for industrial purposes and assessing its suitability to function as a geological storage target. Therefore, geological modelling of porosity and permeability is being undertaken to quantify these parameters. A brine-sampling program initiated at the AGS has collected over 80 samples in the Alberta Basin. In central Alberta, brine samples were collected from aquifers in the Upper Devonian through Lower Cretaceous and are being used to assess the potential for cross-formational flow. Distributions of salinity and density-corrected hydraulic heads identify the flow patterns within the aquifers and fluxes are being estimated based on regional models of permeability. Upon completion of the first phase of SAM, the project will begin to conduct regional scale assessments of saline aquifers in the Alberta Basin.


754 - Measurement Noise, Structural Uncertainty and Automated Parameter Estimation Methods: Application to a complex setting – the Waterloo Moraine Brouwers, M., Anderson, D., Zhang, B., Merritt G., Martin, P., Meyer, P.AquaResource, A Division of Matrix Solutions, Breslau, Ontario, CanadaWootoon R.Regional Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada

In every groundwater study the available data and knowledge concerning aquifer characteristics and responses vary in format, quality, simplicity versus complexity, as well as spatial and temporal scale. Furthermore, the data or knowledge may, or may not be, consistent with scale and/or the purpose(s) of the study.

Reconciling these differences in available data, developing a conceptual model and translating it into a numeric model can be a laborious undertaking that may involve several iterations. With the advent of sophisticated 3D modeling codes and interfaces conceptual model issues and simplifications are more apparent and this has increased the temptation of young professionals to highly parameterize these systems with the intent of achieving better calibration (a radical departure from early groundwater modeling practices). As such modellers find themselves drawn to new techniques and approaches that might reduce the model calibration burden and in particular, automated calibration / parameter estimation tools.

This paper presents the application of automated parameter estimation methods to a real-world, complex environment – the Waterloo Moraine. Initial applications of automated calibration stalled with respect to finding an acceptable solution. This situation demonstrated features built into the numeric model that hampered calibration; those being the presence of: 1) measurement noise, and 2) structural uncertainty. Addressing these issues pointed out gaps and inconsistencies in the conceptual model that lead to an improved numeric model framework and more con-sistent translation of the conceptual model to the numeric model. With this improved framework in place the successful application of automated calibration is demonstrated, which sets up the framework for a quantitative uncertainty analysis.

This paper will discuss the challenges of the initial attempts at automated calibration, the successful application of automated calibration, and associated quantitative uncertainty analysis. It is our experience that automated calibration techniques do not replace or eliminate the need for modellers. Rather, it is a complimentary tool that allows practitioners to gain insights into flow systems and test hypothesis to improve numeric models and their application to real-world scenarios.

279 - Numerical and field studies on accumulation of transported matters around stagnation pointsXiao-Wei Jiang, Li Wan & Xu-Sheng WangSchool of Water Resources and Environment - China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China

The stagnant zones in nested flow systems have been assumed to be critical to accumulation of transport matters, such as metallic ions and hy-drocarbons in drainage basins (Toth, 1980). However, little quantitative research has been devoted to verify this assumption. In this presentation, we present some numerical studies on accumulation of age mass around stagnation points and a field study on accumulation of TDS around a stagnation point. In the numerical studies, the distribution of groundwater age around two different kinds of stagnation points, one in nested flow systems and the other in a uniform flow with a pumping or injection well are discussed. In the field study in Ordos Basin, Northwest China, we drilled a borehole near a possible stagnation point caused by convergence and divergence of four flow systems and collected groundwater samples at different depths in the borehole using the Packer system. The vertical distributions of chemical and isotopic results are used to identify the possible existence of a stagnation point.

126 - Hydraulic Impedance Tomography: A Flow Systems Approach to Inverse ModelingM. A. El-Rawy1, G. A. Mohammed2, W. Zijl1, O. Batelaan1,3

1 Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium2 University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada3 K.U.Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium


Reliability of predicted climate change and its consequences depends on the quality of measurements and their interpretation, and of the applied models. Analysis of groundwater systems requires accurate determination of Darcy fluxes. In the 1960s Tóth [2009] has shown that, if hydraulic conductivities are known with sufficient accuracy, specification of the water table height on the model’s top boundary results in reliable in- and exfiltration flux. To calibrate conductivities we extend Tóth’s approach to hydraulic impedance tomography (HIT) based on specification of both measured head and flux on the top boundary of a 3D modeling domain. We combine a conventional MODFLOW model with a mathematically equivalent FLOSA model based on the flow systems approach [Nawalany & Zijl, 2010]. Conductivities are calibrated by constrained back pro-jection (CBP): a forward MODFLOW run based on initial conductivities and infiltration fluxes specified on the top boundary, followed by a back projection run based on FLOSA with heads specified on the top boundary and in wells. If we don’t apply zonation (clustering of conductivities) CBP can be simplified to the double constraint method (DCM): back projection is replaced with a second forward run based on the same initial conductivities, but now with heads as boundary condition. Division of the grid block fluxes obtained from the two runs yields calibrated conduc-tivities. Repeating this tomography-based calibration yields time-dependent grid block conductivities from which a Kalman Filter determines an estimate of the true, time-independent conductivities and their standard deviations. Reliability (standard deviations) can be estimated, but subjectivity (our faith in modeling) cannot be excluded. Exemplifications are presented for two catchments in Belgium.

331 - New insights on topographically-driven groundwater flow systems in mountainous terrainL. A. Welch & D. M. AllenDepartment of Earth Sciences – Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada

The well-known principle of topographically-driven groundwater flow is particularly relevant for mountainous terrain where recharge across a surface of variable relief generates a water table that is a subdued replica of topography and resulting nested groundwater flow systems. Recent advancements in numerical modelling allow for the three-dimensional characterisation of groundwater flow at the regional scale, providing a basis to extract prevalent topography-based groundwater flow characteristics that are reflective of topographic attributes of mountainous watersheds. Groundwater flow systems that deliver water to mountain stream valleys of different order can be distinguished from systems that generate flow across the mountain front (i.e., mountain block recharge - MBR). Three-dimensional nested groundwater flow can be character-ised with consideration of stream valley incision depth and orientation. Groundwater flow across the mountain front can be related to character-istics of triangular facets that flank the watershed boundaries near the mountain front and that do not lie within surface watershed boundaries. Groundwater systems in mountains can be influenced by cross-watershed groundwater flow, where groundwater recharge in one watershed migrates beneath surface water divides to an adjacent watershed as a result of topographic differences between watersheds. Cross-watershed groundwater flow can result in “hidden” gains or losses for the water budget, potentially influencing valley bottom water replenishment via streamflow or MBR. Consideration of topographically-driven groundwater flow is critical for evaluating and understanding water resources in mountains where investigations have historically been surface-water focussed.

585 - Distribution of groundwater temperature in nested flow systemsRan AN, Xiao-Wei Jiang, Li Wan & Xu-Sheng WangSchool of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China

The theory of regional groundwater flow systems developed by Tóth [Tóth, 1962; 1963] can be used to explain the contribution of groundwater to many geologic processes. One important application of this theory is regional heat transport by moving groundwater. It has been proved that temperature distribution in a drainage basin is not only caused by pure conduction known as geothermal gradient, but also by forced convection due to groundwater movement [Domenico and Palciauskas, 1973]. However, most previous studies are focused on unit basins, which are limited to a single flow system. The pattern of groundwater flow in actual drainage basins is far more complex than a unit basin. In most actual drainage basins, owing to periodic undulations in the water table, hierarchically nested flow systems could develop. Therefore, it is necessary to study the transport of heat in nested flow systems. In this study, by solving the equations coupling groundwater flow and heat transport using COMSOL Multiphysics, the pattern of temperature distribution in nested flow systems is shown. We also discuss the effect of different magnitudes of hydraulic conductivity, which control the groundwater velocity, and thus control the relative importance of heat convection over heat conduction, on the distribution of groundwater temperature.


sessIon t3-d: Cold regIons HydrogeologyTuesday, September 18 • 15:45-18:00 • Strategy Room 5Chairs: Jeff McKenzie, Victor Bense

818 - Groundwater flow in thawing permafrost systemsMcKenzie, J.M.Earth and Planetary Sciences - McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaVoss, C.I. U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California, USA

Arctic hydrology is undergoing rapid changes due to climate change, such as increases in arctic river discharge and the disappearance of arctic lakes. As permafrost (ranging from several meters to hundreds of meters in thickness) thaws from above, a deeper seasonal active zone (the shallow subsurface layer that freezes and thaws annually) develops, and more through-going thawed zones (i.e. taliks) develop that connect the supra- and sub-permafrost zones. Despite this potential for increasing groundwater movement in warming arctic environments, predictive models of permafrost thaw and distri-bution generally consider only the conduction of heat through the subsurface, and do not incorporate advective heat transport (movement of heat due to flow). To understand these systems and potential feedbacks, the SUTRA numerical groundwater model, which couples groundwater flow and heat transport, was modified to include freezing processes. When temperatures are below freezing, the model simulates variable saturation, permeability, and thermal properties as a function of ice saturation, and includes the latent heat of formation of ice.

We simulated groundwater flow and permafrost thawing across a hillslope cross section, with sinusoidal hills and valleys, which has an ini-tially continuous permafrost layer. The mean air-temperature increases by 0.5 OC per 100 years for 1600 years, and temperature is constant thereafter. This long-term warming trend is superimposed on a seasonal ±10 OC temperature variation that drives the yearly freeze/thaw cycle in the shallow subsurface. Simulation results compare changes in permafrost distribution over a few thousand years of climate change due to (1) purely conductive heat transport (equivalent to essentially no groundwater flow) and (2) advective-conductive heat transport (equivalent to regions with significant groundwater flow).

The results indicate that where groundwater flows, the advective transport of heat enhances the rate at which permafrost thaws, increasing transmissiv-ity and the movement of warmer recharge water and deep water, further increasing the rate at which the edges of the permafrost warm and thaw, in a positive feedback. Where groundwater flows, it is a significant control on the rate of thaw and pattern of residual permafrost in the landscape.

648 - Permafrost degradation as a control on hydrogeological regime shifts in a warming climateBense, V.F. University of East Anglia, Norwich, UKKooi, H.VU University, Amsterdam, NetherlandsFerguson, G. University of SaskatchewanRead, T.University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK

The degradation of permafrost should cause intensification of subsurface water transport in river catchments. This leads to a change in the con-tribution of groundwater to river flow. Using numerical models, we evaluate hydrogeological regime changes in high-latitude river basins under conditions of ground surface warming. These describe transient heat- and fluid flow coupled to the hydrogeological impacts of phase-changes from ice to liquid water. We consider an idealized sedimentary aquifer system in which groundwater flow is driven by topography, representing a series of small drainage basins in riverine terrain of relatively subdued topography. Various temporal and spatial surface temperature conditions are considered to control the initial permafrost distributions for the simulations. The simulated rates of increase in groundwater contribution to stream flow during and after permafrost thaw, are in the order of magnitude comparable to hydrogeological regime changes over the past decades as reported for several Arctic rivers. The timing and rate of acceleration in groundwater circulation in aquifers at the local scale river


basins we consider, are strongly controlled by shifts in aquifer permeability architecture during permafrost degradation. However, the uptake of water into aquifer storage when sub-permafrost hydraulic heads rise, potentially dampens the effect of permafrost degradation on groundwater fluxes by several decades to centuries. In order to evaluate the relative importance of both processes in natural systems, the current hydraulic regime (notably pore pressures) of sub-permafrost aquifer systems as well as patterns of permafrost heterogeneity, taliks and their hydraulic connectivity are insufficiently known.

655 - Potential inflow of subglacial feed groundwater to proglacial lakes along the western margin of the Greenland Ice SheetJohanna Scheidegger & Victor BenseUniversity of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences, Norwich, Norfolk, UK

In the Kangerlussuaq area, West Greenland, the proglacial area stretching from the margin of the Greenland Ice sheet (GrIS) to the coast was covered by the GrIS during the last glacial maximum (LGM). Permafrost is several hundred meters deep and through taliks are believed to occur underneath large lakes providing sufficient thermal insulation. Nevertheless, observations have shown that a small lake, after partial lake drain-age, refilled itself within a few of months. Considering heat conduction only, a thermal through talik is unlikely; however, we hypothesise that advective heat flow by groundwater discharge could have resulted in conditions that have locally hampered permafrost development after retreat of the GrIS. Regions in front of an ice sheet are subject to high hydraulic head gradients if the ice-base is wet, and groundwater flow paths can extent into the proglacial area where upwelling to the surface can potentially occur via localized high permeable zones.

In this study, we aim to improve our understanding of the occurrence of groundwater flow in permafrost covered areas. Firstly, with numerical modeling of coupled transient heat and fluid flow, we develop a 2D regional- scale hydrogeological model of an ice sheet covered area from which the ice retreats starting from the end of the LGM to its present position. In the forefield of the ice-sheet we mimic lake formation. In this way, we study the possibility of the development of through taliks due to advective heat flow through groundwater discharge. Secondly, we installed a Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) in a small lake in front of the ice sheet margin and monitor temperatures at the lake base in winter 2011/2012. DTS measurements monitor temperature across the lake bed, and would detect thermal anomalies which might arise from groundwater inflow across the lake bed.

First model results in anticipation of field data show that due to high hydraulic head gradients, the proglacial area is subject to groundwater discharge. During the freezing process, groundwater discharges preferentially through taliks underneath lakes. Some of them remain open over the period since the LGM, whereas a conduction only model with the same settings would not show a through talik.

547 - Geophysical permafrost mapping and permafrost-hydrology interaction - U.S. Geological Survey studies in Yukon Flats, Alaska, USAClifford I. Voss, Jared D. Abraham, Frederick D. Day-Lewis, Steven M. Jepsen, Burke J. Minsley, Neal Pastick, Jennifer Rover, Bruce D. Smith, Michelle A. Walvoord, Tristan P. Wellman & Bruce K. WylieUS Geological Survey, USAJeffrey M. McKenzieMcGill University, CanadaJay NolanRutgers University, USA

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has undertaken a program in Yukon Flats, Alaska, USA, to improve understanding of permafrost-hydrology interaction and to characterize the current permafrost distribution. Climate changes may cause permafrost thaw, resulting in major systematic changes in hydrology and ecology. Some program highlights follow:

(1) Ground- and aerial-geophysical mapping provide a first-ever three-dimensional picture of discontinuous permafrost over a large area. Ob-served patterns and their interpretation can serve as a touchstone for cold-regions studies;

(2) Shallow electrical resistivities in areas not geophysically mapped are estimated by an analysis correlating measured resistivity with Landsat indices, reflectance, and ancillary data. This provides proxy maps of shallow conditions (e.g. depth to permafrost) in areas where only re-motely-sensed data are available;


(3) A time-lapse remote-sensing study results in a map of lake-surface area trends, indicates that widespread hydrologic changes occurred over the past 30 years;

(4) Analysis of one shrinking lake’s water budget shows how change in depth to permafrost and other factors, such as opening of a sub-lake talik (zone of permafrost absence), might have caused the shrinkage;

(5) Groundwater-flow modeling for the Yukon Flats basin indicates how groundwater flow and discharge to surface-water bodies might change, should permafrost coverage decrease;

(6) New software for heat-transport-coupled groundwater-flow modeling, with dynamic freeze/thaw, demonstrates how groundwater flow ef-fects permafrost distribution and formation of sub-lake taliks; and

(7) Geophysical modeling of sub-lake talik evolution provided by groundwater modeling gives expected electrical resistivity patterns for different lithologic and permafrost configurations, allowing stronger geophysical data inversion and interpretation.

USGS is combining and evaluating these results, hoping to better inform water resources and ecosystems management in permafrost areas, especially regarding adaptation to possible climate-change impacts.

763 - Linkages between changes in lake surface area and the distribution of permafrost, Yukon Flats basin, interior Alaska, USA S.M. Jepsen, M.A. Walvoord National Research Program, U.S Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, USAC.I. VossNational Research Program, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California, USA B.J. MinsleyCrustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, USAJ. RoverEarth Resources Observation and Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA

Approximately one in 10 lakes in the Yukon Flats basin of interior Alaska has undergone substantial change in surface area over the last 30 years. Although permafrost degradation is a likely cause, its role is not clear, making future predictions of lake evolution difficult. Our hypothesis is that changes in lake surface area and permafrost distribution are causally related via changes in either vertical groundwater flow through open taliks, or lateral ground-water flow over a deepening permafrost table. This hypothesis is tested by: (i) evaluating the proportion of lakes overlying frozen and unfrozen sediment (gravel overlying silt), inferred from resistivity profiles from an airborne electromagnetic survey, that show statistically significant trends in surface area (1979-2009); and (ii) using the results of the above statistical analysis to guide hydrological and thermal modeling of lake mass response to deepening of the permafrost table and development of open taliks. The phase (frozen or unfrozen) of sublacustrine gravel is found to be associated more strongly with lake surface area change than the phase of the deeper silt (p < 0.01 vs. 0.55 based on chi-squared tests). Moreover, lakes overlying unfrozen gravel are about 3 times more likely to show a significant trend in surface area than those overlying frozen gravel. These findings may indicate that thermal changes in the shallow, gravel-rich permafrost have more influence on lake evolution than thermal changes in the deeper silt. Hydrological and thermal modeling is ongoing and will be presented with the statistical analysis outlined above.

1040 - Noble gas and isotope geochemistry in western Canadian Arctic watersheds: tracing groundwater recharge in permafrost terrain Nicholas UttingBGC Engineering Inc, Vancouver, BC, Canada and Department of Earth Science - University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaBernard LauriolDepartment of Geography - University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaNeil MochnaczFisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaIan ClarkDepartment of Earth Science - University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada


In Canada’s western Arctic, perennial discharge from permafrost watersheds is the surface manifestation of active groundwater flow systems, yet understanding the mechanisms of groundwater recharge and flow in periglacial environments remains enigmatic. Stable isotopes (δ18O, δD, δ13C

DIC), and noble gases have been used to study groundwater recharge and flow of groundwater which discharges along the Firth River

(Yukon), Fishing Branch River (Yukon) and a selection of creeks and rivers in the central Mackenzie Valley. Groundwater discharge along these watercourses manifests itself in the form of open water all year and the formation of icings. The application of these chemical tracers show that hydrogeological conditions and flow paths in permafrost terrains are surprisingly similar to those of temperate regions. Groundwater recharge was determined to be a mix of annual precipitation with contributions from snowmelt and precipitation. All systems investigated show that groundwaters have recharged through organic soils with elevated Pco

2, which suggests that recharge occurs largely during summer when

biological activity is high. Noble gas concentrations show that the recharge temperature was between 0 and 6 °C, which, when considered in the context of discharge temperatures, suggests that there is no significant imbalance of energy flux into the subsurface. Groundwater ages were determined using the 3H-3He method and found to be between 0 and 31 years.

381 - Mars-like gully formation by perenial discharge of high latitude (81° N) saline springsGrasby, S.E., Geological Survey of Canada, Calgary, Alberta, CanadaProemse, B.C.University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Regions of extensive permafrost have generally been considered to have inactive hydrogeological systems. However, increasing evidence shows the occurrence of perennial spring systems in High Arctic regions. A newly discovered set of springs on northern Ellesmere Island has significant discharge and heat flow, in a region characterized by an arctic desert environment (average annual temperatures of -19.7 °C and annual precipitation of 75.5 mm), thick permafrost (average 423 m), and low geothermal gradients (average 23 °C/km). The springs appear to be associated with the intersection of a minor N-S trending fault intersecting at right angles to a predominant E-W trending thrust fault, suggesting structural controls on the flow system. Despite its location as one of the northernmost reported spring systems, and in a region of low geothermal gradients, the spring has one of the highest heat flows in North America. Ice filled channels (up to 5 m thick and for over 5 km downstream of the spring outlets) are indicative of perennial discharge from the site. Stable isotope data indicate local meteoric recharge as the source of water, however high salinity of the water implies deep circulation and interaction with buried evaporites of the Otto Fiord Formation. This is further supported by relatively high discharge temperatures.

The spring outlets are located on a south facing scree covered mountain slope. Large gully features are formed that have remarkable similarity to sites of purported active groundwater discharge on Mars. The site thus provides excellent opportunity to study cold region hydrogeologic processes on Earth in addition to understanding potential hydrogeologic processes on other planets.

sessIon t3-e: urBAn HydrogeologyTuesday, September 18 • 15:45-18:00 • Strategy Room 7Chairs: Dan Rogers, Tobias Graf

222 - Groundwater Use for Urban Development – an Overview of Current Trends & Issues ArisingStephen Foster University College London, London, UK

Urbanisation was the predominant global phenomena of the 20th Century, and in the developing world is predicted to continue at increasing rates for decades to come. Groundwater has long been a vital source of urban water-supply, and its intimate (but fragile) interrelation with urban-isation processes has become much better understood by hydrogeologists over the last 15-20 years. But very rapid urbanisation, consequent upon large-scale migration from rural areas, is leading to more informal slum dwellings, which place a heavy burden on municipal authorities for expansion of water-sector infrastructure due to ‘by-passing’ of land-use planning and building regulations.


The ‘key factors’ influencing urban groundwater use are resource reliability for public supply and resource accessibility for private supply. Other drivers include increasing per capita water use, higher ambient temperatures and reduced river-intake security with climate change, and the reducing cost of waterwell construction – although there is considerable variability in the evolution of urban water-supply provision and depen-dence upon groundwater. Information on urban groundwater use (by both water-service utilities and private users) is often poorly collated and difficult to access, but it is clear that many countries (for example, from Denmark and Germany to Brasil, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru and Vietnam) now exhibit a high-level of dependence.

There are rarely sufficient groundwater resources within urban limits to satisfy the full water-demand of larger cities, and here resource sustain-ability often becomes an issue. However, many urban water utilities have physical distribution losses exceeding 30%, which together with infil-tration from extensive areas served by in-situ sanitation, form a substantial component of recharge easing the groundwater resource situation.

It will be important for future urban development that groundwater be used on a more efficient and sustainable basis, so as to fulfil its natural role as a water-supply buffer for climate-change adaptation. In a rapidly-changing world new modes of urban groundwater use have been arising and others urgently require detailed consideration:

• Conjunctive Use. The large groundwater storage of most aquifers needs to be managed more strategically (in some cases being the ‘last reserve’ for urban water-supply), and used conjunctively with surface water-sources to improve urban water-supply security (rather than only for base-load water-supply). But most conjunctive use presently encountered in developing cities is spontaneous and the impediments to more resource-optimised conjunctive use need to be identified and confronted.

• External Protected Wellfields & Springheads. Most utility groundwater use involves waterwells constructed within urbanised areas on a ‘piecemeal basis’ in response to new demand centres. Given the pollution pressure to which these supplies are usually exposed, there is a pressing need to promote (as ‘best engineering practice’) more external sources with capture areas declared as ecological protection zones.

• Private Groundwater Use. There has been a private waterwell construction boom in many developing cities (especially for multi-residential and commercial, as well as industrial, use) as a ‘coping strategy’ in face of poor utility water-service levels or as a ‘cost-reduction strategy’ where utility water-supply tariffs are high. Most private waterwells are at best unregulated and at worst illegal – which is counterproductive for both the private user and the public administration, and a more constructive approach is urgently required. A related policy question is under what circumstances might it be justified to ban in-situ residential use of groundwater.

The dependency on groundwater for urban development, and the technical approaches and institutional arrangements for promoting more efficient and sustainable use will be highlighted and illustrated mainly from World Bank GW-MATE supported projects in Brasil, India and more widely in Latin America and Asia, together with preliminary information from a number of African cities.

706 - Groundwater: A neglected constraint in urban planning. Lessons from 4 major Delta cities in different climatic zonesRoelof StuurmanDELTARES, Delft & Utrecht, The Netherlands

Based on several recent studies and field visits an attempt is made to emphasize the importance of groundwater management in the urban planning process, and to translate groundwater knowledge into practical advices. Until now, subsurface and groundwater are often neglected in urban planning processes, usually because of governmental unfamiliarity with this issues, but also because of the complexity of the invisible groundwater processes. To demystify groundwater, participative stakeholder workshops are an effective tool. Workshops joined by participants from governmental and non-governmental organizations. The credo of the workshops is: “learning by drawing”. Using maps and profiles, partic-ipants can localize problem areas and present their ideas about causes, and solutions. During these exercises, subsurface processes become transparent and necessary restoration or management measures become acceptable. The results of workshops in New Orleans, Kaohsiung (Taiwan), New Delhi and Amsterdam are presented.

A lot of groundwater issues in these very different cities show similarities, but some issues are very different. What can we learn from each other? What are the right management strategies for the future? How can we mobilize all stakeholders? How can we integrate this with urban planning?


156 - Key Environmental Policy Changes Required to Reverse Urban Groundwater Degradation in the Rouge River Watershed in Southeastern Michigan, USADaniel T. Rogers1, Martin M. Kaufman2, and Kent S. Murray3

1 Amsted Industries Incorporated, Chicago, Illinois USA2 Department of Earth and Resource Science - University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, Michigan, USA3 Department of Natural Sciences - University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, USA

The Rouge River Watershed in southeastern Michigan, USA, is the most urbanized watershed in the United States. Encompassing nearly 1,000 square kilometers, the watershed is considered 95% urbanized. This urbanization has placed enormous stress on shallow groundwater quality. This fact is significant since the shallow groundwater within the watershed discharges to surface water and is, therefore, part of the Great Lakes Watershed. In fact, the Rouge River is considered a major contributor of pollutants to the Great Lakes. Because of this, significant restoration efforts have been initiated to address surface water impacts. However, many of these efforts may be wasted due to lack of scientific understand-ing and the need for key environmental policy changes. Lack of scientific understanding of surficial geology and hydrogeological processes has aided in a science-policy gap that threatens to unravel advances in restoring the watershed. Since shallow groundwater within the watershed discharges to surface water and accounts for the majority of base flow, improving the water quality of surface water logically requires improving the water quality of groundwater. To achieve this objective, key policy changes that include (1) greatly increasing the understanding of the surficial geology and hydrogeology of the watershed, (2) incorporating science-based urban planning at the community and watershed level, (3) watershed-level prioritization of cleaning up contaminated sites that have impacted groundwater, and (4) pollution prevention objectives and techniques that focus on high priority contaminants each together offers far better promise in restoring the water quality of the Rouge Watershed than the traditional methods employed. The opportunity exists now to enact these policy changes as the Rouge River Watershed and many other heavily urbanized areas of the United States struggle with re-development of their urban centers.

155 - Managing the Restoration of Municipal Well System Capacity in a Complex EnvironmentTammy Silverstone, P.Eng., Wendy Kemp, P.Geo.The Regional Municipality of York, Newmarket, Ontario, Canada

Maintaining a municipal groundwater supply system for the long-term requires a strategy beyond well rehabilitation programs. Restoration of well system capacity through well rehabilitation techniques has limited application over time. While a municipality may have short-term options to deal with smaller losses in well system capacity, such as additional supply from a surface water source in a blended water system, the municipality will ultimately need to plan for the longer-term restoration of lost capacity. The development of new production wells is a logical alternative and may initially seem like a straight-forward project involving the exploration, identification and development of new groundwater wells; however, a closer evaluation will likely reveal a set of complex issues tied to urbanization that require a more strategic management ap-proach. These issues include sustainability of the water source, hydrogeologic and geotechnical considerations, climate change effects, regional and local distribution system considerations and challenges, existing and future land development, source water protection constraints, as well as other technical and political considerations.

In the Yonge Street corridor, through the Towns of Aurora, Newmarket and East Gwillimbury, the Regional Municipality of York currently operates and maintains a blended water supply system that consists of groundwater from 18 high capacity wells completed in the Yonge Street Aquifer system [pumping up to 87.65 ML/day (1015 L/s; 13,389 Igpm)], and surface water originating from Lake Ontario. The Region’s Yonge Street Aquifer well system is an example of a system that is comprised of several production wells, located in both urban and rural settings, with an average well age of about 36 years. A Municipal Class Environmental Assessment project is currently underway to comprehensively assess the performance of the existing Yonge Street Aquifer well system, and develop and implement a strategy for the restoration of lost groundwater supply capacity. The presentation discusses the complex issues under consideration and the proposed approach for managing these issues towards the successful completion of this municipal project.


335 - Delineation of a highly transmissive aquifer along the Toronto-York Spadina Subway Extension (TYSSE) projectGillian Roos, Stephen Di Biase, Dave Walters & Nicholas BishopGolder Associates Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario, CanadaHossein Bidhendi Toronto Transit Commission - TYSSE project- Spadina Link JV, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

The Toronto-York Spadina Subway Extension (TYSSE) is the 8.6 km long northerly extension of the Toronto Transit Commission’s (TTC) Universi-ty-Spadina subway line into the Regional Municipality of York, Ontario. The TYSSE project consists of six new subway stations connected by twin tunnels constructed approximately 20 metres to 25 metres below ground surface. Construction dewatering is required to facilitate the construc-tion of 37 below-ground structures and staging areas along the TYSSE. An inherent risk for the TYSSE project is the variability and uncertainty of hydrogeological conditions along the alignment where unexpected hydrogeological conditions could lead to lengthy construction delays, significant claims and third party damages. The northern terminus of the TYSSE alignment represents an area where hydrogeological conditions have had profound implications on the design and construction planning. In this area, a highly transmissive, confined overburden aquifer (a ten metres to 15 metres thick layer of sand and gravel) was encountered during preliminary field studies. Recognizing that this aquifer could form part of the regionally extensive Oak Ridges Moraine Aquifer Complex, an innovative pumping test approach was undertaken to characterise the nature of this aquifer. Interpretation of the pumping test results using analytical solutions and computer modelling for aquifer mapping lead to conclusions regarding the lateral extent of the aquifer that were partially confirmed through a subsequent field investigation.

846 - Analysis of low impact design (LID) strategies using fully-integrated fully-distributed surface water/groundwater modelsMason Marchildon, Dirk KassenaarEarthfx Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada

Low-Impact Development (LID) strategies have recently received significant attention due to the requirement to reduce the adverse hydrologic and water quality effects of urbanization. Previous modelling of LID strategies has focussed primarily on the reduction of peak flow events; however, many proposed LID strategies are also designed to protect or restore existing natural heritage features such as stream channels and wetlands. Traditional surface water modelling tools are limited in their ability to simulate low-flow conditions, changes in baseflow and ground-water supported wetlands. Demonstrating the ecohydrological effectiveness of a LID design requires consideration of changes to the local terrain, depth to water table, infiltration capacity of the surfical materials and an overall understanding of the hydrogeologic linkage between the proposed LID feature and the nearby stream or wetland. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the challenges and insights that Earthfx has encountered when simulating the effectiveness and ecological benefits of common LID strategies using the USGS integrated GSFLOW model.

Examples presented in this paper illustrate how GSFLOW can be used to represent and assess various LID designs at both the cell and sub-cell level. The ability of GSFLOW to simulate surface water processes on a finer resolution grid than the groundwater model allowed detailed representation of overland flow to wetlands and proposed infiltration enhancement facilities and bio-swales. Earthfx modifications to the sub-cell model processes allow representation of smaller scale features such as green roofs and the re-direction of water from impervious to pervious portions of the cell such as with a down-spout disconnection strategy. The detailed, integrated assessment of the relative contributions of sur-face water and groundwater entering wetlands and riparian areas under existing and multiple site specific future scenarios proved useful at the design level. Current and estimated future recharge rates and ground water discharge patterns were used to compare various designs overall LID effectiveness. In summary, the GSFLOW analysis provided a quantitative approach to compare and demonstrate the ecological linkage and benefit of various LID strategies.

563 - Management of environmental issues including groundwater on largest municipal infrastructure project Southeast Collector Trunk Sewer Tamara Kondrachova, M.Sc., P.Geo, Hydrogeologist, Environmental OfficerEnvironmental Services Department, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario, Canada


The Southeast Collector Trunk Sewer is a recent upgrade to the York Durham Sewage System co-owned by the Regional Municipalities of York and Durham. This 3.5 meter, 15 kilometer length of new trunk sewer is currently under construction using tunnel boring machine technology. Before construction commenced in August 2011 the project went through an Individual Environmental Assessment over a 7 year period, the first of its kind for a trunk wastewater system in Ontario. The project was approved by the Ministry of the Environment in March 2010. The total project capital cost is over $500 million, which is one of the largest infrastructure projects in the Toronto area.

One of the conditions of approval required York Region to adopt a comprehensive environmental compliance program. The compliance program focuses on monitoring and reporting of various components; groundwater and surface water, wetlands and terrestrial, fish and fisheries, noise and vibration, air and odour to ensure minimal impact on the environment and adjacent communities. Groundwater monitoring is very important on any tunnelling project including the Southeast Collector. Extended effort was undertaken by the Region to assess existing groundwater and geological conditions resulting in the final selection of a tunnel route mostly through regional aquitards. To further minimize possible impacts to groundwater, the Region purchased four earth pressure balance tunnelling machines and specified a requirement for a sealed shaft construction method, both aimed at minimizing the requirement for dewatering.

Numerous commitments have been made by York Region during the EA process to minimizing construction impacts on the environment. To ensure full environmental control on the project York Region also hired a dedicated Environmental Officer in 2009. One of the conditions of approval requires an Annual Compliance report detailing the progress on compliance with each of the environmental commitments. This year report is second annual report for the 5 years of planned construction activity. This paper will describe the process which York Region is following for managing the environmental mon-itoring program and annual reporting to the MOE. This environmental management program provides an example of the outstanding effort undertaken by York Region to fulfill one of the most comprehensive environmental management initiatives to date for a municipal infrastructure project.

336 - Stormwater Management and the Groundwater Resource within Urbanized WatershedsMartin M. Kaufman, Daniel T. Rogers, and Kent S. MurrayDepartment of Earth and Resource Science - University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI, USAAmsted Industries Incorporated, Chicago, IL, USADepartment of Natural Science - University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA

The relationship between stormwater management and urban groundwater is investigated using a nested hierarchy of geographic scales. At the broader watershed scale, data from over 3000 investigations at sites of environmental contamination within the heavily urbanized Rouge River watershed of southeastern USA are used to characterize the general patterns of stormwater and groundwater interaction. At this geographical scale, the siting of cities near flowing water and their industries above vulnerable geology resulted in large extents of contamination that are costly to remediate. In addition, the synergistic effect of the near-surface geology and the chemical characteristics of the released contaminants increase the risks to groundwater, especially when the release points are located within proximate areas of stormwater transport. At a finer geographic resolution, a case study of an older urban area within the heavily urbanized Rouge River watershed is used to develop a set of best management practices designed to minimize the impacts of stormwater pollution on urban groundwater supplies. The results indicate that through source control, the parcel scale is where science-based landscape planning can most effectively aid in urban stormwater management efforts and prevent further degradation to groundwater.

sessIon t3-F: AQuItArds IITuesday, September 18 • 15:45-18:00 • Fallsview Studio ABCChairs: Wendy Timms, Garth van der Kamp


286 - Aquitard storativity estimates based upon geophysical (cross-hole and MASW) measurements of the bulk modulus.Ian Acworth, Aidan Fitzpatrick, Wendy TimmsNCGRT, UNSW, AustraliaAnna GreveNCGRT, UNSW, Australia

The establishment of leakage through an aquitard has always involved long-term pumping tests and multiple observation piezometers. The work has been expensive and time consuming and seldom extensively undertaken. However, the integrity of aquitards is becoming a key feature of EIS evaluations concerned with coal-seam gas or with the long-term groundwater resource evaluation. The possibility of draining poor quality water from aquitards necessitates the estimate of the aquitard storativity.

In this paper we investigate the derivation of aquitard storativity estimates based upon geophysically derived values of the elastic media that influence storativity. In particular, the bulk modulus (reciprocal of the compressibility) can be measured between boreholes using cross-hole seismic methods or can also be estimated using multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW). We report the results of both geophysical methods for the determination of storativity in an aquitard at Breeza on the Liverpool Plains of New South Wales, Australia. The work has formed a part of a major aquitard study that has involved coring to a depth of 40m and the extensive testing of the core material in the laboratory and also using a geotechnical centrifuge. The required density measurements for the calculations have been based upon laboratory measurements on the core.

The results demonstrate that the storativity varies markedly with depth and that the aquitards are not usefully conceptualised as a uniform layer of clay. The results of this work will be of wide interest to those who seek to develop groundwater models of these systems.

273 - Determining the in situ compressibility and specific storage of a 400 m thick claystone aquitard using pressure transducersLaura A. Smith1, Garth van der Kamp2 & M. Jim Hendry1

1 Department of Geological Sciences – University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sk, Canada2 National Hydrology Research Center, Environment Canada, Saskatoon, Sk, Canada

Laboratory consolidation tests are commonly used to determine the hydraulic properties (compressibility, α; specific storage, Ss; storativity, S; vertical hydraulic conductivity, Kv) of claystone aquitards; however, whether data representative of in situ conditions can be obtained from disturbed samples is questionable. Here, we present a method to determine the in situ α and Ss of a thick sequence of Cretaceous aged clay-stone by estimating the loading efficiency (γ) of a formation from pore pressure responses to barometric pressure fluctuations. We installed 10 vibrating wire pressure transducers at varying depths (25 to 325 m below ground, BG) in a claystone aquitard sequence consisting of the Late Cretaceous aged Pierre, 1st and 2nd Speckled, Belle Fourche, and Joli Fou Formations. The resulting estimates for γ (0.6 to 0.93), α (2.5×10-7 to 2.4×10-6 kPa-1), and Ss (2.6×10-5 to 4.1×10-6 m-1) all decrease with depth. The results are comparable with the limited existing data for in situ estimates of Ss and are one or more orders of magnitude or less than laboratory estimates for similar aquitard deposits. Our findings suggest that the transducer-based method can provide an accurate means to determine in situ parameters for bedrock aquitard systems. In addition, the stabilized head distribution from the shut in pressure transducers and recently installed monitoring wells in the underlying Mannville aquifer indicate an overall downward gradient of 0.46, and laboratory testing confirm low Kv (10-11 – 10-12 m/s) in the claystone aquitard. Future work is focused on using the transducer recovery data from installation to steady state to determine an in situ Kv.

321 - Using Barometric Data to Determine Aquifer IsolationKen HugoLevelton Consultants Ltd, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Establishing that aquifers are isolated from surface water sources is often a requirement for hydrogeologic investigations. One example would be determining whether a water supply aquifer is directly connected to surface water. A second example would be establishing if aquifers are protected from surface contaminants by an overlying aquitard layer.


Regulations within Alberta specify that aquifer isolation is examined by determining if a sufficiently thick low permeable stratum is present, typically by installing monitoring wells and conducting hydraulic conductivity tests. These tests are generally acceptable but may not completely characterize the flow conditions as the lateral extent of a low conductivity unit may not be determined, or vertical fractures, typically not encoun-tered by a vertical borehole, may provide a path of communication between the aquifer and the surface.

An alternative and complimentary method is suggested to determine aquifer isolation by observing the aquifer response to changes in baromet-ric pressure. Aquifers in which a good barometric response is observed are more likely to be isolated over a large area than aquifers in which no response is observed. The Barometric Response Function is shown to be a good tool for establishing system isolation and aquitard properties.

Contamination by petroleum products within a marine shale formation on a site within the Alberta prairies is present where conventional analysis, based on slug tests and grain size considerations, should show limited potential for contaminant migration. Extensive contaminant migration is observed beyond what would be predicted using the hydraulic conductivity values from the slug tests and contaminate migration through a fractured shale mechanism is postulated. The barometric response indicates good communication with deeper zones, in agreement with a fractured shale conceptual site model.

A second site within the foothills of Alberta contains a water supply well completed in a shallow aquifer overlain by a relatively thin clay and shale layer. There are concerns that the aquifer is directly connected to surface water sources. The barometric response is used in determining the effectiveness of the overlying clays and shales in determining the extent of the overlying shale and clay as an extensive aquitard.

379 - Geochemical effects of incremental high-pressure squeezing on pore waters of deep argillaceous aquitardsA.Bangsund1, J.M. Hendry1, A.M. Fernandez2

1 Cameco Chair Research Laboratory, Department of Geological Sciences - University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada2 Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas - Instituto de Medio Ambiente Madrid, Spain

The chemistry and stable isotopes of pore waters in aquitards provide valuable information on geochemical reactions, transport mechanisms, age and origins of groundwaters. Low pressure squeezing (<20 MPa) is an effective method of obtaining representative samples from near-surface aquitards (e.g., lacustrine, marine, and clay till deposits; < 80 m below ground (BG)). Collecting pore water samples from argillaceous aquitards (e.g., siltstones, mudstones, and shales) buried to greater depths may require higher squeezing pressures. Limited literature on the topic suggests that ionic concen-trations of pore water can be adversely affected by elevated pressures (>20 MPa in consolidated and plastic clayrocks and >200 MPa in indurated argillaceous rocks). Concentrations of dissolved ions, including and Na+, decrease as squeezing pressure is increased while Ca2+ and Mg2+ have been shown to increase. The cause of these changes has been attributed to anion exclusion effects due to the negatively charged surface area of clays and the expulsion of double-layer water. Cations could also be affected by cation exchange reactions due to carbonate dissolution enhanced by oxidation processes. This study examines the effects of high-pressure squeezing on the concentrations of dissolved ions and stable isotopes of pore waters from argillaceous aquitards. Testing was conducted on core samples collected from Cretaceous claystones in the Williston Basin, Saskatchewan, Canada (41 m to 260 m BG; n = 6; mean porosity = 0.33 σ = 0.05), and Cretaceous clays from the Great Artesian Basin, South Australia, Australia (42 m to 289 m BG; n = 3; mean porosity = 0.38, σ = 0.06). The core samples were squeezed at progressively increasing pressure increments from a minimum of 13 MPa to a maximum of 150 MPa. The bulk pore water samples collected at each increment were analyzed for major ions and stable isotopes δ18O and δ2H. Results indicated that measurable changes in pore water concentrations occurred by increasing the pressure above 20 MPa. A linear relationship was observed between decreasing concentrations of and Na+ and increasing pressure. The degree of change in concentration of these ions may be related to certain physical properties of the sediment, such as mineralogy and clay content. Isotopes δ18O and δ2H of the squeezed pore waters also decreased with increasing pressure, but not in the same linear fashion as that for Cl- and Na+.

424 - Pore water geochemistry of the clay-rich aquitard, as indicators of pore water sourcesJing Li, Xing Liang & Menggui JinSchool of Environment Studies - China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China

Pore water in the sediment of a clay-rich aquitard is a more effective indicator of the paleo-environment relative to aquifer groundwater because of the lower permeability of the aquitard and slower water cycle. However, fewer studies exist on aquitard pore water and the knowledge of aquitards is far behind our understanding of the behavior of an aquifer. This paper presents the research on the pore water geochemistry of a


clay-rich aquitard and the origin of pore water in the Caofeidian harbour, China. The depth of the borehole for the aquitard sampling is 100m. Pore water samples were collected by high-pressure squeezing for analysis of major ion, trace elements and stable isotopes (delta(18)O, delta(2)H). The chemical component of pore water turns out to be clearly different with adjacent groundwater. Total dissolved solids (TDS) of pore water are about to 3-10 times that of shallow groundwater, presenting a decreasing trend with depth increase. The pH values of pore water are be-tween 7.7 and 8.5, except the shallowest one being 5.3 at 16.2m depth. The typical ion ratios of Cl/Br and Sr/Ba along the study profile change drastically in the marine and terrestrial sediment pore water, displaying the signature of seawater and freshwater. Also the delta (18) and delta (2)H isotopes of pore water are very negative compared to modern water, with mean values of -6.76 ‰ and -46.75‰. These results indicate aquitard pore water in this area is paleo-sedimentary water and reflects an origin of pore water which was deposited at the same time as the sediment during the late Pleistocene and Holocene. In the condition of shallow groundwater affected by a serious transgression, the aquitard pore water was not influenced. The transport of solute in the aquitard pore water is mainly dominated by diffusion, indicating the aquitard can resist seawater intrusion to protect aquifer groundwater.

666 - Integrity of a surficial clayey aquitard containing large DNAPL mass overlying a regional aquiferSteven Chapman, John Cherry & Beth ParkerUniversity of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaStephen MoranOil Sands Research and Information Network, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaIvy DupreeURS Corporation, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA

The capability of a surficial aquitard to protect an underlying aquifer from contamination was studied at a large chemical manufacturing facility along the Mississippi River near Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The 30 m thick surficial aquitard, comprised of clayey Holocene deposits, has prevented penetration of contaminants into the underlying aquifer, even though large organic and inorganic containment mass, including free-phase chlorinated solvent DNAPL, has resided in the upper part of the aquitard for several decades. The aquitard is comprised of two laterally continuous units, an upper surficial unit (~20 m thick) deposited primarily in backswamp environments, and a lower unit (~10 m thick) deposited in lacustrine environments. DNAPL containment within the aquitard and protection of the underlying aquifer is attributed to three key factors: 1) occurrence of sandy zones and peat layers in the upper unit providing abundant storage capacity for DNAPL and sorbed contaminants, 2) presence of abundant fractures in the upper unit which have allowed DNAPLs to flow downward to the sandy zones where they were intercepted and laterally distributed, and 3) high degree of integrity of the lower lacustrine unit with absence of through-going secondary pathways / fractures that would connect the upper unit to the aquifer, with very low hydraulic conductivity such that transport in this lower unit is diffusion controlled. Multiple lines of evidence were used in this assessment including: 1) depositional and post depositional geologic history, 2) lab measurements on core samples including hydraulic conductivity and consolidation tests, 3) hydraulic evidence from mathematical modeling of piezometric response to large head variations in the underlying aquifer connected to the Mississippi River, 4) diffusion-con-trolled nature of natural major ion and oxygen-18 profiles in the aquitard consistent with geologic history, and 5) distribution of contamination in the upper and lower units via core sampling. This study is the first reported for an aquitard of Holocene age within the Lower Mississippi River Valley showing good integrity. Literature reports on surficial quaternary aquitards in other areas of Louisiana concern Pleistocene aquitards in which secondary pathways are common features throughout, such that these have poor integrity allowing contaminant migration down to underlying aquifers.

897 - Contrasting aromatic hydrocarbon migration through a clay aquitard due to ancient vegetation locationMichael O. Rivett & John H. TellamSchool of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UKRachael A. DeardenBritish Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, UK

Field evidence obtained from detailed soil-core contaminant profiles through a 1 – 2 m thick clay aquitard located 6 m below ground separating deep and shallow sand aquifers indicates contaminant migration through the aquitard from a former petrochemical manufacturing site appeared to be largely controlled by the spatial presence or absence of ancient vegetation dating back several thousand years from when the clay unit was at ground surface. Clay cores revealed diffusion-like profiles from some localities that contrasted with profiles from nearby that were much more


invasive of the aquitard and demonstrative of greater advection control on the aromatic hydrocarbons present. Detailed observations of the cores revealed advective-like profiles coincided with the occurrence of ‘palaeo-roothole’ features within the clay. These features have provided high organic carbon and hence locally sorbing, mm to sub-mm aperture pathways through the clay and have been characterised through thin section mapping and X-ray micro-tomography that has revealed the 3-D complexity and connectivity of palaeo root-hole features. Spatial variability in occurrence has been attributed to the local-scale variation in ancient distributions of vegetation in the coastal setting. Such features may be easily overlooked, but may exert a key control over where aquitards might be penetrated by modern contaminant releases and it is noted would prove exceedingly vulnerable to penetration by dense non-aqueous phase liquids in particular.

252 - Application of multiple organic tracers for assessing fluxes through aquitards and potential connectivity with surface watersAdam Hartland, Wendy Timms, Stuart Khan University of New South Wales, Sydney, AustraliaJames McDonaldUniversity of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

In the Liverpool Plains of Australia’s Murray-Darling Basin, uncertainties remain regarding the relative significance of groundwater recharge pathways. This hampers the management of the deep (40-200m) alluvial groundwaters, an essential resource which supports large-scale flood irrigation for agriculture and community water supplies. Currently, models used in water resource allocation estimate that ca. 70% of total recharge occurs via direct infiltration through soils and clayey aquitards on the plains, with the remainder occurring through river seepage and infiltration at the valley margins. In this study, we adopted a multi-method approach to the characterisation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in surface water, shallow and deep ground-water samples in both aquitards and aquifers. We aimed to assess the potential for organics as tracers of water origin and evolution during recharge to groundwater. Our results demonstrate that surface water and shallow and deep groundwaters can be delineated based on their organic compositions. Surface waters (from lowland rivers) were characterised by aquagenic DOM produced by the excretion and decomposition of aquatic macrophytes and plankton, whereas shallow and deep groundwaters were characterised by well-mineralised DOM and basic organic constituents. The quality (i.e. molecularity/aromaticity) and concentration of DOM in groundwaters reduced with depth, consistent with the removal of labile moieties through gradual mineralisation by in-situ microbial communities. This probably reflects slow recharge and comparatively old water in the deep aquifers. Our analysis of trace organic contaminants does not support significant direct recharge of groundwater by river seepage. The deep groundwaters of the Liverpool Plains are shown to be pure, containing no trace of anthropogenic contaminants and containing low DOM concentrations (typically < 0.2 mg L-1), consistent with the apparent slow seepage of groundwater through clayey soils and aquitards.

sessIon t3-g: generAl Hydrogeology I - dAtA MAnAgeMent & AnAlysIsTuesday, September 18 • 15:45-18:00 • Upper Fallsview Studio AChairs: Jamey Rosen, John St. Marseille

690 - A new look on old data: Usability of continuously measured discharge rates to monitor the ageing of drinking water abstraction wells Hella Schwarzmüller, Gesche GrützmacherBerlin Centre of Competence for Water KWB,Berlin, GermanyAdam Stanski, Ole TrennerDatenmeer, Berlin, GermanyRegina Gnirß, Elke WittstockBerliner Wasserbetriebe, Berlin, Germany

Approximately 70% of the drinking water in Germany [BGR] and about 50% worldwide [IGREC 2011] are abstracted from groundwater using filter wells. Their implementation and operation are major factors contributing to the costs of drinking water production. Within the joint research project ANTIOCKER, funded by the German Ministry of Research and Education, and coordinated at the Dept. of Applied Microbiology of the


Technical University Berlin, the partners Berliner Wasserbetriebe (BWB) and the Berlin Centre of Competence for Water (KWB) focus on the efficient operation of drinking water abstraction wells.

One major reason for inefficient wells is so-called well ageing, i.e. the increase in drawdown at constant discharge rate due to biological, chemi-cal and / or physical processes in and around the well. In Berlin, approximately 80% of clogging deposits are described to be of biochemical na-ture involving iron-related bacteria. Previous studies, i.e. in the scope of the KWB research project WELLMA have revealed that such well ageing phenomena are determined by multiple correlated biological and chemical processes. For this reason, it is the sound understanding of the main processes and key parameters that will provide the basis for the systematic control of iron bacteria occurrence by an optimized well operation.

A new approach to a large variety of data from well construction and maintenance of the Berlin drinking water wells focused on the determi-nation of key parameters for monitoring and the identification of hidden variables for ageing by means of probabilistic statistics. Cumulative distribution plots are used to visualize large data amounts and frequency distribution plots filter correlations between e.g. maintenance events in the lifetime of a well and monitoring data.

First results indicate that small changes in the discharge rate Q on a daily basis could be used to monitor the well performance on a much higher frequency than the currently used evaluation of the specific capacity. In addition, the electric conductivity proved to be a key variable for clogging. Both parameters are now being verified in field investigations and further data analyses within the research project ANTIOCKER.

492 - The Value of Water Analytics in Decision-MakingJennifer HurleySchlumberger Water Services, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada

The increasing accessibility and use of digital sensors, progressively stringent regulatory constraints, and growing liability concerns has resulted in project data volumes that are growing at an exponential rate. Unfortunately, our ability to cope has not kept pace and the full value of the “Big Data” that is coming available to us is not realized. Stakeholders are as a norm provided with inaccurate or delayed data leading to decision making with negative environmental consequences.

Real examples of “worst practice” data management scenarios are explored, and contrasted with examples where effective, integrated data management combined with focused incentives have created effective water analytics decision support tools.

265 - Using fractal geometry to measure the shape of nitrate dispersion plume in Campina de Faro aquifer (Portugal)Luís RibeiroCVRM - Geosystems Center - Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal

The Campina de Faro aquifer system, bordering the Ria Formosa lagoon in the south of Portugal, has been largely affected by agricultural practices that have caused nitrate contamination and groundwater salinisation (Stigter et al. 1998, 2006, 2008). Groundwater in the upper aquifer, which consists of Miocene sand and Plio-Quaternary sand and gravel, reveals the highest nitrate concentrations, exceeding 300 mg/l in a diffuse, well-defined contami-nant plume. In 1997 the area was designated a nitrate vulnerable zone in compliance with the Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC)

Fractal geometry, a field of mathematics developed by Mandelbrot (1983), is a way of looking at irregular objects as coastlines or aquifers. On the basis of this theory there is the perception that irregular objects in nature tend to have patterns that repeat themselves at different scales. This self-similarity also occur in hydrogeology and can be used to understand dispersion of pollutants in porous media ( Wheatcraft and Tyler, 1988) and to illustrate the main role of tortuosity in this phenomenon intimately related to heterogeneity.

In this article the fractal dimensions of the 1st, 3rd quartiles, median and WHO ( = 50mg/l ) iso-contours of a nitrate concentrations plume are calculated and results are discussed highlighting the influence of tortuosity of the aquifer media. The study encompassed the following steps:

1. Iso-contours of NO3 concentrations are built by Ordinary Kriging using square grid cells with different sizes, with 30 regularly spaced data values.

2. Fractal dimension of each contour line is computed by using the grid-cell procedure

3. ( Davis, 2002 ) and the Richardson´s method.

4. Fractal tortuosity is estimated based on travel distance of the pollutant


579 - An interoperable federation of hydrogeological research data for Victoria, AustraliaPeter Dahlhaus, Andrew Macleod & Helen ThompsonUniversity of Ballarat, Mt Helen, Victoria, Australia

By adopting similar methods to the Groundwater Information Network developed by Natural Resources Canada, the Visualising Victoria’s Ground-water (VVG) research project dynamically federates distributed and diverse groundwater databases in Victoria, Australia. The groundwater data includes time-series watertable levels, aquifer parameters, physical and chemical data, lithology and stratigraphy, aquifer testing records, pho-tographs and documents. A key feature of the VVG system is that data managers maintain custodianship of their data and databases, but allow interoperable exchange by adopting the Open Geospatial Consortium standards for groundwater data exchange (GroundwaterML) developed by Natural Resources Canada. Tools are being developed to visualise the federated data on-the-fly, from simple graphical representations of time-series waterlevels, hydrochemical data, lithological logs and hydrostratigraphic logs to more complex cross-sections and fence diagrams of aquifers in addition to 3D representations of hydrostratigraphic surfaces, bores and voxel models of aquifer parameters.

The VVG collaboration of international, national, state and regional organisations addresses the issues associated with data capture, aggre-gation, transmission, storage, access, re-use and curation that are identified in the national eResearch infrastructure priorities as essential components in Australia’s ongoing research success. In particular, the project provides access to research significant data held outside research institutions by developing the tools for data linking, analysis and visualisation. Among the collaborating partners, the water authorities recognise business productivity gains simply by providing an effective, easily accessible tool for educating their customers on the science of groundwater. There is also potential for broader benefit through the application of the developed technology in virtually federating other environmental, social and economic datasets.

245 - Online Linkage of Groundwater Data in North AmericaBoyan Brodaric1, Eric Boisvert2, & Nathaniel L. Booth3

1 Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada2 Geological Survey of Canada, Quebec, Quebec, Canada3 U.S. Geological Survey, Middleton, WI, USAI-Lin Kuo U.S. Geological Survey, Middleton, WI, USA

Groundwater flow does not stop at municipal, provincial, state, or national boundaries, but groundwater data typically does. This makes the data difficult to find and use, particularly for cross-border studies, because it is distributed amongst many agencies, in different formats, using a variety of methods. This situation is not unique to groundwater data, but is typical of water data in general. Emerging international solutions in-clude the development of water data networks that link together distributed online sources using open geospatial data standards. The Canadian Groundwater Information Network (GIN, www.gw-info.net) and the U.S. National Ground Water Monitoring Network (NGWMN, http://cida.usgs.gov/gw_data_portal/) are examples of such networks. They address the data accessibility issue by providing single points of online access to a distributed collection of groundwater data. As a result, users are able to view, query, and download the data transparently, as if it resided in a single repository. GIN’s base layer of data consists of water well databases from eight provincial agencies, but recent work has added historical water level time-series from three provincial monitoring networks and one local conservation authority. The use of open standards for both ac-cessing and formatting the data ensures the GIN approach is compatible with the NGWMN prototype, which includes monitoring networks from five states and the USGS. This submission will recap the common GIN and NGWMN approaches, discuss the underlying technical advances, and present results of an experiment that confirms their interoperability. Overall, these results signal the nascent emergence of a North American network for online groundwater data.

171 - Groundwater And Earthquake HazardsHugo A. LoáicigaDepartment of Geography - University of California, Santa Barbara California, USA

Just as groundwater is useful to mankind, it poses hazards to it. Sometimes adverse impacts of groundwater are the result of human interven-tion. One example is the subsidence of compressible, water bearing, geologic formations subjected to groundwater extraction. In other cases,


groundwater hazards are innate to it: they exist because of the convergence of natural processes, with or without human intervention. Soil and rock movements (landslides, for example) arise from the buildup of groundwater in the subsurface alongside site-specific conditions governing the geometry of the terrain and the strength characteristics of geologic materials. The disciplines of engineering geology and geotechnical en-gineering deal with such hazards and case studies are aplenty. Less well studied and understood are the hazards created by the joint action of groundwater and seismicity. This is the topic of this paper and lecture. Groundwater-related earthquakes hazards are classified into two types. The first type is associated with the role of groundwater on regional tectonism. That is, whereby groundwater plays a role in the occurrence of earthquakes. Subsidence zones involving tectonic plates and zones of tectonic convergence are two situations analyzed in this work. The pertinent depth of groundwater in this instance is that characteristic of seismogenic depths, frequently ranging from 5 km to 50 km. The second type of hazard is that where the ground motion caused by an earthquake coalesces with the presence of groundwater in an impacted area. In this instance the presence of groundwater heightens the hazard created by seismicity. Adverse impacts would not occur or would be less serious if groundwater were not present during an earthquake. The map scale of this type of hazard ranges typically from tens of meters to hundreds of meters, with damages sustained at the scale of a few thousand meters in exceptional circumstances. The pertinent depth of groundwater presence in this instance is mostly confined to 100 meters below grade. Examples are (1) the vertical consolidation caused by liquefaction of saturated non-cohesive soils, (2) clay-softening, (3) lateral ground displacement enhanced by soil saturation, (4) soil movement caused by ground motions that act with groundwater to destabilize sloping terrain and structures. This paper presents new methods and data dealing with (1) regional-scale interactions between groundwater and seismicity, and (2) site-specific hazards created by the joint action of earthquakes and groundwater. The latter methods include novel results involving phreatic surfaces parallel to sloping ground or emerging from slopes. The paper also reviews the current state-of-the-art concerning the study, mitigation, and prevention of liquefaction and seismic-triggered ground movement in saturated terrain as practiced in California, a developed region threatened by strong earthquakes.

920 - Groundwater Spreadsheets – a Simple Efficient Resource for Hydrogeology Teaching, Research and PracticeCarlos E. Molano C.Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering – Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

The use of spreadsheets provides a cost-effective means for solving a wide range of simple and complex groundwater flow and pollution problems, in a very efficient way, using dynamic interactive graphics output with or without any programing. This feature is not only extremely useful in the practice of hydrogeology, but also in the teaching and learning of the subject, where the student, scientist or engineer can efficiently develop his/her own models for a wide range of scenarios. Convolution, which is a form of superposition with parameters input in time and/or space, can be easily applied using multiple worksheets. There are thousands of spreadsheet applications in Hydrogeology. Here, spreadsheets are presented for 1-D, 2-D and 3-D analytical and numerical solutions for groundwater flow and pollution including well field analysis, capture zone analysis, sea water intrusion, effects of climate change on groundwater systems, forward and inverse particle tracking, dispersion, and natural attenuation. Groundwater plume migration and risk corrective actions can also be included in spreadsheets to develop site-specific re-mediation standards. Also presented are spreadsheets for analysis of pumping and slug tests, step drawdown tests, hydrogeochemical analysis, base flow generation, earth resistivity soundings interpretation and land subsidence.

531 - Innovative high efficiency turn-key solutions to monitor high density groundwater networksSubbu SubramonianSchlumberger Water Services, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada

Efficient high-frequency groundwater monitoring, data collection and aquifer evaluation are often necessary to avoid potential groundwater issues that may otherwise be overlooked or misunderstood. Typical current groundwater monitoring network designs have few monitoring points in both space and time and require manual labour to collect and process the data. However, adding additional monitoring wells and higher frequency data collection often results in additional complexity in network maintenance, data collection and data management. Therefore, the overall cost of groundwater monitoring will increase significantly. New, innovative options are now available that enable automating just-in-time high volume data capture and processing, resulting in improved data quality and assurance, on time data delivery, and proactive aquifer management and risk mitigation. This presentation explores the potential for innovative turn-key solutions to monitor and report high density monitoring data, allowing hydrogeologists to make effective decisions without worrying about the data delivery infrastructure.


691 - Groundwater level prediction using a clustering approach and wavelet neural network modelingAida Hosseini BaghanamFaculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Water Resources Engineering – University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IranJan AdamowskiDepartment of Bioresource Engineering – University of McGill, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaVahid NouraniFaculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Water Resources Engineering – University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

The aim of this study was to develop and test a novel model to estimate groundwater levels in an aquifer. For this purpose, Self Organizing Maps (SOM) were used to cluster homogenous monitoring piezometers in the study area using groundwater level data. The conventional K-means method was also applied to verify the results of the SOM method. The central piezometer of each cluster was selected as a representative among the other piezometers of the cluster by means of the Euclidean distance criterion. Temporal pre-processing of the data was performed using the wavelet transform. In this way, the predominant seasonality features were extracted by wavelet transform; these were then used as input nodes in a Levenberg-Marquandt artificial neural network model for forecasting groundwater levels. The model was developed using groundwater level records from the representative piezometers and relevant hydro-meteorological data (i.e., rainfall, discharge, temperature). The forecasting re-sults of the model (i.e., the water table level of the representative piezometer from each zone of the plain) were compared with the observed data (with 75% of the data used for calibration and 25% of the data used for testing). It was determined that the groundwater level model provided good results in estimating groundwater levels. The results allow for the identification of the specific piezometers that represent groundwater levels in a particular region; this in turn allows for the identification of monitoring piezometers that should be preserved.

sessIon t3-H: nutrIents In groundWAter IIITuesday, September 18 • 15:45-18:00 • Upper Fallsview Studio BChairs: Ian Clark, Vicki Kretsinger Grabert

1092 - Impacts of diffuse pollution on stream water and groundwater in an area of intensive arable agriculture in eastern EnglandK. Hiscock1,*, A. Lovett1, R. Boar1

1 School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UKF. Outram1, T. Krueger1, G. Sünnenberg1, T. Dockerty1, C. Adams1, L. Noble2, R. Harris3 & D. McGonigle3

2 Farm Systems and Environment, Wortwell, Harleston, Norfolk, UK3 Farming and Food Science, Department for Food, Environment & Rural Affairs (Defra), London, UK

The increased use of fertiliser supports a growing world population, but has considerable adverse effects on the environment and human health. To combat the problems of water pollution, the EU Water Framework Directive requires the achievement of good ecological and chemical status of water bodies by 2015, which is a considerable challenge with regard to diffuse (non-point) pollution. In England and Wales only 27% of water bodies have reached ‘good ecological status’, with much of the degradation caused by agricultural pollutants (namely phosphorus, nitrogen and sediment). It is with this background that the UK Government set-up the Demonstration Test Catchments (DTC) Programme to test the hypothesis that it is possible to reduce the impact of agricultural diffuse water pollution on ecological status while maintaining sustainable food production. The River Wensum DTC, established as one of three national test catchments, is in an area of intensive arable farming in East Anglia, Eastern England. The Wensum is a nationally important Chalk river habitat and is covered by Quaternary deposits, with associated soils ranging from sandy loam to clay loam. There is moderate rainfall and warm, dry summers. Under these conditions, under-drainage on clay loam and irrigation on sandy loam soils are required for arable farming of cereal and root crops. Advanced bankside monitoring stations with web-enabled sensor technology have been installed that facilitate continuous 30-minute interval and event-based sampling of inorganic and organic parameters including particulate and dissolved nutrient species. Additional measurements include the stable isotopes of water, as well as a programme of groundwater level monitoring and sampling. Sample collection commenced in October 2010 and bankside monitoring has


been underway since March 2011. Results so far demonstrate the influence of soil type and field drainage system in affecting water quality, but also the important role of shallow groundwater within the weathered Quaternary deposits in sustaining baseflow. This conceptual understanding of hydrological processes will be used to test mitigation measures such as reduced tillage and autumn cover crops that will inform future policy towards reducing diffuse pollution in similar intensive arable systems in Eastern England.

380 - Effects of spring plowing of forage crops on nitrate leaching from potato production systems in Prince Edward Island, CanadaYefang Jiang1, Terra Jamieson2, Scott Anderson1 & Barry Thompson3

1 Agri-Environment Services Branch, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Charlottetown, PE, Canada2 Agri-Environment Services Branch, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Halifax, NS, Canada3 Prince Edward Island Department of Agriculture & Forestry, Charlottetown, PE, Canada

Nitrate leaching losses from potato production systems have been of concern for both drinking water and aquatic habitat protection in Prince Edward Island (PEI). The effects of spring plowing of forage rotation crops on the reduction of nitrate leaching were evaluated in commercial fields in Souris, PEI. In 2010, three fields planted with a mix of red clover and timothy were paired up (Site I) or split (Site II) for spring and conventional fall plowing treatments. Nitrate concentrations from tile drain and well water samples were measured as indicators of how spring plowing would reduce nitrate leaching compared to fall plowing. At Site I, weekly tile drain sampling indicated that nitrates were at similar levels (2-6 mg N/l) in both fields prior to tillage; tile drainage nitrates increased to 8-10 mg N/l upon herbicidal treatment of the forage in early Sep-tember in preparation for fall plowing. Nitrates at Site I in the fall plowing field continued to remain at the elevated levels observed upon plowing in late November. However, nitrate levels remained unchanged (2-6 mg N/l) in the field intended for spring plowing. These results suggest that increased nitrate leaching appeared to be associated with herbicidal treatment of forage crops rather than solely from fall plowing. The trend of elevated nitrate leaching from fall plowing over spring plowing extended into the 2011 season when soybean crops were planted in both fields at Site I. The reason this trend continued into the soybean season remains unknown. At Site II, monthly sampling of shallow groundwater indicated that nitrate levels were slightly higher under fall plowing. However, pre-treatment data were not available to determine if the elevated nitrate levels could be attributed exclusively to fall plowing. Data from multiple cycles of potato rotation and modeling are required to assist in answering these unknowns, and to further evaluate the environmental benefits of delayed plowing on nitrate leaching.

842 - Impacts of regional manure spreading on groundwater quality in a long-term irrigated area: the Battersea drainage basin, Picture Butte, Alberta. Jonathan Turchenek, Dr. Jim Hendry University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Regional spreading of manure can result in non-point source nitrate contamination of groundwaters. The leaching of NO3 derived from this

manure to groundwaters can be exacerbated by its application to irrigated agricultural land. The Battersea drainage basin (350 km2) is ideally suited to study the impacts of the application of manure (the basin has the largest intensity of cattle in Canada) under long-term irrigation. The surficial geology of this basin consists of fluvial and lacustrine sediments (15 to 27 m thick) overlying glacial till. The current study defines the spatial distribution of groundwater solutes (e.g., NO

3 and Cl), stable isotopes of water (δ2H and δ18O) and geotechnical parameters using high

resolution profiling methods to determine the regional effects of manure spreading on groundwater quality. The high-resolution depth profiles were collected at eight piezometer nests located across the basin between 2010 and 2012. Stable isotope profiling showed glaciogenic water (<-20‰, n = 147) and a pre-irrigation water (-20 to -17‰, n = 290) at depths greater 6-10 m below ground. More recent, tritiated waters (-17 to -12‰, n = 302) were encountered at shallower depths. The shape of the isotopic profiles suggests that diffusion is the dominant vertical transport mechanism in the till and lacustrine sediments. The mean NO

3-N concentration in the saturated zone from wells/piezometers was

1.0 mg/L (SD = 40.7, max =198 mg/L, min = <0.02 mg/L, n =193) and 10.6 mg/L (SD = 31, max = 128, min = <0.1 mg/L, n = 155) from squeezed pore water samples collected below the water table. The mean NO

3-N concentration in the unsaturated zone from squeezed samples

was similar to that from squeezed samples below the water table (x= 10.9 mg/L, SD =98, max =346 mg/L, min = <0.1 mg/L, n = 19). About 40 and 60 percent of the squeezed groundwater and unsaturated zone samples exceeded drinking water standards. These results will be compared to past chemistry data from the area to determine if the quality of the groundwater has changed since 2004.


734 - Impact of agricultural management on groundwater nitrate concentrations in an Irish karst aquifer Huebsch, M., Blum, P.Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Applied Geosciences, Kaiserstraße 12, KarlsruheFenton, O., Richards, K.G.Teagasc, Environmental Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford, IrelandHoran, B.Teagasc, Moorepark, Co. Cork, Ireland

Agricultural activity results in nitrogen loading to the soil surface and is important in controlling groundwater nitrate occurrence. This is partic-ularly important in highly vulnerable areas where the overburden is thin and aquifers are heterogeneous, like in karstified environments. The main objective of the current study was to relate changes in farm management with groundwater nitrate concentrations in a karst aquifer below a grassland dairy farm in south Ireland. Long-term nitrate concentrations in 11 wells were compared with paddock-specific N-loadings such as fertiliser, slurry and dirty water for an 8 year period (2002-2010). Furthermore, nitrogen (N) leaching concentration was estimated using a mass balance empirical model for grassland (NCYCLE_IRL). In addition, a geoelectric survey was carried out to provide detailed information on the soil thickness and electrical conductivity in the limestone aquifer identifying preferential flow paths (i.e. conduit systems). The data analysis suggests that nitrate concentrations decreased from 2002-2004, increased in 2004-2006 and decreased again from 2006-2010 on the farm. Groundwater nitrate-nitrogen concentrations ranged from 0 to 59 mg/l. Nitrogen loadings changed spatially between years with the lowest loading in 2005 and the highest in 2010. Areas with high nitrate occurrence were concentrated in the center of the farm where the subsurface was strongly influenced by karstic features, although the nitrogen loadings on the surface were moderate. In addition, in 2006 the farmyard waste water irrigation was moved from the center of the farm to the north, which resulted in reduced nitrate concentrations at the centrally located wells. By taking site specific geological characteristics into consideration, groundwater nitrate concentrations can be reduced by optimizing farming practices such as improved waste water management and grazing management practices and increasing nitrogen use efficiency through improved nutrient management.

464 - Nitrate in groundwater: using numerical modelling to assess catchment management solutionsVictoria M Price & Maria A Andersson Mott MacDonald, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Rising concentrations of nitrate in groundwater in many aquifers in Europe pose a risk to future clean water supplies. Under the Water Frame-work Directive (WFD) water companies are under pressure to provide a sustainable, long-term solution without additional investment in end-of-pipe treatment. At present, groundwater with high concentrations of nitrate is blended with low nitrate water in order to comply with the drinking water standard (DWS) of 50 mg/l. In the future, blending may prove to be insufficient to lower nitrate concentrations as blend sources are also being compromised by rising nitrate levels. Catchment management is favoured by the WFD to deal with the nitrate problem, as it has the potential to improve raw water quality in a more environmentally and economically sustainable manner than treatment.

A modelling study has been carried out to investigate if, how, and when catchment management solutions may reverse the increasing nitrate trend and reduce concentrations to below the DWS. A modelling methodology was developed, using a series of models including WAVE, Modflow and MT3D to simulate nitrate processes and transport in the soil, unsaturated and saturated zones. The methodology was successfully applied in the area of Cambridge, UK, where 21 sources were modelled. A good calibration to the observed data was achieved for most sources in terms of the magnitude, trend and seasonality. The exceptions were sources which are dominated by historic land use, characterised by poor data.

The calibrated model was used to run a number of predictive scenarios involving changes of land use or land management. The results show a decrease in nitrate concentrations in response to changes in catchment management for most sources. However, only groundwater catchments with a thin unsaturated zone are likely to show this response before 2050; while other sources may take significantly longer to benefit from the change in land use or management.

Whilst the long-term benefits of catchment management are not disputed, it is unlikely to provide the short-term solution required at the sources which are already near or exceeding DWS. Catchment management may not be able to provide groundwater of ‘good status’ at all locations by 2015 as required by the WFD.


1091 - Assessment of Impacts of Potato Production on Groundwater QualityQiang Li1, Junyu Qi1 , Fanrui Meng1

1 Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management - University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada. Serban Danielescu2, Sheng Li22 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, NB, Canada

Groundwater is the main source of the potable water supply and the majority of the industrial supply in New Brunswick. The municipal, industrial, and agricultural usage has raised questions with regard to the quality and quantity of the Province’s groundwater resources. The adequacy of existing groundwater management policies has also been questioned. Agricultural practices are one of the largest anthropogenic sources of groundwater nitrate contamination. Nitrate is a major source of contamination due to its high mobility rate and persistence in the environment. Previous studies have established that agrochemical usage has led to increased nitrate concentrations. This poses a problem as ingestion of nitrate potentially causes methaemoglobinaemia, commonly referred to as “blue baby syndrome”.

This research is being conducted to investigate agricultural groundwater interactions in a portion of the Black Brook Watershed (BBW). This water-shed is an experimental agricultural watershed located in northeastern New Brunswick, Canada. Best Management Practices (BMPs) are developed as a method to improve water quality and quantity. Such practices include buffer zones, diversion terraces, and grassed water ways. Some evidence shows that BMPs improve water quality in surface water. However, benefits of BMPs on groundwater have not been sufficiently investigated.

In this research, Visual MODFLOW is used to simulate the groundwater flow and contaminant transport. The model is used to simulate systems for water supply, containment/remediation, and mine dewatering. However, the model cannot deal with the complex situations in vadose zone and surface interaction. A Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is used to simulate the different scenarios of BMPs influence. It is widely used in simulating the scenarios of surface practices. The combination of SWAT and Visual-MODFLOW is used to simulate the surface and groundwater interaction in the whole watershed. The combination can also make predictions of how groundwater quality and quantity respond to climate change.

sessIon t3-J: trACers And IsotoPes IITuesday, September 18 • 15:45-18:00 • Great Room CChairs: Shaun Frape, Candace Freckelton

817 - Regional mapping of groundwater geochemical regimes in southern OntarioS.M. Hamilton Sedimentary Geosciences Section, Ontario Geological Survey, Sudbury, Ontario, CanadaC.N. FreckeltonDepartment of Earth Science - Western University, London, Ontario, Canada

The Ontario Geological Survey (OGS) has an ongoing program of mapping the ambient groundwater chemistry in southern Ontario using existing and mostly domestic wells as points of access. The purpose is to characterize the natural state of water quality in the major rock and overburden units in the province as part of the larger OGS function of geochemical mapping. Samples were collected only from wells with known construc-tion in order to allow the host formation to be determined. Two wells were sampled in each 10×10 km ‘node’; one finished in glacial overburden and a second finished in bedrock. Waters were tested for a full suite of field parameters, including alkalinity and dissolved gases (CH

4, CO

2, H

2S

and O2) and for major ions, trace metals, trace anions and isotopes of water and carbon. The resulting dataset is unique for its combination of

data quality, analytical comprehensiveness, scale and uniform spatial density.

To date, the first four years of data have been published, which encompasses roughly 40,000 km2 and all of south-western Ontario. These data have revealed with unusual clarity, the major influences on groundwater chemistry including host lithology, karstic flow systems, ongoing geochemical processes and widespread non-point source anthropogenic influences. Active or completed investigations as part of this project focus on: (1) a major area of biogenic natural gas production related to Devonian shales; (2) large areas of upwelling of Pleistocene-aged water near lake Erie; (3) a previously unmapped 1000 km2 area of breathing wells in Devonian carbonate rocks; and (4) an area of anomalously poor


water quality on the Niagara Peninsula of at least 1000 km2. The excellent halide data as part of this dataset includes chloride, bromide, fluoride and field iodide measured to detection limit of 5 µg/L. These data offer an excellent opportunity to differentiate brine sources and have provided evidence for a point-source salt anomaly and support the inference that it results from 19th century brine wells discharging into a karstic aquifer. The program is ongoing and we should complete the sampling of all of southern Ontario with the next three field seasons.

827 - Identification of leaking wellbore fluids from the geochemistry of deep formation waters and natural gases, south-western Ontario M. Skuce, J. Potter and F. LongstaffeDepartment of Earth Sciences - Western University, London, Ontario, CanadaT.R. Carter and L. FortnerOntario Ministry of Natural Resources, London, Ontario, Canada

South-western Ontario hosts thousands of abandoned and improperly decommissioned oil and natural gas wells, many of which were drilled in the late 1800s prior to existing regulatory frameworks. Many of these wells are leaking and pose a threat to surface and groundwater resources. Resolution of this problem is the heart of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources’ Abandoned Works Program (AWP), which involves locating and effectively sealing these wells. As part of this project, we are developing a method to ‘fingerprint’ fluid leakage from different formations based on the geochemistry of formation water and hydrocarbons. Such identification would facilitate the sealing of leaking wells in a more targeted and cost-effective manner. To this end, we are analyzing formation water and gas samples from key Paleozoic formations, and combining these data with pre-existing data to develop such a geochemical tool. The range of analyses presently includes oxygen and hydrogen isotopic and major ion compositions of the formation water, the sulphur and oxygen isotopic compositions of dissolved sulphate, the carbon isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon, and the hydrogen and carbon isotopic compositions of hydrocarbon gases and carbon dioxide. Development of the database for the proposed geochemical tool is only in its early stages, but early results show some promise. We have observed discrete groupings for hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios of formation water from each of the Guelph, Salina, and the adjacent Rochester, Irondequoit, Grimsby and Thorold formations, the latter of which likely comprise a single aquifer. The shallower Lucas and Dundee formation waters show a wider spread in isotopic compositions, which reflect various degrees of mixing with meteoric waters. There are also unique differences among the hydrogen and carbon isotopic compositions of hydrocarbon gases from the various reservoirs, which are likely related to thermogenic maturity and microbial input.

863 - Use of Isotope and Chemical Tools for Understanding the Processes that Control the Chemical Composition of Brines in the Salar de Atacama, Northern ChileGonzalo Huerta, Ramón AravenaDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences - University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, CanadaCorrado Tore, Alvaro Henríquez, Edwin GuzmánSQM Salar S.A., Santiago, Chile

A large-scale groundwater study was performed at the Salar de Atacama (saline lake), Northern Chile, in order to contribute to the understanding of the chemical distribution of the brines that characterize the nucleus of the Salar de Atacama. This study presents chemical and isotope data for the main aquifers recently recognized at the Salar de Atacama. More than 100 groundwater samples were collected along the main groundwater flow paths at the basin. Efforts were also made to evaluate the chemical distribution with depth. Both chemical and isotope data show that the nucleus of the Salar de Atacama is characterized by the mixture of two main groundwater inflows: (1) a flow coming from the main recharge zone of the Salar de Atacama at the north eastern part of the basin, which is described by high concentrations of SO

4, Cl, HCO

3, Na, and B, and enriched values of 18O, 2H, 34S, and

87Sr/86Sr; (2) a flow coming from the west–southwestern zone of the Basin, which is characterized by a similar concentration range for Cl, much lower concentration of SO

4, but with higher concentrations of Ca and K than the NE inflow. A high concentration of NO

3 related to the input from the W-SW

inflow was observed at the nucleus of the Salar. The W-SW inflow is also characterized by relatively depleted values of 18O, 2H, 34S, and 87Sr/86Sr than the NE inflow. The stable isotope pattern observed on the groundwater suggests that evaporation and dissolution processes control the groundwater salinity in the eastern part of the Basin, while dissolution processes mainly control the groundwater salinity at the southwestern part of the Basin. The influence of a third inflow coming from the north–northwestern part of the Basin is also being evaluated. Chemical and isotopic differences were also detected in the vertical data collected at the nucleus of the Salar, suggesting different origin, different interaction with bedrock, or different residence time of groundwater; ongoing research is being made to evaluate the cause of these patterns. This is the first large-scale chemical and isotope study that takes into account the main inflows involved on the groundwater flow system at the Salar de Atacama.


958 - The carbonate coastal aquifer of Bonifacio (Corsica, France): Groundwater pathways and submarine groundwater dischargesEmilie Garel, Ambre Gamerre, Michelle Ferrandini, Jean FerrandiniUMR 6134 SPE, University of Corsica, FranceRoland Simler, Yves TraviUMR 1114 EMMAH, University of Avignon, France

Our study involved assessment of groundwater potential in the sedimentary multilayer aquifer of Bonifacio (Corsica Mediterranean Island, France). The upper and lower parts of the aquifer are made of silico-carbonate rocks (Bonifacio formation) and volcanic sediments (Cala di Labra formation) respectively. The upper formation outcrops indicate a moderate karstification with small cavities filled with unconsolidated sandstone. Regional system geometry and knowledge of a few submarine groundwater discharges (SGD) suggest the main aquifer discharge flows towards the Mediterranean Sea.

A hydrogeochemical approach was used at regional and laboratory scales to estimate groundwater pathways and groundwater residence time. Along the coast, SGD were localized with thermal infrared airborne images and conductivity transects. These data will be completed by 222Rn measurements leading to flux quantifications.

Preliminary results showed a minor influence of the regional structure on the groundwater dynamic in comparison with fracturation. Hydro-chemical and stable isotopes data suggested a meteoric water origin with a spatial variability of water residence time. Low values revealed minor seawater intrusion.

Looking forward this study will lead to modelling hydrodynamic and geochemical processes to help in sustainable management of the Bonifacio aquifer.

996 - A multiple tracer / geochemical approach to characterizing water and contaminant movement through abandoned mine workings near Rico, ColoradoMike WiremanRegion 8, U.S. EPA, Denver, CO, USA; Rory CowieUniversity of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; Mark W. WilliamsUniversity of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA Robert L. RunkelUnited States Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA

The Rico Argentine mine is a long-term acid mine drainage (AMD) site where current management of contaminated discharge from the St. Louis tunnel consists of a series of passive treatment settling ponds. The settling ponds have a limited lifespan and do not provide a permanent solution to controlling the AMD. A relatively new but challenging approach to hydrologic characterization of AMD sites is using tracers to help identify and characterize the sources and flow paths of contaminants, thereby creating an opportunity for a targeted hydraulic control remedy. At the Rico Argentine mine, a suite of inorganic salt and organic dye tracers were used to characterize flow paths and the interactions of surface and ground waters. At several sites, the organic and inorganic tracers were applied simultaneously to account for potential problems associated with chemical and physical interactions between organic dyes and AMD geochemistry. Constant injection and slug injection tracer techniques were used to determine if water from Silver Creek was lost to groundwater and /or mine workings. Tracers were also injected at discrete locations within the mine workings to better understand the interior con-nections of the mine system. Additionally, isotopic and geochemical data from numerous water samples were analyzed to further identify source waters, flow paths, and residence times of waters moving throughout the mine workings and discharging to the settling ponds. Initial results indicate that Silver Creek losses are small (<5%) and are potentially moving through a shallow alluvial ground water system, but not directly into underground workings associated with the Blackhawk fault. Results also indicate significant, connectivity of the inner mine workings with arrival times of 17 hours and 10 hours for tracers traveling approximately 5000 feet and 1000 feet, respectfully. The rapid arrival times indicate significant structural integrity of the abandoned mine system and may aid in the development of more localized hydraulic control remediation strategies at the historic Rico Argentine mine system.


762 - Ecotoxicological studies for simulating the impact of fluorescent dyes on groundwater and surface water in contrasting scenariosSinreich M. & Kozel R.Swiss Federal Office for the Environment FOEN, Bern, SwitzerlandDrieschner C., Schirmer K. & Spaak P.Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology EAWAG, Dübendorf, Switzerland

Fluorescent dyes are widely used as groundwater and surface water tracers. Given the potential adverse effect of artificial substances on groundwater and related ecosystems, their release is always problematic and application of tracers is regulated in many countries. Related guidelines or restrictions, however, require reliable data obtained on a scientific and comparable basis, though such data is currently often derived from studies not particularly addressing groundwater issues. The present study investigates a range of fluorescent dyes frequently em-ployed in groundwater and surface water tracing, including Uranine, Eosine, Naphthionate, and several Rhodamines. It evaluates their ecotoxico-logical effects on the water flea, Daphnia, by assuming realistic exposition scenarios with respect to tracer concentrations and residence times.

The assessment was performed in two stages representing specific scenarios. Short-term tests over 24 and 48 hours respectively provided values for effect concentrations 50% (EC50), i.e. tracer concentrations for which half of the Daphnia in the water become immobile. These tests relate to conditions of very high tracer concentrations over relatively short time spans. This corresponds to injection scenarios into the ground, watercourses or an injection well, where concentrations close to the solubility limit may occur. The results provided an ecotoxicological ranking of the dye tracers under investigation in relation to a Daphnia magna standard clone, used in regulatory toxicological studies. Selected dyes were also tested with Daphnia galeata, a water flea common, e.g., to Swiss lakes, which allows comparison of the sensitivity of two species. Prolonged exposition during life-cycle tests illustrates the effect of dye tracers on the reproduction of Daphnia over a 3-week period. Such tests were conducted with concentrations typically expected in groundwater over periods of days to weeks after dye release (max. 10 to 100 ppb). Although tracers become diluted as a result of dispersion, they may remain in the environment for a considerable duration.This scenario con-trasts strongly to the immobilization tests and replicated dyes during transport between injection and discharge points, simulating the long-term impact on groundwater and surface water ecosystems.

717 - The isotope geochemistry of water resources in Zarivar Lake area -West of IranHossein Mohammadzadeh, Sallah adin EbrahimpoorGroundwater Research Center (GRC), Department of Geology, Faculty of Science - Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran,

Lake Zerivar, with an elevation of about 1290 m above sea-level, is located in the West of Iran (35° 32′N, 46° 07′E) 3 km far from Marivan. The lake is situated in a valley between two parallel ridges within Zagros Mountains. Zarivar lake, (with 4.7 km, 2 km, and 4-5 meters, long, wide and depth, respectively) is surrounded by a belt of mire vegetation, partly forming a floating mat (van Zeist and Bottema, 1977). The total catchment area of the lake is about 290 km2 (Loffler, 1961) and it covers an area of about 830 ha. The mean precipitation of the area is about 900 mm/year, falling mostly in spring and in winter time. The goals of our research are to develop Marivan meteoric water line (MMWL) for the Marivan area, and to investigate the stable isotope compositions (18O, 2H) of the lake water, groundwaters, and to study water geochemistry (Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+ , K+ , HCO

3- ,SO

42-, , NO

3-,F- , As, Pb, Cr, Zn and Hg).

Samples from precipitation and water resources (lake, springs and wells) were collected in 2010. Field parameters (T, pH, EC, and TDS) were measured during sampling period. The geochemical and isotopic analyses of water samples were performed in Geochemistry and G.G. Hatch Isotope laboratories of University of Ottawa, respectively. Figure 1 show the MMWL (δ2H= 7.47 δ18O + 9.09) and isotopic composition of water researches. The δ18O and δ2H values of precipitation and calculated 2H excess (>10‰ with average of 13.3‰), indicates the influence of the Mediterranean water masses on this area. In respect to isotopic composition of precipitation, the δ18O and δ2H values of the lake water samples (with average of 5.5 and 17.3‰, respectively) are more enriched than that of groundwater samples (average of –6.9 and –39.4‰, respectively), showing evaporative lost of lake water. The type of water in Marivan area is mostly bicarbonate and the concentration of measured heavy and trace elements is lower than standard levels of world health organization (WHO).


sessIon tH1-A: groundWAter reCHArge IThursday, September 20 • 10:00-12:00 • Strategy Room 1Chairs: Peter Dillon, Victor Heilweil

755 - A Reassessment of the Water-Table Fluctuation Method for Estimating Groundwater RechargeRichard W. HealyU.S. Geological Survey, Lakewood, Colorado, USA

The water-table fluctuation method is one of the more popular procedures for estimating recharge to unconfined aquifers. Wide-spread use of the method is attributed to its simplicity, its ease of use, and the availability of large amounts of groundwater level data. Application of the method is not affected by the presence of preferential flow through the unsaturated zone. The earliest applications of the method can be traced back nearly 100 years. Recharge rate is calculated as the product of the rate of water-table rise (Δh/Δt) and specific yield (S

y). Assumptions

inherent in the method include (1) recharge occurs as discrete events in time (as opposed to steady flow to the water table), (2) rises in ground-water levels used in the calculations are the result of recharge arriving at the water table at the measurement location, and (3) S

y is constant.

In reality, recharge can occur at a steady rate, phenomena other than recharge are known to induce groundwater-level fluctuations, and Sy has been shown to vary with both time and depth to the water table. Apparent inconsistencies between hydrologic theory and method assumptions and sources of uncertainty in application of the method will be analyzed in light of results of recent studies, application of the method with data collected at an instrumented study site, and simulations of variably saturated groundwater flow for hypothetical settings. Approaches for estimating Sy, extrapolating the water-table recession curve, and accommodating spatial variability within a watershed will be discussed for a variety of climatic and hydrogeological conditions.

301 - An analytical model for the prediction of water table fluctuations in anisotropic aquifers in response to time varying rechargeS.N. Rai & A. ManglikCSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, India

Through the artificial recharge of an aquifer, which is commonly practiced in order to maintain the regional water balance, the water table, which may otherwise decline due to unmanaged pumping, can be manipulated to a desired level. One of the significant factors which affect the dynam-ic behavior of a water table is the anisotropic nature of an aquifer. An anisotropic aquifer may have a higher permeability in the bedding plane direction than in the direction normal to it because of the circumstances under which the aquifer sediments were deposited. For the sustainable development and management of an aquifer system, an understanding of how the water table fluctuates in response to hydrological stresses, like recharge and pumping, is essential. This paper presents an analytical solution to the 2-D linearized Boussinesq equation which can be used to predict the spatiotemporal variation of the water table in an anisotropic aquifer in response to intermittent time varying recharge. Recharge is considered for a number of rectangular basins of different dimensions and the aquifer is characterized by mixed boundary conditions. The applicability of the analytical solution in the prediction of water table fluctuations is demonstrated with the help of a numerical example.

549 - Multiple-methods analysis of recharge at the des Anglais catchment, QuebecAsma Chemingui, Claudio Paniconi & Mauro SulisInstitut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Université du Québec, Québec, Canada

Groundwater recharge is the downward flow of water reaching the water table and replenishing the groundwater reservoir. Estimation of natural groundwater recharge is of critical importance for efficient management of groundwater resources. However, it is nearly impossible to measure directly and therefore must be quantified by indirect methods. Due to uncertainties and assumptions associated with different methods, the use of several approaches is commonly recommended to allow cross-checking of results and to constrain recharge estimates. In this study, recharge investigation in the des Anglais catchment in southwestern Quebec involved the following approaches: base flow separation, well hydrograph analysis, and numerical groundwater modeling. The physically-based surface–subsurface coupled model CATHY is implemented for


the study catchment to obtain simulated estimates of spatially distributed recharge. The Furey and Gupta (2001) and Chapman (1999) filters are used for base flow separation from total streamflow discharge. The well hydrograph analysis uses an approach for calculating recharge from continuous water table elevation records by using a master recession curve (MRC) and assuming a constant specific yield. The base flow and well hydrograph techniques are applied to both measured and CATHY-simulated data, and the CATHY model also produces direct estimates of recharge (calculated as the sum of vertical downward fluxes across the water table). The results indicate that recharge obtained from base flow separation applied to measured data and from direct computation in CATHY are close, while the master recession curve method gave lower estimates. The results from all methods are sensitive to the input parameters, for example climate data and aquifer heterogeneities in the case of groundwater modeling, streamflow records in the case of base flow separation, and specific yield in the case of well hydrograph analysis. The use of conceptually different approaches can be useful for reducing the uncertainties inherent in quantifying recharge from any single method.

305 - Assessing the effects of land surface representation on recharge simulated by models of varying complexityJ.P.R. Sorensen1, J.W. Finch2, A.M. Ireson3, C.R. Jackson4 1 British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxon, UK2 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxon, UK3 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College, London, UK4 British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham, Notts, UK

Numerical models are frequently used for the quantification of groundwater recharge at the catchment scale. However, there is uncertainty as to the necessary level of detail with which the land surface needs to be represented. We compared four models that simulate recharge and represent the land surface with varying degrees of complexity. These models were: Penman-Grindley (PG), UN Food and Agricultural Or-ganisation (FAO), SPAtial Distributed Evaporation (SPADE) and Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES). The models were setup at four intensively monitored sites with different vegetation and soil types in two adjacent catchments. Standard parameter values were used to reflect how the models might be used by practitioners. The models were validated against soil moisture observations at all sites, as well as observed transpiration and interception over a year at a woodland site. The components of the simulated water balances were also compared at each site. Significant differences were noted in potential recharge between models at both grassland sites, although simulated average annual potential recharge varied by only 15 % at the grassland site on permeable soil. At the woodland sites, soil moisture contents were reproduced least accurately and there were large differences in potential recharge at both woodland sites. This predominantly resulted from varied and inaccurate simulation of evaporation, particularly in the form of interception losses where this was explicitly represented in models. Differences in model structure, such as runoff representation, and parameter selection also influenced the results.

494 - Predicting Groundwater Yield Following Landscape-Scale Forest Restoration in a Semi-Arid RegionClinton J. Wyatt & Abraham E. SpringerNorthern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, U.S.A.School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability – Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, U.S.A.

Large landscape-scale upland forest management has the potential to significantly affect groundwater recharge. The Four Forest Restoration Initiative (4FRI) is a landscape-scale, collaborative effort to restore fire-adapted Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) ecosystems and reduce the threat of cata-strophic wildfire throughout four National Forests along the Mogollon Rim in northern Arizona of the southwestern United States. The first treatment will be conducted on over 240,000 hectares of forest within the Kaibab and Coconino National Forests of Arizona beginning in 2013. Treatments will not only include an initial mechanical thinning to reduce the basal area of the forest but will include the restoration of a regular, low-intensity, fire regime to main-tain the reductions in basal area. We used a numerical flow model (MODFLOW) of the groundwater flow system in northern Arizona recently developed by the USGS to quantify how this landscape-scale forest restoration and climate projections will affect groundwater recharge to regional aquifer systems, springs, and streams along the Mogollon Rim. The climate projections are the result of a collaborative effort between the US Bureau of Reclamation, US Geological Survey, and other institutions to provide spatial and temporal climate data sets for watershed and basin-scale analyses throughout the US. They were used to bracket future precipitation values for the study area and simulated in the model with predicted changes in recharge. Based on his-torical experimental watershed studies of pine forests in southwestern US, it was anticipated that recharge would increase. Simulations of the numerical flow model indicated that recharge increased by a significant, sustained, but small amount following forest restoration treatment.


551 - Moisture Loading Effects in Groundwater Observation Well RecordsGarth van der KampEnvironment Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

It has long been recognized that changes of mechanical load acting on the ground surface lead to changes of hydraulic head in underlying aqui-fers. Barometric effects on groundwater levels are familiar to every hydrogeologist dealing with observation well data. Changes of total moisture above an aquifer (canopy interception, snow, surface water, soil moisture, water table storage) also represent changes of mechanical load and therefore are reflected in the water-level records of all observation wells in confined aquifers. Identification and analysis of such moisture loading effects can provide valuable information on the hydrogeology and hydrology of the well site.

Under favourable hydrogeology conditions observation wells can be used as large-scale “geological weighing lysimeters” (GWL’s). Unlike con-ventional weighing lysimeters that are used to monitor soil moisture changes, GWL’s involve minimal site disturbance and can provide a high-resolution measure of site water balance over areas of hectares to km2. The GWL’s may be in the form of normal observation wells in confined aquifers, some of which have many years of records. They can also be in the form of shut-in pressure sensors positioned in the interior of thick aquitards, in which case the sensing area is well defined. Data from GWL’s can provide direct and reliable measures of precipitation, actual evapotranspiration and runoff on a scale commensurate with that of the “pixels” of regional hydrogeological and hydrological models. Conversely, incorporation of moisture loading theory in numerical models of groundwater-soil moisture-vegetation interactions would open the way for use of detailed records of groundwater levels to verify model performance.

199 - Estimating groundwater recharge in groundwater-fed farmlands using four environmental tracersDan Lin, Menggui Jin & Xing LiangState Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, ChinaBingguo WangSchool of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China

Accurate groundwater recharge estimation is significant for better groundwater management, especially in (semi) arid areas. The North China Plain (NCP) is a typical semiarid area, where precipitation infiltration and irrigation return flow make up the main vertical recharge and long-term over-exploitation of groundwater has resulted in a significant decline of the water table in the past decades. The increasing thickness of vadose zone and water-saving agricultural practices since the 1990s may have strongly affected the recharge processes. To estimate vertical recharge, 3 boreholes were dry-drilled to the depth of 18-25m and soil samples were collected at set depths in groundwater-fed farmlands with rotation of winter wheat and summer maize in Shijiazhuang, a typical area in the west of NCP. For comparison, a borehole was dry-drilled in rain-fed woods. Four environmental tracers (F-, Cl-, SO

42- and NO

3-) were selected to calculate the recharge rate using mass balance techniques and the

cumulative method. Soil samples were pre-treated by leaching the soil (g) with deionized water (mL) at a ratio of 1:5 and anions were measured by ion chromatography (Dionex ICS-1100). The results showed the four tracers were not suitable to all sites. The concentrations of F-, Cl- and SO

42- stayed stable with depth and they were considered to be credible in rain-fed woods. The recharge rates were 16.57, 18.54 and 21.54mm/

yr and the recharge coefficients were 3.15, 3.53 and 4.10% respectively. However, in groundwater-fed farmlands only the concentrations of F- and Cl- were stable with depth. According to the sensibility of irrigation amount, F- was considered to be relative better in groundwater-fed wheat-maize farmlands. The recharge rates were 30.71~78.76mm/yr and the recharge coefficients were 3.26~8.52%.

sessIon tH1-B: gW/sW InterACtIon VThursday, September 20 • 10:00-12:00 • Strategy Room 2Chairs: Andrea Bradford, Nelda Breedt


149 - Dynamic Optimization Method to Determine Stream Flow Depletion Using the Hunt’s Model Hillol Guha Bechtel Power Corporation, Geotechnical & Hydraulic Engineering Services, Frederick, Maryland, U.S.A.

Instream flow regulations are increasingly becoming an essential regulatory process to maintain the number and health of the various species habitats. However, maintaining the minimum flows in certain streams or rivers may also be essential to meeting the groundwater demand for construction and makeup water in power generations from solar, fossils, and nuclear power plants. Challenges are being faced by regulators as how best to maintain the required stream flows as increasing water demand is faced from competitive groundwater pumpage for irrigation and water supply and its impact on groundwater/surface water interactions. Balancing the minimum instream flow rates with the demand from irrigators or water supply companies requires a dynamic optimization evaluation of water withdrawal without causing stream depletion below the regulatory target levels. The work presented in this paper provides a dynamic optimization framework of estimating stream depletion rates using Hunt’s (1999) analytical solution with emphasis on optimizing economics of irrigation (crop yield) or water supply without causing stream depletion below the target flow rates. The Hunt (1999) analytical solution incorporates streambed conductance and stream partial penetration in the simulation of a pumping well located near a stream. The dynamic optimization process accounts for the following: 1) Required minimum stream flow rates; 2) Maximizing economic costs associated with irrigation (crop yield) or water supply demand from water companies; and 3) Optimized values for groundwater withdrawal rates and accounting for the hydrogeologic parameters of the aquifer.

The dynamic optimization method shows that to maintain a minimum instream daily flow, it is also essential to optimize daily groundwater pump-ing rate, so as to minimize stream depletion but also to satisfy the economics of the irrigators as well as those of the water supply companies. For large power generations constructions (such as solar, fossils, and nuclear), where groundwater may be essential during the construction phase as well as during the operation of the power plants – the upstream benefit of dynamic groundwater optimization technique helps to determine the maximum water that can be withdrawn from the aquifer, without impacting the minimum stream or river flows.

887 - Verification of a new approach for upscaling 2-dimensional groundwater-surface water interactionsAndrew P Snowdon & James R CraigDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering - University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

The hydrological interactions between subsurface and surface water features are often controlled by topography. Evapotranspiration and net infiltration fluxes that depend upon the depth to the water table and/or saturated surface area will therefore be improperly estimated when fine scale topographic detail is overlooked, as is often the case in regional modelling exercises. The techniques typically used to estimate these fluxes are defined and verified at the point scale and are therefore not necessarily appropriate to be used at the basin or regional scale. Through the use of a new upscaling method which more accurately describes the relationships between average head and upscaled net fluxes from a cell, it is possible to replicate the flux and head estimates from a fine resolution finite difference model at a coarse scale. The upscaling method uses a fine resolution finite difference model to generate rating curves for various terrain types that can be used as inputs into a coarse resolution or regional scale model. By using the relationships between average head and various topography-dependent head-flux relationships, an accurate upscaled model can be created. The approach was first tested for 1-dimensional models and has recently been expanded to include 2-dimensional models. The verification process examines how the accuracy of the upscaling method is affected as the fine resolution model is reduced in resolution (i.e., 256 cells, 64 cells, 32 cells, …., 2 cells, 1 cell). This method has potential for use as a quick and efficient upscaling approach for conjunctive hydrological simulation at the regional scale.

658 - Statistical Modelling of Turlough Hydroecology for Groundwater Flood Prediction in IrelandOwen Naughton1, Paul Hynds1, Paul M. Johnston1, Laurence W. Gill1,1 Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering - Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland

Ephemeral karst lakes (turloughs) are wetlands at the groundwater/surface water interface, and are a characteristic feature of the Irish karst landscape. They are transient lakes resulting from high rainfall and, accordingly, high groundwater levels in topographic depressions in karst-ified limestone terrain; and are classified as Groundwater Dependent Terrestrial Ecosystems (GWDTEs) under the Water Framework Directive


(2000/60/EC). The ephemeral nature of turlough hydrology gives rise to a characteristic ecology, protected under EU legislation, and as such turloughs have been designated as a Priority Habitat in the EU Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC). In additional to their ecological importance, turloughs are the primary form of groundwater flooding in Ireland. The EU Floods Directive (Directive 2007/60/EC) requires all Member States including Ireland to reduce and manage the risks that all forms of flooding pose through the mapping of probabilistic flood extents and the establishment of flood risk management plans. The current study seeks to quantify the relationship between turlough hydrology and vegetation community, and thus define hydro-ecological indicators capable of predicting groundwater flood regimes for use in flood hazard mapping and risk management. Hierarchical Logistic Regression (HLR) with stepwise parameter entry and Polytomous Universal Modelling (PLUM) were employed to develop working models. Hydrological and vegetation data for 4 turlough basins were used to derive hydro-ecological relationships. Dominant vegetation communities were chosen for analyses and the significant hydrological variables were identified for each community. High predictive accuracies were obtained for a range of communities spread across the flooding spectrum. For example, the models for the Carex fen and Dense Scrub communities in Lough Gealain, Co. Clare, had predictive accuracies of 88.1% and 90.2% respectively, with significant independent variables which included duration, frequency and longest continuous flood duration. This study demonstrates the value of HLR modelling in the identification of hydoecological relationships, for use in both the characterisation of ungauged turlough sites and the delineation of areas prone to groundwater flooding based on ecological criteria.

145 - Simulating the hydrological dynamics of bedrock springs under current conditions and climate change scenarios Jana Levison, Marie Larocque & Marie-Audray OuelletDépartement des sciences de la Terre et de l’atmosphère - Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada

In Canada, groundwater is an invaluable resource that provides approximately 30% of the population’s potable water and important hydrological habitats for various species. Limited research has been conducted to determine the potential impacts of climate change on groundwater. Local studies are crucial to better understand how, for example, increased duration and frequency of storms or drought periods may affect groundwa-ter dependent ecosystems in order to anticipate and mitigate the impacts. The aim of this research is to simulate a typical headwater hilllslope using a robust groundwater flow model in order to 1) investigate the mechanisms that drive flow to small bedrock springs that support habitats and 2) determine how these springs can be best represented numerically in order to have a predictive capability for future changes in climate. The research site on which the typical hillslope is based is located in Québec, Canada within the 175 km2 Covey Hill Natural Laboratory in the transboundary Châteauguay River watershed. At various locations within the Natural Laboratory there is continuous monitoring of groundwater levels and river flows. The hill is an important recharge zone for the regional bedrock aquifer and at mid-slope there are many springs that provide habitat for endangered stream salamanders. A small-scale, transient, three-dimensional finite-difference groundwater flow model has been developed using the HydroGeoSphere model. Different approaches to simulate flow, such as using an equivalent porous medium versus a discrete fracture network, are tested. The current (2000-2010) spring dynamics measured in the field are used to validate the model and understand the parameters that control groundwater flow. The Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) is employed to produce precipitation and temperature scenarios for the 2041-2070 horizon. Potential changes in groundwater recharge are then used in the groundwater flow model to simulate future conditions. The resulting hydrological data is used by project collaborators for salamander population modeling. Similar studies in different hydrogeological settings are required to provide concrete recommendations to regional conservation organizations and water managers to inform land protection efforts that will mitigate ecohydrological impacts resulting from climate change.

886 - Integrated Groundwater-Surface Water Modelling with GSFLOW in a Complex Watershed on the Niagara EscarpmentE.J. Wexler1, Jacek Strakowski2, Dirk Kassenaar1, Mason Marchildon1, Pete Thompson1, Rich Niswonger3 1 Earthfx Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada2 Conservation Halton, Milton, ON, Canada3 U.S. Geological Survey, Carson City, NV

Milton, Ontario, the fastest growing community in Canada in 2011, operates a wellfield located at the base of a re-entrant valley cut in the Niagara Escarpment. Paleozoic bedrock, exposed at surface at the top of the 100 m high escarpment, provides recharge to the re-entrant valley. Other significant local features include a managed reservoir system, ski resort, rapid urbanization, and the 6th largest operating limestone quarry in Canada.


The combination of high topographic relief, complex geologic setting and valley geometry produces some of the largest seasonal fluctuations (> 7 m) in water levels in southern Ontario. Spring meltwaters converge on the valley system, but the freshet is attenuated by hundreds of wetlands, ponds, quarry lakes, and reservoirs. To understand the local water budget and assess sustainability and drought sensitivity, a fully-integrated groundwater and surface water model was developed using the USGS GSFLOW model. Valuable advice in model application was provided by the model developers.

The GSFLOW model was applied to a 270 km2 area which straddled the Escarpment. The model contains nine hydrostratigraphic layers and uses cells ranging from 5 x 5 m in the wellfield to 80 x 80 m near the model edges. The surface water processes and cascading overland flow are simulated using a 20 x 20 m uniform grid that is fully coupled to the groundwater model. All mapped stream tributaries (over 475 km of streams) and 435 shallow wetlands, quarry lakes, and ponds were represented for water budget and hydroperiod assessment. The reservoir structures (gates and stop logs) and upstream diversions were simulated to assess the influence of the reservoir on the wellfield. Other key inputs included fully distributed NEXRAD precipitation data and detailed land use and urbanization data provided by Conservation Halton.

The simulations indicate that the system behaviour changes dramatically with the spring freshet and resulting converging valley flow. Vernal pools and wetlands, filled in the spring, attenuate and release flow through the summer period. Wellfield drawdown and response patterns are complicated by the semi-confined nature of the valley sediments and well position relative to the reservoir and confining layers. The complexity of the system clearly demonstrates the benefits of the high resolution, fully-distributed, transient integrated groundwater/surface water model.

560 - Pathways for delivery of diffuse contaminants to surface water receptorsDeakin, J., Misstear, B., O’Brien, R.Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, IrelandArchbold, M. & Flynn, R.School of Planning, Architecture and Civil Engineering, the Queen’s University of Belfast, Northern Ireland

Diffuse contaminants can make their way into rivers via a number of different pathways, including overland flow, interflow, and shallow and deep groundwater. Identification of the key pathway(s) delivering contaminants to a receptor is important for implementing effective water manage-ment strategies. The ‘Pathways Project’, funded by the Irish Environmental Protection Agency, is developing a catchment management tool that will enable practitioners to identify the critical source areas for diffuse contaminants, and the key pathways of interest in assessing contaminant problems on a catchment and sub-catchment scale.

One of the aims of the project is to quantify the flow and contaminant loadings being delivered to the stream via each of the main pathways. Chemical separation of stream event hydrographs is being used to supplement more traditional physical hydrograph separation methods. Dis-tinct, stable chemical signatures are derived for each of the pathway end members, and the proportion of flow from each during a rainfall event can be determined using a simple mass balance approach.

Event sampling was carried out in a test catchment underlain by poorly permeable soils and bedrock, which is predominantly used for grazing with a number of one-off rural residential houses. Results show that artificial field drainage, which includes subterranean land drains and col-lector drains around the perimeters of the 1 to 10 ha fields, plays an important role in the delivery of flow and nutrients to the streams in these types of hydrogeological settings.

Nitrate infiltrates with recharge and is delivered to the stream primarily via the artificial drains and the shallow groundwater pathway. Longitudi-nal stream profiles show that the nitrate load input is relatively uniform over the 8 km length of the stream at high flows, suggesting widespread diffuse contaminant input. In contrast, phosphorus is adsorbed in the clay-rich soil and is transported mainly via the overland flow pathway and the artificial drains. Longitudinal stream profiles for phosphorus suggest a pattern of more discrete points of phosphorus inputs, which may be related to point sources of contamination. These techniques have application elsewhere within a toolkit of methods for determining the key pathways delivering contaminants to surface water receptors.


485 - Using an internal tracer to evaluate equilibrium in diffusion samplers for a study of a benzene groundwater plume discharging to Lake Michigan

Brewster Conant Jr.1, Paul L. Reginato2, Don A. Vroblesky3, Gary L. Cygan4, Tamara T. Ohl4. 1 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences - University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada2 Department of Biology - University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada3 United States Geological Survey, Stephenson Center, Columbia, SC, USA4 United States Environmental Protection Agency, Chicago, IL, USA

For many years, passive diffusion samplers have been used to characterize surface water and porewater concentrations where groundwater contaminant plumes discharge into surface water bodies. One of the main uncertainties associated with using these methods has been how to determine the appropriate duration of the deployments so that diffusion samplers have enough time to reach equilibrium and reflect in situ water concentrations. Field deployment times are typically based on prior experience, or by exceeding laboratory-derived equilibration times by some arbitrarily long amount of time; however, this does not guarantee that equilibrium has been achieved for a particular location or sediment type, nor does it allow one to evaluate if it has been achieved. Laboratory and field studies were performed that demonstrated a simple and effective method for determining to what degree equilibrium has been achieved. The problem was solved by spiking the uncontaminated water used to fill the diffusion samplers with a known concentration of KBr tracer and monitoring to determine the degree to which it reached equilibrium with the site water (devoid of Br-) during the deployment time. Upon retrieval of the diffusion sampler, the water was analyzed for Br-. Absence of Br- indicated that ions or contaminants with similar or larger diffusion constants will have come to equilibrium with the water inside the device. If Br- remained in a sample, one could estimate to what degree equilibrium had been achieved for ions and contaminants that diffused into the sampler by using analytical models and the appropriate diffusion coefficients. In this study, two new methods were developed to deploy diffusion samplers (consisting of 20 ml glass vials with polyethylene 0.2 µm membranes) to investigate a benzene groundwater plume that has impacted the shallow sediments and surface water as it discharged into Lake Michigan. Laboratory and field studies showed the samplers reached full equilibrium with surface water within days, but for samplers deployed in or on sediments, equilibrium took several weeks and in low permeability deposits full equilibrium was not reached even after 4 weeks. Using an internal tracer meant diffusion sampler results could be interpreted with much greater confidence and partially equilibrated samples could be identified.

371 - Analysis of flow pathways in Irish catchments underlain by fractured and karstified bedrock

O’Brien, R., Misstear, B., Deakin, J., Gill, L. Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, IrelandFlynn, R.School of Planning, Architecture and Civil Engineering, the Queen’s University of Belfast, Northern Ireland

Appreciation of the fate of diffuse contaminants along the hydrological pathways transporting them is of fundamental importance to water re-sources managers. The Pathways Project is developing a Catchment Management Tool (CMT) that will meet the needs of these decision makers in Ireland. The contaminants investigated by the CMT include phosphorus, nitrogen, sediments, pesticides and pathogens. The main hydrological pathways incorporated in the conceptual model are overland flow, interflow, shallow groundwater and deep groundwater. An important aspect of this project, and the focus of this paper, is to quantify the flow contribution of each of the pathways to the river hydrograph.

Four catchments are being investigated, with continuous rainfall, discharge, temperature and conductivity data being collected at gaug-ing points within each of the catchments. These data are being used to populate the semi-distributed, lumped flow model, NAM and also the distributed, finite difference model, MODFLOW. One of the main challenges is to achieve credible separations of the hydrograph into the four main pathways in relatively small catchments (sometimes less than 5km2) with short response times. To assist the numerical modelling, physical separation techniques have been used to constrain the separations within probable limits. Physical techniques include: Master Recession Analysis; a modified Lyne and Hollick one–parameter digital separation; an approach developed in Ireland involving the application of recharge coefficients to hydrologically effective rainfall estimates; and finally using the NAM model itself as a means of investigating separations. The contribution from each of the four pathways, combined with an understanding of the attenuation of the contaminants along those pathways, will inform the CMT.


This approach to quantifying hydrological pathways will have wider applicability across Ireland and in hydrological settings elsewhere inter-nationally. The research is being carried out for the Environmental Protection Agency by a consortium involving Queen’s University Belfast, University College Dublin and Trinity College Dublin.

sessIon tH1-C: regIonAl gW FloW IVThursday, September 20 • 10:00-12:00 • Strategy Room 3Chairs: Okke Batelaan, Laurie Welch

443 - Comparison of given head and flux upper boundary in numerical simulation of groundwater flow patternsXing Liang, Renquan Zhang & Menggui JinState Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China

Since Tóth proposed the concept of groundwater flow systems in the 1960’s, many researchers have studied the flow patterns by analytical and numerical modeling of flow fields. So far, most of the studies have been based on a given-head upper boundary. This paper presents a comparison study on numerical simulation of groundwater flow patterns by using given-head boundaries and flux boundaries for Tóthian cases. The results simulated with given-head upper boundaries show that the recharge into, and discharge from, a basin vary with changes in any one of hydraulic conductivity, topographic relief or basin depth. Consequently, flow patterns simulated with given-head boundaries and changes of hydraulic conductivities, topographic relief or basin depth may not reflect the effects of these variables. However, the advantage of the giv-en-head boundary approach is the relative ease in acquiring information on water table in the field, and the possible use of topographic data. Therefore we conducted numerical simulations of groundwater flow patterns in theoretical drainage basins by using flux as the upper boundary, and realistically positioned fluid-potential sinks while changing infiltration intensity, hydraulic conductivities, and the geometric configuration of the basin. The simulated results demonstrate that these variables are dominant factors controlling the flow pattern in a laterally closed drainage basin. The ratio of infiltration intensity to hydraulic conductivity (R

ic) has been shown to be an integrated flow pattern-parameter in a basin with

given geometric configuration and possible fluid-potential-sink distribution. Successively, the changes in groundwater flow patterns induced by stepwise reductions in R

ic are identical, regardless of whether the reductions are due to a decrease in infiltration intensity or an increase

in hydraulic conductivity. The calculated examples show five sequential flow field patterns containing: (a) only local, (b) local-intermediate, (c) local-intermediate-regional, (d) local-regional, and (e) just regional flow systems. The R

ic was found to determine also whether a particular sink

is active or not, as a site of discharge.

868 - Modeling the evolution of the Montérégie Est regional fractured-rock aquifer systemMarc Laurencelle1, René Lefebvre1, Christine Rivard2, Pierre Ladeveze1, Nicolas Benoit2 & Marc-André Carrier1

1: INRS, Centre Eau-Terre-Environnement, Québec, QC, Canada2: NRCan, Geological Survey of Canada, Québec, QC, Canada

Development of numerical models representing a vast Canada/U.S. transboundary fractured-rock aquifer system (~16,500 km2) aims to provide a quantitative understanding of the groundwater flow dynamics, with a special focus on its evolution through recent geologic times. Until now, only the Canadian portion, i.e. the Montérégie Est area, has been studied. The conceptual model reflects current understanding of the area and it integrates results from a broad range of characterization studies. Hydrostructural and hydraulic characterization data indicate that rock perme-ability is rapidly decreasing with depth and is controlled by the fracture setting under the recent stress field. Geostatistical modeling, based on borehole logs and geophysical interpretation, provides a hydrostratigraphic framework for the regional surficial sediment cover, which defines, among other things, confining conditions for the fractured-rock aquifer. Concurrently, spatially distributed groundwater recharge is computed using the HELP infiltration model while 240 groundwater samples are analysed to gain information on the origins, geochemical evolution and residence time of groundwater. Additional work provides estimates for anisotropy tensors of hydraulic conductivity, infers potential scale effects in hydraulic properties, defines natural boundaries for the numerical models and delineates the main regional recharge and discharge zones. The initial simulation approach presented herein involves a long cross-sectional 2D conceptual and numerical model extending from the Appa-


lachians to the St-Lawrence River, which is used to test alternative conditions of the regional rock aquifer system dynamics. This initial model has allowed 1) the improvement of previous estimates of model parameters, 2) a better definition of the lower limit of active groundwater flow in the regional rock aquifer, and 3) the initial representation of the potential impact of recent geological events on the flow system. These events include glacier melting, the presence of the Champlain Sea, and the subsequent partial leaching of seawater by the progressive establishment of the present-day flow patterns in the aquifer. A 3D transboundary groundwater flow model will be developed based on the understanding gained from the initial 2D modeling.

711 - Modeling age distributions in transient groundwater flow systemsJesus D. Gomez & John L. WilsonHydrology Program, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM, USA

Age distributions (ADs) are an integrated measure of the flow and transport nature of a hydrologic system. For example, age has become a natural tool for the understanding of groundwater systems both using environmental tracers and mathematical modeling. Steady flow is a common assumption behind the conceptual models used to model age and interpret age related field data. However, natural systems are driven by dynamic forcings that change in time as well as space, behaviour that is inherited by the system flow field and results in time varying age distributions. In this work, a simple conceptual, numerical model is used to explore the role of flow dynamics in age distributions for topography- driven flow systems. This model is an analog for regional groundwater systems and hyporheic zones. This model demonstrates that relatively small fluctuations in the forcing, even though importantly affecting the flow in the system, can have minimal effects in both ADs and ages esti-mated with environmental tracers using the asymptotic decay method. However, as the intensity of fluctuation increases, still within the bounds observed in natural systems, ADs in shallow parts of the system become highly sensitivity to dynamic flow conditions, leading to considerable changes in the moments and modality of the distributions with time. In particular, transient flow can lead to emergence of new modes in the AD, which would not be present under steady flow conditions. The discrepancy observed between ADs under steady and transient flow conditions is explained by enhancement of mixing due to temporal variations in the flow field. ADs in deeper parts of the system are characterized by multimodality and tend to be more stable over time even for large forcing fluctuations.

822 - Employing parsimony and isotope-based age data for groundwater modelling of data-poor regional aquifer systems – example from Nubian aquifer system of Chad, Egypt, Libya and Sudan Clifford I VossU.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA, USAPradeep AggarwalIsotope Hydrology Section, IAEA, Vienna, Austria

Important information for management of regional aquifer systems can be obtained via a parsimonious approach to groundwater modelling, especially with support of isotope-interpreted groundwater ages. ‘Parsimonious’ modelling implies active avoidance of overly-complex repre-sentations when constructing models. Simple effective modelling is essential for evaluation of aquifers that lack informative hydrogeologic da-tabases, and interpreted ages are among the more-effective information sources for modelling such systems. Even in remote aquifers that lack typical data, groundwater ages can be interpreted from isotope samples at a few downstream locations, providing hydrogeologic information from the entire upstream flowpath.

This approach was applied for modelling an immense non-renewable transboundary aquifer, the Nubian aquifer system (NAS) of Chad, Egypt, Libya and Sudan, as part of an IAEA-led UNDP GEF project. Standard hydrogeologic data for NAS are limited. Only three small widely-separated areas (active NAS well fields) had reliable drawdown data, which in any case, is not informative of regional-scale processes. Instead, proxy hydraulic-head data in the form of oasis location and elevation were used for simulating ~10000 years of regional-scale water-table decline from wet-climate conditions through the subsequent no-recharge period. Also, available 81Kr ages (~100000 to ~2 million years) were used to roughly simulate groundwater flowpaths during the past 3 million year evolution of climate.

The NAS analysis is intended to develop sufficient understanding of key hydrologic behaviors and the resulting parsimonious NAS model is intended to provide a shared technical basis for international discussion of regional water resource management. The main transboundary impact of intensive localized pumping is transboundary drawdown, but analysis shows that its magnitude and extent will likely be small and not


an issue of practical significance in the next century. Rather, there is a likelihood of large local drawdown in pumping centers, which are typically co-located with oases. New management approaches may soon be required to maintain economical groundwater production in the face of drawdown, and to maintain environmental stability of oases in the face of spring-flow reduction.

606 - Environmental tracers in the Great Artesian basin: what does it tell us about groundwater flow?A. J. Love1, R. Purtschert2, Z-T Lu3, S. Fulton4, P. Shand5, D. Wohling6, W.Jiang3, P. Mueller3, G-M. Yang3, W. Aeschbach-Hertig7, L. Broder7, Y.Tosaki8 R. Kipfer9, S. Priestley1, P. Geuetin-Rousseau1, M. Keppel1 , L. Crossey10 and K. Karlstrom10 1 Flinders University and the NCGRT, Adelaide Australia2 University of Bern Switzerland3 Argonne National Laboratory, USA, 4 NRETAS, Darwin, Australia, 5 CSIRO, Land and Water, Adelaide, Australia, 6 Department for Water, Adelaide, Australia, 7 University of Heidelberg, Germany, 8 GSJ, Japan9 EAWAG, Switzerland, 10 University of New Mexico, USA

In large aquifers such as the Great Artesian Basin (GAB) of Australia, hydraulic heads and potentiometric surfaces provide a current day snap shot of the system. However the majority of groundwater storage in the GAB is a legacy of past recharge under a wetter climate than today. The natural integrating properties of environmental tracers may under ideal circumstances allow us to decode information about initial conditions at the time of recharge. Our objective here is to determine what these environmental tracers can tells us about groundwater flow, palaeo-hy-drogeology and groundwater mixing including neo tectonic implications of vertical transport and cross formational flow in the system. This presentation includes a unique data set of environmental tracers including; CFCs, 85Kr, 39Ar, 14C, 4He, 36Cl, 81Kr as well as stable isotopes of the water molecule for a groundwater flow line from the Finke River recharge zone to the iconic Dalhousie springs in the western GAB.

1064 - Hydrochemical and Environmental Isotopic Contributions to Groundwater Flow Modelling in the Northern Athabasca Region Francisco Castrillon-Munoz, Jon Fennell, Lucie Sliva, Alex OifferWorleyParsons, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Groundwater studies have been conducted in the northern Athabasca Region for the past 40 years. Groundwater flow contributions to the Athabasca River have been the focus of more recent investigations, many of which have aimed to identify and estimate the potential environ-mental effects of the Alberta Oil-sands mining operations on the Athabasca River flow and water quality. Although unarguably there has been a significant advance in defining regional baseline flow and quality monitoring indicators, more work is required to identify groundwater discharge zones and potential hydrochemical processes affecting the groundwater discharge to the river north of Fort McMurray, in order to construct more realistic regional groundwater flow models.

In this paper an analysis of chemistry data collected from pore-water samples retrieved from three locations along the Athabasca River, north of Fort McMurray are discussed, and three complementary hydrochemical conceptual models for the groundwater and Athabasca river-bed interaction are proposed. These hydrochemical conceptual models were constructed by combining major ions, stable and radiogenic isotopes collected from pore-water investigations and supported by NETPATH (Plummer 1989) mass balances results.

Finally, a comparison is drawn between the proposed models and previous groundwater interpretations of the region south of Fort McMurray. This comparison is intended to provide key elements to be brought into consideration when constructing regional groundwater flow models for the Athabasca Region as a whole.


719 - Usability of isotope data for verification of the conceptual model of a regional groundwater flow regime in SE Hungary

József DeákGWIS Plc., Dunakeszi, HungaryKornél Albert“VITUKI” Environmental and Water Management Research Institute, Non-Profit Ltd, Budapest, HungaryLaszló Palcsu, Mihály MolnárInstitute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, HungaryIstván FórizsInstitute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences,Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

A conceptual model of the regional groundwater flow regime on the alluvial fan of river Maros (SE part of the Great Hungarian Plain) was proved using environmental isotope techniques, mainly 14C groundwater ages. Groundwater origin and flow conditions are highlighting problem in this area because all the drinking water demands are covered by groundwater. Erdélyi (1979) evaluated the geological and hydraulic data of more than thousand wells and designated the areas of regional recharge (in Romania) and discharge (in Hungary) of flow regime and indicated nearly horizontal flow paths. Quantification of this conceptual model and estimation of groundwater resources trans-flowing from Romania to Hungary, need perfectly reliable groundwater age data. δ18O, δ2H and noble gas content of groundwater as signals of paleoclimate of the last 40 ka are used for the verification of reliability and accuracy of 14C ages. Greatest part of the groundwater in Hungarian area of fan is more than ten thou-sand years old (“ice-age” infiltration) by 14C, and – in good agreement with it – the temperature of infiltration is 1 to 8 oC lower than in Holocene, by stable isotope and noble gas thermometer data. Lowest infiltration temperatures are estimated in groundwater of 20 to 30 ka old fitting to the period of Last Glacial Maximum proving the reliability of groundwater age data. 14C ages are steadily growing along flow paths indicating 2 to 3 m/a horizontal flow velocity representing 20 to 25 thousand m3/a natural groundwater recharge from Romania. Modern infiltration can be detected only in the upper 10 meter of groundwater on Hungarian part of fan. Deeper groundwater is predominantly tritium less and “ice-age” origin by stable isotope data. Deeper groundwater of Holocene infiltration can be found only near to Romanian border demonstrating that the transit time in Romanian part of fan is about 10 ka.

sessIon tH1-d: KArst AQuIFers, enVIronMentAl ProBleMs And gloBAl CHAnge IThursday, September 20 • 10:00-12:00 • Strategy Room 5Chairs: Derek Ford, Liu Zaihua

144 - Opportunistic Capture in Speleogenesis on Ontario’s Niagara EscarpmentDaryl W. CowellTobermory, ON, Canada

The cap rock of the Niagara Escarpment in Ontario consists of dolomite of the Amabel-Lockport and Guelph formations. Lithologies include massive reefal complexes as well as stratified beds. The dominant joint set is oriented between 70o and 100o with an approximately orthogonal secondary set. These joints are typically fairly continuous and can completely penetrate sections. In locations dominated by reefal structures, joints and reef margins provide the primary pathway for the movement of meteoric water.

The release of horizontal and vertical stresses created by over 40 cycles of glacial loading have allowed differential mechanical separation along major joint surfaces and bedding planes. The last deglacial event began about 14,000 years BP and was accompanied by massive flows of subglacial meltwater that would have penetrated structural openings. The modern groundwater setting consists of a groundwater divide that parallels the scarp 1 to 3 km back from the face. Away from the face, groundwater is directed principally in the direction of stratal dip (west-southwest), however toward the scarp a high hydraulic gradient zone directs groundwater toward the escarpment.


Spelogenesis is the study of how cave systems develop. It attempts to demonstrate how a carbonate rock unit passes from an initial non-karstic situation to some end point wherein the dissolution process has created a karst cave system. Models for unconfined aquifers require structural pre-cursors including joints and/or bedding planes along which the cave propagates. In understanding the karst of the escarpment, including the development of sinkhole to spring systems (“macrokarst”) and pathways for percolation water (“microkarst”), models must be based on a conceptual framework consisting of variously pre-opened fissures. The model must explain cave development on the Niagara Escarpment in terms of the opportunistic capture of surface water through a complex system of discontinuous inherited structures.

950 - Hydrogeological approach for groundwater flow and protection in karst using a 3D model – Case study of the Beljanica MassifSaša Milanović, Ljiljana Vasić, Petar MilanovićCenter for Karst Hydrogeology, Department of Hydrogeology, Faculty of Mining and Geology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade

The protection of karst groundwater, which represents an important resource for the future, is gaining in importance as one of the key pa-rameters of regional planning and development of karst regions. Karst is known as an extremely sensitive environment to any change, and reactions that are happening according to these changes are usually rapid and drastic. This is why karstic aquifers and groundwater must be under strict protection. However, the criteria for the definition of sanitary protection zones in karstic terrains are significantly different from the current criteria applied in nonkarstic terrains, especially when dealing with large massifs draining only on few concentric points. Determination of the sanitary protection zones and development of groundwater vulnerability maps are the main prerequisites for successful strategy of karst massif and aquifer protection.

One of the methods for good zoning of protection areas is 3D modelling of the karst interior. This paper includes an analysis of the discharge regime of major springs based on historical and newly collected data, the correlation of spring discharges with physico-chemical characteristics of the spring waters, and the main findings of the created 3D ArcGIS model of the karst interior. Only “strict” principles and measures to protect karst water are possible to preserve the aquifer for future local and regional water supply. One good example is the Beljanica karst aquifer whose reserves are released (estimated) at about 3 m3/s minimum. This makes a good basis for the use of regional water supply purposes.

778 - Stable isotope studies on altitude effect and karst groundwater catchment delineation of the Jeita spring in LebanonPaul Koeniger, Armin Margane & Thomas HimmelsbachFederal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hannover, Germany

The Jeita spring in Lebanon is the main water resource for Beirut, the capital of Lebanon. More than 40% of the groundwater catchment is locat-ed on a plateau with elevations between 1,800 and 2,600 m above sea level. Between November and May this area is covered with snow which provides the main source of groundwater recharge in the Jeita catchment. The catchment is intensively karstified and topographic gradients are rather steep so that runoff stops shortly after snowmelt. The complex groundwater flow path, however, provides that even at the end of the dry season spring discharge at Jeita rarely decreases below 1 m³/s. Isotope hydrological methods are known to provide powerful information for water resources management especially in karstic environments.

In this work stable water isotopes (deuterium, δ2H, and oxygen-18, δ18O) from five springs (Jeita, Kashkoush, Naber al Labbane, Naber al Assal, and Afqa) were studied, monthly samples have been collected since April 2011. Additionally samples from the Jeita spring will be collected daily during the snowmelt season in 2012. Mean values of -7.2‰ and -36‰, -6.8‰ and -34‰, -8.1‰ and -44‰, -8.3‰ and -45‰, and -8.2‰ and -45‰, for δ18O and δ2H, respectively were observed at the five springs, indicating a pronounced altitude effect in the Jeita catchment. Integral samples were collected from the snow layer in the Jeita catchment at 22 sites at altitudes ranging from 1,000 to 2,300 m above sea level (asl) at the end of February 2012, when snow height reached a maximum of more than 6 m at the highest peak in the catchment. Stable isotope variability, assumed mean altitude of spring catchments, and spring interrelations that were observed for the time series will be discussed in combination with precipitation, winter snow accumulation and snowmelt signals.


356 - Hydrogeological Investigations in a Karst Aquifer for Investments in the Wastewater Sector to Protect the Drinking Water Resources of Beirut Armin Margane1 & Ismail Makki21 Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hannover, Germany2 Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR), Beirut, Lebanon

The Lebanese government has only recently begun to invest in the collection and treatment of wastewater. In the framework of financial coop-eration (FC), the German government is helping the Lebanese government to establish wastewater schemes in the Jeita catchment. The Jeita spring, which is located 15 km northeast of Beirut and provides the main source of drinking water for the capital, has become polluted by waste-water over many years. Because this area is highly karstic, the German partners are funding a technical cooperation (TC) project which gives advice to the FC project concerning all water resource protection and other geoscientific aspects. This relates to the site selection and design of wastewater collector lines, treatment plants, effluent discharge locations, management of sludge and potential reuse of sludge and treated wastewater. The TC project is implemented by the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) and the Lebanese Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR).

In order to determine whether the initially proposed site for a wastewater treatment (WWTP) was suitable, a tracer was injected at the intended effluent discharge location. The tracer arrived within 60 hours at the Jeita spring indicating that there was a direct and fast connection between these areas. As a result, all of the plans that concerned the wastewater facilities in the catchment had to be changed. An alternative proposal based on optimal protection of the groundwater resources was then delineated and has now been implemented. All planning, i.e. the regional wastewater master plan, site selection, environmental impact assessment (EIA) and detailed design, is conducted jointly by BGR and the consul-tant of the FC project in order to reach an optimal protection of the aquifer. The EIA requires investigations of the risks of tectonic movements, landslides, rock falls, earthquakes, flooding, and soil stability.

In order to improve planning by the Lebanese government in the wastewater sector for the whole country, a criteria catalogue for site selection of wastewater facilities, a best management practice guideline for wastewater facilities in karstic areas, a national standard for treated domestic wastewater reuse for irrigation, and a guideline for environmental impact assessments for wastewater facilities were developed by the TC project, applicable not only in Lebanon.

196 - Climate Change and Karst Water Protection in Southwest ChinaYuan DaoxianThe International Research Center on Karst/UNESCO, The Institute of Karst Geology,CAGS, China,School of Geography,Southwest University, Chongqing, China

Severe drought has hit Southwest China repeatedly in recent years. According to climatologists, it is a result of global climate change, which changes the global water cycle on one hand, and on the other hand it reduces the opportunity in Southwest China for the confluence of the Cold Front from the north and the moisture from both the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Consequently, as long as the trend of global climate change continues, we should always be ready to overcome such disaster as drought. On November 2, 2011, the Chinese Government adopted a Plan of Drought Mitigation which will be put into implementation from now through 2020.

Karst covers about one-third of China’s territory. The Karst aquifers play an important role in the mitigation of drought in the area. In the past 3 years, hydrogeological teams affiliated to the Ministry of Land and Resources have drilled more than 5000 wells, mostly in karst aquifers, to help more than 8 million people in Yunan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Shangdong, Hebei, Henan and Shangxi provinces with drinking water problems during the drought.

However, because of the intensive karstification which brings about serious leakage problems, and very thin impermeable soil cover, karst aquifers are very fragile to pollution. In recent years, the development of agriculture, industry, mining, urbanization, and traffic construction have given rise to serious pollution problems in many karst regions of China. Evidently, the protection of karst water should be an important part of the drought mitigation plan. On August 24, 2011, the Chinese Government approved an “All-China Plan for Groundwater Pollution Prevention and Recovery (2011—2020)”, which includes investigating, monitoring, assessing, and controlling groundwater pollution, and recovery of polluted groundwater sources, as well as education and implementation of relevant Laws.


102 - Atmospheric CO2 sink due to rock weathering: silicate weathering or carbonate weathering?Zaihua LiuInstitute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China Wolfgang DreybrodtInstitute of Experimental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany Huan Liu Dept. of Geology - University of Kansas, Lawrence, USA

It is widely accepted that the chemical weathering of Ca–silicate rocks could potentially control long-term climate change by providing feedback interaction with atmospheric CO

2. CO

2 lowering will occur due to carbonate precipitation. In contrast the weathering of carbonate rocks has

much less impact because CO2 consumed in carbonate dissolution is returned to the atmosphere by the comparatively rapid precipitation of

carbonate in the oceans. Here, we show that the rapid kinetics of carbonate dissolution and the importance of small amounts of carbonate minerals in controlling the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of silicate rock watersheds, coupled with aquatic photosynthetic uptake of the weath-ering-related DIC and burial of the resulting organic carbon, indicate that the atmospheric CO

2 sink due to carbonate weathering may previously

have been greatly underestimated by a factor of about 3 (0.477 Pg c/a). The work suggests that the contribution of silicate weathering to the at-mospheric CO

2 sink may be only 6%, while the remaining 94% is due to carbonate weathering. It is concluded that the atmospheric CO

2 sink due

to carbonate weathering may be significant in controlling both short-term and long-term climate change. These new findings on the magnitude of the carbonate weathering-related atmospheric CO

2 sink are significant in at least three respects. First, we must question the origin of car-

bonates in oceans and lakes since the first occurrence of aquatic photosynthetic organisms. Is it mainly due to the silicate weathering reaction?

CaSiO3+CO

2→CaCO

3+SiO

2 (1)

or is it primarily associated with the carbonate weathering reaction?

CaCO3+CO

2+H

2O→Ca2++2HCO

3-→CaCO

3+x(CO

2+H

2O)+(1-x)(CH

2O+O

2)? (2)

Because of the much faster kinetics of carbonate weathering, carbonates in oceans and lakes may originate primarily from (2), the carbonate reaction. Secondly, we must reassess the atmospheric CO

2 sinks by rock weathering since the first occurrence of aquatic photosynthetic

organisms. It appears that the atmospheric CO2 sink in chemical weathering rests chiefly on carbonate dissolution and subsequent aquatic

photosynthetic uptake of the resulting DIC. Finally, the presence of a “biological carbon pump effect” in natural aquatic ecosystems which diverts carbon produced by the reaction (2) to the lithosphere by sedimentation and burial of the organic carbon, implies that the atmospheric CO

2 sink

in carbonate weathering may also be significant in controlling long-term climate change.

sessIon tH1-e: soIl And groundWAter reMedIAtIon IThursday, September 20 • 10:00-12:00 • Strategy Room 7Chairs: Jason Gerhard, Neil Thomson

981 - Remediation of Soil and Groundwater Impacted by Chlorinated Solvents – State of the PracticeDr. B.H. KueperDepartment of Civil Engineering - Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada

Soil and groundwater contamination by chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) is a common oc-currence throughout industrialized areas world-wide. Chlorinated solvents typically enter the subsurface in the form of a dense, non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) where they can persist for many decades giving rise to both aqueous and vapour phase contamination. The development and application of various remediation technologies has been on-going for over 20 years, and many lessons have been learned. This talk will summarize the state of the practice regarding remediation of chlorinated solvents in soil and groundwater. Topics covered will include the use of


various technologies such as hydraulic displacement, thermal techniques, chemical injection techniques, and enhanced in-situ bioremediation. A discussion of alternative endpoints, realistic expectations, delineation of source zones, and future research and development needs will be included. Much of the material for this talk will be developed on the basis of an in-progress textbook on the topic being prepared by the USDoD Strategic Environmental Research & Development Program (SERDP) and the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP).

847 – Environmental site investigation: step “0” in the remediation processSteven V. RoseMALROZ Engineering Inc., Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Often overlooked as the foundation to successful remediation, completion of a suitable site characterization, or environmental site investigation, is a critical component for any soil or groundwater remediation program. While most researchers, practitioners, and regulators understand the need to investigate in advance of remediation, the investigation/characterization step in the remediation process is most often rushed or underfunded in the interest of “getting on” with remediating the problem. Numerous case histories show that inadequate characterization of a remediation problem often results in poor performance or failure to meet the remediation program objectives. Conversely, a poorly designed investigation or lack of awareness of the significance of investigation data can also yield disappointing remediation outcomes. How, then, can we set up our remediation projects to enhance our opportunities to achieve predictable results and achieve site closure?

Remediation projects are subject to five different categories of controlling factors. The remediation professional has little or no influence over most of these controlling factors, more than half of which are matters of geology, hydrogeology, and contaminant fate & transport. Accordingly, site characterization provides direct knowledge of many factors which control remediation outcomes. We are fortunate to be able to draw upon generations of investigators who have refined site characterization studies using methodologies which continuously evolve to better our under-standing of subsurface conditions. Similarly, numerous tools are available that increase our understanding of contaminant transport pathways in complex settings. Assembling the correct tools and posing relevant questions is the task of the investigator responsible for characterizing a site prior to undertaking remediation activities. Properly conducted, the site investigation can provide necessary information with respect to understanding natural materials which are often highly variable in scale, space, and time; and subject to change due to human activities at a site. The key to successful remediation outcomes is found in undertaking a structured and methodical inquiry that returns meaningful data of both ‘knowns’ and ‘unknowns’ with respect to a project site.

487 - Scale up of Ex Situ Application of Self Sustaining Treatment for Active Remediation (STAR) – Column Scale to Prototype ReactorGrant Scholes, Gavin GrantSiREM, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaDavid MajorGeosyntec Consultants, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaJason GerhardDepartment of Civil Engineering – University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

Self-sustaining Treatment for Active Remediation (STAR) – a new technology based on the principles of smouldering combustion, is an innovative approach that holds significant potential for the remediation of sites impacted by non aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) and waste oils. STAR has been demonstrated to be highly effective through both in situ and ex situ field pilot studies. STAR is also cost effective, by taking advantage of the negligible energy requirements of the smouldering combustion process.

This presentation will provide an overview of the scientific principles of STAR including a review of over six years of experimental research con-ducted to date. The presentation will also discuss the laboratory scale up testing, design and results of a one third prototype ex situ STAR reactor being developed for the treatment of waste oils and organic sludges. Prototype reactor experiments have been designed to optimize operating parameters such as air flow velocities and saturations levels to achieve desired treatment efficiencies, throughput, and volatile emissions. In addition, the prototype reactor has been designed to test ignition procedures, materials of construction, and material handling protocols for full scale implementation.


490 - Persulfate Treatment Train: An Experimental and Modelling studyMahsa Shayan1, Neil R. Thomson1 and James F. Barker2 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering – University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada2 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences – University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Background/Objectives: The coupling or sequential use of synergistic remediation technologies combines the strengths of each individual technology to improve treatment performance. The sequential use of in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) and intrinsic bioremediation (IBR) is an example of a treatment train approach that is gaining popularity. Coupling these two technologies is believed to provide more efficient and ex-tensive removal of a range of environmentally relevant contaminants including petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs). The notion behind a persulfate ISCO/IBR treatment train is that it could potentially combine the aggressive nature of persulfate ISCO in the source zone with the long-term efficiency of sulfate reduction in both the source zone and plume. However, in situ technologies such as ISCO and enhanced IBR can be affected by a number of physical, chemical, and biological processes. Furthermore, persulfate ISCO and sulfate reducing biodegradation can alter the geochemical and biological properties of the subsurface environment, which in turn will affect the efficiency of the treatment train. To design an effective and efficient persulfate treatment train, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of all the relevant physical, chemical and biological processes occurring in the subsurface system. The primary objective of this research effort is to develop a better understanding of the characteristics of a coupled persulfate ISCO/IBR treatment train by executing a carefully monitored pilot-scale field experiment. For a well-designed field study a set of laboratory experiments supported by modelling is required.

Approach/Activities: The pilot-scale field experiment is underway in a sheet-piled walled gate at the University of Waterloo Groundwater Re-search Facility at the Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Borden near Alliston, ON, Canada. This gate (2 m wide and 24 m long) is enclosed on three sides with sheet piling driven into the underlying shallow aquitard at ~3 m depth. The forth side is open to allow ambient groundwater to enter. A dissolved plume of specific PHC compounds is being created using a diffusive source near the gate entrance and an extraction well is used to control the velocity in the gate. A series of laboratory experiments have been conducted to test the functionality of the passive diffusive emitters. Simulations have been performed to identify the optimum combination of plume source concentration and groundwater velocity so that an anaerobic aquifer system is fully developed prior to persulfate injection. The anaerobic aquifer is intended to provide a favorable medium for the acclimation and growth of indigenous sulfate reducing bacteria. To complete our conceptual understanding of this system, a series of preliminary laboratory microcosm experiments were performed to determine the occurrence and extent of sulfate reduction in the aquifer material. These experiments also aimed to investigate the effect of the sulfate abundance (as the main by-product of persulfate oxidation), lactate (a simpler source of energy for microorganisms), and inorganic nutrients on the biotransformation of PHC compounds.

Results: In this presentation we will present the design of the pilot-scale field experiment, the field monitoring results as well as the results obtained from the laboratory experiments and supportive numerical simulations.

963 - Electrokinetic- enhanced Amendment Delivery for Biological Remediation of Low Permeability Materials: Results of the First Field PilotReynolds, D.1, Cox, E.2, and J. Wang3

1 Geosyntec Consultants, Kingston, Ontario, Canada2 Geosyntec Consultants, Guelph, Ontario, Canada3 Geosyntec Consultants, Columbia, Maryland, USA

In situ remediation of sites contaminated by chlorinated solvents often faces a major challenge in the effective delivery and distribution of reme-diation reagents into low permeability materials. At numerous sites, contaminant mass retained in low permeability materials acts as a source either preventing successful site remediation, or extending the duration of the remediation program. Electrokinetic-enhanced (EK-enhanced) delivery techniques, relying on the electrical properties, not the hydraulic properties of aquifer materials, represents a fundamentally innovative solution. EK-enhanced delivery technology involves the establishment of an electric field induced by the application of direct current (DC) in the subsurface to transport remediation reagents, including electron donors for microorganisms, chemical oxidants, and even bacteria, through heterogeneous and low permeability systems.

A preliminary bench scale treatability test demonstrated the potential to apply electrokinetic-enhanced bioremediation (EK-BIO) for tetrachlo-roethene (PCE) source remediation at a site in Skuldelev, Denmark. The test showed that by applying a direct current electric field, effective transport of both electron donor (lactate) and Dehalococcoides (Dhc) in PCE contaminated, low permeability soil was achieved. The ensuing EK-


BIO pilot test was designed with the objective to demonstrate effective transport of lactate, determine the viability and migration of augmented Dhc, and demonstrate that PCE dechlorination was achieved within the pilot test area.

The pilot test design included three pairs of anodes and cathodes, and numerous monitoring and delivery wells. Following 74 days of EK operation, enhanced reductive dechlorination was demonstrated within the test area. This project represents the first rigorous field pilot test of EK-BIO in the world. A lactate transport rate in the test area was estimated to range from 2.5 to 5 cm/day and widespread distribution of Dhc throughout the clayey formation was shown. Active reductive dechlorination treatment capacity was indicated by increases of degradation products. The ongoing success of this project suggests that EK-BIO approaches offer a cost-effective solution for the problem of chlorinated solvents in low-permeability materials.

985 - Lab measurement and modeling aided design of PRBsTamás Madarász, Péter Szűcs, János Lakatos, Imre GombkötőUniversity of Miskolc, HungaryNorbert Trauer, István SzékelyHáromkör Delta Kft, Miskolc, Hungary

Designing permeable reactive barriers (PRB) is a complex engineering task, where various expertises are needed to guarantee the successful operation of the barrier system. The research team at the University of Miskolc has designed a PRB concept with lignite reactive material to remove heavy metals from ground water contaminated plumes. Although the CRC capacity of the material is 20-30% of that of active carbon materials, its price is much cheaper, and once the system is exhausted, the reactive material filling can be easily replaced. The exhausted reactive material can be easily utilized in power plants or other technology lines. The concept however requires a feasible technical solution to replace the material and several other aspects. The paper presents the design protocol of the system, which consists of four interacting modules. The modules are: (1) material processing; (2) filling material development; (3) hydraulic and transport modeling; and (4) technical feasibility. The design protocol is built up of three consecutive steps: 1, feasibility checklist; 2, material balance approach and 3, parametric design of the barrier. The feasibility check is a simple 12 question checklist to decide whether the proposed PRB solution is appropriate for the assessed site. The material balance based approach is a rough estimate of total contaminated volume, and the total volume of reactive material to achieve the required target value on the “safe side” of the barrier. The third step of the protocol, called parametric design aims to get the specific geometry of the barrier, the exact mixture of the reactive barrier, the hydraulic conductivity of the wall and the lifespan of the single reactive packages. The parametric design protocol is a challenging task to harmonize all – some cases competing – requirements of the design. The paper shall present sample calculations and supporting tables of lab measurement providing useful help for the designer of such a facility

970 - The effects of velocity and feed-starve cycles on biobarrier technology in bench-scale fractured limestone samplesVanessa Mann, Kent NovakowskiQueen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Laboratory experiments have been undertaken to assess the longevity and viability of biobarrier technology in fractured rock. Fractured limestone samples were obtained from the Ordovician Black River formation in eastern Ontario. The samples, each approximately 250mm wide by 100mm long (perpendicular to fracture) by 200mm in vertical depth, were mounted in vertical constant flow systems with reservoirs sealed above and below (215mm wide by 75mm long by 300 mm deep and 50mm deep, respectively). Biological growth was stimulated in two single fracture samples and one fracture network sample at 10°C using native groundwater bacterial populations collected in the Kingston, Ontario area. Sucrose was used as a carbon source, and phosphorus and nitrogen sources were introduced using a commercially available nutrient package. Decreases in hydraulic aperture, efficiency of nutrient usage, size of key bacterial populations, and ability to influence transport, as indicated by fluorescent tracer experiments, were used as key indicators of biobarrier success. Twelve week experiments, consisting of three sets of alternating two week growth and two week starve cycles, were conducted, and it was observed that repeated cycles of starvation improved biofilm stability. Forced constant velocity and natural gradient flow experi-ments were conducted to determine how shear stress impacts biofilm growth and resistance to degradation during starvation. Hydraulic apertures were more variable during forced velocity experiments, particularly in early time, but in later cycles, hydraulic apertures were smaller and more stable relative in the natural gradient experiments. Changes in transport were observed during biostimulation. Additional studies addressing the back-diffusion of nutrients and fluorescent tracers will be conducted to quantify the influence of these on biobarrier longevity.


sessIon tH1-F: nuMerICAl ModellIng IThursday, September 20 • 10:00-12:00 • Fallsview Studio ABCChairs: John Molson, Rene Therrien

890 - Geological, hydraulic and geochemical constraints on a numerical flow model of a TCE-contaminated aquifer Thomas Ouellon1*, René Lefebvre1, Samantha Murphy2, Ian D. Clark2, Michel Parent3 & Jean-Marc Ballard1

1: Centre Eau, Terre, Environnement, INRS, Québec, QC, Canada2: Department of Earth Sciences - University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada3: NRCan, Geological Survey of Canada, Québec, QC, Canada *: Now with Golder Associés, Montréal, QC, Canada

The Valcartier aquifer system is part of a buried valley containing up to 50 m of quaternary sediments. The system is contaminated by a 4.5 km long dissolved contaminant plume containing trichloroethene (TCE) and its metabolites. This area has thus been extensively characterized using conventional and direct push methods. This paper provides a synthesis of the present understanding of groundwater flow and TCE transport mechanisms. Integration of geological, hydraulic and geochemical data were used to develop the models supporting this understanding: a 3D geological model; a conceptual hydrogeological model including three aquifers and two aquitard units with spatially varying contexts and conditions; potentiometric maps and delineated TCE plumes in the three aquifer units; 3D heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity distribution based on the definition of four deltaic “hydrofacies”; a numerical flow and transport model. The numerical model aims to quantitatively capture the complex features of the flow system and forms the basis for environmental management decisions. This numerical model was constrained (calibrated and validated) using multiple criteria: 1) observed hydraulic heads in three aquifer units, 2) the main features of the flow field, 3) the spatial distribution of TCE from source zones to receptors, 4) Tritium/Helium groundwater ages and 5) geochemical tracers indicating ground-water and TCE provenances and pathways, including 18Oxygen/Deuterium isotopic signature and water types based on a multivariate analysis of geochemical data. Groundwater ages were also used to constrain recharge rates, groundwater residence times and the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the prodeltaic silty aquitard. In this relatively complex flow system, groundwater flow and TCE migration patterns could not have been predicted on the sole basis of hydraulic data, thus demonstrating the need to support and constrain the development of numerical models using multiple types of data.

337 - Water table response at a toposequence located in a Guarani Aquifer System (GAS) outcrop area in Brotas (SP), BrazilRodrigo Lilla ManzioneUNESP – São Paulo State University, Ourinhos, São Paulo, BrazilEdson WendlandDepartment of Hydraulics and Sanitation – EESC/USP, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil

Time series analysis is an elegant method to treat observed water table levels. Without the complexity of physical-mechanistic models, sto-chastic approaches provide the possibility to account for model uncertainty. Predictions about water table fluctuations and characteristics are relevant for water planning and management purposes. Accounting for model accuracy is a key element for successful estimations. Careful analysis of water table fluctuations may reveal much about the functioning of the groundwater system, and of the effects of individual factors. These factors could be the influence of vegetation in the vadose/saturated zone interface and the porous media, for example. The aim of this paper is to characterise the behaviour of two wells located in the top and in the bottom part of a toposequence in order to evaluate the response of the water table due the same climatological inputs. The study area is located in an outcrop area of the Guarani Aquifer System (GAS), which is one of the largest aquifers in the world and underlies several types of agricultural systems. The so called PIRFICT model (Predefined Impulse Response Function In Continuous Time), a special type of TFN model (Transfer Function Noise) is applied to a time series of seven years of water level monitoring data. The wells are located under cultivated pasture and homogeneous arenite layers. The difference between recharge in these wells is discussed. The parameters of the PIRFICT model were verified from field conditions in order to evaluate the physical interpre-tation of the soil structure by using soil permeability and compaction measurements at each well and its respective land use. The water table


reacts differently depending on the thickness of the porous media and the memory of the aquifer system, since the influence of vegetation is considered the same. The proximity of drainage is also an important component in the response time of the water table due to precipitation impulses. By understanding the water table fluctuations it will be possible to improve groundwater management and planning in vulnerable areas of the GAS such as outcrops.

804 - National scale groundwater modelling: An example from the UK Andrew Hughes, Jon Mackay, Lei Wang and Majdi MansourBritish Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, UK

Questions such as “what is the impact of climate change on the groundwater resources of the UK?” are now being increasingly asked by Govern-ment level decision-makers. To answer these questions requires an assessment of the groundwater system of the UK. The groundwater system has to be represented holistically so that water resources as a whole can be assessed, and therefore, groundwater models of increasingly larger scale have to be developed.

Typically groundwater understanding and models are developed on a regional (10s km) scale. However, given the questions increasingly being posed by decision-makers, then a larger scale is required. At a basin scale, which in north-western Europe is of the order of 10000 km2, then there are typically 10-20 different aquifer units depending on the complexity of the groundwater system. These are not necessarily connected laterally and so flow occurs between them via the rivers. Therefore, a system is needed that has different types of groundwater models of dif-ferent parts of the system linked via a river model. At the national scale then a simpler approach is taken with a similar number of aquifer units, i.e. of the order of 10. As the scale increases, so the complexity reduces and the heterogeneity is treated much more coarsely.

For all these scales a recharge model is developed which encompasses the land surface in a continuous manner.

Creating a groundwater model of a country which has a large number of aquifers of different types is not a trivial task. In the UK, experience has been built up with a basin wide approach for the River Thames catchment, and developing UK wide recharge and groundwater flow models for various research projects. Examples of two projects are used to demonstrate the process of developing national scale models. These projects include the development of a UK wide recharge model (GROMIT) and a system to examine the decadal scale impacts of environmental change on water resources (FutureWater). The results from these studies are presented alongside the challenges that have been faced. These include data requirements, marrying the competing demands of scale and complexity, lack of lateral connection between the aquifers, representing river-aquifer interaction, and interaction with estuaries.

370 - Application of “panel-data” modeling to predict groundwater levels in the Neishaboor Plain, IranA. Izady1, K. Davary1, A. Alizadeh1, B. Ghahraman1, M. Sadeghi1, and A. Moghaddamnia2

1 Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture - Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran2 Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources - University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran

The aim of this research was to predict groundwater levels in the Neishaboor plain, Iran, using a “panel-data” model. Panel-data analysis endows regression analysis with both spatial and temporal dimensions. The spatial dimension pertains to a set of cross-sectional units of observation. The temporal dimension pertains to periodic observations of a set of variables characterizing these cross-sectional units over a particular time span. Firstly, the available observation wells in the Neishaboor plain were clustered according to their fluctuation behavior using the “Ward” method, which resulted in six areal zones. Then, for each cluster, an observation well was selected as its representative, and for each zone, values of monthly precipitation and temperature, as independent variables, were estimated by the inverse-distance method. Finally, the performance of different panel-data regression models such as fixed-effects and random-effects models were investigated. The results showed that the two-way fixed-effects model was superior. The performance indicators for this model (R2 = 0.97, RMSE = 0.05 m and ME = 0.81 m) reveal the effectiveness of the method. In addition, the results were compared with the results of an artificial-neural-network (ANN) model, which demonstrated the superiority of the panel-data model over the ANN model.


692 - Development of the SID&GRID GIS embedded hydrological modelRudy RossettoScuola Superiore Sant’Anna, P.zza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa, Italy, Iacopo BorsiUniversità degli Studi di Firenze – Dip. Di Matematica, viale Morgagni 67/a, Firenze, ItalyClaudio SchifaniCNR - Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell’Informazione, via Morruzzi 1, Pisa, Italy

The SID&GRID hydrological model (funded by Regione Toscana, Italy, under the EU POR FSE 2007-2013) is built on existing and newly devel-oped public domain codes embedded in a open source GIS interface, applications and library, where all the input and output data are managed by means of DataBase Management System. The result is a fully distributed, physically based surface-unsaturated/saturated zone modeling environment allowing simulations and estimate in space and time of hydrological variables to perform water budget, management and planning.

The SID&GRID hydrological model is managed through a new gvSIG (open source GIS) model project object. Such a GUI is thought as a master control panel to guide the user from pre-processing spatial and temporal data, running the hydrological models, to analyzing and presenting the results. To achieve the above-mentioned goals, the following codes have been selected and are being integrated:

1. Postgresql/PostGIS for the GeoDatabase Management System;

2. gvSIG with Sextante geo-algorithm library capabilities and Grass tools for the desktop GIS;

3. Geoserver to share and discover spatial data on the web according to Open Geospatial Consortium;

4. new SID&GRID tools based on the Sextante GeoAlgorithm framework;

5. MODFLOW-2005 as groundwater modeling code;

6. MODFLOW-LGR for local grid refinement;

7. VSF as variable saturated flow code;

8. new developed routines for overland flow;

9. new Jython algorithms integrated in gvSIG to compute the net rainfall rate input for the unsaturated/saturated flow model.

The LGR capability has been extended to the MODFLOW VSF flow process which solves the 3D Richards’ equation. This improvement allows to investigate in detail the unsaturated zone only where required, i.e. in irrigation or around wellhead protection areas. Within these selected zones, the VSF packages can be applied to precisely describe the boundary conditions, so that also specific processes as roots uptake, ponding events and seepage flows can be successfully simulated. The implementation of UCODE_2005 as calibration tool is foreseen.

Up to now, the groundwater part of the code has been fully integrated and tested and 3D visualization tools are being developed. Be updated about the project by following us at http://sidgrid.isti.cnr.it/.

767 - A Parallel Computational Framework to Solve Flow and Transport in Integrated Surface-Subsurface Hydrologic SystemsHyoun-Tae Hwang, Young-Jin Park, Edward A. Sudicky, Jianming ChenDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada

HydroGeoSphere is a 3D control-volume finite element hydrologic model describing fully-integrated surface-subsurface water flow and solute and thermal energy transport. Because the model solves tightly-coupled highly-nonlinear partial differential equations, often applied at regional and continental scales (for example, to analyze the impact of climate change on water resources), high performance computing is essential. The target parallelization components include the assembly of the Jacobian matrix for the iterative linearization method and the preconditioned BiCGSTAB sparse-matrix solver. Matrix assembly is parallelized by applying a static scheduling scheme to avoid data racing conditions, which may occur during the matrix construction. The parallelization of the solver is achieved by partitioning the domain into equal-size sub-domains, with an efficient reordering scheme. The computational flow of the BiCGSTAB solver is also modified to reduce the parallelization overhead and to be suitable for parallel architectures. The performance of parallel HydroGeoSphere is evaluated in terms of computational robustness and efficiency using a range of test problems, including a large-scale 3D surface-subsurface example covering the entire Canadian landmass. Sim-ulation profiling results illustrate the importance of node reordering, which is associated with the process of the domain partitioning. Based on


the evaluation results, it is concluded that parallel HydroGeoSphere is robust and that parallelization is essential in order to simulate challenging problems such as coupled climate-surface-subsurface over large scales and with high resolution in three dimensions.

894 - Simulating surface water - groundwater interaction during baseflow conditions with a coupled flow model: the Bertrand Creek Watershed, British Columbia Cindy Starzyk1, Leslie Smith1

1Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences - University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Improvements in coupled surface-subsurface numerical codes now allow assessments of stream – aquifer interaction at the watershed-scale. In this study, the HydroGeoSphere numerical model was used to examine the nature and controls of surface water – groundwater interaction in the 46 km2 Bertrand Creek Watershed during baseflow conditions. HydroGeoSphere is a finite element model that couples surface flow with subsur-face flow through saturated and unsaturated porous media, and internally calculates actual evapotranspiration based on soil moisture content at grid nodes. The three-dimensional watershed model was calibrated using a comprehensive field data set collected in 2007, including measured streamflows, streambed fluxes, surface and subsurface hydraulic heads, and soil moisture contents. The calibrated watershed model was then evaluated against hydrologic data collected in 2006, a year that received below average rainfall and during which a section of the stream went dry mid-watershed. The simulated response agrees well with observed measurements of baseflow and the spatial distribution of gaining and losing stream conditions, as well as the development of the dry streambed. The simulated direction of flux across the streambed suggests that gaining and losing conditions along Bertrand Creek can be attributed to characteristics of topographic slope overlying the unconfined aquifer. These topographic characteristics influence the direction of groundwater flow adjacent to the stream and determine the persistence of ground-water discharge along the channel. Subtle changes in topography can have a considerable effect on the nature of stream – aquifer interaction in the low relief watershed. For example, a local increase in streambed slope over a distance of only a few metres creates conditions which promoted the streambed to go dry over a stream length exceeding 500 m in 2006.

232 - Evaluation of long-term artificial groundwater recharge through leaky rice paddies with 500 years historyJ. Shimada1, K.Ichiyanagi1 & M. Kagabu1 1 Grad. Sch. of Sci. and Tech., Kumamoto Univ., 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto, JapanS.Saita1 & K.Mori2 1 Grad. Sch. of Sci. and Tech., Kumamoto Univ., 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto, Japan2 Technology Development Divisions, Geosphere Environmental Technology Corp, Japan

The city of Kumamoto is unique in that city water is 100% provided by their abundant groundwater whereas other large cities in Japan are supplied by surface water. This regional background has led to a well-established groundwater monitoring system operated for more than 30 years and their hydrogeological system, including the groundwater recharge/discharge system, being well studied over the last 20 years.

The rice paddy in the mid-stream area of the Shira river, which is believed to form the major recharge area to the local aquifer, has been developed since the 1600’s by the local feudal lord. He initiated a program to reclaim the wild land along the river flood plain toward the rice paddies, introducing the river water as the irrigation source. The paddies of this area are notorious for their high leakage rate (100mm/d) which significantly affects the groundwater flow system of this area. To evaluate this effect, we compare the groundwater recharge distribution before and after the rice paddy development of this area.

A sophisticated 3D groundwater flow simulation model (60km x 70km x 2000m depth by 1,404,000 grid block, 100-500m spatial resolution) has been developed in this study area to evaluate the groundwater flow system including surface water/groundwater interaction. The adopted software is GETFLOWS which can solve surface water and groundwater flow simultaneously under fully coupled flow conditions. The boundary conditions of this model (9 geologically representative formations with different permeability and porosities) have been fixed to adjust the observed long-term record of the groundwater observation wells and river discharge data at 2 gaging stations along Shira river. The simulated groundwater flow has also been validated by repeated 3H age measurement and stable 18O & D isotope measurement monitored at several observation wells.

The model has been applied to evaluate the recharge effect of the rice paddy land in the mid-stream area of the Shira river by 4 scenarios with


different historical age and different land use. The results show that the groundwater recharge through the mid-stream area of the Shira river contributes more than 40 % of total recharge to the local deep aquifer and the change of land use of this area to the paddies increased recharge by 35% compared to the wild land before the paddy development.

sessIon tH1-g: 3d geologIC And HydrogeologIC MAPPIng IThursday, September 20 • 10:00-12:00 • Upper Fallsview Studio AChairs: Hazen Russell, Holger Kessler

955 - The Need for Improved Data Collection to Support 3-D Hydrostratigraphic Modelling: A Canadian PerspectiveRussell, H.A.J., Cummings, D. I.. Hinton, M.J, Pugin, A.J., Oldenborger, G., and Sharpe, D.R., Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, CN

Regional hydrogeological studies in Canada have traditionally relied upon water well records supported by limited targeted drilling and rare geophysical investigations. This approach has resulted in the iterative re-analysis of similar, relatively low-quality datasets, all of which inade-quately address the variability and complexity inherent to geological successions, especially at depth. An improved approach involves collection of select, high-quality datasets (e.g., cores, seismic surveys, aeromagnetic surveys) and the use of basin analysis techniques, which allows data-driven conceptual models to describe the geological history of the basin and provide a basis to predict hydrostratigraphic properties in data-poor parts of the basin.

Increasing land use pressures in many areas and competition between intense resource extraction industries (e.g., oil and gas) and conventional groundwater users (e.g., agriculture, potable water) requires much greater certainty in the geological framework. Many geological and geophys-ical data collection methodologies and datasets have been seen as too expensive for municipal, watershed and even provincial water agencies to collect. This view is incorrect. It relates to poor cost-benefit analysis, and is sustained by inadequate in-house capacity and expertise for data processing and analysis. Without these datasets, groundwater science in Canada will not advance.

Data collection methodologies employed by the Geological Survey of Canada for mapping and assessment of key Canadian aquifers is pre-sented. This includes collection of hydraulic, hydrogeological, geological and geophysical data sets in a range of geological settings. Data range from point source (e.g., borehole), transects (e.g., seismic profiles), regional (e.g., baseflow), and regional three-dimensional (e.g. aerial electromagnetic). Datasets are integrated to develop a geological framework and allow the application of the play concept to aquifer mapping and assessment. Historically, improvements in hydrostratigraphic understanding have been linked to new data sets. In the future, collaborative inter-agency relationships and cost-sharing plans will be required to advance our understanding of the hydrogeology of Canada.

968 - Integration of geological and hydrogeological mapping for use in modelling groundwater flow in Alberta Joe RiddellEnergy Resources Conservation Board/Alberta geological Survey, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

The Alberta Geological Survey (AGS) and Alberta Environment and Water (AEW) are working together on the Provincial Groundwater Inventory Program (PGIP) to develop adaptable and science-based decision making tools supporting policy development and regulation to manage groundwater resources. The first phase of PGIP is focused on developing a static geological model that integrates multiple sources of data and analysis into a single framework that will ultimately be used for modelling groundwater flow. To accomplish this objective, the AGS has developed innovative methods that involved extensive normalization of geological data retrieved from water wells, development of automated mapping techniques, application of geostatistical methods, collection of airborne geophysical surveys and investigating integrated workflows to construct high-resolution geomodels.

The project team mapping of the Edmonton-Calgary Corridor, the first study area under PGIP, compiled and collected data from many sources including: field observations; borehole drilling and coring; the Alberta Water Well Information Database; downhole, land-based and airborne geophysics; water well chemistry; soil data; digital elevation models; and bedrock surfaces. Semi-automated methods were developed to


generate depth slices of distinct hydrogeological zones within both glacial sediments, such as buried and pre-galcial valleys, and also areas of high permeability within bedrock sediments (e.g. Paskapoo Formation). These objective data analysis methods were then compared to airborne geophysical survey data and showed reasonable agreement between borehole-based and remote-sensing mapping techniques. Further, analyt-ical hydrogeological mapping products were also generated to examine regional hydrogeological phenomena within the context of the geomodel. This data collection and analysis demonstrated the need for a three-dimensional geomodelling platform that could be used to integrate, analyze and model numerous types of data at a variety of scales. Upon completion of the static geological model, the intent is to create a geo-cellular model that can be used to conduct groundwater flow simulations at a resolution that can inform and assist groundwater management decisions.

369 - Regional bedrock aquifers and a geological groundwater model for southern OntarioCarter, T.R. and Fortner, L.Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, London, ON, Canada

Improvements in the petroleum well database of the Ministry of Natural Resources have made it possible to map the regional occurrence of aquifers and aquitards in the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks of the Michigan and Appalachian basins in southern Ontario. This new understanding provides a scientific basis for design of well drilling programs to protect potable water supplies and for mitigation of drilling hazards such as artesian flow conditions, loss of circulation, corrosive sulphur water and for many other potential subsurface uses. A system of thick regional aquitards and thin confined aquifers within the deep bedrock setting of southern Ontario has been identified. Aquitards are formed by shale strata, most notably the Upper Ordovician Queenston, Georgian Bay and Blue Mountain formations which exceed 300 metres in combined thickness, and by thick evaporites of the Salina Group. Carbonate rocks also generally form aquitards except where they have been fractured or exposed to near-surface karstic dissolution. Regional confined aquifers of saline water occur within the Middle Devonian Lucas and Dundee formations, the Upper Silurian Bass Islands Formation, the Upper Silurian Guelph Formation, within fault-related hydrothermal dolomite zones in the Upper Ordovician limestones of the Trenton and Black River groups and in Cambrian sandstones. There is a crude geochemical zonation by increasing depth of fresh water, brackish to saline sulphur water and deep saline water. The deeper strata contain extremely high concen-trations of total dissolved solids (140-390 g/l) dominated by sodium and calcium chlorides. At intermediate depths the Devonian and shallow Silurian strata contain brackish to saline waters (3-50 g/L TDS) of similar composition. Sulphur water is ubiquitous at intermediate depths, usually occurring from a few metres beneath top of bedrock to approximately 350 metre depths. Aquifers are recharged by fresh water at their outcrop and subcrop edges. A regional fresh water interface aquifer occurs at the contact between the bedrock and overlying unconsolidated sediments. Interpreted flow directions are down-dip within the bedrock strata. Buoyancy effects of the deep subsurface brines probably prevent deep penetration of fresh water. There is inferred to be no active flow within the deep saline aquifers.

726 - Three-Dimensional (3-D) Geologic Mapping of Glacial Deposits at the Ontario Geological Survey: Examples from Southern OntarioAbigail K. BurtOntario Geological Survey, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

The Ontario Geological Survey is undertaking 3-D mapping of surficial sediments in selected areas of southern Ontario as part of a broader ini-tiative designed to provide geoscience information for the identification, protection and sustainable use of the provincial groundwater resource. Protocols have been established for a full workflow comprising the assembly and standardization of existing subsurface data and the acquisition of new geological and geophysical information; the development of a conceptual geological model; the interpretation of the subsurface data; and the generation of products for scientific, technical and non-technical clientele. The protocols allow for seamless progression from one project area to the next. Because project areas range from 1,200 to 2,700 km2 and data are spatially inconsistent and often of poor quality, the approach that provides the best value, in terms of both results and money, is to map regional-scale hydrostratigraphic units. High-resolution mapping of the internal heterogeneity of individual aquifer complexes would be neither practical nor affordable.

This presentation will review current and recent projects to demonstrate the importance of a geologically sound conceptualization of glacial history and depositional environments in the creation of realistic hydrostratigraphic envelopes. High-quality data from only a few — but well-lo-cated — continuously cored boreholes can then be used to qualitatively attribute the envelopes with internal characteristics. As an example, the Barrie-Oro moraine project area is characterized by a series of 90 to 180 m thick rolling to streamlined till mantled uplands deposited


during multiple glaciations. The uplands are bisected by a late-glacial broad, steep-sided sandy floored tunnel-valley network with a 40 to 120 m thick valley-fill sequence. Separation of older upland and much younger valley-fill sediment packages during the modelling process has not only allowed the development of more realistic surfaces than those used in previous flow models, but identifies potential connections between sediment packages.

The science knowledge gained has been translated into improved predictive capability, which is being communicated to a wide clientele through innovative products and services.

480 - The UK National Geological Model – a framework for foresight-based decisions on stewardship of the subsurface environmentAndrew Howard, Stephen Mathers, Helen Reeves and Martin SmithBritish Geological Survey, Nottingham and Edinburgh, United Kingdom

As a densely populated country with a long legacy of urbanisation and industrial development, the pressures on the subsurface environment in the UK are growing ever more complex and competitive from a wide range of industrial and societal demands. The impact of human develop-ment on the surface environment in the UK is clearly visible and foremost in the public consciousness, but the impacts on the subsurface envi-ronment, which are just as profound, require new knowledge bases and models to understand and manage effectively. In north-west England and the adjacent Irish Sea, for example, the potential future demands on subsurface space for nuclear waste storage, natural gas storage, shale gas extraction, and CO

2 storage compete with existing and legacy uses including groundwater abstraction, conventional hydrocarbons, salt

extraction and coal mining. Beneath urban centres, these demands merge with the more pervasive impacts of construction, buried infrastructure and diffuse pollution. Managing these demands and impacts requires 3D spatial planning to enable and support foresight-based decisions, policy and regulation that optimise future stewardship of the subsurface environment.

Understanding and modelling the transport and fate of fluids is critical to determining the spatial impacts and interactions of all forms of subsur-face development, and their interfaces with natural processes. The UK National Geological Model will deliver a parameterised spatial model that will characterise the geological framework, properties and heterogeneity in the subsurface at multiple resolutions, to provide an open platform for modelling fluid processes and human interaction with the subsurface environment, and enabling the exchange of data and knowledge with evolving spatial information and decision-support systems. This paper will describe progress and emerging challenges in the implementation of this Model.

702 - The building and application of 3D geological models at a water supply company in North West Germany Howahr, M. and Harms, E.Water Board of Oldenburg and East Frisia (OOWV), Brake, Germany

The water supply in the northern part of Germany is provided largely by the abstraction of groundwater from unconsolidated quaternary and tertiary sediments. Over the last decades the general features of the geological formations, the position of individual groundwater levels and the distribution of the superficial deposits have generally been understood. But for sustainable water management and the requirements placed on modern water supply companies, detailed knowledge of the geological subsurface is absolutely essential. Water suppliers need regional 3D geological subsurface models which are sufficiently accurate and directly applicable for water management planning and can additionally provide solutions for other specialist areas (engineering geology, resource security, ecology, agriculture).

Against this background the Water Board of Oldenburg and East Frisia (OOWV) - one of Germany’s largest water supply companies - has created extensive 3D geological models in North West Germany for all of its 11 mainland water catchment areas covering an area of 4000 km² in total. The models have been constructed using the software methodology GSI3D© and they are used for all questions related to the subsurface geology, especially as a standard tool for daily water management (groundwater production per year: 77 million m³).

One of the most common applications of 3D geological structure models in the region deals with the evaluation of the natural groundwater vulnerability using a standardized calculation method. The result is a differentiated and also very convincing tool for the water supplier to impose groundwater protection measurements effectively as well as using them to obtain cooperations from farmers and other external stakeholders.

From the water supplier’s point of view the other main application is the support of numerical flow models, recently an essential part of almost


every water right procedure. The building of 3D geological models is an indispensable step within the workflow leading to valid and reliable 3D numeric groundwater flow models. Therefore the GSI3D© software platform enables an almost lossless transfer of complex 3D subsurface structures and hydrogeological parameters determined during the modelling process. The aim for the near future is to make the bi-directional linkage between 3D geological structure models built with GSI3D and numerical flow models more comfortable.

Through the direct access to the information and data sources, 3D subsurface models were able to decisively influence numerous water right procedures, conservation area procedures and groundwater protection measures. The 3D hydrogeological model together with the wide range of subsequent applications became a powerful tool for the Water Board of Oldenburg and East Frisia and other water supply companies in North West Germany.

302 - 3-D groundwater mapping in Nyborg, Denmark: Constraints on the groundwater resource induced by large-scale geological structures and saline pore waterSandersen, P. B. E. & Mielby, S.Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Højbjerg, Denmark

Limited understanding of the spatial distribution of fresh and saline groundwater in the chalk/limestone aquifer in the Nyborg area has led to an ex-tensive mapping campaign, including a Transient ElectroMagnetic survey, new exploration drillings, wire-line logging and chemical analyses of water samples. Based on existing and new data a conceptual hydrogeological model was constructed. The focus of the hydrogeological model was to explain the apparently scattered occurrences of saline groundwater and to provide detailed input for subsequent numerical groundwater modeling.

From the TEM-survey a 3-D resistivity grid of the subsurface was combined with lithological data from drillings. The lowering of the electrical resistivity due to the saline pore water added challenges to the geological interpretations, but information from resistivity logs and chemical analyses provided a spatial picture of the occurrences of groundwater with high chloride content.

The geological modeling showed a large-scale anticline structure in the pre-Quaternary chalk and limestone. The anticline is partly covered by Palaeogene marls and by glacial drift and meltwater sediments. Fracture zones along the crest and occasionally perpendicular to the axis of the anticline have led to zones of high secondary porosity in the chalk and limestone aquifer. Groundwater recharge takes place on the flanks of the anticline where the Palaeogene marls are thin or absent and the Quaternary sediments are sandy or thin. In this area a thick zone of fresh water appears in the aquifer. Within the crest of the anticline, however, an upward groundwater gradient forces the saline groundwater table closer to the ground surface. This mechanism is believed to be enhanced by the fracture zones along the crest of the anticline. The fracture zones of the anticline are interpreted to play an important role in the groundwater circulation and in the mobility of the saline pore water.

sessIon tH1-H: HydrogeoPHysICs IThursday, September 20 • 10:00-12:00 • Upper Fallsview Studio BChairs: Peete Pehme, Don Goodyear

520 - Hydrogeophysical monitoring of soil moisture dynamics in Quaternary outwash deposits at the Arkell Research StationAlicia Beynon1, Dr. Anthony Endres1 and Dr. Colby Steelman2.1 Department of Earth Sciences- University of Waterloo, West, Waterloo, ON, Canada2 School of Engineering- University of Guelph, East, Guelph, ON, Canada

We are evaluating the capacity of a suite of near-surface geophysical techniques including ground-penetrating radar (GPR), electromagnetic induction (EMI) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) to monitor soil moisture dynamics over a complete annual cycle at the Arkell Research Station (ARS). The ARS is located at the terminal edge of the Paris moraine within the outwash plain and is host to a variety of agricultural activities. These activities and variable permeability within the outwash plain pose concerns regarding potential nitrate contamination of the underlying groundwater resources. The characterization of the soil moisture conditions in an area is an essential element for the understanding of nitrate transport. Water contents can be monitored through measurements of dielectric permittivity from the GPR surveys and electrical con-ductivity from EMI and ERT surveys. By performing multiple configurations of the GPR and ERT we are able to obtain information about not only


the near surface moisture conditions but also the deeper vadose zone. The use of three different methods will better constrain the geophysical inference of soil moisture dynamics compared to relying on a single technique. Ultimately, this type of work will result in the development of geophysical monitoring strategies combining multiple techniques to better understand the nature of these shallow flow systems.

577 - Geoelectrical Monitoring of Shallow Vadose Zone Moisture DynamicsCameron W. Toy & Anthony L. EndresDept. of Earth and Env. Science – Uni. of Waterloo, Ontario, CanadaColby M. SteelmanSchool of Engineering – Uni. of Guelph, Ontario, CanadaDaniel AltdorffHelmholtz Centre for Env. Research – Leipzig, Germany

Since late summer 2010, high-resolution electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and electromagnetic induction (EMI) surveys have been used to monitor changes in shallow moisture conditions at a clayey vineyard located in Vineland, Ontario, Canada. Our current data set consists of an 18-month period sampled every 2-3 weeks. A wide range of soil conditions are witnessed at the site including wet spring and fall, dry summer, and frozen winter periods. Data acquisition is ongoing and will conclude after two annual cycles have been collected. 48-electrode ERT surveys (half-meter electrode spacing) are collected at five monitoring sites within the vineyard. Three of these sites coincide with EMI surveys using EM38 and EM31 devices. Seasonal EM38 surveys of the entire vineyard are also performed to assess seasonal evolution of electrical conduc-tivity throughout the entire site. Preliminary analysis of acquired data shows significant temporal variation in both ERT and EMI response due to seasonal moisture changes in the shallow subsurface overlying relatively stable moisture conditions. Gravimetric water content data acquired supports these geophysical observations. Inversion of the ERT data enables differences in the seasonal evolution of resistivity at various depths down to 3 metres to be extracted. Obtaining comparable quantitative information about the distribution and evolution of subsurface conductivi-ties from EM38 and EM31 data sets is a current area of study. Additionally, we look at the use of ERT-acquired data to calibrate EM38 apparent electrical conductivity values. The presence and seasonal impact of tile drains on geophysical data is also being assessed.

768 - Monitoring Winter Processes using Ground Penetrating RadarJennifer Hansen, Jon P. Jones & Anthony L. EndresDepartment of Earth and Env. Science - University of Waterloo, Ontario, CanadaColby M. SteelmanSchool of Engineering, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Recent advances in geophysical methodologies have shown how high-frequency GPR measurements can be used to non-invasively charac-terize highly dynamic freeze-thaw processes. This new methodology allows for Ground Penetrating Radar to capture with high resolution the spatial and temporal changes within cryotic soils. This new technique lends itself to understanding the complexities of hydrological processes in cold regions. Frozen ground processes control, to a large extent, global and regional climates and hydrologic processes. For this work two full seasons of GPR data, winter freezing, spring thaw, summer and fall, have been collected. We are using this data to characterize the onset of freezing and the migration and dynamic changes of the frost zone. As well, interpretations of the velocity changes of the direct ground wave, gathered from common midpoint surveys during cryotic soil formation are also being used to qualitatively identify the presence of shallow ice. We are also tracking the migration and thickness of the frost table throughout the winter by identifying the reflectors produced from the transition between frozen and non-frozen soil.

696 - On the limitations of using the EM31 and EM38 frequency domain electromagnetic tools for electrical soundingsL.R. Bentley, F.A. Head & M.V. CallaghanUniversity of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

EM31 and EM38 frequency domain systems can be used to provide rapid spatial coverage of electrical conductivity of a field site. The depth-sen-sitivity profiles over a homogeneous half space vary with the instrument type, dipole orientation and elevation of the instrument with respect to the ground surface. In theory, inversion of several collocated measurements with different acquisition geometry, elevation and frequency should


allow the delineation of coarse depth conductivity profiles. We ran 6 collocated surveys over a salt-affected site with an EM38 in horizontal and vertical dipole orientation at ground level and an EM31 in horizontal and vertical dipole orientation at 45 cm and 115 cm above ground level. The different measurements had correlation coefficients between 0.82 and 0.98. A principal component analysis demonstrated that 94.1% and 4.9% of the variance was captured by the first component and second components respectively. This indicates that the 6 measurements only have enough independent information to determine two degrees of freedom in an inversion. Direct push electrical conductivity profiles are available at 16 locations. The correlation of the surface measurements with the conductivity at different depths showed that all 6 measurements were most sensitive to the zone between 2.0 and 2.5 m, which is the zone of highest salt concentration. The heterogeneity in subsurface conductivity has changed the sensitivity depth profiles of all acquisition orientations and frequencies because the high conductivity zone domi-nates the response of all orientations. Consequently, using collocated EM38 and EM31 surveys has limited ability to resolve vertical changes in conductivity in the presence of highly heterogeneous electrical conductivity distributions.

635 - Progress in geo-electrical methods for hydrogeological mapping?Niels Schrøder Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change - Roskilde University, Denmark

The progress in geo-electrical methods for hydrogeological mapping made in the last 100 years is reviewed and the drivers of the development are discussed. Initially, geo-electrical methods were primary used for prospection, and were normally followed by a drill hole, and a moment of truth. In later years the methods are more often used in connection with planning and the results are not tested in the same way. In Denmark this development is very obvious; a review has been given by Thomsen R, Søndergaard V, Sørensen K (2004): Hydrogeological mapping as a basis for establishing site-specific groundwater protection zones in Denmark. Hydrogeology Journal.vol.12. nr.5. Springer-Verlag 2004. This review shows that hydrogeological mapping has a great future in environmental planning. However it also concludes that - “it is time to do away with the old way of using geophysics”. The presented investigation tests this and concludes that the statement is premature.

884 - Assessing saltwater intrusion using electrical resistivity tomography and borehole geophysics in a coastal sandstone aquifer, New Brunswick, CanadaEric Mott & Karl ButlerDepartment of Earth Sciences – University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada

Hydrogeophysical methods, including 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) on surface and geophysical logging in boreholes, have helped to define the extent and mode of saltwater intrusion into a fractured, flat-lying sandstone aquifer and municipal wellfield located along New Brunswick’s low-lying east coast. ERT surveys along several lines, penetrating to approximately 100 m depth, have identified a high conductivity salt water wedge extending beneath the coast, but suggest that elevated salinities in the wellfield, nearly 1 km inland, are likely a consequence of saltwater upconing associated with pumping. Data from two diamond drill holes, cored and geophysically logged to depths of 60 and 90 m during the summer of 2011, are currently being analysed in attempt to (i) derive profiles of the variation in pore water salinity with depth, and (ii) reveal the strengths and weaknesses of ERT for saltwater intrusion investigations in a region considered to be typical of much of the eastern New Brunswick coastline. One challenge, related to geological heterogeneity in the Carboniferous fluvial depositional environment that created the aquifer, is the presence of thin beds of shale that are known to vary in thickness and occasionally pinch out laterally over distances on the order of 100 m or less. These shale layers - much more conductive that the sandstones they divide - are typically too thin to be properly resolved, leading to the potential for resistivity artifacts in ERT images that may be misinterpreted as anomalies in pore water salinity. Lab measurements of drill core resistivity are currently being carried out to determine the electrical formation factors required to estimate sandstone resistivity as a function of pore water salinity. Forward modelling is in turn being used to analyse the relative sensitivity of ERT to variations in pore water salinity and shale layer thickness at various depths.

347 - The vertical components of groundwater flow in multilayer aquifers as measured by a heat-pulse flowmeterMarco Petitta, Eva Pacioni, Chiara Sbarbati, Alessandro Lacchini, Valentina Marinelli Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra– Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, Italy

In order to verify the possible effects of heterogeneities on groundwater flowpaths, a heatpulse flowmeter was used to measure the vertical components of groundwater flow in piezometers and monitoring wells located in multilayered aquifers. Flowmeter tests were performed in


order to improve hydrogeological conceptual models; to inform multilevel hydrochemical and isotopic monitoring; and to assess the efficacy of a pump-and-treat system and in-situ vertical hydraulic barriers (physical barriers) on local groundwater flow. In multilayer porous aquifers, flowmeter tests were able to highlight the role of low-permeability layers which separate aquifers with different piezometric heads. It was pos-sible to verify the direction of groundwater flow through the aquitard, thereby evaluating the vulnerability of the deep aquifer, which is frequently characterized as being confined. At the same time, the efficiency of a multi-system groundwater remediation program has been verified. Testing showed that the flowpaths, below an impermeable barrier and controlled by human activities, were oriented towards pumping wells. Additional tests that were performed close to the pumping wells demonstrated that these withdrawals changed the magnitude of flow velocity and of direction of flow by enhancement of the hydraulic gradients. The possible influence of vertical groundwater flow on the vertical distribution of contaminants was also evaluated by considering dissolved chlorinated solvents in the multilayer alluvial aquifer. Finally, the evaluation of these vertical components has been applied to the calibration and validation of the numerical groundwater flow model; whereby the modelled results (calculated) were compared with the measured results.

805 - Seismic effects on aquifer properties – the intermediate-field response induced by the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake, central ItalyFrancesco La Vigna, Isadora Mariani, Massimo Mattei & Roberto Mazza Department of Geological Sciences - RomaTRE University, Rome, ItalyLiliana Minelli & Marco TalliniNational Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Rome, ItalyValentina CarucciWater, land and structures engineering department, L’Aquila University, L’Aquila, Italy

Using groundwater level data recorded by six piezometers in the Acque Albule Basin (Tivoli, central Italy) and in the Cornicolani Mountains (Pozzo del Merro shaft) the intermediate-field hydrological response to the 6th April 2009 L’Aquila earthquake (Mw 6.3) have been studied. The hydrogeological setting of the Tivoli area is characterised by two superimposed aquifers: a deep carbonate aquifer and a shallow travertine aquifer. It has been observed that the groundwater level started to decrease contemporary in five piezometers located in the Tivoli travertine quarry area exactly at the time of the L’Aquila earthquake occurrence, while there was a slight increase of the water level in the Pozzo del Merro karst lake located in the carbonate aquifer. A possible conceptual model to explain those variations is proposed, assuming that the variations in groundwater level are given by variation of permeability in the aquifers caused by the dynamic stress during the seismic wave passage.

sessIon tH2-A: groundWAter reCHArge IIThursday, September 20 • 14:00-15:45 • Strategy Room 1Chairs: Victor Heilweil, Ian Acworth

447 - Estimation of Groundwater Recharge Change at a Hungarian Test Site Using Environmental Isotope Measurements Peter Szucs, László KompárUniversity of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemvaros, HungaryLászló PalcsuInstitute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, HungaryJózsef DeákGWIS Plc., Dunakeszi, Hungary

A quantification of natural groundwater recharge was performed using environmental tracer techniques, mainly based on use of bomb peak tritium and the 3H/3He technique at suitable locations using multilevel wells in Hungary. A flow and transport model based on the MODFLOW and MT3DMS packages was built, which was calibrated by the measured tritium contents under the surface at different depths. The test area in Méntelek is located on the Great Hungarian Plain between the Danube and Tisza rivers. This area is a typical recharge area with nearly vertical groundwater flow. This is the reason why this place was first selected as a test area to demonstrate the applicability and reliability of the pro-


posed investigation. Tritium contents profile was measured here in 1998 in the course of drilling of a 24 m deep borehole at 11 different levels under the surface. As a next step, a transient model was created covering the 60-year-long time period between 1951 and 2010. Then, the transient tritium transport model was calibrated with the field data from 1998. Nearly perfect match with very low RMSE was achieved between the measured and simulated tritium data. As a result, the average groundwater recharge and the vertical dispersion behavior of the investigated subsurface layers were determined. The derived average groundwater recharge between 1951 and 1998 was 53 mm/year at the test site, and the vertical dispersivity is 0.03 m. The new tritium, 3He and 14C profile at four different depths in a well nest developed in this borehole was also measured in 2010. Based on these results, a new calibration was carried out to determine how the average recharge changed between 1998 and 2010. This is a significant result, because this new value can reflect whether there is a change in groundwater recharge due to climate change at the investigated region.

The described work was carried out as part of the TÁMOP-4.2.2/B-10/1-2010-0008 project in the framework of the New Hungarian Develop-ment Plan. The realization of this project is supported by the European Union, and co-financed by the European Social Fund.

816 - Rethinking rechargeDirk Kassenaar, Mason Marchildon & E.J. WexlerEarthfx Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada

Estimating groundwater recharge is a significant aspect of the water budget model development and calibration process. Estimates based simply on soil mapping or surficial geology assume that recharge is primarily infiltration rate limited. Lumped parameter surface water models are often too generalized. HRU-based models constructed with a limited number of combinations of surficial materials, vegetation, and land use cannot represent the spatial interactions that occur, despite the GIS processing that distributes the estimated recharge response. Recent simula-tions with high resolution fully distributed cell based models such as the USGS GSFLOW model suggest that topological and spatial relationships between materials, along with groundwater feedback, may be much more significant than previously thought.

The capability of GSFLOW to represent surficial processes on a higher resolution grid than the ground water system allows the detailed repre-sentation of topographic features such as hummocky topography, swales, and the geologic features that are evident in high resolution DEMs. The possibility that recharge can be focused in hummocky topography has long been suspected but fully distributed simulations indicate that the effect can be much greater than previous estimates. Similarly, new high resolution simulations with cascading overland flow indicate that runoff from lower permeability sediments to adjacent higher permeability sediments can produce significant recharge. This combination of topography and the spatial proximity of different geologic materials suggests that HRU based modelling approaches may be missing the key process of overland runoff from one material type to another. This spatial relationship is found in Southern Ontario where till uplands are frequently adjacent to beach deposits or permeable tunnel channel sediments. Further complicating the infiltration analysis is the depth to water table and possibility that Dunnian saturation excess processes may limit ground water recharge even in the high permeability sediments. In summary, recent simu-lations suggest that groundwater recharge should not be thought of as a one dimensional vertical process, but as a complex three dimensional process where topographical and spatial material relationships are significant factors.

580 - Clogging Identification and Control During Managed Aquifer RechargeRussell MartinAustralian Groundwater Technologies, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

Management of clogging, or plugging, is a key consideration for the long-term operability of any managed aquifer recharge scheme. Injection or infiltration rates can be severely hampered by the accumulation of suspended solids, biological growth, microbiological activity, geochemical reactions, dissolved or entrained air from turbulence, mobilization of interstitial clays and temperature differentials between the injected water and ambient groundwater. Causes of clogging can be divided into three principal processes:

1. Chemical which includes precipitation of elements such as iron or aluminum, gas binding, aquifer matrix dissolution or temperature variability.

2. Physical which includes suspended solids, migration of interstitial fines (e.g. illite or smectite clays), unintentional fracturing of the aquifer, or formation damage during well construction.

3. Biological which includes algae growth, iron oxidising bacteria or sulphate reducing bacteria.


Prevention is the most desirable and cost effective strategy to manage the potential for clogging and it starts with the selection of the drilling method and well or basin construction followed by detailed characterisation of the aquifer matrix, and classification of the source and receiving water composition. Controlling the source water quality by removing suspended solids, managing the pH or stripping any dissolved oxygen, are obvious starting measures but may only address perhaps 50% of the causes of potential clogging.

More often than not, multiple processes may be acting together to cause clogging. For example, gas entrainment may induce precipitation of iron which in turn stimulates an increase in iron oxidising bacteria numbers. What starts out as a simple air entrainment problem has the potential to develop into a major clogging issue driven by chemical and biological processes. Treatment of each individual cause may be re-quired; however, identification of the dominant cause may be difficult because the hydraulic response resulting from chemical precipitation or a buildup of suspended solids is similar. Monitoring the aquifer hydraulic response in the production and adjacent observation wells coupled with periodic analysis of selected analytes in the recovered water is one of the key management tools that can be used to identify the potential onset of clogging.

677 - Increasing Resilience of Groundwater Resources to Drought through Managed Aquifer RechargePeter J. Dillon, R. David G. Pyne, and Bridget R. ScanlonCSIRO Land and Water, Adelaide, Australia ASR Systems LLC, Gainesville, Florida, USABureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences, Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA

Decreasing per capita water storage in many regions because of rapidly rising population growth and greatly reduced construction of new dams during the past few decades has increased our vulnerability to drought. Here we show how managed aquifer recharge can be used to enhance drought resilience of groundwater resources using examples from the US and Australia. Managed aquifer recharge has been used in the Central Valley of California since the 1960s to store surface water from diversions from the humid north to the arid south in groundwater banks for use during droughts using recharge ponds. Storage in these banks has reached up to two cubic km and water has been extracted during droughts. Elsewhere in the US over 500 aquifer storage and recovery wells in 22 states are storing treated water in confined, semi-confined, and un-confined aquifers during times when excess water is available, for recovery from the same wells during droughts and emergencies. Twenty-six different applications of aquifer storage and recovery have been implemented to date. Storage aquifers are fresh, brackish, and saline at depths up to 900 m. In Canada, the Mannheim aquifer storage and recovery well field near Toronto has been operational for over ten years. Construction is about to begin at a second aquifer storage and recovery well field in British Columbia, for the Englishman River Water Service, Vancouver Island. Growth in applications is also occurring in Australia, primarily with treated storm water and sewage effluent. A preliminary evaluation of benefits and costs for routine water supplies and for strategic reserves will be included. Managed aquifer recharge can provide a valuable approach to manage water resources for climate extremes (floods and droughts) which are predicted to increase with climate change by storing surface water in aquifers during times of excess and withdrawing water during droughts.

306 - Artificial recharge assessment in salinized coastal aquifers: Comacchio case study (IT)Giambastiani B.M.S.1, Colombani N.1,2 & Mastrocicco M.1 1 Earth Sciences Department - University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy2 Earth Sciences, Geological and Environmental Department - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

Within the many solutions that have been investigated to solve the decrease in freshwater for coastal regions, Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) has been attracting an increasing interest as a mechanism to store and later supply an alternative water source for various uses. In salinized coastal systems, one of the main purposes of aquifer recharge is to use the freshwater as a barrier to prevent saltwater intrusion. The area that was investigated is a topographic depression located along the Adriatic coast (Italy), within the alluvial plain of the Po River. The coastal aquifer consists of unconsolidated Holocene sands, with intercalation of peat and silt. In this area, groundwater has undergone heavy salinization due to natural and anthropogenic factors. The study is based on monitoring data (groundwater samples, core logs, temperature and EC profiles) collected via multilevel sampling techniques in piezometers located a few meters from the canals. The hydrometric stages in the canals are artificially controlled by the drainage system and they are periodically varied based on the seasonal irrigation pattern. Multilevel pressure head


measurements highlight the presence of steep upward vertical gradients induced by the drainage system, which is used to reclaim the lowlands for agricultural purposes. This drainage causes the upward transport of salts due to the presence of hypersaline groundwater in the lowest portion of the aquifer. Results emphasize that salinization affects almost the entire aquifer. The complete salinization of the aquifer is prevented by the hydraulic conductivity that decreases from the top to the bottom of the aquifer, from natural recharge and by the induced infiltration of freshwater from the canals. These permeability features lead to a vertical separation of the aquifer into two zones, which roughly coincides with the fresh and saline groundwater zones. The artificial and natural recharge generate a fresher shallow zone (TDS < 1500 mg/l), 2.5 m to 4.5 m thick, which is influenced by the seasonal variation of the canal levels and precipitation. This study demonstrates the efficacy of MAR technology to significantly improve water quality and reduce saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers.

665 - Development of water quality guidance for managed aquifer recharge in India Devinder K. Chadha Global Hydrogeological Solutions, New Delhi, IndiaBhanu Neupane UNESCO, Paris, France Peter DillonCSIRO Water for a Healthy Country Flagship Program, Australia)

India is a world leader in the number of artificial recharge projects and the volume of water recharged. A number of recharge projects are being undertaken which have potential to impact on groundwater quality in wells used for drinking water supplies, so it is timely to consider formulating guidance to protect the health of people who use such wells as a drinking water source. An account should be taken of the potential for contamination by pathogens and trace organic chemicals frequently found in some sources of recharge water. Geochemical reactions may occur in replenished aquifers and mobilized metals could make water unsafe for drinking. In order to address these issues the Government of India has partnered with Australia’s CSIRO supported by AusAID. CSIRO has produced such guidelines for Australia, based on a risk assessment framework. However parts of these guidelines are impractical for India due to their appetite for water quality analyses, including for viruses and protozoa, which are unlikely to be available. The initial work, will develop a simpler approach that needs to be verified with field data at several managed aquifer recharge projects. This abstract is submitted on the basis that presentation of the paper is subject to consent of these organisations.

sessIon tH2-B: gW/sW InterACtIon VIThursday, September 20 • 14:00-15:45 • Strategy Room 2Chairs: Hillol Guha, Stefan Krause

486 - Locating groundwater discharge from fractured bedrock along the Eramosa River using infrared thermographyBrewster Conant Jr.1, Celia C. Kennedy2, Beth L. Parker3 1 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences - University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada 2 School of Environmental Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada3 School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada

Groundwater contributions to rivers play an important role in maintaining stream flow, water quality, and beneficial habitat for fish and fresh-water aquatic life. Geological heterogeneity implies delineating and identifying groundwater discharges to rivers can be difficult, but can also be especially challenging when the riverbed is fractured bedrock. Although numerous fractures may be visually apparent in the riverbed, it is difficult to determine which ones are hydraulically active and provide significant amounts of groundwater flow. Where temperature contrasts exist between surface water and groundwater, infrared thermography can use heat as a tracer to locate groundwater discharge areas. It was hypothesized that this method could be used to identify preferential discharge locations from fractures along a 12 km long stretch of the Eramosa River near Guelph, Ontario. In January 2012, a 2 hour long low-altitude aerial infrared thermography survey was performed using a helicopter; a hand held FLIR P25 infrared camera, and a visual video camera. Approximately 104 thermal anomalies and 79 possible anomalies


were identified along this reach of river where warmer groundwater (up to 5°C) was detected even though the air and river temperatures were about -5.3°C and 1.1°C, respectively. Anomalies were classified as: isolated or multiple seeps and springs; warm or cold tributaries and side channels; subaqueous springs; and surface water thermal plumes. Key groundwater discharge locations were identified and spatial patterns recognized with respect to which reach and side of the river seemed to be contributing more groundwater. The images showed some discharges were along fractures, but most anomalies will require ground based inspections to identify specific fractures. The ability of the survey to identify subaqueous springs was limited and very few were found because only temperatures of surfaces can be determined (i.e., it cannot see down into the water). Most groundwater discharged as shoreline seeps and springs. The infrared survey proved to be a very efficient, economical, and useful reconnaissance tool for identifying surficial expressions of groundwater discharges and locating potential areas for further investigation of groundwater discharge, water quality sampling, or fisheries habitat studies.

548 - Groundwater-surface water interactions in urban streamsAndreas Musolff, Jan FleckensteinDepartment of Hydrogeology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Leipzig, GermanyMichael RadkeDepartment of Applied Environmental Science - ITM Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Urban land use and anthropogenic activities put enormous pressure on the quantity and quality of urban water resources. One major challenge is the variety of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from different wastewater sources. Urban streams are acute receivers of PPCP by wastewater treatment plant inputs as well as by intermittent combined sewer overflows (CSOs). This pollution is part of a general deterioration of urban streams described as the “urban stream syndrome”. Urban streams are typically characterized by “flashier” hydrographs as a result of more direct runoff. Moreover, channel structure and complexity are often impaired compared to pristine streams. Due to the altered channel morphology the potential for bedform-driven water flow into the streambed is reduced. The advective transport of oxygen in the streambed is of great importance for the hyporheic fauna and may facilitate the degradation of organic pollutants such as PPCPs. On the other hand, the flashy hydrograph induces fast changes of hydraulic gradients and thus may enforce water exchange between stream and stream-bed. In this work we evaluate the effect of rapid changes of hydraulic gradients during CSO events on the transport and retention of PPCPs in an urban stream and the exchange with the adjacent groundwater. The studied urban stream is frequently polluted by CSOs from an urban watershed. Vertical hydraulic gradients and streambed electrical conductivity (EC) clearly show the switch from gaining to losing conditions during CSO-induced high stream stages. Large events lead to a rapid propagation of stream water into the adjacent aquifer as evidenced by a drop of EC in downstream wells. By the use of automated samplers temporally high resolving samples from the stream water under low flow conditions and over the course of CSO events were taken and analyzed with a focus on pharmaceuticals such as metoprolol, carbamazepine and diclofenac. Concentrations and mass fluxes are compared between low flow and event flow taking different stream reaches into account. Our results indicate that hydraulic gradient changes in urban streams induce intense exchange fluxes between the stream and streambed and may compensate some of the negative consequences of degraded channels with impaired bedform-driven flow.

338 - Cost versus accuracy of field methods to assess groundwater discharge to streamsRichard Evans1, Peter Cook2 & Roger Cranswick2

1 SKM, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia2 NCGRT, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

Throughout Australia, connected river and aquifer systems are often managed as independent resources and hence surface water and ground-water are accounted for independently. This approach can result in double accounting with the same parcel of water being accounted for twice. A few detailed studies in individual catchments have been undertaken in Australia to measure surface water groundwater interaction. However, it is difficult to extrapolate results to other catchments. This project aims to develop a practical and moderately priced methodology for assessing the range of levels of connection between groundwater and river systems, both in a spatial and temporal context, so that the methodology can be broadly applied.

All the methods discussed are considered to be effective in estimating the groundwater discharge component of river flow. The difference be-tween them is the accuracy of the result and the cost which is required to conduct the assessment. The project compared estimates of surface water–groundwater exchange derived using flow differences, hydraulic gradient analysis, hydrograph baseflow separation and comparison of surface water and groundwater chemistry. A method of baseflow separation using river salinity data, referred to as the Tracer method, is


considered the most accurate of low cost methods based on field trials conducted in the ten catchments in eastern Australia and as such, has been used as the means of comparing the accuracy of other methods. The tracer method involves monitoring changes in tracer concentration (usually salinity) over time to determine changes in the relative proportion of surface runoff and groundwater inflow. The calculation is very sensitive to the end member values applied.

For low value groundwater and surface water systems, a groundwater balance method may be applied. Based on the ten catchments studied in this project, the accuracy of this approach averaged approximately 210% (i.e. there is a large difference between the baseflow estimate derived from a water balance assessment and that derived from the tracer method). For catchments with moderate value water resources, baseflow separations using the Tracer method and Lyne and Hollick statistical filter method are recommended. These methods are based on a continuous historical record of river flow and salinity data at a river gauge, and allow the proportion of groundwater in river flow to be calculated at any point in time. Catchments with high value water resources should implement a number of methods to assess surface water–groundwater interaction at a range of temporal and spatial scales. Recommended approaches would include baseflow separations using the Tracer and Lyne and Hollick Filter methods complemented with run of river sampling methods.

516 - Assessment of potential effects of contaminated groundwater discharge to an urban streamJ.W. Roy, L. Grapentine, P. Gillis, G. BickertonNational Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada

Groundwater in urban areas can be contaminated by a wide range of substances from a variety of point and non-point sources, which can be considered a form of diffuse urban pollution. Where this groundwater discharges to urban streams, concentrations of these contaminants in the benthic and hyporheic sediments are expected be elevated above those found in the surface water for long periods of time, and may often occur in mixtures. The ecological impacts of these groundwater-sourced contaminants on the sediment-based portion of the aquatic ecosystem have not received substantial interest to date, perhaps in part due to the complexity of the hydrological and ecological systems, and the multi-disci-plinary nature of the problem. In this study we look at various approaches to assessing such impacts for an urban stream reach in Nova Scotia, which is exposed to chlorinated solvents, petroleum hydrocarbons, metals, and chlorides in groundwater. The ecological risk posed by these contaminants was assessed through i) comparison of sampled groundwater concentrations to aquatic life guidelines, ii) comparison to specific toxicity tests for a groundwater-appropriate benthic organism, iii) in situ toxicity tests with caged Hyalella azteca, and iv) in situ community composition comparisons across contaminant gradients, accounting also for other habitat variables, for both surficial macroinvertebrate and hyporheic invertebrate communities. Results from the various approaches will be presented, with all approaches suggesting the groundwater contaminants are having some detrimental impacts on this stream reach. Details on the implementation and the limitations of each approach will also be discussed.

770 - Using the discrete fracture network approach to characterize groundwater and surface water interactions in the bedrock streambed of the Eramosa RiverCelia Kennedy1, Beth Parker2, John Cherry3 and Brewster Conant Jr.4

1 School of Environmental Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada 2, 3 School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada4 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences - University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada

Bedrock rivers are a common occurrence, but how groundwater interacts with surface water flowing on a bedrock streambed is not well understood. Understanding the distribution of groundwater discharge fluxes into a bedrock river and seasonal variations in gaining and losing conditions will aid in the understanding of how groundwater discharge moderates surface water temperatures and influences the hydrology and ecology of the river. To better understand the influence of fractured bedrock on these kinds of rivers, a 12-km reach of the Eramosa River (Guelph, Ontario) is being investigated. The river is underlain by a densely-fractured dolostone bedrock aquifer containing karst solution channels and the role of those conduits in the groundwater discharge-recharge is being investigated with a variety of methods. Using temperature as a natural tracer, low-altitude infrared thermography (IR) and streambed drag-probe surveys are being performed as reconnaissance tools to identify and locate hydraulically-active fractures discharging groundwater into this bedrock (river) and select locations for more detailed study.


It is hypothesized that the discrete fracture network (DFN) approach, then, can be used to characterize the fracture network and determine the importance of specific fracture locations on the inputs of groundwater and chemical constituents into the river. Small-diameter vertical and an-gled coreholes will be drilled in the bedrock along the shore using portable drills to determine geologic heterogeneity and logs will be produced that include fracture depth and orientation, obtained using geophysical methods. Hydraulically-active fractures will be identified using multi-level instrumentation with impermeable flexible liners that permit the measurement of temperature and the calculation of Darcy fluxes at discrete test intervals along the corehole. These measurements will help identify and quantify contributions to baseflow before and after rainfall events and the influence of wellfield pumping. Spatial and temporal sampling of environmental isotopes and monitoring of electrical conductivity in water will augment water level measurements and other hydraulic findings to infer changes in flow behaviour within the hydrogeological network and reveal the relative age of groundwater inputs.

689 - Determination of nutrient threshold values relevant to groundwater-dependent terrestrial ecosystems (GWDTEs) in IrelandKimberley, S.1, Coxon, C.1, Craig, M. 2 and Schutten, J.3

1 School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland2 Environmental Protection Agency, Richview, Dublin 14, Ireland3 Scottish Environmental Protection Agency, Stirling, Scotland

Groundwater-dependent terrestrial ecosystems (GWDTEs) are wetlands that are ecologically dependent on groundwater contributions. The European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD) (2000/60/EC) recognises the ecological significance of groundwater inputs to wetlands and promotes assessment of the effects of groundwater pressures on associated GWDTEs. Groundwater bodies must be classified as ‘good’ or ‘poor’ status and classification involves an evaluation of the impacts on different receptors from both water quality and quantitative pressures. This paper focuses on the application of chemical status tests relevant to GWDTEs identified as at risk from nutrient inputs.

Threshold values are stringent groundwater quality standards that, when exceeded, trigger further investigation into the links between the groundwater body and GWDTE. In Ireland, there are currently no proposed threshold values relevant to GWDTEs. Calcareous fens and turloughs (temporary lakes fed by karst groundwater) are the two most commonly occurring GWDTE types in Ireland. In the case of calcareous fens, we are applying an approach developed by the UK Technical Advisory Group on the WFD to determine threshold values. This approach involves establishing hydrogeological connections between calcareous fens and the drinking water and groundwater quality monitoring network. Further work will, inter alia, group calcareous fens with hydrogeologically linked monitoring points into ‘good’ and ‘poor’ ecological condition and exam-ine the associated ranges of groundwater nutrients. Previous ecohydrogeological studies of twenty-two turloughs have been used to determine relevant threshold values for these GWDTE. A recent finding of these studies indicates that phosphorus is the key driver of ecological productivity in turlough floodwaters, which significantly refines the focus for the determination of threshold values for this GWDTE type.

262 - A groundwater perspective on hotspots of hyporheic nitrogen cycling in lowland riversStefan Krause1, Matthias Munz2 & Christina Tecklenburg3 1 University of Birmingham, School for Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK2 Institute for Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany3 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ – German Research Centre form Geoscience, Potsdam, GermanyTheresa Blume3, Andrew Binley4

3 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ – German Research Centre form Geoscience, Potsdam, Germany4 Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster UK

The mixing of groundwater and surface water can have substantial impact on the transformation of nitrogen transported between aquifer and river. This study combines experimental and model-based investigations of physical drivers and chemical controls of nitrogen transport and transformation across the streambed passage of two UK lowland rivers. It combines in-stream geophysical exploration techniques, multi-level mini-piezometer networks, active and passive heat tracing methods (including fibre-optic distributed temperature sensing - FO-DTS) for iden-tifying hyporheic exchange fluxes and residence time distributions with multi-scale approaches of hyporheic pore-water sampling and reactive tracers for analysing the patterns of streambed redox-conditions and chemical transformation rates.

The analysis of hyporheic pore water from nested multi-level mini-piezometers and passive gel probe samplers revealed significant spatial


variability in streambed redox-conditions and concentration changes of nitrogen species, dissolved oxygen and bio-available organic carbon. Hot spots of increased nitrate attenuation were identified beneath semi-confining peat lenses in the streambed of the investigated lowland river. The intensity of concentration changes underneath the confining peat pockets correlated with the state of anoxia in the pore water as well as the supply of organic carbon and hyporheic residence times. In contrast, at locations where flow inhibiting peat layers were absent or disrupted - fast exchange between aquifer and river caused a break-through of nitrate without significant concentration changes along the hyporheic flow path. FO-DTS was applied for identifying exchange flow patterns between groundwater and surface water in dependency of streambed structural heterogeneity and for delineating the location and extend of flow inhibiting structures as indicators of streambed reactivity hot spots.

Model simulations of coupled groundwater and surface water flow indicated that ignoring the increased reactivity in hyporheic streambed hotspots would lead to substantial under- or over-prediction of nitrate fluxes between aquifer and stream with potentially critical implications for river management and restoration.

sessIon tH2-C: groundWAter & deVeloPMent - WAter & sAnItAtIon ProJeCtsThursday, September 20 • 14:00-15:45 • Strategy Room 3Chairs: Michael Campana, Cathy Ryan, Alan MacDonald

511 - The role of hydrogeological science in African water supply and sanition programmesA.M. MacDonaldGroundwater Science, British Geological Survey, Edinburgh, UKR.C. CalowWater Policy Programme, Overseas Development Institute, London UK

Africa lags behind the rest of the world in achieving international targets for access to safe water and sanitation services, with more than 300 million people without access to an improved water supply and 600 million without adequate sanitation. Therefore, there is renewed emphasis to scale up programs to increase coverage. Improved water supplies generally rely on the development of groundwater; and sanitation programs and depend on the ability of the subsurface to assimilate waste. However, despite the important role of groundwater, hydrogeology and hydro-geologists are rarely given due consideration in planning, implementing and appraising these programs.

Here we discuss what hydrogeological science can contribute to water supply and sanitation (WASH) programs, illustrated using examples from several programs across Africa. We propose a framework to help prioritise the involvement of hydrogeologists and the role of groundwater science in improving WASH and making interventions more cost effective and sustainable. The same level of hydrogeological expertise is not required in all areas, but should be targeted to where the impact will be greatest. However, to make a decision on the level of expertise needed for a program requires the contribution from a hydrogeologist early in the planning cycle. The important role of hydrogeological and hydro-chemical mapping and resource evaluation in planning programs is discussed using examples from Nigeria and Ethiopia. Different methods for groundwater exploration are discussed using a recent program in northern Ghana. The role of hydrogeologists in overseeing construction is illustrated from a world bank project in Ethiopia to assess levels of corruption in rural water supply. Hydrogeological science also has a crucial role in researching future opportunities and issues as a result of climate change, population growth, and food insecurity.

Hydrogeologists clearly have much to offer WASH programs. To be most effective hydrogeology should be communicated effectively and in a manner that is easily integrated into existing programs. Hydrogeologists should also accept that there are some areas where employing modern hydrogeological techniques will not be cost effective and concentrate on the areas where they can best add value.

789 - A Fresh Approach to a Traditional Problem of Providing AidOlmsted, LaurraUniWater Education Limited, Calgary, Alberta, Canada,Darling, Bruce (PhD)Southwest Groundwater Consulting, LLC, Austin, Texas, USA


It is becoming more widely known that traditional forms of aid from developed countries in the water and sanitation sector (WATSAN) does not have the desired effect. Billions of dollars have been spent in sub Saharan Africa (SSA) in an attempt to curb the water crisis that threatens millions of people every day, yet after several decades of throwing money at this problem, access to safe drinking water eludes these people. It is time to try a different approach.

In examining the reasons why aid has failed, one must look at the root causes for this situation. If one looks at the effects of colonization, the Cold War, and ensuing independence of these nations from their colonial masters, it is possible to see how native Africans have been stripped of their culture. This lack of a background of ethics and heritage has lead to the corruption that is rampant in the governments of the past three decades. A lack of quality leadership is a result of a void in the education streams created when cutbacks in government spending were imposed by foreign lending institutions.

The political instability of SSA countries is a main restrictor on moving forward in development of these countries. When coups d’état occur and a country is insecure, it is impossible for any kind of aid to succeed. However, when there is a willingness to participate in a democratic process, where there is respect for sustainable practises of resource development, and where there is peace, there can be hope for the future. Africans need to rebuild their culture with the assistance of the international community. They need to find the strength from within to rebuild their nations, and to realize that they, as a people, are capable of solving their own problems. The international community needs to support efforts in raising the bar for them.

UniWater Education Limited is a new NGO that has evolved with this paradigm. It has initiated a collaborative effect to get universities, industry, NGOs, multilateral funding partners and governments to work together to increase the number of master-level hydrogeology programs being taught in SSA. Recognizing that African people generally do not travel to neighbouring countries, it is necessary to have the programs made accessible to them. The program is one-year in duration and focuses on applied water resources as it pertains to drinking water. There is a large gap between the need and number of professionals in the science and technology sector, and providing educational programs relating to water resources will help to build the capacity of this region. The goal is to start several new programs each year. If successful, this initiative will contribute to African nationals finding the solutions to their own water crises.

541 - Groundwater Development on the Embera Indian Comarca, Southern Darién Province, PanamaMichael E. CampanaOregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

The Embera Indians of Panama’s remote southern Darién Province face daunting challenges with respect to safe drinking water. The isolation of their villages (near the Colombian border, with no roads to the outside world) exacerbates their plight. To assist the Embera in their efforts to acquire potable water and the knowledge to obtain it themselves, a team from Lifewater International (www.lifewater.org) was invited to assess the situation, make recommendations and, if feasible, initiate training for the Embera in well drilling, well completion, and pump installation and repair. A survey trip revealed that a potable groundwater supply was likely, and a team subsequently raised $30,000 to acquire materials and ship them to the comarca (reservation) including: a portable drilling rig, tools, mud pump, drilling mud, cement, 500 feet (150 m) of 4inch (10 cm) ID PVC pipe, three hand pumps, and two submersible pumps. After the materials had been shipped, a four-man team (Loring Green, Robert Jarrett, Craig Woodring, and Michael E. Campana) from Lifewater spent two weeks training a six-man Embera team how to: operate and main-tain the LS-100, a small, portable mud-rotary drilling rig manufactured by Lone Star Drill Bit Company (www.lonestarbit.com); complete wells; and emplace hand pumps and small electric submersible pumps. During the training, the Embera team successfully completed two wells in two villages, and two of the Embera team members rapidly acquired facility in the operation and maintenance of the LS-100. After the completion of the trip, the team planned a another training trip to focus on pump manufacture and marketing; however, the Colombian civil war intervened, spilling over into the southern Darién Province and rendering the region unsafe not only for the Lifewater team, but also for the Embera. Recently, a member of the Lifewater team established contact with the Embera and learned that their team and equipment are still functioning after over ten years. However, the initial success has caused a doubling of the population in the aforementioned villages and now the wells supply insufficient water. The presentation will conclude with an assessment of lessons learned and advice to those who wish to undertake water and sanitation projects in remote regions of developing countries.


851 - Hydrogeologists Without Borders: Connecting Hydrogeologists with DevelopmentDavid N. Bethune1, M.Cathryn Ryan1 & John CherryDepartment of Geoscience - University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Michael Campana, Bernadette Conant, Catherine Main

A new non-profit organization Hydrogeologists Without Borders (HWB; www.hwbwater.org) has been created to connect the profession of hydro-geology to the international development community focused on assisting marginalized people of the world. Hydrogeology is a key component of development as groundwater has gradually become the most important source of water supply in most of the developing world. This trend is predicted to continue in the coming decades due to population pressures, the limitations of surface water-based supplies and climate change impacts. HWB was incorporated in Canada in 2008, registered as a Canadian Charity in 2010 and formed a Board of Directors in 2011. HWB’s mandate is to strengthen developing countries’ capacity in hydrogeology, as well as that of the many water organizations involved in water projects around the world. The primary type of water projects undertaken by such agencies focus on water supply and sanitation (WATSAN) and such projects have suffered as they have not been based on sound hydrogeologic practices in activities such as the construction of water wells and latrines, or assessing the impacts of climate change and watershed management. Initial HWB efforts have employed a two-pronged approach based on1) supporting longer-term capacity development efforts and 2) addressing more immediate needs for hydrogeologic assis-tance. HWB will focus on a strategic niche, not as the management lead for implementing water projects, but instead will provide a critical and underrepresented technical support role to ensure sound hydrogeology is incorporated into projects and development so that aid organizations, governments or others are strengthened in the ability to deliver water projects more effectively and with greater benefit. HWB will support the development of new hydrogeology technologies that are appropriate for developing countries. HWB also will help build hydrogeology capacity in developing countries through support to hydrogeology graduate programs, students and professors in developing countries. This presentation will include HWB’s newly developed mandate and mission statement, and seeks input and advice from the hydrogeology community. We also welcome new volunteers who wish to get involved and help a world that increasingly needs hydrogeologists.

812 - Origin of Springs on Mountain Slopes and Implications for Small Water SuppliesJ.A. Cherry, A. Pierce, B.L. Parker & R. IngletonSchool of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph ON, CanadaD. ChitwoodPartners in Hope, Kunming, Yunnan, China

Many tens of millions of people in developing countries obtain their drinking water supply from springs or seeps where bedrock groundwater discharges to the surface. Nearly all mountains are formed of bedrock and typically, springs and seeps form where groundwater from fractures discharges at the surface. Bacterial contamination of these water supplies is common because of their proximity to human and animal wastes. This presentation examines the geologic and hydrologic nature of mountain springs and seeps with emphasis on surface features and those hydrogeologic characteristics most prone to result in bacterial contamination.

Conceptual models for springs and seeps were based on literature review and study of more than a hundred springs/seeps on the slopes of a sandstone mountain in southern California and numerical modeling of groundwater flow. Numerical models (equivalent porous media) for steady state groundwater flow were used to show the influences of topography (i.e., water table shape) and geologic (permeability distributions) on the paths of the water discharging at springs. This demonstrates how the water issuing from a spring is typically a mixture of shallow (young) and deeper (older) groundwater and why wells for drinking water drilled at springs or seeps need to avoid the shallow groundwater flow in order to be much less likely of having bacterial contamination. Recent developments in the understanding of the nature of fracture networks and ground-water flow in these networks, based on field studies in several different types of bedrock in North America, provide a conceptual framework for a strategy to create small wells in bedrock. In this strategy, the wells to replace water from contaminated springs need not be right at the spring if locations elsewhere are more suitable for proximity to the village or avoidance of animal and/or human wastes. A discrete fracture network (DFN) numerical model is used along with field data from bedrock to show how, depending on the nature of the rock, wells intersecting fractures in bedrock can be expected to yield sufficient flow or useful water supply to small villages.

This study provides insights concerning methods and designs appropriate for creation of small water supply wells in villages on mountain slopes in developing countries to minimize potential for contamination which is the next stage in this project


sessIon tH2-d: KArst AQuIFers, enVIronMentAl ProBleMs And gloBAl CHAnge IIThursday, September 20 • 14:00-15:45 • Strategy Room 5Chairs: Daryl Cowell, John Gunn

898 - A Schematic Carbon Sink Model in Karst Rocky Desertification Controlling AreasXiao Shizhen1,2, Xiong Kangning2 & Zhang Hui21 School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing City, China2 Institute of South China Karst, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China

Atmospheric CO2 concentrations increased from ~280 ppm before the industrial revolution to over 393 ppm in 2012. Continental carbon sinks

are assumed to lie in the terrestrial biosphere, karstification system etc. The karst process and its carbon sink will be changed after the control measures are taken in karst rocky desertification areas, where a special kind of land degradation process happen that soil is eroded seriously, bedrock is widely exposed, carrying capability of land declines, and ultimately, landscapes appear similar to desert under unreasonable human impacts on the vulnerable karst ecological environment. It is a serious problem in the broad karst areas in southern China with great importance to the central government. They planned to control 7×104 km2 untill 2015, 3×104 km2 of which have been finished including closing hillsides to facilitate forestation, economic trees forestation, ecological shelter forestation, grass growing, grass land meliorating, stock raising development, basic farmlands construction and water utilization and storage engineering etc. In order to calculate the carbon sink sequestrated in the process and reveal the carbon sequestration effect of the karst rocky desertification control, a schematic carbon sink model is necessary. Through many years’ experiences on rocky desertification control research and practice, a schematic carbon sink model was established showing the carbon flux in rocky desertification controlling areas. It was found that: 1) the schematic carbon sink structure is different including both surface and underground binary structure; they are closely connected by soil; 2) there are both carbon sink and carbon sources factors in the desertification controlling process, the former of which includes the rehabilitation of forests and grass, the adjustment of rural energy structure etc and the later includes deforestation and fertilization etc; and 3) the amount and transfer of water from the surface to underground systems plays the most important role in connecting the rocky desertification control and the karst process and its carbon sequestration mechanisms. The schematic model is very important for calculating the carbon sequestration through the karst rocky desertification control and researching how to enhance the carbon sink in karst areas.

241 - The Relation Between Dissolved Oxygen and other Physicochemical Properties in Barton Springs, Central TexasBarbara J. Mahler1 and Renan Bourgeais2

1 U.S. Geological Survey, Austin, Texas, USA, 2 Agence de l’eau Seine Normandie, France

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a critical component of karst water quality and is necessary for the health and reproduction of aquatic biota at karst springs. To better understand the relation between DO and other physicochemical properties, 6 years of daily DO data collected during January 2004–September 2010 from Barton Springs in Austin, Tex., were analyzed. Barton Springs is the only known habitat of the endangered Barton Springs salamander, Eury-cea sosorum, whose probability of survival decreases by 50% at a DO concentration of less than 3.4 mg/L. For the 6 years examined, DO ranged from 4.0 to 8.5 mg/L. A two-segment multiple linear regression model was developed using DO, spring discharge (Q), and temperature (T), with a breakpoint of Q=70 ft3/s separating the segments of the model. Q explained most of the variability in DO when Q was less than 70 ft3/s (positive correlation with Q) (r2=0.88), and T explained most of the variability in DO when Q was greater than 70 ft3/s (inverse correlation) (r2=0.67). When only the data collected after a change to an optical DO sensor (November 2006) were considered, an improved relation between DO and a combination of Q and T was obtained when Q was more than 70 ft3/s (r2=0.86). The relations between DO, Q, and T did not hold, however, in the hours to days following storm recharge. For example, DO was observed to increase by as much as 55% in 18 hours following one storm, and was closely correlated with turbidity and specific conductance, indicating that simple mixing with recharging surface water likely controls the DO concentration. These results indicate that species that depend on sufficient amounts of DO in Barton Springs for survival, such as the Barton Springs salamander, might be under increased stress if discharge decreases, temperature increases, or other processes that reduce DO concentrations intensify.


433 - Diurnal variations of hydrogeochemistry in a karst stream in Guancun, Guangxi, SW China and the effect of diel biogeochemical processesJinliang Wang & Cheng ZhangKarst Dynamics Laboratory, Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS, Guilin, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guiyang, China; Zhaoli ShenSchool of Water Resources & Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China

Diel biogeochemical processes have important effects on the aquatic chemistry of karst rivers with the uptake/release of CO2 from/into water.

The Guancun stream, a typical karst spring fed stream with a length of 1.35 km located in Guangxi Province, SW China, was monitored during 21~26 August, 2011. The source (spring), the middle (Guancun) and the end (Leiya) of the stream were chosen to monitor water temperature (T), pH, specific conductivity (SpC), dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration with a time interval of 5 minutes using a YSI 6920 multi-parameter meter. Water samples were collected hourly with ISCO auto-sampler. Alkalinity and calcium ion concentration were titrated in situ. It was found that during the monitoring period, all the parameters of the source (spring) were stable, while the pH, T, SpC, DO, DIC, and δ13C of Guancun and Leiya showed significant diel variations. During daytimes, due to aquatic photosynthesis, pH and DO increase with the temperature. At 2 pm, pH, DO and T reached their highest values, and then declined continuously till the next morning. The peak of SpC lagged a few hours. The difference in concentrations of DIC and DO between Guancun and Leiya showed the effects of aquatic plants on water quality. During night time, respiration effecting the SpC at Leiya was higher than the spring, which indicated that the respiration of aquatic system became the main cause of the hydrochemical change. In addition, the dry weather caused higher SpC and DO and the rainy weather gave lower values. The diurnal cycles of δ13C-DIC, SIc (Saturation Index of calcite), DO and pCO

2 (partial pressure of CO

2) caused by diel biogeochemical process showed that

the effect of air-water exchange was overwhelmed by photosynthesis and respiration.

258 - Interpretation of water temperature and electric conductivity measurements in the profile of the Krásnohorská jaskyňa Cave underground stream Peter Malík, Jaromír Švasta & Miloš GregorDepartment of Hydrogeology, Geothermal Energy and Environmental Geochemistry, Štátny geologický ústav Dionýza Štúra – Geological Survey of Slovak Republic, Bratislava, SlovakiaDagmar HaviarováSlovak Cave Administration – ŠOP SR, Správa slovenských jaskýň; Liptovský Mikuláš, Slovakia

Longitudinal profile measurement of specific electric conductivity (resistivimetry) and water temperature (thermometry) were performed along the karstic underground stream in the Krásnohorská jaskyňa cave (Slovenský kras Mts.) on Oct. 13, 2009. The discharge of the stream outlet to the ground surface, Buzgó spring, was nearly on its absolute minimum and (as regularly monitored since 1958), the air temperature in the cave near the entrance was 9.2 °C. Measurements were applied with the step of 1.0 meter in the streamline of active flow or (if wider than 1.0 meter), along its left and right side, 20 cm aside the stream-bank. Interpretation of measurement’s results is supposed to be helpful in the cases of identification of hidden tributaries into the main stream, but also in detection of cases of water communication with the ground surface. This simple, but very sensitive method in addition to the documented visible inflows enabled the subdivision of the cave passages, according to their hydraulic connection with the rock environment, into hydraulically isolated karst channels and intensely tectonically disrupted zone, with the significant hydraulic drainage function.

Two contrasting sections of hydraulic communication between the watercourse and the rock environment here (isolated karst channel and the disturbed rock environment) were detected by the measurements. For the first approximately 300 meters of watercourse is the cave, no anomalous water temperatures or specific electric conductivity (EC) values were found. This suggests that the first part is hydraulically isolated and do not gain any significant hidden groundwater inflow. The second section is not only morphologically, but also hydraulically different. In this area, the rock environment is obviously more tectonically disrupted, as is evident not only from the cave morphology. Strong anomalies of EC and water temperature were documented, indicating the additional (hidden) groundwater surpluses in the form of percolation into the main underground stream. Mixing of hydrogeochemically contrasting groundwater types also affects the equilibrium in solution and probably starts the subsequent precipitation of the increased amounts of mass accumulated in dripstones here.


1059 - Hydrogeological Evaluation of Mine Waste Facilities in High-Mountain Karst Terrain – Lessons Learned from the Peruvian Andes

David Evans & Nico GoldscheiderMWH PeruKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Applied Geosciences (AGW), Division of Hydrogeology, Karlsruhe, Germany

The Andes have resulted from the subduction of the oceanic Nazca plate underneath the South American continent, causing volcanic activity, uplift, folding and faulting of mainly marine and near-shore sediments. Most of Peru’s metal ore deposits are located at high elevations within a narrow car-bonate-rock belt extending over 2000 km in length. Many of the limestone formations are karstified and characterized by high recharge and percolation rates, well-developed subsurface drainage and complex flow patterns. Mine tailings and waste rock facilities are preferably located close to the mine and processing operations and are often underlain, at least partially, by potentially karstic limestone. Mining companies prefer to place mine waste in unlined basins when it can be shown that “natural hydraulic containment” will limit seepage to environmentally acceptable levels. Such a demonstration relies on detailed geological and hydrogeological investigations and the development of sound conceptual groundwater flow models. Investigations can cost millions of dollars and include detailed surface mapping, speleology, geophysics, drilling, hydraulic testing, piezometer installations, and tracer testing. Investigations are typically focused on fault zones within limestone formations with high karstification potential which could hydraulically connect the waste facilities to adjacent valleys. The depth of karstification is greatly influenced by the bedding dip and faulting intensity. Detailed 3D geological and numerical seepage models are used to predict seepage and environmental risk although simulating the effect of the channel network is often challenging. Sensitivity analysis is commonly needed in order to account for the hydrogeological complexities inherent in karstic and fractured rock environments. At a number of modern mine developments, engineering measures have been implemented to limit seepage rates and mitigate the risk of impacts to groundwater resources. These have been shown to be successful, and, although intricate and costly, cost-beneficial over the long run. This paper discusses karst hydrogeology of the Peruvian Andes, lessons learned during more than ten years of site characterization, predictive modelling and monitoring, and engineering solutions to reduce risks associated with storing mine waste in complex hydrogeological settings.

404 - Hydrogeochemical and isotopic description of ground and superficial water in El Cajon Hydroelectric power plant. (Honduras, C.A)Sigfrido Sandoval1, Eva Soto1 & Tirza ContrerasENEE, Honduras1 Chemistry Laboratory & Department of Hydrogeology – ENEE, El Cajón, Santa Cruz de Yojoa, Cortes, Honduras

The El Cajon hydroelectric power plant is located in the central part of Honduras. It is managed by three key departments and is the most important project in the country, generating 300 MW. The reservoir has an area of 8600 km2. The geology of the area comprises limestone and volcanic rocks. Several years ago the civil engineering department observed infiltration of water in the right hand side of the dam where the galleries are not concrete filled. As a result, in 2007 the ENEE began a project with the support of the OEIA entitled “Filtrations in the El Cajon Reservoir”. The main objective of the study was to determine the origin of the infiltrating water using use hydrochemical and isotope techniques. The investigation involved water samples from piezometers and hydrometers across the dam and the chemical/isotopic analyses were used to differentiate the primary water groups. The results showed that the water in the right hand side galleries belongs to the reservoir, while data from the lower dam elevation indicate a different source of water, probably associated with the regional aquifer.

169 - Threats to the coastal tufa deposits of south–west Western AustraliaRyan Vogwill1&2, Matt Forbes2 & Kim Onton2

1 University of Western Australia 2 Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation, Technology Park West, Kensington Perth

Located in the south–west coastal zone of Western Australia are numerous tufa deposits, occurring at sites of modern and ancient groundwater discharge. These sites are registered nationally as Threatened Ecological Communities (TEC) due to their high biodiversity value and the threat posed by anthropogenic activities. The tufa deposits occur where karst aquifers directly overlie granitic material and groundwater discharge occurs proximal to the geological contact near the coast.


Depositional facies, mineralogy, elemental chemistry and water quality were investigated for five key deposits. Two conceptual environmental models are identified. The first, the cascade to barrage pool model is associated with coastal waterfall zones, the second, a perched spring-line and barrage pool model is located predominantly in the supratidal zone. Tufa morphology, texture, mineral composition and elemental chemistry vary within and between sites. Both phytoclast and lithoclast (allochthonous), and phytoherm forms of tufa are identified depending on location within the facies. Calcite, and to a lesser extent, aragonite and Mg-calcite dominate tufa mineralogy, with diagenetic modifications apparent. Tufa pool water chemistry is generally Na–Cl–HCO3 dominated; however, Na–Cl concentrations increase at sites situated within the supratidal zone.

Currently the threat posed by anthropogenic activities to these deposits is increasing nutrient levels in spring waters from agricultural land use within the catchments. One site has experienced these impacts with pest algal species competing with the tufa building species and this could spread to other sites. Climate variability and direct disturbance also threaten these occurrences, many of which are in active tourism areas in the Cape to Cape National Park.

sessIon tH2-e: soIl And groundWAter reMedIAtIon IIThursday, September 20 • 14:00-15:45 • Strategy Room 7Chairs: Neil Thomson, Jason Gerhard

1030 - Enhanced In-Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated SolventsSandra Dworatzek, Peter Dollar, Jeff Roberts and Phil DennisSiREM, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Although bioremediation of chlorinated solvents is a proven remedial approach at many sites, there are still sites that present challenges. Bioremediation, including bioaugmentation has been used successfully in many different climates and geologies and under various geochemical conditions for site contaminants such as perchloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE), and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1,-TCA) in groundwater. Geological and geochemical conditions which stand out as challenges include complex contaminant mixtures, low pH conditions, low ground-water temperatures, fractured bedrock and low permeability matrices. Successful bioremediation is possible under these challenging conditions and tools are available that can help to mitigate these factors.

Geochemical challenges, such as pH and complex contaminant mixtures may interfere with known degradation pathways of other chlorinated solvents such PCE, TCE and 1,1,1-TCA. Recent developments in bioaugmentation cultures that can be used under these different conditions will be presented. Geological challenges, such as low permeability and fractured rock, can also limit the effectiveness of many remediation technologies, including bioremediation, where effective injection and distribution of remediation products is critical to their success. Originally conceived as an oil and gas extraction technology, hydraulic fracturing can also be used to improve distribution of bioremediation amendments thereby improving bioremediation outcomes. Examples of successful implementation of hydraulic fracturing for bioremediation in clay strata will be discussed.

Groundwater temperatures defined as cold (i.e., below 10 ºC) are commonly found north of 45 degrees latitude which include many Northern U.S. states and much of Canada. Understanding the feasibility of bioremediation of chlorinated ethenes and the practical limits of bioremediation of chlorinated ethenes under cold conditions is important in remedy selection and expectation management for colder climate bioremediation projects. Examples of successful bioremediation at cold sites in Alaska, Denmark and Canada, will be presented with a focus on degradation half-lives, concentrations of dechlorinating bacteria (Dehalococcoides) and remediation outcomes.

977 - Self-Sustaining Treatment for Active Remediation (STAR) for Trichloroethylene-Contaminated Soils via Vegetable Oil Smouldering Madiha Salman1, Jason I. Gerhard2, and David W. Major3

1 M.E.Sc Candidate, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario2 Canada Research Chair in Geoenvironmental Restoration Engineering, Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario. 3 Managing Principal, SiREM, Adjunct Professor, University of Toronto.


TCE is one of the most significant soil and groundwater contaminants in Canada, and is typically present as a nonaqeuous phase liquid (NAPL). A novel and promising remediation technology for subsurface contamination is Self-Sustaining Treatment for Active Remediation (STAR), which destroys organic liquids in soils via smouldering. Smouldering is a flameless form of combustion in which the exothermic oxidation reaction occurs on the surface of the condensed-phase fuel in a porous medium. This reaction can be self-sustaining in the presence of sufficient fuel (i.e., NAPL) and oxygen. This paper presents a laboratory study that explored the remediation of TCE NAPL-contaminated soil via smouldering combustion by employing vegetable oil as a supplemental fuel. More than 30 column experiments evaluated the sensitivity of TCE NAPL de-struction, peak temperature, and clean-up rate to vegetable oil type, oil:TCE mass ratio, vegetable oil emplacement method, and straight versus emulsified oils. While a number of oils were observed to successfully support complete elimination of TCE from the soil, canola oil was found to be the most robust with a minimum amount of 14 000 mg/kg required for a self-sustaining reaction. Tracking of TCE and TCE by-products in the soil and gaseous emissions revealed that 50% - 80% of the TCE was removed by volatilization ahead of the front with the rest destroyed in situ. This work demonstrates that treatment of TCE NAPL-contaminated soil via STAR using injected non-toxic vegetable oil – a common technology employed for bioremediation – is highly promising.

1017 - A Structured Methodology for Objective Remedy Selection at Chlorinated Solvent Sites Derek W. TomlinsonGeosyntec Consultants, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USAGary Wealthall, Donna Kuntz, Michaye McMaster, & David MajorGeosyntec Consultants, Inc., Guelph, ON, CanadaCarl ElderGeosyntec Consultants, Inc., Boston/Acton, MA, USA

A remedy selection tool has been developed incorporating the principles introduced in ‘A Guide for Selecting Remedies for Subsurface Releases of Chlorinated Solvents’ (Sale and Newell, 2011). This tool has been demonstrated to aid in development of a priori evaluations and the benefits of a given remedial measure from the simple to the complex site. A complex conceptual site model of a given chlorinated solvent release is simplified into fourteen environmental compartments. The source zone and plume zone include subzones of low and high permeability. Within these four zones the contamination can be present in multiple phases. Within source zones, chlorinated solvents can be present as a DNAPL, vapour, aqueous, or sorbed phase; whereas in plumes, they can be present as a vapour, aqueous, or sorbed phases. By definition, there is no DNAPL in a plume zone. A case study is presented where a pre-remediation fourteen compartment model is developed using existing data to populate each compartment with an order of magnitude (OoM) concentration value, and color to aid visual comparison. Arrows are used to show potential mass transfer between environmental compartments. The efficiency of specific remedial alternatives was evaluated based on the OoM concentration reduction in each environmental compartment for the pre-remediation scenario. An OoM approach is used because chlorinated solvent concentrations in groundwater often span several orders of magnitude, and are typically best represented by a log normal statistical distribution (Sale and Newell, 2011).

An overall ranking analysis for each remedial alternative is assessed, using the environmental compartment tool. This approach allows for conceptual designs that may include multiple remedial technologies to be compared quantitatively based on the remedial action objectives, Federal-, Provincial-, State-specific remedial selection, and site-owner specific criteria. Using the environmental compartment approach results in an objective and accelerated remedy selection process. The framework presented here guides the user to think holistically about contaminant distribution and the effect of the remedy on all zones and phases, which a traditional remedy selection process may overlook.

960 - Persulfate Treatment of Manufactured Gas PlantResiduals: Expectations and Comprehensive Pilot-Scale StudyAngela McIsaac University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, CanadaNeil R. ThomsonDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering - University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada

The efficacy of using a persulfate based in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) system for the treatment of manufactured gas plant (MGP) residuals


is uncertain. Permanganate and peroxide are the two oxidants which have been extensively researched in bench and field-scale applications, and recently persulfate has gained popularity. Although the remediation community has significant experience with many aspects of ISCO there remain significant areas for research and development which will lead to improved treatment performance. Persulfate treatment of a multicomponent MGP source zone, by design, requires mass depletion from the residual non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) to occur through dissolution prior to oxidation of target organic compounds in the dissolved phase. However, the ability of persulfate to treat MGP NAPLs has not been corroborated by experimental evidence. The objective of this multi-year investigation is to conduct a comprehensive pilot-scale field trial supported by a series of carefully designed bench-scale experiments to serve as a benchmark for persulfate treatment expectations and limitations at former MGP sites.

The pilot-scale field trial will be conducted in the unconfined aquifer at a former MGP site in Clearwater, Florida. The site lithology is comprised of a thin fill layer overlying a relatively homogeneous fine-grained silty sand unit that sits on a marine clay unit. This shallow aquifer is not associated with any consumptive groundwater use. From borings, MGP residuals have been observed as sheens, blebs and lenses beneath the former process areas. Bench-scale experiments conducted with site material and NAPLs in batch and columns systems will be used to deter-mine persulfate treatment effectiveness. Field activities involve the collection of borehole data, and the installation of a monitoring transect and wells. Push-pull tests will be performed to assess the optimal in situ dosing level, activation method, and NAPL treatability. Finally, a full-scale persulfate delivery system will be implemented with short- and long-term monitoring programs.

834 - Evaluating performance metrics for enhanced in situ bioremediation of a DNAPL source zoneGary Wealthall, Michaye McMaster & Danielle RowlandsGeosyntec Consultants Inc., Guelph, ON, CanadaPeter ZeebGeosyntec Consultants Inc., Acton, MA, USASandra DworatzekSiREM Laboratory, Guelph, ON, CanadaCarolyn AchesonU.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Measuring the performance of in situ remedies can be challenging and often requires a combination metrics and interpretative methods. This work will present the outcome of a multi-year research program, where a highly instrumented pilot-scale experiment provided detailed spatial and temporal data and provided feedback on the design, operation, and performance assessment of EISB as a remedial option.

BACKGROUND: The site was a pesticide manufacturing plant that used trichloroethene (TCE) in production processes. Releases of TCE to shallow alluvial gravels overlying fractured mudstone bedrock resulted in a DNAPL source zone and dissolved phase plume. Enhanced in-situ bioremediation (EISB) was selected for field scale pilot testing, and the source zone and plume were amended with a partitioning electron donor (SRSTM) and bioaugmented with a dechlorinating culture (KB-1TM). A key objective was to quantify performance of EISB using multiple lines of evidence, including hydrogeological, geochemical and microbiological data.

APPROACH: The study was conducted in a rectangular cell (30´4 m) instrumented with multilevel samplers and fully screened monitoring wells. Data were collected from over 500 monitoring locations over a 2-year period. Performance assessment included: an evaluation of the distribution of electron donor and microbial culture; monitoring and buffering pH changes resulting from rapid dechlorination in the cell; tracking the decline of the parent compound and evolution of degradation products; and constructing a chloride mass balance to evaluate the extent and rate of TCE dechlorination. Data synthesis included time-series correlation plots, statistical analysis and 3D visualization of the changes in dechlorinator population as the experiment proceeded.

RESULTS: Analysis of the data using a range of interpretative methodologies and 3D visualization proved to be a powerful tool. DNAPL mass removal by EISB, with high rates of dechlorination and biotransformation were observed in the study. Dechlorination to ethene was observed and a chloride mass balance model documented a 2X flux enhancement factor. The study concluded that cell count data for both the source zone and plume zones are considered as a primary performance metric to monitor in situ bioremediation of source zones.


841 - Permeable adsorptive barrier, as a bottom liner, in an industrial landfill to remove PAH Jan Erik SorlieHydro Geo Services AS, Oslo, NorwayMildrid LegaardElkem Thamshavn AS, Orkanger, Norway

The Elkem Thamshavn plant in Norway, a Bluestar Company, produces silicon materials and microsilica. Their waste products are slag, quarts fines and radiclon dust, from the smoke stack, in addition to materials, which also include breakage from the electrodes (tar, coke and coal) containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Over several years this waste now amounts to a 4000 m3 dumpsite. According to the clas-sification tests of the EU landfill directive it is classified as a hazardous waste due to the high PAH content. The authorities insisted on a quick solution to this uncontrolled dumping. It was proposed to pursue a landfill solution utilizing some of the waste products and a former quarry site on their own property as the landfill site.

The landfill site in the quarry, of granitic gneiss, runs parallel to the sea shore for about 150 m and 4 m deep below the sea level. A rock barrier of about 15 m was left on the sea side. The barrier was tested and there were no leakages of seawater into the quarry. The bottom pit of the quarry was used as a landfill site for the slag waste which was classified as inert. The existing slag-landfill will be the base for the new landfill site, located above the highest sea level. The bottom pit of the quarry is filled with water and is regulated with an overflow pipeline through the bedrock barrier.

The radiclon dust has a very amorphous surface structure and contains 9 % of total organic carbon (TOC). A simple shaking test of radiclon dust and water spiked with leachate, showed excellent adsorption capacity for both trace metals and PAH. The leaching of the radiclon dust showed that all the standard parameters satisfied the limits for inert waste except for arsenic, which slightly exceeded the limit. The top landfill sealing was a grass cover on a 30 cm layer of lean moraine. It was assumed that, conservatively, 30 % of the annual precipitation would infiltrate into the landfill waste. With a specific breakthrough capacity of 0.6 mg/kg, the amount of radiclon dust needed is 172.8 kg/m2, or approximately 13 cm thick compacted layer.

Geotechnically the radiclon dust is classified as a non-plastic clayey and silty sand. It is unstable and must be compacted dry or slightly moist. Too much water and the radiclon dust starts to flow. It is also too impervious with a hydraulic conductivity of, k = 10-8 m/s, to make the water percolate through. The quartz fines, which is the fraction which is less than 8 mm, is removed from the quarried quartz (silica source). It is a well graded sand with 15 % of both silt and gravel. This material turned out to be an ideal material to mix with the radiclon dust in a ratio of 3,5:1, to make it more permeable, more stable and workable. A ready mix concrete truck was used to mix the materials and water which was placed directly on the site, where the materials were compacted with a 12 ton belt-dozer, in two layers of 25 cm. 4000 m3 were placed in the landfill in the fall of 2010 and the monitoring has so far not detected PAH and trace metals.

sessIon tH2-F: nuMerICAl ModellIng IIThursday, September 20 • 14:00-15:45 • Fallsview Studio ABCChairs: René Lefebvre, Leonard Konikow

532 - Ore-forming fluid flow and solute transport during the formation of unconformity-related uranium deposits: insights from numerical modelingTao Cui, Jianwen Yang, Iain M. SamsonDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences - University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada

A series of numerical experiments based on finite element modeling have been carried out to investigate ore-forming fluid systems related to the formation of unconformity-related uranium deposits. Conceptual models were constructed by integrating important hydrogeological features shared by the Athabasca, Thelon and Kombolgie basins. Based on these conceptual models, various numerical scenarios were designed to investigate the interaction among fluid flow, heat transport, topographic relief and tectonic deformation. The modeling suggests that buoyan-cy-driven thermohaline convection develops in the thick sandstone sequence at any geothermal gradient of 25-35°C/km during periods of tectonic quiescence. Thermohaline convection may penetrate into the basement for up to 1 to 2 km below the basal unconformity when typical


hydrological parameters for these Proterozoic hydrogeological units are used. Fluid flow velocities in the sandstone sequence are several orders of magnitude larger than those in the basement. If a uranium source is assumed to be located in the center of the basin below the unconformity, uranium is able to gradually spread into the sandstone through thermohaline convection. The location of the uranium source also affects the solute transport efficiency. Given appropriate hydrological conditions, thermohaline convection could have caused widespread interaction of basinal brines with basement rocks or basement-derived fluids in uranium-bearing Proterozoic basins, and that enough uranium could have been leached from the uranium-rich basement to form large, high-grade unconformity-related uranium deposits. Reactivating of pre-existing basement structures and the generating of new faults suppress free convection and lead to deformation-dominated fluid flow or mixed con-vection, depending on strain rates. The combined effect of thermohaline convection and tectonic deformation leads to the development of unconformity-related uranium deposits at intersections of the basal unconformity with faults or sheared zones.

994 - Groundwater Modelling: Supporting Electricification of the Motor Vehicle Douglas Anderson, Daron Abbey, Sam Bellamy & Steve Shikaze AquaResource, A Division of Matrix Solutions Inc., Breslau, ON, CanadaMark KingGroundwater Insight Inc., Halifax, NS, CanadaWaldo PerezLithium Americas Corp., Toronto, ON, Canada

The development of a three-dimensional hydrostratigraphic and lithium brine model for a junior mining start-up operation in the arid Argentinian Altiplano at 3,900 m a.s.l. was described by Weaver et al., and Anderson et al. (this edition).

The proposed mine site is situated in the Olaroz and Cauchari salars in the Argentinian Altiplano, which is an arid area of inland drainage in the central Andes, near the border of Chile and Bolivia. Brines in the area are rich in lithium and potassium and have TDS values as high as 350 g/L. Lithium Americas Corporation (LAC) intend to extract and evaporate these brines to produce potassium chloride and lithium carbonate salts, the latter being the key raw material for the production of lithium-ion batteries. Mitsubushi Corporation and Magna International have off-take arrangements and LAC expects to become one of the world’s largest and lowest cost lithium operations.

This paper summarizes the desktop and numeric modelling work undertaken to: (a) develop a water balance for the arid Altiplano basin hosting the mineral brine body; (b) parameterize the various conceptual models within the FEFLOW modelling code; (c) improve the calibration of the constituent conceptual models with manual and automated parameter estimation techniques; and (d) test various brine extraction scenarios over the proposed life of the mine. A separate paper in this edition (Shikaze et al.) describes the consideration of density effects throughout the study. The output of the groundwater modelling work is being utilized to support the mineral reserve and CAPEX estimates required by Canada’s National Instrument 43-101.

830 - Estimating submarine groundwater discharge using numerical modeling and geomaticsElco Luijendijk & Tom GleesonDepartment of Civil Engineering - McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaGrant FergusonDepartment of Civil and Geological Engineering - University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), the flow of fresh or saline groundwater to an ocean, may have a significant contribution to the water and chemical budgets of the world’s oceans. SGD consists of fresh, terrestrial groundwater driven by hydraulic gradients, and re-circulated sea-water driven by tidal pumping, wave set-up, convection and hydraulic gradients. Quantifying terrestrially-derived SGD is hampered by the fact that existing geochemical or isotopic tracers tend to provide estimates of the combined fresh and recirculated components of SGD. We couple density-dependent numerical simulations with global geomatic databases to resolve the sensitivity of terrestrially-derived SGD to coastal topog-raphy, permeability and groundwater recharge. The results show that terrestrially-derived SGD is highly sensitive to permeability, topographic gradient and concavity of the topography. In most watersheds only a small fraction of groundwater recharge contributes to SGD - most recharge contributes to base flow or evapotranspiration. Fresh SGD is only significant in watersheds with high topographic gradients, and watersheds that are underlain by highly permeable sediments such as coarse-grained siliciclastic sediments or karstic carbonates. Quantifying SGD is critical because SGD is a poorly constrained flux that may significantly contribute to eutrophication or water quality decline in coastal areas.


849 - A comparison of dual-continuum and equivalent porous medium methods for the simulation of groundwater flow in fractured-porous aquifersSteven G. Shikaze, A.P. Snowdon, P.Y.-S. Chin & P.J. MartinAquaResource, a division of Matrix Solutions Inc., Breslau, ON, CanadaE.A. Sudicky & R.G. McLarenDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences - University of Waterloo, ON, Canada

There are several options available for the numerical simulation of groundwater flow in fractured porous media. The first option is a Dis-crete-Fracture Model (DFM), where individual fractures are included in the model domain as discrete features. This method can require fine spatial discretization in order to accommodate the individual fractures as well as the surrounding porous matrix. The second option is the Equivalent Porous Media (EPM) method, where the fractured geologic media is treated as a porous media with properties based on the bulk parameters of the medium. The third method is a Dual-Continuum approach, where both the fractures and the porous matrix are treated as a separate continuum, linked by a fluid exchange term.

Fractured porous media are typically simulated using an equivalent porous media (EPM) approach due to the higher computational demands of simulating fractured porous media with DFMs. In some instances, however, the EPM approach can lead to misleading results. For example, one or two highly permeable fractures can be the main features that control the rate of groundwater flow in a fractured porous medium. In this instance, the EPM approach might not account for these discrete features in an accurate manner.

We use an advanced three-dimensional numerical simulator – HydroGeoSphere - to compare the dual-continuum approach to the EPM method for a site in southwestern Ontario. The regional-scale model for the site includes aquifer units that are comprised of fractured dolostones and limestones. The two methods are compared by examining the hydraulic response to groundwater withdrawals from the fractured porous aquifer.

865 - Discretizing a discrete fracture model for the simulation of solute transportJohn Kozuskanich1 & Douglas Weatherill21 National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia2 Sinlcair Knight Merz, Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaKent Novakowski3 & Craig Simmons1

3 Department of Civil Engineering - Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Two recent studies (Kozuskanich, J.C. et al. 2012, Water Resources Research, doi: 10.1029/2011WR011538, in press; and Weatherill, D. et al. 2008, Ground Water, 46(4), 606-615) have highlighted the sensitivity of the transport solution to domain discretization in lab- and field-scale numerical simulations involving a single fracture, a range of dispersive and diffusive scenarios, and radial and uniform flow regimes. Both studies conducted transport simulations using HydroGeoSphere and employed analytical solutions for verification. The spatiotemporal discretization scheme necessary for obtaining a match with the analytical solutions depends on the dispersive-diffusive nature of the scenario being considered. Tests confirmed the results are independent of the numerical codes used and the numerical schemes employed within them. The objective here is to present the combined key findings pertaining to the extremely fine discretization needed in some cases at the frac-ture-matrix interface (aperture-scale grid blocks) and the injection well-fracture-matrix interface, and the implications for simulating transport in more complex hydrogeologic conditions (multiple fractures and injection wells). We conclude that a rigorous sensitivity analysis of the numerical solutions to spatiotemporal discretization is necessary and offer practical guidelines to be considered in the formulation of future simulations involving solute transport in discrete fractures.

249 - Dealing with Uncertainty in Source Water ProtectionM.R. Sousa, E.O. Frind & D.L. RudolphDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences - University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Uncertainty continues to be an elusive problem in groundwater modelling. Common causes of uncertainty are data scarcity, heterogeneity of the porous materials of the subsurface, uncertainties in the conceptual models and the boundary conditions including the recharge, and calibration non-uniqueness. In addition, numerical errors may arise due to the models themselves. The type of problem that may be the most sensitive with respect to errors due to the various sources of uncertainty is the delineation of capture zones and wellhead protection areas. This is because


such delineations require the calculation of gradients of hydraulic head, which tends to magnify any errors that may exist in the heads.

The delineation of wellhead protection areas has not only scientific, but also economic and societal dimensions because such areas require certain restrictions on land use. Thus high expectations may be placed on the validity and correctness of model results that form the basis of the delineations. If these expectations are not fulfilled due to unexplained modelling uncertainties, it may raise doubts in the minds of non-scientists about the reliability of models in general.

As uncertainties cannot be eliminated, it is important to at least understand their causes and effects. One approach is to consider uncertainties at different scales. At the local scale of a hydrogeological unit such as an aquifer, uncertainty may be due to material variations within the unit. This type of variation has been studied by Sudicky in the 1980s in his classical Borden experiment. It has been shown that the impact of these variations can be described either stochastically or by a macrodispersion process. Applied to source water protection, it leads to a capture probability plume that expresses the risk of contamination of a well due to a threat. At the larger scale of a more complex system such as the Waterloo Moraine, where stochastic analysis is not appropriate, systematic scenario analysis is probably the best way to deal with uncertainties.

In this paper, we show how these scales can be integrated in the context of source water protection. The methodology works for both the delineation of wellhead protection areas and the selection of areas for Beneficial Management Practices within agricultural areas. Considering uncertainty in terms of its components can lead to a better understanding of the causes, better ways to control its effects, and ultimately a more systematic way to arrive at defensible results. It is hoped that this approach will be helpful not just to scientists, but also to water managers and the general public who may look to models for guidance.

sessIon tH2-g: 3d geologIC And HydrogeologIC MAPPIng II Thursday, September 20 • 14:00-15:45 • Upper Fallsview Studio AChairs: Holger Kessler, Hazen Russell

312 - Three-Dimensional Hydrogeological Model of the Cuvelai-Etosha Basin: Aspects of Kalahari Sedimentation, Northern NamibiaFalk Lindenmaier1, Jakob Neumann1, Thomas Himmelsbach1

1 Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hannover, GermanyChristoph Lohe1, Martin Quinger1, Braam van Wyk2

2 Division of Geohydrology, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry, Namibia

Namibia and Angola share the large endorheic Cuvelai-Etosha Basin (CEB). In Namibia, it is the most populated area and is of increasing eco-nomical relevance. This has led to increasing water demands that can only be partially met by surface water resources. Groundwater resources from several layered aquifer systems play an important role in sustaining, especially, the rural population. The understanding of these systems is still rudimentary, as only a few historical borehole logs and structural geology investigations could give insight into this complex system. Many aquifers of the CEB show high fluoride and arsenic contents and various grades of salinization. The sedimentary history of the CEB is dominated by Paleo-Lake Etosha as well as two sub-aerial megafans of the Kunene and Cubango Rivers. Several deep drillings, including some of the first core drillings within the Cubango Megafan, were conducted to explore and ascertain the sedimentological and hydrogeological characteristics. In the upper 400 meters of Cenozoic sediments, lithological variability is low and hard to distinguish by standard field classification methods. Only sedimentological lab analyses and borehole geophysics helped to differentiate between aquifers and aquitards. However, both of these approaches are not standard in hydrogeological investigation in Namibia. The sediments are mainly fine to medium sands with a clay content of 10-20 wt. %. Aquifers and aquitards were differentiated by the development of authigenic smectites and smectite gels, which develop in pores and hence influence the hydraulic conductivity. This phenomenon reveals the close interconnection of the hydrogeological system with the genesis of the basin. The software Gsi3D was used to set up a preliminary 3D model that helps to understand the spatial distribution of the Cenozoic Kalahari sediments. Successively, historic and recent data are being reprocessed and implemented into the model. This helps in the visualization of the complex situation of groundwater resources for capacity development in the framework of a Namibian-German technical cooperation project (IWRM for the CEB); and also to enhance the understanding of the paleoclimatological and hydrogeological development of this African basin.


460 - Ex-post evaluation of an innovative 3D modeling approach for analysis of climate change effects on groundwater capture zonesHans Jørgen Henriksen, Lars Troldborg, Rasmus Rønde Møller and Flemming JørgensenGeological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Denmark

The pilot area F is one of seven case studies that were investigated as part of the transnational North Sea Region project CLIWAT. The study area is approximately 200 km2, with mainly agricultural land use. The aforementioned area supplies a nearby city and surrounding villages with groundwater from wells screened in aquifers 20 to 140 m below the surface in a geological setting dominated by buried valleys. A 3D geological voxel based model (5x100x100 m) was constructed based mainly on boreholes and geophysical Sky TEM mapping and by geological modeling in GeoScene 3D1. A lithological and conceptual model was transferred to the numerical MIKE SHE/MIKE 11 model and calibrated by use of PEST. The lithological voxel model included 84 different units resulting in a high number of free parameters (~400 parameters). Observational dataset (~100 observations) was scarce. In order to reduce the number of free parameters a grouping strategy was adopted, where some parameters were linked to free calibration parameters and others were fixed.

In principle this non-unique and underdetermined problem can be approached by different calibration strategies ranging from a reductionist calibration strategy of simply grouping all parameters into sand and clay, by a super-parameter optimization (PEST algorithm) or by use of stan-dard parameters (without calibration). However, for the F pilot area model none of these approaches were considered fully satisfactory. Instead a multi-stage learning based approach was applied along with a handful of inverse optimisations and a critical eye toward adaptation of the conceptual model after each calibration stage. This included readjustment of parameter grouping (including selection of free and fixed param-eters), redefinition of the objective function (weights of the different performance measures) and reassessment of the functional relationship between different voxel units. A main argument for selecting this multi-stage approach, versus an automated approach, is the importance of the qualitative criteria as part of the evaluation of model performance. The results of the ex-post evaluation will be presented and a discussion of suitability of the voxel 3D modelling setup and learning based multi-stage calibration approach will be given, including sensitivities, pitfalls and organizational requirements of the approach for being feasible and supporting learning.

888 - Three dimensional reconstruction and visualization of geological systems from process-based contaminant mapping Gary Wealthall, Danielle Rowlands, Michaye McMasterGeosyntec Consultants Inc., Guelph, ON, Canada

Three-dimensional reconstruction and visualization of geological systems is emerging as one of the key tools to inform process-based mapping of contaminants in the subsurface. However, 3-D geological framework models are often limited to the representation of litho-stratigraphical units as envelopes or volumes. Description of pore-scale processes within individual volumes may also be constrained by limited capability to further discretize the parameter space described by the geological model. The concept of using detailed descriptions of contamination distri-bution as an indicator of lithological distribution and structure is examined as an alternative to reconstruction of the sedimentary architecture using traditional geological surveying methods.

Recent advances in the development of a site investigation ‘toolbox’ has significantly enhanced our ability to characterize the distribution of contaminants in both sedimentary and fractured bedrock environments. The toolbox approach provides multiple scales of measurement and data quality, and is typically described by two main categories of technologies. The first category provides dense spatial data, often with higher detection limits, and produces qualitative information that is used to understand the volumetric distribution of contaminants. The second category of technologies is typically compound-specific and generates quantitative, precise data that have low detection limits and provides understanding of the contaminant distribution at the pore-scale. Where these two categories of measurement technologies are used in tandem, a more complete and accurate description of the contaminant distribution and geological environment is achieved.

The proposed methodology demands digital data capture, real-time data transmittal and live interpretation of data from contaminated sites. A sequential 3-D reconstruction of site data is used to guide the field investigation and inform an adaptive sampling and investigation program, which is designed to limit the application of unwarranted field methods and minimize the amount of redundant data. Examples are given for a number of contaminated sites and recommendations for the development of future 3-D modeling tools are proposed.


1062 - Evolution of a numerical pit slope dewatering simulation through refinement of a 3D geology modelMartin L Stewart, Andrew T HolmesPiteau Associates Engineering Ltd., North Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaSebastien FortinHighland Valley Copper – Teck Corporation, Logan Lake, British Columbia, Canada

The northeast slope (Big Bear) of the Valley Pit at the Teck Highland Valley Copper mine in BC Canada has historically experienced a significant amount of deformation along weak, pre-sheared glaciolacustrine clay horizons. Short-term mitigation of slope failure risk during buttress con-struction and long term performance of the Big Bear slope relies on controlling piezometric levels within the lacustrine clay units by operating a multifaceted, dedicated dewatering system designed with the assistance of 3D numerical simulations in FEFLOW. Active dewatering wells and one-meter diameter passive vertical drains were installed as a part of aggressive dewatering measures undertaken from 2009 to present.

Early simulations of the groundwater flow regime in the Big Bear slope relied on geology models constructed from limited early drilling and a priori conceptual understanding of the 3D stratigraphy of the Big Bear Slope. As the complexity of the stratigraphic interfaces modelled in the Big Bear slope increased with knowledge gained from drilling in 2009 and 2010, the hydraulic conductivity distribution assigned to the numerical model was greatly simplified while still achieving a higher degree of accuracy and precision in the calibration of the numerical simulations. The lessons learned during this project remind us that making simplistic assumptions in one facet of a numerical model (e.g. planar stratigraphic interfaces) can force us to make un-necessarily complex interpretations in others (e.g. hydraulic conductivity distributions). Ignoring the impor-tance of 3D geometry incorporated in a numerical model can undermine efforts to construct an accurate hydrogeological simulation and more importantly can impede critical decision-making in mitigating slope failure.

sessIon tH2-H: HydrogeoPHysICs IIThursday, September 20 • 14:00-15:45 Upper • • Fallsview Studio BChairs: Peete Pehme, Francesco La Vigna

844 - Using CPT/SMR and multi-level piezometric data to assess aquifer heterogeneity at the sub-watershed scalePatrick Brunet, René Lefebvre & Erwan GloaguenInstitut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Québec, CanadaDaniel ParadisNRCan, Geological Survey of Canada, Quebec, Quebec, Canada

At contaminated sites, the assessment of aquifer heterogeneity is essential in order to properly represent contaminant transport and design effective remediation actions. At the sub-watershed scale, appropriate and cost-effective means of characterizing hydrofacies (HF) types and distribution remain to be developed. To overcome the limitations of conventional hydrogeological characterization methods to define aquifer heterogeneity, we have developed an approach combining the use of cone penetration tests and soil moisture-resistivity measurements (CPT/SMR) with multi-level piezometric data in fully-screened observation wells. Detailed vertical head profiles in wells are controlled by the distribu-tion and continuity of HF. Such profiles can thus be used to constrain groundwater flow and contaminant transport simulations in heterogeneous aquifers. In the area surrounding the Saint-Lambert-de-Lauzon municipal landfill in Quebec, a characterization program was carried out. A data set of 24 CPT/SMRs and 8 vertical head profiles evenly distributed over the study area was collected. The head profiles were obtained from a series of pressure transducers isolated between packers. Statistical relations were developed for a selected subset of CPT/SMR and hydraulic conductivity measurements, which once defined allow predicting HF memberships from CPT/SMR data alone. The spatial distribution of HF predicted from CPT/SMR is geostatistically simulated in a 3-D hydrostratigraphic model using truncated Gaussian simulations with HF memberships and various HF correlation lengths to generate different scenarios of heterogeneity. To study the impact of the HF continuity on the distribution of the vertical head profiles, various synthetic flow simulations were done on 2D vertical cross sections drawn from the 3-D stochastic hydrostratigraphic model. The selection of most probable HF distributions was done by comparison of observed and synthetic vertical head profiles. Inverse simulations with varying number of synthetic vertical heads profiles along 2D vertical cross sections were also used to in-


vestigate the potential use of vertical head profiles to constrain numerical flow simulations as well as the use of inversion methods to reproduce heterogeneous distribution of hydraulic conductivity.

519 - Aquifer Characterization within Dawson County, Nebraska Using Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Additional Supporting DataJames C. CanniaUnited States Geological Survey, Mitchell, Nebraska, USA Jared D. Abraham and Trevor P. IronsUnited States Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, USAChristopher M. Hobza & Gregory V. SteeleUnited States Geological Survey, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA

Aquifer characterization is an essential component to understanding groundwater systems and creating hydrogeologic frameworks for ground-water models (GWM). Dawson County, Nebraska, USA, lies within an important area of the High Plains aquifer; which is used for many water uses from ecosystems to agriculture. These competing water interests have led to conflict and the development of regional and local ground-water models (GWM) to evaluate water management activities. Often hydrogeologic data, such as estimates of hydraulic conductivity are poorly constrained due to the sparse nature of the data. Surface nuclear magnetic resonance (SNMR) is a particular type of NMR measurement designed for non-invasive detection and characterization of groundwater and can provide estimates on water content and hydraulic conductivity to depths of ~100 meters. The U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Central Platte Natural Resources District evaluated the use of SNMR as a quick, inexpensive, substantial substitute to traditional aquifer tests. As part of the evaluation, detailed investigations at two selected sites in Dawson County were subjected to time domain soundings, SNMR soundings, test-hole drilling, lithologic logs, borehole geophysical logging, NMR logging, borehole-flowmeter logging, and aquifer testing. During these activities several important factors in using the SNMR were noted: 1) signal to noise in the SNMR system is a critical limitation in using this technique; 2) the development of noise cancellation techniques including loop configurations can improve data quality during collection; 3) electrical conductivity needs to be considered when processing and inverting SNMR data; and 4) the impact of magnetic minerals within the aquifer can have a substantial impact on de-phasing of the NMR signal. Outcomes of this work include the development of new inversion method that incorporated the electrical conductivity of the earth and the magnetic de-phasing. Comparison of the SNMR and the NMR logging in one of the evaluation sites show agreement in the NMR signal levels. After application of the new inversion method on the SNMR data, the SNMR derived values for K are in concordance with the borehole flowmeter results and the aquifer tests at the two evaluation sites and also is in agreement with other historical aquifer tests in the area.

588 - NMR Logging: A tool for quantifying effective porosity and hydraulic conductivity within the Murray Darling Basin of AustraliaJared D. Abraham United States Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, USAKok Piang Tan, Ken Lawrie, Ross S. Brodie, Jon Clarke, Larysa HalasGeoscience Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia

There is increasing demand from policy makers for high levels of certainty before committing to decisions on water security infrastructure. This demand for higher certainty in groundwater model predictions has provided an impetus for new hydrogeological research directions. This has included a renewed impetus in the search for technologies and methods to aid rapid groundwater resource assessment.

Critical measurements used to parameterise groundwater models include effective porosity and hydraulic conductivity measurements. Typically, values for effective porosity are derived by lithological comparisons with published data, and measurements of hydraulic conductivity acquired by limited constant head pumping tests or slug tests. Look-up tables are used for deriving effective porosity as a surrogate for expensive and time consuming laboratory measurements of cores that may be biased by sampling, and the difficulty of making measurements on uncon-solidated materials. However, pump tests are costly and time-consuming, with environmental permissions for disposal of produced waters increasingly difficult to obtain.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) can provide a direct measurement of the presence of water in the pore space of aquifer materials. The de-tection is possible due to the nuclear magnetization of the hydrogen (protons) in the water. The NMR measurement is the basis of MRI (magnetic


resonance imaging) in medical applications, and geophysical logging applications within consolidated sediments for the petroleum industry.

In the Darling River floodplain, NMR data were acquired in 26 boreholes in a 4-week period. Effective porosity values were derived directly from the NMR data, and hydraulic conductivity values were calculated using empirical relationships calibrated and verified with limited laboratory permeameter and field aquifer tests. The NMR logs provide measurements of the effective porosity and hydraulic conductivity at a resolution not possible using traditional methods. These data provide superior measurements of the aquifer when compared with the traditional methods, with the additional benefit of many more calibration points. Overall, borehole NMR provides a rapid way of mapping the variations in effective porosity and hydraulic conductivity in unconsolidated sediments.

332 - Groundwater storage change detection using ground-based temporal micro-gravity changes in Waterloo MoraineMohammed El-Diasty*, Jianliang Huang, Jacques Liard, Jason Silliker & Diane Jobin Geodetic Survey Division, Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaShusen Wang & Jixin WangEarth Observation and GeoSolutions Division, Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

For local scale water basins, time-varying ground-based micro-gravity signals can be employed to detect groundwater storage changes. In this paper, we show recent developments in groundwater storage change detection using ground-based (absolute and relative gravimeters) technol-ogy for the Waterloo Moraine case study. Four epochs of gravity survey were conducted in the Waterloo Moraine in Mays and Augusts of 2010 and 2011, respectively. 85 field stations were measured in 2010 and a subset of them (47 stations) were re-occupied in 2011. A reference station was established in the University of Waterloo using the absolute gravimeter (FG5). Two relative gravity meters (CG5) and two geodetic GPS receivers were deployed for the field surveys. Soil moisture data were also collected in May and August 2010. In this paper we mainly focus on data processing, analysis and interpretation of the gravity changes using a rigorous parametric least squares method integrated with hydrological models and geological studies. In the analysis, the gravity differences between Mays and Augusts for 2010 and 2011 epochs are inverted to provide the estimated total water storage changes. Then, the simulated soil water change of unsaturated layers from two different Land Surface Models (LSM), namely the Ecological Assimilation of Land and Climate Observations (EALCO) model from NRCan and the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) model from NASA (four models: CLM, MOSAIC, NOAH and VIC), are subtracted from the estimated total water storage changes to provide the estimated groundwater storage change. To validate the results of this developed method, the ratios (spe-cific yields) between the estimated groundwater storage changes and measured water table changes are estimated at a few inferred monitoring wells around the survey area. Preliminary results show that the estimates of specific yields between Mays and Augusts of 2010 and 2011 are consistent at a significant confidence level and are also within the range of the specific yield from hydrological and geological studies. Therefore, the ground-based (absolute and relative gravimeters) technology has demonstrated the great potential in groundwater storage change detection for local scale water basins.

916 - Time-lapse Monitoring of Subsurface Remediation with Electrical Resistivity Tomography Explored via Coupled-Model SimulationsChristopher Power & Jason GerhardDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering - Western University, London, Ontario, CanadaMarios KaraoulisDepartment of Geophysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, USA Panos TsourlosDepartment of Geophysics, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. Antonios GiannopoulosInstitute for Infrastructure and Environment, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.

Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a well-established geophysical tool, widely used outside the remediation industry, which exhibits significant potential to provide valuable and cost-effective information for monitoring remedial progress at sites contaminated with dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). However, this potential has not been realized due to challenges in data interpretation from contaminated


sites – in either a qualitative or quantitative way. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential of time-lapse ERT for monitoring evolving DNAPL source zones within complex subsurface environments during remedial efforts, while also exploring the range of site conditions under which ERT may prove useful in aiding site remediation. For this purpose, a novel coupled DNAPL-ERT model is used to simulate realistic DNAPL remediation scenarios and calculate the corresponding resistivity response. A number of field-scale, three-dimensional releases of chlorinated solvent DNAPLs into heterogeneous clayey sand were simulated, including the subsurface migration and subsequent removal of the DNAPL source zone via dissolution in groundwater. Periodic surveys of this site via ERT applied at the surface were then simulated and the time-lapse subsurface distributions of electrical properties were calculated using recently developed four-dimensional inversion algorithms. This presenta-tion will summarize this approach and discuss the potential of ERT in assisting the remediation of DNAPL sites.

1061 - An Airborne Geophysical Method of Mapping AquifersBill BrownSkyTEM Canada Inc, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

SkyTEM is an innovative and technologically advanced airborne geophysical system specifically designed to map buried aquifers. This unique technology, capable of mapping the top 300 metres of the earth in fine detail and in 3 dimensions, was conceived and developed in Denmark, a country with a reputation for environmental care and R&D. SkyTEM has helped geological organizations and government water agencies on six continents unearth a wealth of information about their aquifers and has improved their understanding of how geology and mankind can affect, and be affected by, groundwater resources. Since its launch in 2003 SkyTEM has also been employed globally for resource exploration as well as for environmental and engineering investigations.

The presentation will include 3D images, delineation of paleochannels of various ages and depths formed during different geological periods, vertical and horizontal depth slices and inverted data showing depth to and lateral extent of aquifers. Several international cases studies will be presented including a 2010 US Geological Survey study of the Ogallala aquifer (Nebraska), and a 2011 aquifer mapping project in northern British Columbia carried out by Geoscience BC. In 2012 The National Science Foundation-funded research team employed SkyTEM to map the hidden distribution of groundwater and ice for the first time in Antarctica. The data will assist researchers to study microbial ecosystems in sub-glacial environments. SkyTEM has also been used to map geothermal sources in Italy. These case studies will also highlight how airborne geophysical methods have become a critical tool for those with the responsibility of understanding and managing groundwater resources and performing hydrogeological modeling.

Poster sessIon: ArtIFICIAl trACers And enVIronMentAl IsotoPes Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

115 - The origin of carbon dioxide in the groundwater of Konya Closed Basin, central Anatolia, TurkeyMustafa Afsin1, Serdar Bayari2 & U. Gokcen Durukan3

1 Aksaray University, Dept. of Geological Eng., Campus, Aksaray2 Hacettepe University, Dept. of Geological Eng., Hydrogeological Eng. Section, Beytepe Ankara3 Directorate of Disaster and Emergency Management, Yeni Kayseri Cad. Huk. Kon. K, Nevsehir, Turkey.Osman Usta4

4 Linde Gas Corporation, Aksaray Production Facility, Aratol, Aksaray

Widespread and intense carbon dioxide (CO2) discharges are encountered in groundwaters around Ilgin, Karapinar, Kemerhisar and Aksaray in

the Konya Closed Basin (KCB). These discharges are the main drivers of the obruks commonly observed in the basin. Most of the CO2 production

in KCB has been carried out in facilities located in Aksaray and in Kemerhisar. For this purpose, production and reinjection wells have been utilized in Kemerhisar. The CO

2 obtained from groundwater in production wells separates spontaneously and has a purity of 99.99 percent.

The groundwater in the KCB - comprised mainly of confined and partly of unconfined aquifers, is fed mainly from the surrounding heights most of which includes the Taurus Mountains. The regional groundwater flow is from the Taurus Mountains toward the Salt Lake. The radiocarbon


model ages of groundwater, which is mainly confined, ranges linearly from recent at the flanks of Taurus Mountains to more than 40,000 years around the Salt Lake. The geochemical models utilized in radiocarbon age dating suggest an input of crustal and mantle CO

2 along the regional

flow path. Carbon and helium isotope data obtained from solid and gaseous phases dissolved in groundwater reveals an origin that is linked with magmatism and accompanying volcanism, which has occurred in the recent geologic past. The dominant geochemical processes that determine the isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon in groundwater are the atmospheric CO

2 input, carbonate mineral dissolution,

metamorphism of marine carbonates and geogenic CO2 input. The sulfur-34 isotopes values obtained from groundwaters around Aksaray and

Nigde point to gypsum dissolution, peat formation and volcanogenic sulfur gas input as the source of dissolved sulfate. Hydrogeochemical, isotopic and geologic data reveals that the geogenic gas input in the KCB is associated with a magmatic rise that accompanies the crustal thinning, which develops due to extensional tectonics.

257 - Monitoring of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of waters in the Demänovská dolina valley and its underground hydrologic system

Peter Malík1, Slavomír Mikita1, & Zuzana Grolmusová1 1 Štátny geologický ústav Dionýza Štúra – Geological Survey of Slovak Republic, Bratislava, SlovakiaJuraj Michalko1 & Dagmar Haviarová2

1 Štátny geologický ústav Dionýza Štúra – Geological Survey of Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovakia2 Slovak Cave Administration – ŠOP SR, Správa slovenských jaskýň; Liptovský Mikuláš, Slovakia

In the Demänovská dolina Cave system (Slovakia) and its vicinity, 32 sampling places for regular observation (in 2-months interval) of δ18O and δ2H in water were established. This monitoring included precipitation waters, waters in the surface streams, waters of the underground hydro-logical system as well as the dripping seepage waters of the cave system. The altitudinal extent of the area was from 800 m a.s.l. (lowermost cave entrance) to 2024 m a.s.l. (Chopok Mt. on the top of the crystalline range). Initial results show some similarities but also differences within the analysed water types. For precipitation, a high variability of isotopic composition was confirmed, from quite depleted up to more enriched waters (δ18O from -16.8 ‰ up to 5.7 ‰; δ2H from -121.6 ‰ to -32.7‰). During the recharge process and groundwater / surface water formation, precipitation water is homogenized, which is reflected in a much more stable isotope content. The most depleted (δ18O ≈ -11.7 ‰ to -10.8 ‰; δ2H ≈ -78.9 ‰ to -73.4‰) were the waters of surface streams, running from the northern slopes of the Nízke Tatry Mts., formed by crystalline rocks, alochtonous to the underground hydrological system. Smaller autochtonous surface water streams (formed in the side valleys of the main karstic canyon) are slightly enriched (heavier, as δ18O ≈ -11.4 ‰ to -10.6 ‰; δ2H ≈ -78.3 ‰ to -71.5 ‰), reflecting the lower altitudes of their watersheds. Interesting is the distribution of the isotope content of the underground streams in the cave system. The most depleted are the underground streams directly (visibly) communicating with surface waters (δ18O ≈ -11.33 ± 0.13 ‰; δ2H ≈ -76.88 ± 1.68 ‰). The extent of the relationship of underground streams to the autochtonous seepage waters (slow circulation through the fissures) is mani-fested by respective portion of isotopically enriched waters – as the underground streams show different isotope composition. The combination of the alochtonous water components (from surface streams reaching the karstic area from the adjacent crystalline via swallow holes) and autochtonous water components (recharged directly in karstified limestones) is visible especially on the subsurface stream of Demänovka. The most isotopically enriched (heaviest) of all water types are dripping seepage waters (δ18O ≈ -10.4 ‰ to -9.4 ‰; δ2H ≈ -71.6 ‰ to -65.0 ‰).

629 - Single borehole dilution tests for identifying small-scale karst flowsLou Maurice & Ann Williams British Geological Survey, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UKJohn BarkerSchool of Civil Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, UKTim AtkinsonDepartment of Earth Sciences - University College London, London, UK

Understanding the distribution of flows in small-scale subsurface karst features (solutionally enlarged fractures or small conduits) is difficult because such flows can only be inferred from the magnitude and character of springs, tracer tests, or observations of flowing fractures within boreholes or outcrops.

Single Borehole Dilution Tests (SBDTs) carried out under natural head conditions are a cheap method of determining the location of flow in


small-scale karst features. The technique involves introducing a tracer into a borehole and monitoring its movement within and away from the borehole. The observed patterns in tracer dilution result from a combination of flows in the aquifer and vertical flows in the borehole itself which occur where fractures of different hydraulic head are intercepted. Field tracer tests can be carried out by injecting a saline tracer throughout the saturated length of boreholes or injecting tracer at a specific point. Point injections clearly demonstrate vertical flow as the tracer plume moves up or down the borehole. Computer simulations of both types of single borehole dilution tests were used to investigate the tracer patterns that arise from different combinations of flows and develop a methodology for identifying flows in aquifers and boreholes using SBDTs.

Results demonstrated that SBDTs can be used to identify in-flowing, out-flowing and cross- flowing fractures. Identifying inflowing fractures is useful to determine the location of the source of water in boreholes. Identifying outflowing and inflowing fractures and determining their flow rates is useful for planning larger scale tracer tests that use boreholes as injection or monitoring points. The technique enables identification of flowing fractures that might be undetected by other logging techniques. It is a simple field test that can be carried out without pumping the borehole and applied to multiple boreholes to investigate catchment scale distributions of flows in small-scale karst features.

783 - Development of hydrogel beads as proxies for NAPL contamination in karst aquifers Amanda LaskoskieGeology and Geography, West Virginia University, Brooks Hall, Morgantown, WV Harry M. EdenbornGeosciences Division, National Energy Technology Lab; U.S. Department of Energy, Pittsburgh, Dorothy J. VesperGeology and Geography, West Virginia University, Brooks Hall, Morgantown, WV

Karst aquifers are susceptible to pollution, but how they transport contaminants is poorly understood. Soluble tracers help to understand the complexities of karst hydrology, but do not reflect the fate and transport of all forms of contaminants. In particular, dissolved tracers are rarely helpful in understanding transport and trapping mechanisms that may exist for non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs).

In this study, hydrogel tracer beads were developed and tested to better evaluate NAPL movement in karst settings. Hydrogel tracer beads contain 96-98% water and are made using alginate, an anionic polysaccharide extracted from marine algae, which gels in the presence of divalent cations. Calcium alginate gel beads form when the alginate solution is dropped into a calcium curing solution. The beads are environmentally benign, easily made, and can be experimentally altered with regards to density (buoyancy), size, color, and fluorescence. Bead formation methods have been optimized for the percent composition of alginate in the initial solution, the molar concentration of calcium in the curing solution, drop heights for bead formation, curing time, and temperature of the solutions. We found that the bead mass decreases in the first day following formation but that it stabilizes after day two; consequently, new beads are cured for several days prior to use. The addition of microscopic glass bubbles and high density mineral powders were incorporated into the beads to control their density. Both floating and sinking beads were constructed so that NAPLs of different densities can be represented. Florescent dyes and colored powers were incorporated into the beads as part of the detection and identification scheme. The collection and quantification of bead movement was also investigated in both surface and cave systems. The addition of pigments provided a means for locating the beads following the tracer tests and better identification of where the beads were trapped. Coupling bead and dissolved tracers in the same tests allow for quantification of the bead transport relative to the water itself. Our results illustrate that hydrogel bead tracers can be a useful and highly-alterable means for better understanding contaminant transport in karst waters.

Poster sessIon: CArBon seQuestrAtIon Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

227 - Migration of sequestered CO2 by regional groundwater flow systems K. U. Weyer and J. C. EllisWDA Consultants Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada

Weyer (2010) showed why and how discharge areas of regional groundwater flow systems are also discharge points of natural and stored CO

2. As regional groundwater flow systems reach to great depth by penetrating aquitards and caprocks, any successful design of on-shore

geological carbon storage must regard the migration effects groundwater flow systems exert on stored CO2. Eventually almost all of the CO

2 will


be dissolved by groundwater and migrate to the discharge areas of these flow systems.

By implication there will rarely be the anticipated permanent storage of CO2 in the subsurface. Instead the deep ground water flow will transport

the dissolved CO2 into surface waters. A telling example of such a system is the Green River in Utah with its natural discharge points of naturally

occurring CO2 and the artificial discharge point Crystal Geyser, a flowing abandoned well located at the bank of the Green River. The advantage

of this situation is that there have been hydrogeological tools developed which allow the determination of the flow path of the groundwater flow systems and their approximate time scale to reach their groundwater discharge areas. These time spans may be as large as 50,000 to 100,000 years or as little as a few thousand years. In any case residence times of a thousand years and more would suffice in mitigating the atmospheric effect of CO

2 discharge.

The above concepts have so far not created much resonance in the scientific and practical world of geologic CO2 storage. The investigation of

groundwater dynamics at areas with natural discharge of naturally occurring CO2 may well provide a test for the effect groundwater flow systems

will exert on the geologic storage of CO2. The Eifel Mountains in Germany present such a natural laboratory as it contains over a hundred known

Tertiary and Quaternary volcanoes. The discharge points of water carrying CO2 originating in the mantle are well-known and mapped as they

have been used for generations for the production of carbonated mineral waters. The majority of the volcanoes are located in recharge areas without known CO

2 discharges within the recharge areas. The mantle CO

2 migrates within the roots of volcanoes and partly within deep-reaching

faults and lineaments. Hence, groundwater flow will cause the migration of sequestered CO2 and determine the points of discharge.

640 - An overview of the CO2CRC Otway CO2 Storage Project, Australia: Stages 1 and 2, objectives and outcomesAllison Hortle1,5, Lincoln Paterson2,5, Barry Friefeld3,5, Jonathon Ennis-King2,5, Tess Dance1,5, Linda Stalker1,5, Ralf Haese4,5, Chris Boreham4,5

1 CSIRO Earth Science and Resource Engineering, Perth, Australia,2 CSIRO Earth Science and Resource Engineering, Melbourne, Australia;3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, USA;4 Geoscience Australia, Canberra, Australia;5 CRC for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC)

The Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC) Otway Project in the onshore Otway Basin, Victoria, is Australia’s first demonstration project for the long term sequestration of CO2. The project commenced in 2003 with site selection and characterisation, and development of an extensive monitoring and verification (M&V) program. A comprehensive characterisation and risk assessment was undertaken on the injection horizon and overlying sedimentary succession. Monte Carlo simulations of the combined leakage rate from all risks was estimated at <0.001% y-1 (Jenkins et al., 2012). To date there have been two research projects carried out at the site, Stages 1 and 2.

Stage 1 was a small scale demonstration project, designed to verify characterisation, monitoring and predictive techniques. In this project ~65,000 tonnes of gas were injected into a depleted natural gas field contained within a tilted fault block (Jenkins et al., 2012). The gas migrated updip through the reservoir sandstone to accumulate at the top of the structure, around the monitoring well. The injection stream, a mixture of CO

2 and CH

4 (77% and 20%), was extracted from an existing well, dried and compressed before being transported to the injection

well (Hortle et al., 2011).

Stage 2 was a single-well experiment in a different horizon, designed to test the mechanism of storage known as residual trapping. Residual trapping occurs as the supercritical CO

2 plume migrates through a water saturated formation, displacing the mobile water phase. The pore

space is left water-wet, but saturated with CO2. As the CO

2 plume moves away, the formation water moves back into the pore spaces, flushing

out the mobile CO2 but trapping disconnected bubbles of CO

2 (Bachu and Bennion, 2008). The fractional proportion of CO

2 trapped by this

mechanism is difficult to determine and is an area of active research. Stage 2 used a suite of methods to try to quantify the effective maximum residual gas saturation (Zhang et al., 2011).

Assurance monitoring (soil gas, groundwater surveys and atmospheric monitoring) for carbon dioxide, methane and tracers has not detected any leakage (Caritat et al.; Etheridge et al., 2011; Schacht et al., 2011),. Post-injection sampling and analysis along with additional surface seismic surveys are continuing, while the collected data are used to calibrate dynamic models. The integrated data provide valuable information for developing capacity estimates and providing assurance of safe and effective geological carbon storage.


741 - Geochemistry of CO2 Sequestration in the Cambrian Sandstone of OntarioAndrew Wigston & David RyanClean Electric Power Generation, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON, CanadaDru J. Heagle & Richard E. JacksonGeofirma Engineering Ltd., Ottawa, ON, Canada

The Government of Ontario has promised to phase out coal-fired electricity generation by 2014. However, it may be difficult to completely eliminate coal-fired stations due to the low-cost base load electricity they provide. Environment Canada recently released its proposed GHG emissions reduction regulation for coal-fired generation of electricity. Ontario’s two major coal-fired generating stations, the Lambton and Nanticoke generating stations, will require significant modifications to conform to the regulations. Deep geological CO

2 storage is the most

viable option as both generating stations are located in southern Ontario where the Cambrian Mount Simon sandstone saline aquifer has been identified as a potential storage formation.

Prior to storage, significant site characterization work must be completed, as outlined in the Canadian Standards Association draft standard for geo-storage of CO

2 (2011). This includes a baseline characterization of fluids and rock in the storage formation and primary cap rock, as well as

geochemical modeling, including an assessment of possible geochemical reactions among the injected CO2 stream and the rocks and fluids of

the storage unit and primary cap rock to predict their potential effect on injectivity, storage capacity, and storage integrity.

A significant amount of site characterization work has been completed on the Mount Simon and equivalent-age formations in the Michigan and Appalachian Basins. However, no such work has been done for the Mount Simon Formation in Ontario. This study carries out a preliminary examination of the possible geochemical reactions between the injected CO

2 stream and the rocks and fluids of the Mount Simon Sandstone and

the overlying Ordovician carbonate cap rock. Mineralogical and fluid data from the site characterization of the Bruce Deep Geological Repository (DGR) site for low- and intermediate level nuclear waste was used to simulate the potential geochemical reactions for the Mount Simon in the Michigan Basin. These results are discussed in the context to their potential effect on injectivity, storage capacity, and storage confinement for the Mount Simon as a CO

2 storage unit.

876 - Refinement of the Weyburn-Midale Hydrogeological Model: Developing a Better Understanding of Heterogeneity Present To Determine Reservoir Response to Injected CO2. Gavin Jensen, Ben RostronSaskatchewan Geological Survey, Regina, Canada; University of Alberta, Dept. of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Edmonton, Canada

The Weyburn Field, operated by Cenovus Energy, currently contains the largest amount of anthropogenic CO2 injected and geologically stored in

the world, with over 17 million tonnes of CO2 sequestered as of June 2011. The IEA-GHG Weyburn-Midale CO

2 Monitoring and Storage Project

is in its final phase of research and is focussed on adding new hydrogeological data to the already rich dataset from Phase I, to refine the final model. The purpose of this study is to provide a further refinement of hydrogeological parameters present at a field scale to better understand and develop the Weyburn-Midale carbon storage site.

Pressure and hydrochemistry maps for the targeted aquifers (Midale, Frobisher and Ratcliffe) contain straddle tests and new wells drilled since Phase I was completed. Straddle drill stem tests were not included in Phase I of the project, investigating these tests permits a better evaluation of the possibility of cross-formational flow between the targeted Mississippian aquifers, and the competency of inter- and intra- aquifer evapo-rites as potential barriers for fluid movement.

Hydrogeological results from this study include; 1) Hydrochemistry maps which indicate large variations in total dissolved solids (TDS) within the target aquifers; 2) Pressure maps which illustrate unique variations between the target aquifers; 3) Hydrochemical cross sections display the lateral and vertical formational movement of fluids in the target aquifers; 4) Original oil-water contact map which displays a portion of the Weyburn field that is oil wet versus water wet; 5) Pressure depth plots [P(d)] that demonstrate the original formation pressure present in the target aquifers as well as the current pressure regime present in the CO

2 flood area; 6) Driving Force Ratio (DFR) maps that illustrate the com-

bined forces acting on fluid movement within an aquifer and incorporate aquifer structure, TDS, temperature and pressure.These new data will be utilized by other research disciplines of the project including risk assessment and modeling of long-term storage. Results indicate that the Midale formation at the IEA-GHG CO

2 Weyburn Monitoring and Storage Project is a secure location for CO

2 storage.


Poster sessIon: Cold regIons Hydrogeology Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

512 - Glacial meltwater and groundwater interactions: evidence form the Virkisjökull observatory in IcelandA.M. MacDonald, J.D. Everest and H.C. BonsorBritish Geological Survey, Edinburgh, UKA.R. BlackDept of Geography, University of Dundee, UKW.G. Darling and D. GooddyBritish Geological Survey, Wallingford, UK

There is a growing recognition of the important role that groundwater may have in buffering changes in river discharge due to increased melting of glaciers. Glacial deposits, particularly proglacial deposits and outwash plains can form significant aquifers and contain groundwater stores that are rarely quantified. In addition, interaction of basal melting of glaciers with groundwater can help to sustain flow through prolonged cold winters.

The multidisciplinary BGS observatory at Virkisjökull in Iceland provides an excellent opportunity to characterise and quantify glacial meltwaters and groundwater. Glacier meltwater has been measured since September 2011, while precipitation and temperature has been recorded from weather stations at varying altitudes since September 2009. Meltwaters and groundwater in the proglacial environment have been sampled periodically and analysed for inorganic chemistry, CFC, SF6 and stable isotopes to help understand the origin and flow paths of meltwaters and groundwater. The proglacial deposits have been mapped and the permeability of targeted deposits characterised.

Initial findings show that the outwash plain provides a significant highly permeable aquifer, and is recharged locally from precipitation, with a growing influence of meltwater close to the meltwater channel. Shallow groundwater from snow melt within the catchment provides significant flow to the meltwater channels in spring, but in the prolonged winter, basal meltwater, possibly linked with sub glacial groundwater, helps to sustain flow in the meltwater channels. This initial study has led to the design of a more detailed experiment in the summer of 2012 involving the drilling and instrumentation of a targeted network of piezometers across the sandur and proglacial area.

Poster sessIon: ContAMInAnt Hydrogeology Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

167 - Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic Assessment of Seawater Intrusion into Alluvial Aquifers in the Western Algiers Coastal Area (Tipasa, Algeria)A.S. Moulla1, A. Guendouz2 & M. Belaidi 3, 1 Dating & Isotope Tracing Dept., Algiers Nuclear Research Centre, Alger-RP, Algiers, Algeria 2 Blida University, Engineering and Science Faculty, Soumaa, Blida, Algeria 3 National Agency for Water Resources, ANRH-DRC, Soumaa, Blida, AlgeriaH. Maamar 3, S. Ouarezki 11 Dating & Isotope Tracing Dept., Algiers Nuclear Research Centre, Alger-RP, Algiers, Algeria 3 National Agency for Water Resources, ANRH-DRC, Soumaa, Blida, Algeria

The western Algiers coastal region that extends up to the city of Tipasa is known for both tourists and agricultural vocations. It is composed of three allu-vial valleys, namely Wadi El-Hachem, Wadi Mazafran and Wadi Nador. These three small catchments being exorheic, the alluvial aquifers that they host are thus very likely to be subjected to a saline hazard through seawater encroachment. Besides industrial and agricultural developments, unrestrained demographic growth has induced important needs for freshwater. Unfavourable climatic conditions causing long period droughts have predictably led to a contamination of coastal groundwaters along the Mediterranean by ingressive seawater. Intensive pumping practices in use for the sake of securing water allocation for both populations and agriculture have drastically affected the groundwater reserves through overexploitation of the resource creating a consequent drawdown in the water table. During the dry season, the mobile fresh/sea water interface moves forward farther inland contaminating


wells and boreholes. Two out of the three valleys that are present in the investigated sector were targeted by the present study. Two approaches making use of both hydrochemical and isotopic tools were applied to assess the extent of seawater intrusion. For wadi Nador valley, the Br vs. Cl plot showed that the points align in a parallel way to seawater dilution line confirming thus a marine origin for those elements. Na/Cl ratio vs. Cl plot brings to the fore two poles of points: one composed of shallow unaffected groundwater and a second one composed of deeper boreholes and wells for which seawater is present to different extents. This is further confirmed by isotopes which exhibited a wide range of values mirroring the affected and the unaffected areas as well as those points submitted to intermingling between different end-members.

201 - Risk Assessment of Groundwater Pollution using Indexing-Analytical Methods and Monte Carlo techniqueSaman JavadiWater Research Institute, Tehran, IranKourosh MohammadiCoffey Geotechnics, Toronto, CanadaAhmad KhodadadiDepartment of Environmental Engineering - Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

These days, one of the main adverse impacts to the environment is due to agricultural activities and their impacts on groundwater. There have been several methods to determine the groundwater vulnerability to pollution and they can be divided into three main groups including indexing, statistical-an-alytical, and hybrid methods. Both indexing and analytical methods have deficiencies if they are used separately in a vulnerability assessment. Therefore, combining two methods and using techniques such as Monte-Carlo to consider probabilities can improve the algorithm and can be used to assess the risk of aquifer pollution occurrence. In this research, at first, the groundwater vulnerability was assessed using DRASTIC method. Then, in order to evalu-ate the risk and probability of pollution in time and space, simulation models were developed. MODFLOW and MT3D models were used to simulate flow and transport, respectively. Five series of field measurements in 5 months were used to calibrate and verify the models. Since the risk mapping includes probability of occurrence, probability density function (PDF) needed to be determined and for this purpose, Monte-Carlo technique was selected. Several configurations were produced using SimLab module in MATLAB and with the produced PDF, the probability map was developed. At the end, combining vulnerability, pollution and probability maps produced the final risk map. The results showed that the risk map is different from vulnerability map and the risk map should be used in planning and long term development of a region.

366 - Uranium and radon concentrations in groundwater from Moongyeong, KoreaB.D. Lee*, B.W. Cho, and U. YunGroundwater Department - Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, Korea

Groundwater from the Mungyeong area in Korea was analysed for 238U and 222Rn, major ion concentrations, and physicochemical parameters. A total of 40 groundwater samples were collected from public wells covering three hydrogeological units. Concentration values ranged from 0.03 µg/L to 169 µg/L for 238U and from 70 pCi/L to 30,700 pCi/L for 222Rn. The statistical analysis of 238U and 222Rn data showed a log-normal distribution with a mean of 5.94 µg/L and 2,983 pCi/L, and a median of 0.82 µg/L and 955 pCi/L, respectively. Uranium concentrations were almost less than maximum contaminant level for drinking water in U.S EPA. One of the 40 groundwater samples had levels of uranium that exceeded the maximum contaminant level for drinking water. About 20 % and 10 % of the samples has 222Rn concentrations that exceeded the USA EPA’s Alternative MCL (AMCL) of 4,000 pCi/L and Finland’s standard of 8,100 pCi/L, respectively. A hydrogeological study revealed correlations between the concentration of radionuclides and the aquifer material’s characteristics. Higher uranium and radon concentrations in groundwater are related to the granitic rocks. The correlation analysis between uranium and radon and other variables showed only a weak rela-tionship between uranium and radon and pH value (correlation coefficient 0.29 and 0.22 in uranium and radon, respectively). None of the major ion concentrations showed a significant statistical correlation with uranium and radon. Uranium and radon concentrations in the groundwater is relatively low compared with other countries having similar geological conditions possibly due to the inflow of shallow groundwater to the wells.

367 - Spring water quality in Ulleung island Nari basin, KoreaB.D. Lee, U. Yun, and B.W. ChoGroundwater Department- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon,Korea


The hydrochemical properties of Chusan Yongchulso Spring water located in Bukmyeon, Ulleung Island were investigated, with emphasis on the potential resource development of the aquifer around the Nari caldera basin. The aquifer is characterised by abundant high permeability pumice with numerous fractures due to caldera subsidence within the upper, more productive hydrogeological regime. Due to porous pyroclastic rocks with high surface areas, the water type of the spring is Na-HCO

3, while upper stream waters and the upper spring range in type from Na-HCO

3

to Na-Cl. Electrical conductivity (EC) is most strongly influenced by HCO3, Na, F, Ca, Mg, Cl, SiO

2, and

SO

4. There is some possibility that high

concentrations of Na, Cl are lithologically associated with alkaline volcanic rocks that are predominant throughout Ulleung Island. Elevated Cl is interpreted to have been derived from volcanic activity. Eh and pH, important indicators of water-rock interaction, are largely independent of other chemical components. According to results obtained by factor analysis, cumulative percents of the variance of factor 1 are 54 % and 25.8 %, respectively. Components with a high loading to factor 1 are F, Na, EC, Cl, HCO

3, SO

4, SiO

2, Ca, NO

3, and Mg. Components with a high

loading to factor 2 are Mg, Ca, with K, NO3, DO as a negative loading. It is suggested that high concentrations of Na, Cl, F and SO

4 may be due

to the fine-grained, alkaline pyroclastic rocks that have high permeability and porosity favorable for promoting water-rock interaction. However, a wide range of investigations including geophysics and geochemical analysis involving isotope, trace elements, and tracers are required to better understand the groundwater chemistry, aquifer distribution, and the flow system of Ulleung Island.

435 - Opportunities in increasing reliability of DNAPL transport modelingBalazs Zakanyi, Peter SzucsDepartment of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology - University of Miskolc, Miskolc-Egyetemvaros, Hungary

The environmental problems connected to chlorinated hydrocarbons started in Hungary more than 25 years ago. As we have more and more experi-ence about these special contaminants, in situ remediation technologies have been developed all over the world during the last years. In every case, preliminary laboratory tests and technological investigations are required in advance to plan the remediation process. It is always essential to know the concentration of the contaminants, the underground flow system and the detailed geology of the investigated location. The more information is available, the better chance there is for the successful realization of the planned remediation method. To control and check the whole process, transport modeling can be a valuable tool. The main problem is that the transport simulations of chlorinated hydrocarbons have many weak points concerning input data information. Further research activity is required to make these simulations more accurate and reliable.

The main point of the presented research is to find and select appropriate transport-modeling programs, which can handle the underground transport processes of chlorinated hydrocarbons. In our research we used the Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) program to handle case-study problems connected to DNAPLs. For modeling purposes we used two modules of GMS: UTCHEM and SEAM3D. The module UTCHEM can be used for modeling the continuous aqueous phase. To improve the accuracy of the module, relative permeability curves are required. A new method applying immiscible displacement was developed at the University of Miskolc to provide these petrophysical properties. The SEAM3D module can be used for transport modeling of solute DNAPL contaminants. The applications of the different modules are demonstrated on a Hungarian TCE case–study example. To better understand the process of the contaminant movement, stochastic modeling was also used.

The described work was carried out as part of the TÁMOP-4.2.2/B-10/1-2010-0008 project in the framework of the New Hungarian Develop-ment Plan. The realization of this project is supported by the European Union, and co-financed by the European Social Fund.

581 - A Study on Arsenic Distribution Characteristics In Groundwater of Western Jilin Province, P. R. ChinaJie Tang, Jianmin Bian, Zhaoyang LiCollege of Environment and Resource, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China Zhen XiaChina Geo-Engineering Corporation International Ltd, Beijing, P. R. China John ZhuThe Carel Corporation, Keller, TX, USA

The study area was selected among many other arsenic endemic regions which mainly occur in Taiwan, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Shanxi in China. The area is physiogeographically located along the western flank of Songnen Plain, and hydrogeochemically distinguished as a basin with groundwater generally flowing easterly. 196 samples were collected to not only cover the whole study area but also extend in different depths/aquifers that include Quaternary phreatic groundwater, Quaternary Baitushan Formation confined groundwater and Neogene confined groundwater. Simulated and depicted


by GIS, data indicated that arsenic distribution is controlled by the hydrogeochemical environment of the basin. The centralized hotspot pattern of the arsenic distribution in groundwater, especially in the depressed area, appears to originate in the thick silty mud sediments of lacustrine origin which is rich in organic matter. Cluster analysis was also performed to identify the degree of relationship between each chemical constituent and arsenic by SPSS. The result reveals the distribution of arsenic at present has a close relationship with the spatial variation of Fe, Mn, Cl-, PO

43-, HCO

3-, SO

42- and

Se. An inverse geochemical model was established to demonstrate the above relationship by PHREEQC. The simulation results confirmed that arsenic presence and its distribution are largely formed by the leaching-migration-accumulation from the edge to the central area of the basin. The dissolution of the redox sensitive ferric oxide compounds and hydrous ferric oxides as well as the arsenic compounds (arsenate or arsenide) is likely the major mech-anism in controlling its spatial variation of arsenic. As groundwater flows stagnantly in the low lying central area, the afore-mentioned minerals become less stable due to lower Eh and mobilize into the groundwater due to higher solubility under the lower Eh condition. The arsenic complexes adsorbed by those minerals are released and migrate with the movement of the groundwater. The study finally concludes that the presence of arsenic in the regional groundwater flow regime exhibits the highest concentration in chloride-sodium bicarbonate groundwater in the central area and is consistent with the above findings and many previous studies in this field.

649 - Uranium and radon concentration in groundwater of the Danyang area, KoreaB.W. Cho1, M.S. Kim2, T.S. Kim2, U. Yun1, B.D. Lee1, S.H. Moon11 Groundwater Resources Group, Korea Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Taejeon, Korea2 Soil and Groundwater Research Team, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea

Uranium and radon are naturally occurring radioactive elements that may lead to health problems if present in high concentrations in groundwater. In 1998, a NGO argued that the uranium value in some potable groundwater in the Taejeon area, situated in central western part of South Korea, is as high as 1,093 mg/L (Han and Park, 1996) and exceeding the US EPA’s proposed value (20 mg/L). Since then, a nationwide survey of uranium and radon in groundwater has been conducted. The study area, Danyang, was chosen for evaluation of uranium and radon concentration because two sites with high levels of radon in groundwater (25,092, 19,773 pCi/L) were found in the area. The coverage of the area is about 781 km2. Although the geology of the area is complex, it can be classified into to five types; Pre-Cambrian granite gneiss (PCEks), Early Paleozoic Limestone Series (CEdle), late Paleozoic terrestrial sediments (Pp2), Jurassic terrestrial sediments (Jb), and Cretaceous granite (Kgp) in ascending order according to the Geological survey of Korea (1967). To evaluate the uranium and radon concentrations in groundwater, more than one hundred samples were collected in 2011. Most of the groundwater use is for domestic purposes and well depth ranges from 30 to 284 m with an average of 96 m (NIER, 2011). The results of uranium and radon measurements in groundwater are given in Table 1. The uranium concentration in groundwater samples was found to vary from 0.02 to 251.0 ìg/L with a median of 0.65 ìg/L. Most of the samples were found to have uranium concentrations below the 15 ìg/L WHO guideline, based on its chemical toxicity, and only one sample from PCEks exceeded 15 ìg/L. The radon concentration in 100 groundwater samples was found to vary from 15 to 28,470 pCi/L with a median of 505 pCi/L and 15% of the samples exceeded 4,000 pCi/L of US EPA’s Alternative MCL (AMCL). Uranium and radon concentration in groundwater is commonly linked to geology. Median uranium concentration is high in the groundwater samples from the granite (1.91 mg/L), whereas it is low in the sedimentary rocks (0.39 mg/L). Compared with the mean values of the Precambrian rocks in Southeastern Manitoba, Canada of 115.6 mg/L (Betcher et al. 1988), and of the Sebago granites in Maine, USA of 191 mg/L (Wathen, 1987), the mean U concentration in the granite is low. Median radon concentration is high in the groundwater samples from the granite (9,620 pCi/L) and granite gneiss (2,870 pCi/L), while low in the sedimentary rocks (less than 730 pCi/L). 77% of the wells from the granite and 42% of the wells from granite gneiss exceeded 4,000 pCi/L but there is no well in three other sedimentary rocks that exceeded the limit. The exceeding ratios in the granite is high at 77% compared to those of other granite areas in Korea, for instance, Ichon (57.1%) or Kimje area (30%). One possible explanation for the high exceeding ratio of the area may be due to infiltration of rainfall to the aquifer. Because the topography of the area varies from 149 m to 616 m, there exists little alluvium. However, detailed investigations on the radon concentration in groundwater from the granite area are needed.

838 - Multi isotope study of groundwater under the influence of complex landfill – case study from NE SloveniaMihael Brenčič & Anja TorkarDepartment of Geology - University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, SloveniaHermina Ivanuša ŠketInstitute for Public Health Maribor - Environmental Protection Institute, Maribor, SloveniaPolona VrečaJožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia


During study of landfill influence on groundwater it is crucial to determine the extent of the pollution plume and geochemical processes gov-erning natural attenuation of polluted groundwater. Stable isotope analyses of various dissolved species of natural and artificial origin as well as of water itself represent a very useful tool for the characterisation of various aquifer processes related to leakage of pollutants from the landfill body.

In Slovenia groundwater is abundant and various conflicts related to groundwater quality due to urban activities are frequent. Among them the influences of landfills are not the least important. In the past each municipality had its own landfill usually not properly engineered. Most of them are nowadays abandoned, however, some of them were enlarged and since then they are used for regional waste management activities. During the enlargement new waste fields with engineered barriers were constructed. These new fields are in the near vicinity of old waste bodies or even in close contact. Such landfills can be characterised as complex landfills where it is difficult to separate influences of the old waste body and possible influences of newer waste on the groundwater.

In the frame of this study different stable isotopes in combination with basic chemical data were used to determine the influences of a complex landfill on groundwater quality. The landfill is positioned on a multilayer intergranular aquifer that is characterised with hydraulic conductivity in the range of 10-4 to 10-6 m/s with several 2 – 4 m thick clay lenses inside. They are forming perched aquifers above a larger regional aquifer. The situation is complicated by the fact that a thickness of lenses is irregular. In some parts bellow the old waste body they represent a barrier and in some parts not. Consequently spreading of the pollution plume is irregular and depends very much on geometry of the clay lenses and history of landfilling practices. Analyses of δ18O, δ2H, δ13C

DIC, δ11B, δ15N in NO

3-, δ18O in NO

3-, and δ 56Fe were performed in several boreholes as well

as in surface water flowing near the waste body. Results of stable isotope analyses compared with results of regular groundwater monitoring confirm a complex and irregular pollution plume pattern with several redox zones irregularly distributed in the vertical and horizontal direction.

905 - Land use practices and non-point source pollution in Quaternary glacial deposits, Guelph, Ontario. Anna Best1, Emmanuelle Arnaud1, Gary Parkin1,1School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaBeth Parker2, Ramon Aravena3, Kari Dunfield1

1 School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada2 School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada3 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences - University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

The purpose of this pilot study is to investigate the link between overburden geology and groundwater quality at sites with contrasting manage-ment practices. One continuous core was extracted, from surface into the top of bedrock, at three sites, and a seven-port groundwater multilevel monitoring system (CMT) installed in each corehole. The sites are an agricultural field with regular manure application and historically high nitrate concentrations; an agricultural field with chemical fertilizer application; and a forested area with little human impact. They are situated on a Quaternary outwash plain, drumlin, and moraine respectively. The cores were described at the cm-scale to record downcore changes in sedimentary characteristics (texture, clast characteristics, structure, bounding surfaces of key units), and samples were taken for more detailed particle size analysis. The outwash core was 12 m long and composed of gravel overlying diamict, and the 19 m drumlin core consisted of multiple diamict units with sand interbeds. The 38 m moraine core comprised diamict at the surface and above the bedrock, with sand, mud, and gravel units in between. Sediment chemistry results show low organic carbon below the soil at all sites, variable chloride, and mostly low, but somewhat variable nitrate and ammonium. Water levels have been monitored weekly and are characterized by seasonal fluctuations. Water samples will also be taken at the manure-applied site to investigate downcore pathogen distribution. Water geochemistry data collection will include nitrate, ammonium, dissolved organic and inorganic carbon, phosphorus, major cations and anions (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, SO

4, Cl), as well

as tritium, deuterium and 18O for evaluation of groundwater origin and residence time. This sampling campaign is ongoing and only preliminary data are available to date. However, this study is expected to provide key datasets to investigate the relationship between the subsurface en-vironment and the distribution of non point source pollutants at depth, and thereby fill the gap between the well-studied surface soils and the contaminated bedrock aquifers below.


Poster sessIon: FAte oF nAnoPArtICles And ColloIds In tHe enVIronMent Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

412 - The importance of particle orientation in the transport of carbon nanotubesSara M. Mehrabi & William Milne-HomeUniversity of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years and their fate and transport in the natural environment have been of great interest to scientists, engineers, and policy makers. Several laboratory experiments have been designed and performed by other researchers in order to understand the factors that govern their movement and persistence in saturated porous media. Subsequently, “Classical Filtration Theory” was modified to accommodate the cylindrical shape and large aspect ratio of these particles. Based on this theory, interception (ηI) is one of the three key mechanisms of filtration. While this statement is not true for spherical particles, in the case of carbon nanotubes, ηI is geometry/shape dependant and thus its value relies on which surface of the nanotube comes into contact with collector grains. The other studies, dedicated to determining the orientation of CNTs in the suspension medium based on velocity, flow direction, and vorticity, made it pos-sible for us to conduct a comparative study of the effects of CNT orientation on their physical filtration through porous media due to interception.

With the CNT orientation closer to the flow direction at higher velocities, the likelihood of end and side contact will vary from scenarios with more than 80% side contact (very low velocities, vorticity fields, and viscous suspending medium) to cases of more than 80% end contact (high velocities). Interception results can diverge by two orders of magnitude following a single order of magnitude increase in particle length when side contact is dominant. The probability of the larger geometrical aspect of the particle (i.e., usually particle length but occasionally particle diameter) making contact with the collector grain, determines the dominant component of ηI. It was concluded under higher velocities, where high particle alignment with flow direction is anticipated, end contact will be dominant and hence less filtration of CNTs due to interception is expected to occur. The conclusion stands for CNTs with particle length greater than particle diameter.

862 - Reductive Degradation of 1,1,2-Trichloroethane by Nano Zerovalent IronHardiljeet K. Boparai, Nataphan Sakulchaicharoen, Ahmed I.A. Chowdhury, Christopher Kocur & Denis M. O’Carroll Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering - University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

1,1,2-Trichloroethane (1,1,2-TCA) is a toxic chlorinated organic compound found at various contaminated sites in North America. Nano zerova-lent iron (nZVI), a promising remediation technology, is being successfully used for treating a variety of organic and inorganic contaminants from groundwater, however comparatively little research has investigated the degradation of 1,1,2-TCA by nZVI. The kinetics, pathways and effects of reaction conditions on the reductive degradation of 1,1,2-TCA by carboxymethylcellulose coated nano iron (CMC-nZVI) has been examined in the present study. The nZVI dosage, polymer coating, initial contaminant concentration and presence of Pd catalyst influenced the degradation kinetics of 1,1,2-TCA by nano iron. Hydrogenolysis and beta-elimination, the major degradation pathways for 1,1,2-TCA by nano iron, were also found to be affected by the presence of Pd. This study suggests that CMC coated nano zerovalent iron particles can be effectively used for the remediation of 1,1,2-TCA contaminated groundwater.

Poster sessIon: FrontIers In nuMerICAl ModellIng Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

165 - Proposing a new groundwater analysis method considering investigation boreholes Tomonari Shiraishi1, Makoto Nishigaki2 & Hideyuki Sakurai11 Shimizu Corporation, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan2 Okayama University, Okayama-city, Okayama, Japan


Investigation of groundwater in soil or rock aquifers requires well or borehole drilling. In groundwater flow analysis, however, groundwater investigation boreholes are often ignored. Since vertical boreholes actually form vertically continuous paths of groundwater flow, the flow of surrounding groundwater can be affected. Furthermore, groundwater levels and pore water pressures measured in investigation boreholes can be affected by the flow of groundwater in the boreholes. The fact that there is a possibility of difference between the information obtained through borehole drilling and the information obtained from the real groundwater flow field is a major problem in groundwater investigation.

In order to evaluate the influence of investigation boreholes properly, it is desirable to perform a groundwater flow analysis taking investigation boreholes into consideration. It is difficult, however, to model investigation boreholes, which are significantly smaller in size than a regional groundwater flow model, because large-scale modeling would be needed. This report proposes an analysis method that models investigation boreholes with one-dimensional elements for the purpose of three-dimensional groundwater flow analysis that takes the influence of investiga-tion boreholes into consideration. This report also shows the results of applicability evaluation made by comparison between results obtained by using the proposed method and the results of a conventional three-dimensional analysis.

Main conclusions are as follows:

(1) Investigation boreholes can be easily taken into consideration in three-dimensional modeling.(2) An investigation borehole may be modeled as a medium with a large permeability coefficient.(3) The flow rate in the borehole needs to be overestimated, and that can be achieved by using a relatively large mesh size around the borehole.

373 - Transient hydraulic tomography to assess aquifer hydraulic conductivity anisotropyDaniel Paradis1,2, Erwan Gloaguen1 ,René Lefebvre1, Bernard Giroux1, Mathieu Sauvageau1, Christophe DeLouis2

1 Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Québec, Québec, Canada2 NRCan, Geological Survey of Canada, Québec, Québec, Canada

Full hydraulic aquifer characterization should ideally provide a 3D distribution of properties, including hydraulic conductivity (K) anisotropy (the ratio of vertical and horizontal K, Kv/Kh). However, Kv/Kh is rarely determined in practice because conventional field hydraulic tests only measure Kh. To assess the potential of transient hydraulic tomography to estimate the spatial distribution of Kh, Kv/Kh and specific storage (Ss), slug tests (24) were carried out across discrete stress intervals straddled by packers along two fully screened wells completed in a finely layered littoral unconfined aquifer with expected strong Kv/Kh anisotropy. Hydraulic responses were recorded in the stress interval and a network of observation intervals, for a total of 110 transient hydraulic responses. Transient drawdowns were analyzed using the finite-differences code lr2dinv [Bohling and Butler, 2001] to estimate 2D fields of Kh, Kv/Kh and Ss, considering wellbore storage. The linear interpolation of Kh profiles obtained from the sequential testing procedure adopted in this tomographic experiment was used to define 12 hydrofacies in order to constrain the inverse solution. First, an anisotropic inversion was made with the 24 slug tests without Kv/Kh constraints. This step was followed by an isotropic inversion (Kv/Kh =1) using the same zones as for the anisotropic inversion. The resulting 2D fields of Kh, Kv/Kh and Ss were then validated by comparison of observed and predicted drawdowns and with field and laboratory profiles of Kh and Kv measured along tomographic wells. Comparison of anisotropic and isotropic inversions demonstrates that slug test responses and 2D fields of hydraulic properties are far better reproduced when Kv/Kh is considered in the inversion. For instance, R2 for drawdowns and Kh profiles for anisotropic inversions are 0.88 and 0.65, respectively, compared to R2 of 0.60 and 0.11 for isotropic inversion. Vertical profiles of Kv/Kh obtained from field and laboratory tests are also well reproduced by anisotropic inversion. These results indicated that Kv/Kh anisotropy should be considered in tomographic inversions when the isotropy assumption cannot be satisfied at the scale of the experimental field test. Such an assumption of isotropic conditions would be hard to justify for most hydrogeological contexts.

620 - Groundwater System OptimizationIneke M. Kalwij, Ph.D., P.Eng.Kalwij Water Dynamics Inc., Coquitlam, B.C., CanadaRichard C. Peralta, Ph.D., P.E.Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering - Utah State University, Logan, Utah, U.S.A.

Simulation / optimization (S/O) models can provide the best optimal groundwater management alternative. S/O modeling uses numerical or analytical simulation models to predict system response(s) to given stimuli, and employs optimization algorithms to develop an optimal management strategy.


There are many different optimization approaches, including deterministic, stochastic, robustness, and multi-objective optimization techniques. Also, there are numerous different optimization types including operations research, genetic algorithms, simulated annealing, tabu search, and hybrids. This poster presentation displays applications and results of advanced S/O modeling to solve groundwater management problems (hydraulic and transport optimization problems). The presentation also demonstrates how different optimization methods compare in results (and optimization efficiency).

951 - Improving the Characterization of Hydraulic Conductivities using the Double Constraint Method and the Kalman FilterM. A. El-Rawy1, W. Zijl1 & O. Batelaan1,2

1 Dept. of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering - Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium 2 Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KULeuven, Heverlee, Belgium

Forward modeling to calculate groundwater heads and fluxes is based on prior estimates of the model parameters, e.g, in numerical forward models based on a finite element or difference method the hydraulic conductivities in the model’s grid blocks have to be specified. Calibration means in this case choosing conductivities in such a way that the heads and fluxes calculated by the model honour the measured heads and fluxes. Modeling in such a way that not only heads and fluxes, but that also parameters are determined, is generally called inverse modeling. This work considers inverse modeling to determine hydraulic conductivities from heads measured in monitoring wells and “measured” fluxes derived from recharge data. For that purpose the Double Constraint Method (DCM) has been used to determine conductivities at for the same groundwater system at a number of different moments. To derive a time-independent estimate of the time series of the thus-obtained conductivities the linear Kalman Filter (KF) has been applied. The Kalman Filter does not only estimate the hydraulic conductivities, but also decreases the uncertainty in the conductivity estimation with respect to the observation uncertainty. We have tested the DCM+KF combination for the Kleine Nete catchment and the Schietveld area, Belgium. The combination of the DCM+KF was tested for two cases for the Kleine Nete catchment based on perception uncertainty: case 1 with zero perception uncertainty; and case 2 with non-zero perception uncertainty. For case 1 with DCM+KF we found that the MAE and RMSE are relatively small, 0.55 m and 0.81 m re-spectively. When using the initial grid block conductivities in a forward run, we found MAE=0.8 m and RMSE=1.13 m, clearly showing the improvement due to the DCM+KF combination. In case 2 the MAE and RMSE values are a bit higher than in case 1. This is because uncertainties in case 1 are higher than uncertainties in case 2. The standard deviations of the estimation uncertainty were approximately 77% smaller than the standard deviations of the observation uncertainty. In addition, we were able to delineate the regions where the conductivities were calibrated by the observation wells, as well as the regions were the conductivities were only determined by the prior conductivity model.

Poster sessIon: deVeloPMent And APPlICAtIon oF ConCePtuAl Models Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

836 - Handling impermeable and specified-head boundaries in kriged water table maps using supplemental analytic element solutionsJames R. CraigDepartment of Civil & Environmental Engineering - University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada Matthew Tonkin & Jonathan KennelS.S. Papadopoulos and Associates, Bethesda, MD, USA

Generating historical and current groundwater level maps is a common task for groundwater practitioners. Hand drawn mapping approaches allow the user to incorporate the effects of physical boundaries such as rivers, pumping wells, or impermeable boundaries such as rock outcrops or slurry walls. However, standard automated interpolation algorithms such as inverse distance weighting or Kriging make no attempts to respect constraints other than at the observation data points. A number of researchers have recently tried to ameliorate this issue for systems dominated by horizontal or vertical wells by incorporating additional special drift terms into the classic Universal Kriging approach. Others have modified the Universal Kriging (UK) algorithm to additionally enforce constraints upon the head gradient at discrete points along physical boundaries. Here, an alternative technique is applied which can account for a number of important physical boundary conditions, including no-flow and specified-head conditions. The technique is based upon supplementing the UK-interpolated water level field with analytic element functions, which can enforce boundary conditions both external to and within


the domain. The resultant interpolation water table respects both the data and the boundary conditions, but (strictly speaking) violates both the governing groundwater flow equation and some statistical assumptions underlying the Universal Kriging approach, and is therefore formally neither a deterministic modelling nor rigorous geostatistical method. The results of the modified interpolation method are demonstrated on a number of test cases.

Poster sessIon: generAl Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

947 - Estimation of annual groundwater discharge using automated nonlinear storage-outflow relationship Arpana Datta and Tirupati BolisettiDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering - University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada

Estimation of groundwater discharge is vital for estimating groundwater recharge and assessing annual water budget in any watershed. Different automated methods based on either a linear or nonlinear storage-outflow relationship are available for partitioning groundwater dis-charge from streamflow hydrographs and estimating groundwater recharge. In the present paper, groundwater discharge is estimated in three subwatersheds of Essex region in Southwestern Ontario through the application of automated methods on daily streamflow data. Groundwater discharge is estimated using three baseflow separation methods incorporating linear and nonlinear storage-outflow relationships. The results obtained from different methods are compared in order to establish the best possible estimates of the annual groundwater discharge. In the linear reservoir approach, the recession parameter is considered to be constant, and in the nonlinear reservoir approach it is considered to be seasonally variable for investigating the effect of evapotranspiration losses from groundwater on recession behavior.

The recession analysis reveals that the duration of recession is short in the region. The nonlinear reservoir approach fits streamflow recession better than the linear reservoir approach. The nonlinear recession parameter has obtained the lowest value during July- August due to higher evapotranspiration losses. All of the methods show similar base flow estimation during the period of high evapotranspiration losses. Groundwater discharge starts to rise at the end of October, reach the peak in March and start to fall in April, and reach the lowest value during August. The nonlinear reservoir approach represents the groundwater discharge response better than the other methods during the high recharge period. Therefore, the annual groundwater discharge estimated by the nonlinear reservoir approach is considered as the most reasonable estimation for the formulation of the water budget of the study area. The method quantifies the occurrence of average annual groundwater discharge as 34% of average annual streamflow.

142 - Seasonal temperature variations of Lake Vrana on the island of Cres and possible influence of global climate changesMladen Kuhta & Brkić ŽeljkaCroatian Gerological Survey, Zagreb, Croatia

Lake Vrana on the island of Cres in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea is one of the largest fresh water features on Mediterranean islands. The maximum depth of the lake is 72 m (60 m below the sea level) and it stores 220 million m3 of fresh water. Due to exceptionally good water quality the lake is used to supply water to the islands of Cres and Lošinj and it is the only source of potable water for these islands with their highly developed tourism. This paper provides an overview of lake temperature and level measurements to date and recent activities within the EU project “Climate Change and Impacts on Water Supply” (CC-WaterS, SEE-TCP). Groundwater temperatures in lake surrounding are almost constant throughout the year, mildly dropping according to the depth, in the range from 14.6 to 13.1 °C. The temperature of the lake water changes throughout the year, and thermal stratification occurs at the end of summer. In the water layer above the thermocline, water temperature can reach up to 25 °C or more. At the same time, water temperature is very low in the hypolimnetic area and, depending on annual climate characteristics, ranges from 6.5 to 9.3 °C. In the isothermal period, which lasts from 2 to 3 months, the whole water mass has a homogenous temperature within a 4.65 to 8.9 °C recorded range. Earlier collected data of lake water temperatures are rare and insufficient for analyses of a potential impact of climate changes. Results of long-term lake level observations (1929-2011) reveal a significant trend of mean annual water level decline; nevertheless, there is no trend in annual precipitation rates. According to the data from the period 1951-2009 an increase in the mean annual air temperature of 0.1 °C per decade is present since 1951 and it is amplified within the recent shorter periods (up to 0.4 °C/10 yrs in period 1981-2009). Present and future climate simulations using three limited area models were analyzed (Aladin, Promes and RegCM3), and they pointed out further temperature increase in the range of 0.27 to 0.32 °C/10 yrs. Significant


changes of precipitation rates were not indicated. Considering increasing water consumption and indicated climate changes in synergy with lake volume reduction, water temperature increase and biological changes, further progressive lake level drawdown and water quality deterioration may be expected.

185 - Risk assessment and risk management methodology to provide groundwater as an emergency resource in Bay of Bengal, Indian subcontinent, regularly affected by stormsBalbir S. SukhijaNational Geophysical Research Institute Hyderabad – Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India

The coastal regions of India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh are constantly being impacted by storms originating in the Bay of Bengal. During the last 100 years, in the Bay of Bengal 1228 depressions originated, 455 of them turned into storms and 184 out of them hit the coast. Storms are responsible for damaging the coastal infrastructure, water distribution networks and groundwater supply systems. In order to mitigate the emergency situation with respect to drinking water, risk assessment and risk management methodology has been applied.

Risk assessment is based on i) the study of frequency of devastating cyclonic storms from historical and contemporaneous data and delineation and zonation of the affected region, delineation of cyclone prone corridors to sea surges, considering geomorphology, land use, existence of natural and artificial barriers, urbanization and related infrastructures, iii) detailed study of the impact of big storms on shallow and deep aquifers and monitoring of their chemical and bacteriological quality, iv) specifically oriented monitoring of the extent of sea water intrusion in the coastal aquifers by measurements of electrical conductivity, chloride and bacterial pollution, v) assessment of vulnerability or resistance of existing public and domestic water supply facilities to disasters.

Risk management is carried out by i) assessment of the need of drinking water for the population living in the impacted region, ii) delineation of freshwater-salt water interface in coastal aquifers using relevant hydrogeological and geophysical methods, iii) inventory and quantitative and qualitative evaluation of strategic ground water resources which can be used for emergency situations, iv) protection policy of emergency groundwater resources resilient to cyclonic storms and v)drilling of new emergency wells for drinking water supplies during and after cyclonic storms. To illustrate the described methodology a case study on the impact of Super cyclone in Orissa State, India on water resources and water supply systems and identification of safe emergency groundwater resource will be presented.

298 - Non-Darcian Flow to a Well in a Leaky Aquifer with wellbore storage and skin effectZhang Wen, Quanrong WangChina University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. ChinaDepartment of Water Resources and Hydrogeology – China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China

In this study, we have investigated non-Darcian flow to a well in a leaky aquifer with considering wellbore storage and a finite-thickness skin. The non-Darcian flow is assumed to be described by the Izbash equation. We have used a linearization procedure associated with the Laplace transform to solve such non-Darcian flow model. The Stehfest method has been used to invert the Laplace domain solutions for the drawdowns. The drawdowns inside the well for different cases have been analyzed. The results indicated that: a smaller BD results in a smaller drawdown at late times, the leakage has little effect on the drawdown inside the well at early times, where BD is a dimensionless parameter reflected the leak-age. We have also found that the flow for the negative skin case approaches the steady-state earlier than that for the positive skin. In addition, the drawdown inside the well with a positive skin is larger than that without skin effect at late times, and a larger thickness of the skin results in a greater drawdown inside the well at late times for the positive skin case. A reverse result has been found for the negative skin case. The skin has little effect on the drawdown inside the well at early times. Finally, we have developed a finite-difference solution for such non-Darcian flow model, and compared the numerical solution with the approximate analytical solution. It has been shown that the linearization procedure works very well for such non-Darcian flow model at late times, and it will underestimates the drawdowns at early times.


345 - Some aspects of field permeability tests in unsaturated conditionsMakoto Nishigaki*1, Fujita Takafumi1, Claudia Hartwig1 & M. Shahbaz Akhtar1,2

1 Geo-environmental Evaluation Laboratory, Department of Environmental design and Civil Engineering, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Okayama University, Japan2 Department of Environmental Management Engineering, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Okayama University, Japan

In order to estimate the amount of water recharging a groundwater system, we need to measure the hydraulic conductivity in both saturated and unsaturated conditions. In this regard, many methods have been developed and documented in pertinent literature. Most of these methods only apply to shallow depths. However, we had to address deeper unsaturated conditions. The very popular Zangar’s method (1953) is applied mostly to shallow zones. We, however, evaluated the applicability of the Zangar’s method to deeper zones with variable moisture contents by using a numerical method. We concluded that it is possible to apply this method to any depth and to any initial soil moisture conditions. This method can be applied in different kinds of soils like sand, silt, and clay etc. Subsequently, we applied this method to a practical lab test using a sand tank. We concluded from this experiment that the observed permeability is dependent on the initial soil moisture content. We need to estimate the permeability under fully saturated conditions e.g. to estimate the slope failure. If we want to know the permeability values, it depends on moisture content. On the basis of these observations, we injected carbon dioxide (CO

2) gas into a surrounding borehole before the permeability test. By

using this method, we obtained the results for any initial moisture condition; hence, we can estimate the same permeability values in the field.

565 - Analysis of Evolution Regularities of Groundwater Chemical CompositionJichao Sun & Jincui WangInstitute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, CAGS, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, P.R. China

Groundwater is not only an important strategic water resource, but also an important source of drinking water and one of the necessary con-ditions for national economic development. The results of groundwater quality and pollution investigations carried out in China show that five changes are taking place in groundwater chemical composition, namely; mineralization, hardening, acidification, nitrification and poisoning. Mineralization leads to the significant increase of metal ions in water or soluble components. Hardening changes the composition ratio of major ions. Acidification accelerates quality variation of water and the environment. Nitrification causes the occurrence of new water chemical types. Poisoning is not common, but its composition and risk are complicated.

Formerly four changes occurred, primarily in the cities and the surrounding areas, in the zones with sensitive ground surface environment and human activity concentration areas. The changes are in planar distribution locally. Poisoning, at the moment in a point distribution, occurs mainly in the heavy and chemical industry concentration areas, waste disposal areas and sewage discharge areas. Groundwater chemical changes are complex, but the basic changes are closely related to human activities. The analysis of these changes has become an important means of understanding the environmental evolution, which is expected to form the systematical theory and method, and is of great significance to prevent and control groundwater pollution as well as protect groundwater environment.

568 - Mapping of Groundwater Resources and Environmental Geology in AsiaYanpei Cheng1, Fawang Zhang2, Zengshi Ni1 & Hua Dong1

1 Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, CAGS, Shijiazhuang City,Hebei Province, P.R.China2 Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS, Guilin City, Guangxi Zhuang, Autonomous Region, P.R.China

The shortage of water resource is more and more serious in many Asian countries, particularly under the condition that the groundwater envi-ronment is disturbed by human activities. The safety of water supplies cannot been guaranteed in some areas. In order to better understand the groundwater resources and environment in Asia, it is of prime importance to compile the serial maps of groundwater resources and environmen-tal geology. The compilation mainly includes a hydrogeological map of Asia, a groundwater environment map of Asia, a groundwater resources map of Asia and a geothermal resources map of Asia. Based on the data available concerning groundwater resources and environmental geol-ogy in Asian countries, with the application of remote sensing technique and GIS, the dynamic information platform of groundwater resources and environment has been established. The compilation of serial maps is helpful to the effective management of groundwater resources and setup of the harmonious world environment.


Hydrogeological Map of Asia: The compilation is focused on shallow groundwater, with an analysis of groundwater distribution and migration regu-larities, reflecting groundwater storage type and water yield capacity of different water circulation alternating zones. Groundwater storage is divided into three types: pore water, fissure water and karst water. Water yield capacity can be divided into five categories in the light of hydrogeological conditions. The map shows the regionalism of recharge, runoff and discharge, and at the same time represents the special water-bearing strata type. The main features of groundwater natural outcrops (large spring, subterranean river, warm spring, salt lake) were represented.

Groundwater Resources Map of Asia: The map is compiled on the basis of achievements of groundwater resources assessment of each country or region in Asia. Groundwater resources regionalism is divided based on the ocean systems, large-size water controlled structure units and main river systems. The groundwater systems are divided into 11 systems and 36 subsystems with reference to groundwater resources as-sessment achievements. For different types of groundwater, the spatial distribution status of groundwater resources and exploitable resources in Asia is reflected by maps with groundwater natural recharge modulus zonation as the basic assessment unit. Groundwater resource is divided into five grades in accordance with geomorphology, climate, hydrology and recharge conditions of aquifer media. At the same time, the reserve of deep groundwater with exploitation condition is assessed.

Groundwater Environment Background Map of Asia: The map mainly reflects the spatial distribution of groundwater quality, which reflects prima-ry chemical components threatening the human existence. Hydrogeochemistry regionalism is mainly divided based on water chemical type and groundwater quality type, reflecting regional lateral zonation. The characteristics and regularities of vertical zonation with particular significance are also represented on the map. Geothermal Resources Map of Asia: Based on the geotectonic structure and geological characteristics, the map shows three geothermal zones. Namely, modern volcanic-type zone, uplifting fracture-type zone and sedimentary basin-type zone. The main features of geothermal resources, heat control structure line, typical hot spring, outcrop of well and special chemical components of outcrop are also represented on the map.

718 - Modeling Groundwater Flow Behavior of Fractured Rock Aquifer Using the Hybrid DFN-EPM ApproachChien-Chung Ke, Wong-Rui Lee & Shih-Meng HsuGeotechnical Engineering Research Center, Sinotech Engineering Consultants, Inc., Taipei City, TaiwanYen-Tsu Lin & Chi-Chou HuangCentral Geological Survey, MOEA, New Taipei City, Taiwan

Modeling groundwater flow behavior within fractured rock aquifers has become increasingly important, particularly with regard to the question of de-velopment of groundwater in the mountainous region. This study presents local-scale modeling for characterizing groundwater flow pathway between wells and estimating the groundwater capacity of fracture zones in the mountainous region. This model is developed using FracMan software, which traditionally benefits from high resolution datasets obtained during hydrogeological exploration, including rock core record data, borehole logging data, and double packer test data. The technique consists of interpreting outcrop investigation data, regolith thickness and using these data to generate representative Hybrid Layered Discrete Fracture Network (DFN)-Equivalent Porous Medium (EPM) Model. Hybrid layered DFN-EPM Model meet this by incorporating both EPM volume elements, and DFN elements. This study illustrates a layered DFN-EPM model, with the EPM representing regolith layer, and the DFN representing fractured bedrock. The advantage of this approach is that it is able to more accurately model the response of the groundwater table and shallow wells using continuum EPM elements, while still using the DFN for evaluating flow pathways and connectivity between wells in the fractured bedrock and assessing the groundwater capacity of the shallow fracture zones.

721 - Verification of conceptual model of the thermal karstwater regime of Eger (Hungary) using environmental isotope dataJózsef DeákGWIS Plc., Dunakeszi, HungaryKornél Albert, Árpád Lorberer“VITUKI” Environmental and Water Management Research Institute, Non-Profit Ltd, Budapest, HungaryIstván FórizsInstitute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences,Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary


A conceptual model of the regional karst water flow regime of Eger (near the Bükk Mountains in southwestern Hungary) was validated using environ-mental isotope (14C, δ13C, δ2H and 3H) data. 14C groundwater ages were calculated by δ13C correction, considering the excess TDIC caused by surplus CO

2 of metamorphic origin. Corrected karst water ages increase continuously from the recharge area (karst outcrops in Bükk Mountains) to the deep

lying thermal waters (50 to 65 oC) through the lukewarm (30 oC) springs of Eger. This simplified model is inconsistent with both hydraulic and geothermal considerations. A more acceptable conceptual model considers the lukewarm springs of Eger as mixtures of old, thermal karst water and young, cold karst water. 14C groundwater “ages” of these springs (4 to 7 ka) are not representative, rather the result of mixing processes. Tritium data shows that from time to time these springs contain a small amount of the local modern, shallow groundwater too. However the 14C ages of thermal karstwater in the surrounding wells (13 to 15 ka) are acceptable since deuterium data (δ2H = -75 to -85 ‰) verify that this karst water was infiltrated at +5 to +7 oC annual mean temperature. Such a cold climate appeared in Hungary only in the most recent “ice-age” i.e. more than 10 ka ago. Isotope data support the conceptual model of a karst water flow regime which is recharged in the higher elevations of Bükk Mountains, flows through the deep lying, covered and karstified aquifer and discharges in the lukewarm springs of Eger. One very important and useful piece of information determined from the isotope data is that the transit time of karst water in the Eger thermal water regime exceeds 15 ka.

750 - Guidelines on groundwater and environmental issues in tunnelling. Experiences from ItalyAntonio DematteisSEA Consulting srl – Turin, ItalyAlessandro GarginiDipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geologico Ambientali – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, ItalyMarco PetittaDipartimento di Scienze della Terra – Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Rome, ItalyMarco TalliniDipartimento di Ingegneria delle Strutture, delle Acque e del Terreno – Università dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, ItalyRiccardo TorriSEA Consulting srl – Turin, ItalyValentina VincenziConsultant hydrogeologist, Ferrara, Italy

Tunnelling meets the ever increasing requirements of a fast and sustainable mobility either between cities or inside cities’ transportation networks so tunnels and big urban excavation works sprawl rapidly. At the same time the rapid growth in renewable energy is creating a development of under-ground hydroelectric power plants. This growing interest in exploitation of underground space represents the most impacting engineering work affecting groundwater. Severe effects may occur during and after excavation (e.g. hydraulic head drawdown, base-flow impoverishment, subsidence), making it more difficult to gain the acceptance of local people for ongoing projects. Often, the undesired environmental consequences of tunnelling represent the outcome of a design that does not foresee these complications. This can happen when groundwater is considered simply as a “geological accident” and a geotechnical obstacle to tunnel advancement and stability and when little attention is devoted to the interaction between the tunnel and groundwater flow systems. During the environmental impact assessment and hydrogeological modelling and monitoring, the expected modifications to local ground-water budget terms (recharge-discharge) along with ecological effects on groundwater dependent ecosystems must be carefully take into account.

This contribution deals with the need for coordinating all hydrogeological activities in tunnelling planning, in order to improve environmental sus-tainability. The authors’ experiences show the need for guidelines on this topic, guidelines that should help hydrogeologists and decision makers to improve the water resources management in tunnelling. A hydrogeologically-based approach, hopefully founded upon a common protocol, will surely help to re-orient thinking about tunnels so they are considered not merely in terms of “drilling production” but also of “hydrogeological effects”, in order to manage the geotechnical excavation constrains, the environmental impacts and, at the same time, to valorize the water resources drained into the underground excavations and the associated heat. The synthesis of different case-studies, in Italy and abroad, where either a professional best-practice and/or a research-focused approach have contributed to treat groundwater flow as the main target of the analysis, is considered as the basis for this guideline proposal.

1023 - History of The City of Winnipeg’s Municipal Groundwater Supply - 1880 to 1919Jeffrey J. Bell, B.Sc.(G.E.), P.Eng.Friesen Drillers Ltd., Steinbach, Manitoba, Canada


Since 1919, the City of Winnipeg has relied on a 137 km gravity fed aqueduct from Shoal Lake, Ontario for water supply. An aspect that is often overlooked is the extensive groundwater supply that was used to develop the City of Winnipeg to the point, 1913, where the aqueduct project could be financed. The City of Winnipeg formed at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers. The rivers served transportation & water supply. As development occurred additional sources of water were sought. There is evidence that flowing water wells were present in areas of the city as early as 1880 (Render, 1965 and Johnston, 1934). The first water supply was the Winnipeg Water Works Company, utilizing the Assiniboine River. In 1889, the City of Winnipeg purchased this operation and converted to a groundwater source.

The city undertook the first groundwater investigations, which consisted of visiting privately drilled wells, collecting water samples and obtaining groundwater elevations (Ruttan, 1896). A preliminary potentiometric surface map was developed which noted that the groundwater level de-clined near the rivers. The investigation provided preliminary thoughts on groundwater recharge for the area. The study reviewed geochemistry. Pumping tests were completed. Groundwater protection was discussed; including a suggestion that the city purchase land on a 2 mile radius around each well for aquifer protection (Ruttan, 1896). By 1918 the city was operating 29 water wells; pumping 4,600 m3/day.

In 1897, the city retained a consulting engineer to review water supply alternatives. Winnipeg was experiencing rapid

growth and the city engineering staff became concerned about declining groundwater levels. The report recommended that alternate water supplies be investigated; as the sustainability of the groundwater source could not be confirmed (Ruttan, 1898). By 1907, the city had formed a board of consulting engineers who recommended a larger water supply from Shoal Lake. The aqueduct construction started in 1913/1914 and became operational in 1919. The well field was maintained as a backup until 1939. The initial groundwater investigations and reports for the City of Winnipeg are amazingly reflective, and provided the first known investigations into the carbonate bedrock aquifer in the Winnipeg area.

296 - Research of Land Subsidence Based on Adjacent-track InSAR Reference Datum Transformation and Fusion TechnologyBeibei Chen1, Huili Gong1 & Xiaojuan Li1 1 Base of the State Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Process and Digital Modeling, College of Resources Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, ChinaKunchao Lei2,Yanan Dang1 & Zhaoqin Gu1

1 Base of the State Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Process and Digital Modeling, College of Resources Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China2 Beijing Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Beijing Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, Beijing, China

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technology is a new spatial earth observation technology that has been developed in the last 20 years. InSAR technology can obtain detailed surface deformation information of high spatio-temporal resolution within a large scope, along with millimeter-level monitoring accuracy. However, in the case of land subsidence at the monitoring area, the obtained high resolution SAR image width is quite narrow; thus, the regional scale monitoring requirement could not be satisfied. In the meantime, linear features (e.g., intercity railway) run through multiple SAR images. Consequently, the monitoring result could not be realized in the SAR image at the same track. The current paper adopts StaMPS to select coherence PS points and use stepwise regression analysis based on the PS point distance technology in order to transform the reference datum mark and correct map sheet conflation for the adjacent-track InSAR data monitoring result. Beijing and Tianjin are chosen as the research areas for the Envisat satellite ASAR data. The time serial deformation information obtained between 2003 and 2009, as well as the large-scale deformation monitoring result in the Beijing and Tianjin areas are fused. Finally, preliminary analysis on the spatial distribution characteristics of the land subsidence in Beijing and Tianjin is performed.

599 - Characterization of land subsidence induced by groundwater withdrawals in Beijing area, China Zhang Youquan, Gong Huili, Wenji Zhao & Gu ZhaoqinCapital Normal University, Beijing, Beijing/Beijing, ChinaYing Sun, Zheng HanBeijing Institute of hydrogeology and Engineering Geology

The Beijing area is one of the regions in China that suffers from severe land subsidence as a result of groundwater overdraft. During the past several decades, Beijing has experienced significant land subsidence due to compaction of the aquifer system. Subsidence rates have reached


up to 6cm/yr in some places. An integrated subsidence-monitoring program has been designed to meet the needs of hydrogeologists assessing the characteristics of land subsidence in this region. These efforts have allowed us to understand the processes and the evolution of land sub-sidence. Some preliminary PS-InSAR results have demonstrated that the occurrence and the development of land subsidence in this area are consistent with urbanisation and groundwater pumping.

From multilayer compaction monitoring, the major compression layers were identified. The major strata that experienced compression deforma-tion were aquitard 2 and aquitard 3, at more than 38.28% of total subsidence. The consolidation of the top soil should not be ignored (11.4%). Meanwhile, irrecoverable deformations were also observed in the sandy layers (second and third confined aquifers) containing discontinuous interbeds. From the stress-strain analysis we found the sandy layers exhibit elastic or elasto-plastic mechanical behavior depending on the composition and the past stress history. From three borehole extensometers we can see that a long-term, residual, inelastic aquifer-system compaction (subsidence) is continuing in most parts of the area.

600 - Permanent scatterer InSAR reveals aquifer-system response and evolution to groundwater overdraft in Beijing Zhang Youquan, Wenji Zhao, Gong Huili & Xiaojuan LiCapital Normal University, Beijing, Beijing/Beijing, ChinaZhaoqin Gu, Zheng HanBeijing Institute of hydrogeology and Engineering Geology

Using the Permanent Scatterer interferometric method and hydrogeologic time-series data spanning 2003 to 2010, we detected and measured the spatial and temporal variations of subsidence in the Beijing plain area. Thirty-five ASAR data acquired from the European Space Agency during 2003 to 2010 have been used in this survey. The main contributing factors to land subsidence in Beijing include natural sediment com-paction, tectonic activity and groundwater pumping. The preliminary analysis showed groundwater overdraft is the main reason for land subsid-ence in the Beijing area. With the widespread aquifer system overdraft, particularly since 1999 when annual rainfall was low and ground-water recharge minimal, Beijing has seen large, and often rapid, declines in groundwater levels (as much as 25.6 m). Widespread land subsidence has been observed in association with the development of groundwater resources in alluvial groundwater basins. We have developed a time-series deformation field map of Beijing, which shows that inelastic aquifer-system response occurs across most of the plain area. Tectonic control of subsidence was found in the north and west subsidence areas. Five severe subsidence bowls have been pronounced with a maximum subsid-ence of 392 mm. Today, Beijing city experiences the fastest subsidence rates and the area affected by subsidence is approximately 4,114km2.

651 - Discharge characteristics of the Chusan spring, Ulleung island, Korea U. YUN1*, B.W. CHO1, B.D. LEE11Groundwater Resources Group, Korea Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Taejeon, Korea

The Chusan spring, located at lowermost part of the caldera of Nari basin, Ulleung island, Korea is attracting attention by its spring discharge and water quality (Fig. 1). The discharge rate of the spring is approximately 15,000 m3/d, but the exact discharge rate and water quality is little known. Recently there has been growing interest in developing the spring as source of bottled water. The aim of this study is to elucidate discharge characteristics of the spring. Average annual rainfall in the island for the last 30 years (1980‐2010) is 1383.4 mm. Monthly rainfalls range from 69.2 mm in April to 170.7 mm in September. Average precipitation and snowfall days for last 30 years is 137 and 57.8, respectively. The coverage of the Ulleung island is 72.8 km2 and the catchment area of the basin is about 6 km2. The geology of the island can be divided into basaltic agglomerate, trachytic agglomerate, tuff, and trachytic pumice in ascending order (Kim and Lee, 2008). When rainfall reaches the recharge area covered by trachytic pumice, it infiltrates trachytic pumice and moves down along the boundary between tuff and trachytic pumice where the flow of water takes place by gravity (Fig. 2). Spring discharge occurs where sloping ground and impermeable tuff intersect the ground-water table. Therefore, the role of trachytic pumice is important for ensuring both quantity and quality of the spring. The thickness of the trachytic pumice is estimated to be 1~6 m (Kim and Lee, 2008). In SEM images, most surfaces of pumice show morphological characteristics such as various shapes of vesicle with wrinkled and thin walls resulting from ductile coalescence (Im et al., 2011). The discharge rate of the spring was calculated by measuring the flowing velocity of the spring water using small current meter. The spring water quantity that was measured seven times from August 2010 to November 2011 revealed that discharge rate ranged from 15,220 to 34,539 m3/d. The change in water quality of the spring water was small too, although water temperature varies from 10.0 to 10.4 °C, pH varies 7.9~8.3, and electric conductivity (EC) varies


171~178 µS/cm. The reason for which discharge rate and water quality of the spring is relatively constant may be a result from small difference in monthly rainfalls and the effect of delayed infiltration processes during winter which precipitation often occurs as snow. However, further study on the residence time of the groundwater and thickness of the pumice layer is needed to delineate discharge characteristics of the spring.

274 - Hydrogeochemical Characterization of Groundwater in the Outaouais Region (Québec, Canada) – Preliminary ResultsN. Montcoudiol, G. Comeau & J. MolsonDépartement de géologie et de génie géologique - Université Laval, Québec, Québec, CanadaJ.-M. LemieuxDépartement de géologie et de génie géologique - Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada

As part of the Quebec regional groundwater characterization program (PACES), a detailed groundwater quality survey was undertaken in the Outaouais Region (Québec, Canada). The study area covers 13,762 km2 with a population of over 340,000, of which one-third rely on ground-water via municipal networks or individual wells. During the summer of 2011, 104 samples were taken from municipal and individual wells which were analysed for major ions, nutrients, metals and sulphides. About 75% of the samples were obtained from bedrock wells, mainly in the Canadian Shield, and in carbonate rocks in the southern part, along the Ottawa River. The remainder were from wells screened in Quaternary deposit aquifers. The nature and thickness of these deposits are variable according to our multiple-source database.

Analysis quality was evaluated by calculating the anion-cation balance. As a result, 94 samples with anion-cation charge balance errors within ±10 % were used for the determination of hydrogeochemical facies. The Ca-HCO

3 facies, typical of fast and shallow movement of groundwater,

was most common (62/94 samples). Other facies (Na-HCO3 and Na-Cl), mainly located along the Ottawa River, are typical of the signature left

by the marine transgression of the Champlain Sea.

All samples, except when only major ion concentrations were involved, were used for assessing regional water quality through maps identifying locations where the drinking water guidelines had been exceeded. Example exceedance ratios for the following species were found: fluoride (7/104), uranium (5/104), nitrite-nitrate (3/104) and boron (1/104). Other parameters also exceeded aesthetic objectives in specific areas, including total hardness, total dissolved solids, pH, iron, manganese, chloride and sodium. Based on these results, a second campaign is sched-uled for the summer of 2012, which will focus on the isotopic composition and the age of groundwater. The objective will be to provide a better understanding of the chemical evolution of groundwater in targeted areas of interest, along selected groundwater flow paths.

Poster sessIon: geotHerMAl energy Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

360 - Hydrogeology: A key role in the geothermal exploration of southern ItalyCorniello A.*, Ducci D.*, Iorio M.**, Manzella A.**, VIGOR Working Group*** Department of Hydraulic, Geotechnical and Environmental Engineering - University of Naples Federico II, Italy** National Council of Research, Italy

Several target areas (each one of 20 km2 ) were selected in southern Italy for geothermal exploration within the context of the Ministry of Eco-nomic Development (MISE) and the National Research Council’s (CNR) joint project: Evaluation of Geothermal Potential in Convergence Regions (VIGOR), as founded by the POI Programme (2007-2013).

An area was selected within the Campania region and is located between the town of Mondragone and the southwestern side of Mt Massico, which is a horst comprised of carbonate and terrigenous sediments. There are two thermal springs in the selected area: The Sinuessae (SN) spring, which has been known since roman time; and “S. Maria dell’ Incaldana” (SMI). SN exhibits a discharge of one to two L/sec and a temperature of ~ 54°C; whereas SMI had a low discharge which was increased via wells to 10 L/s, and a temperature of ~ 33 °C. The hydro-geochemical analysis of the SN and SMI springs show differences in salt concentrations, and gas and isotope content, which allows hypotheses about different marine influences and hydrographic systems. The origin of these two thermal springs is probably related to faults as a preferen-tial pathway for fluid and gas, like in other geothermal areas of southern Italy.


The VIGOR geothermal exploration includes detailed geological and geophysical surveys, hydrogeological investigations and explorative wells. Deep hydrogeological investigations (hydrochemical and isotopic characteristics of the groundwater surface and its piezometric pattern, per-meability features of the springs area and quantification of groundwater resources) have been developed in order to find the most suitable area to drill a geothermal well.

899 - Pore water and groundwater chemistry coupled with geological and microbiological investigations in Arakawa Lowland and Musashino Upland, central JapanTakeshi Saito1, 4, Shoichiro Hamamoto1, 4, Takato Takemura2, 4, Hirotaka Saito3, 4, Jun-ichi Ohnishi1, 4 and Toshiko Komatsu1, 4

1 Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Japan2 Department of Geosystem Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Japan3 Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan4 Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan

Recently, the ground source heat pump (GSHP) has received considerable attention from all over the world instead of other air conditioning systems. However, there is a possibility of the thermal disturbance by using GSHP system which affects the subsurface environment such as groundwater quality and microbial flora. In this study, pore water and groundwater chemistry at two different sites were used to evaluate the influence of GSHP on subsurface environments from geological and microbiological points of view.

These study sites are located in the campus of Saitama University (SU) and Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), in Kanto district, central Japan. The boreholes of 50 m depth were excavated and their boring cores were sampled in each site. Then, the groundwater monitoring wells were installed with two strainers for the upper (SU: GL-16.25 m to 17.80 m, TUAT: GL-31.35 m to 32.80 m) and the lower (SU: GL-38.70 m to 40.15 m, TUAT: GL-43.65 m to 45.10 m) aquifers. The groundwater was continuously sampled once a week from June, 2011. Also, pore water was extracted by dilution method (dry sample: water = 1: 10) from the core sample of twenty-one depths for SU and of fourteen depths for TUAT. The elemental and mineral compositions of core samples were analysed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)-DGGE (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis) analysis to detect microbial DNA and cell culture assay for nitrate-reducing bacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria were carried out for the core samples. The chemical properties of groundwater including pH, EC, DO, ORP, inorganic dissolved ions, heavy metals and dissolved gases were measured and the microbiological analyses same as the boring cores were conducted.

In the lower aquifer of SU, the groundwater showed Ca-HCO3 type, which is the typical shallow groundwater quality. On the other hand, ground-

water in the upper aquifer was Na, Mg-HCO3 type and the groundwater quality might have been affected by marine sediment in this aquifer.

For both aquifers, DO indicated low values (less than 2.0 mg/L) with almost no SO42- and also CH

4 as the dissolved gases was detected in the

groundwater, suggesting methanogenesis environment. In contrast, groundwater samples from both aquifers at TUAT showed Ca-HCO3 type.

DO was comparatively high (more than 4.0 mg/L) and NO3- and SO

42- were higher concentrations as compared to SU. These results indicated

that the groundwater of TUAT is under more aerobic condition. Thus, it is suggested that geological and microbiological properties in SU and in TUAT are different and the details will be discussed.

931 - The origin and sustainability of Hudai geothermal waters, Sandikli, Afyonkarahisar, TurkeyMustafa Afsin1, Tugba Dag1, Aysen Davraz2, Fatma Aksever2, and Zehra Karakas3

1 Aksaray University, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Campus, Aksaray, Turkey2 Süleyman Demirel University, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Campus, Isparta, Turkey3 Ankara University, Dept. of Geological Engineering, Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey

Hudai geothermal waters are located in southwestern Sandıklı, Afyon, in Aegean Region. In the study area, the basement rocks are quartzite, schist, limestone and dolomite of Precambrian and Paleozoic age. The basement rocks are overlain by sedimentary and volcanic rocks ranging from Mesozoic to Quaternary in age. The primary aquifers for the geothermal waters in the region are the quartzites, dolomites and limestones,


while tuffs and other impermeable units form the cap rocks. Hydrochemical and isotopic samples were collected from cold and thermal waters for evaluation of the origin of the geothermal waters in dry and rainy seasons. The geothermal waters have Na-Ca-SO

4-HCO

3 hydrochemical

facies. All the waters are of meteoric origin based on δ18O and δ2H İsotopes. The geothermal waters have long residence times, deep circulation and mixing features; whereas the cold waters have short residence times and shallow circulation. δ13C (‰PDB) values of the waters indicate dissolved inorganic carbon, freshwater carbonate, marine limestone CO

2 input. The very high 14C apparent ages of the geothermal waters (31

and 48 ka) may imply modern biogenic carbon contributions. The sulfur-34 isotopes values denote coal, limestone, and volcanic sulfur con-tributions to the waters. The highest reservoir temperature of the geothermal waters is estimated at 107°C for silica geothermometeres. Heat sources for the geothermal waters may be geothermal gradients, volcanism and deep-sealed plutonic rocks. The Hudai geothermal field has 18 thermal productivity wells, whereas it has one reinjection well for geothermal waste waters. Overexploitation from the productivity wells may negatively affect the sustainability of the geothermal waters in the future. The geothermal waters have been used for several purposes such as balneotherapy, heating and thermal tourism in recent years.

Poster sessIon: groundWAter And ClIMAte CHAnge- lInKAges And AdAPtAtIon Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

403 - Impact of projected climate change on groundwater recharge in Tailan basin, ChinaEmmanuel Kwame Appiah-Adjei1,2, Longcang Shu1,3 & Kwaku Amaning Adjei1

1 State Key Laboratory of Hydrology, Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing China. 2 Department of Geological Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana3 College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, China

Aside from the well-known influence of climate on surface runoff and its consequences for flooding and droughts, climate variability and change also alter groundwater recharge and thereby influence the management of groundwater resources. This study quantifies the potential impact of climate change on groundwater recharge to a typical arid quaternary unconfined aquifer in the Tailan basin of northwestern China. The methodology employs the combined use of downscaling and weather generation tools, namely Statistical Downscaling Model and LARS-WG, together with observed historic climate data of the basin to: 1) downscale and generate current (1961 – 1990) and future (2040 – 2069) local climate data from HadCM3 Global Climate Model based on Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) B2, 2) quantify the variations in current and future climates, and 3) apply the climate variations to estimate groundwater recharge through a simple water balance approach. The water balance is mainly driven by daily precipitation and estimated evapotranspiration from the daily temperature of the basin taking into consideration land use change. The downscaling results of the HadCM3 General Circulation Model under the B2 emissions scenario indicate a mean monthly temperature increase of about 2.1oC in the basin by 2070. On the other hand, the average annual precipitation for the future period is projected to decrease by 32% with much higher reduction in the summer months, which usually record high precipitation and exhibit significant variability. Water balance analyses of the basin shows a progressive increase in evapotranspiration and less available water in the basin, which further exacerbate the already very low groundwater recharge to the aquifer.

569 - Effect of Climate Change on Shallow Groundwater in the Hebei PlainJincui Wang, Jichao Sun & Ying ZhangInstitute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, CAGS, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China

North China is one of the regions with the most limited water resources. The rapid development of the national economy and increased food production has greatly increased water demand. In addition, along with global warming since the end of nineteenth century, the climate has become warmer and drier in the mid latitude of China. The resultant changes in the water cycle and large discrepancy between water supply and demand is causing a serious water crisis. Therefore, studying the response of groundwater to both climate changes and human activities in North China is of global importance.

The Hebei Plain, in the north central part of the North China Plain, covers an area of about 73,000 square kilometers. The climate is semi-arid monsoon with large spatiotemporal variability in precipitation. Based on monitoring data over the past 40 years from meteorological stations,


climate change and its impact on shallow groundwater in the Hebei Plain has been studied to develop a foundation for further study on pre-diction of groundwater crisis under extreme climate in the North China Plain. The results revealed that since the middle of the 1960s, shallow groundwater has evolved gradually from a natural state to one characterized by human intervention. As the largest recharge source of shallow groundwater in the Hebei Plain, atmospheric precipitation decreased periodically, evaporation increased and annual temperature rose over the past 40 years. Under this condition, it has caused long-term exploitation of the shallow groundwater. Additionally, with large-scale construction of water conservation facilities for intercepting surface water, groundwater recharge decreased dramatically. Therefore the regional shallow groundwater level declined continuously in the Hebei Plain and enhanced the groundwater crisis.

604 - U-series dating of travertine deposits: implications for paleoclimate and paleohydrogeology of the western margin of the Great Artesian BasinStacey Priestley1, Karl Karlstrom2, Andrew Love1, Laura Crossey2, Victor Polyak2, Yemane Asmerom2, Sam DeRitter1

1 School of the Environment, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia2 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences – University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Country

Travertine mound springs are natural discharge points for groundwater of the western margin of the Great Artesian Basin (GAB). Travertine is precipitated as the CO

2 rich groundwaters degas upon reaching the surface, with travertine deposition being water limited rather than CO

2

limited. Our main assumption is that increased recharge during wetter climate periods will lead to increased groundwater discharge and hence travertine deposition. Thus U-series dating of travertine deposits provide a record of increased discharge and consequently recharge during wetter climatic periods. The ages of the deposits indicate that discharge from the western margin of the GAB has been long-lived and episodic. The episodic nature of recharge is indicated by U-series ages on a vein sample showing two distinct several hundred year recharge events separated by little or no recharge. Travertine deposition has been occurring to some extent throughout at least the last 700 ka, however large volume travertine deposits appears to coincide with glacial periods. Times of regionally important travertine growth include: MIS 2 (12 - 9 ka) Sulphuric spring; MIS 3 (28-38 ka) Elizabeth Spring and Warburton Spring; MIS 5c (100-104 ka) Beresford Hill and Warburton Hill, MIS 5e - 6 (121-163 ka) Jersey Springs, Strangways, Kewson Hill Dalhousie, Gosse; MIS 6 (187 ka) Warburton Hill and Strangways; MIS 8 (238 - 268 ka) Dalhousie, Beresford Hill, Elizabeth, Hamilton Hill; MIS 10 (334 ka and 372 ka) from Beresford Hill and Dalhousie and the oldest age from Dalhousie is 465 ka. Climate proxy data for Australia indicates that springs respond to similarly timed climate forcing in southern Australia. Therefore small volume travertine growth occurs as a response to both northern and southern recharge sources. However, principle travertine growth is a response to increased recharge on the western margin due to wetter periods in southern Australia, caused by the northward shift in winter precipitation and/or decreased evapotranspiration. Spring travertine deposits offer a unique archive to investigate past discharge and changes in the paleohydrogeology of the GAB and paleoclimate of Australia. These results for the GAB attest to travertine deposits from large regional groundwater flow systems potential to investigate paleoclimate and paleohydrogeology.

779 - Impacts of climate changes on karst dissolution processesJoana Oliveira, João Nascimento & Luís Ribeiro CVRM - Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, PortugalDaniela Andrade CVRM - Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal

The CLIMARID project aimed to assess the impacts of climate changes on groundwater quality and produce tools for its management under semi-arid climates based on Portuguese case studies. The focus was on the dissolution processes in karst aquifers. Water quality in Karst aqui-fers is vulnerable to climate changes because of the water chemical characteristics and the fast groundwater flow which enhance dissolution processes. Extreme precipitation and drought events will alter this very responsive dynamic. Different air temperature, amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in rain water and changes in rainfall patterns may promote a greater carbonate dissolution or precipitation along the karst caves. Extreme droughts increase the residence time of groundwater, with consequences on its quality due to the increased reaction time with the rock and increased concentration of chemical elements. The fast aquifer response to extreme precipitation events may translate into large variations in the discharge of springs associated with the fast karstic water circulation. Carbonate aquifer systems display a special sensibility to levels of atmospheric CO

2. A variation on its concentration causes an imbalance of carbonate reaction equations leading to an increase of dissolution

processes. To understand the impacts of climate changes on karst aquifers, a Portuguese karst aquifer was selected in order to assess the


hydrochemical evolution. Using hydrochemical analysis of 13 groundwater wells, the saturation index of carbonated species (calcium, dolomite and CO

2(g)), water solubility, water hardness, as well as their correlation with climatic parameters was calculated. To determine the trend of

these parameters with climate changes on water quality effects, a climatic model HadCM3 (developed by the Hadley Centre) was applied, which predicts an increase of air temperature of 2.8ºC to 2050 and 5.1ºC to 2100, and a decrease of 18% in rainfall until 2050 and less than 28% by 2100. Considering the predicted climatic effects, we expect an increase in calcite and dolomite saturation indexes and a reduction in the CO

2 saturation index. Water solubility is also expected to be reduced, promoting precipitation of carbonated species dissolved in water. Water

hardness will likely increase and this trend can reach drinking water standards.

875 - Evaluation of Water Resources using the Model Mike BASIN®

Daniela Andrade, João Nascimento & Luís Ribeiro CVRM – Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, PortugalJoana OliveiraCVRM – Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal

This work was part of the CLIMARID project (PTDC/CLI/72585/2006), created to study the impact of climate changes on groundwater in a semi-arid region of Portugal (Alentejo region), characterized by fissured aquifers and a strong seasonality of precipitation events. Current global climate models (GCMs) and regional climate models (RCMs) are able to produce time series for a set of climatic variables under different emission scenarios. To characterize the present climate conditions, historical precipitation and temperature records of about 500 rain gauges stations and about 200 climate stations, from the Portuguese Meteorological Institute and the Portuguese Water Institute, were analysed. For Alentejo region 150 climate stations were selected. Two GCMs were considered in this study, both from the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research (HadCM3 and HadRM2). These models are referred by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Two extreme social and emission scenarios were used to predict the impacts: scenario B2a assumes a return to smaller regional communities, with weaker international links, where the resolution of social problems takes precedence over economical development and scenario A2c assumes a world increasingly global with a strong economical activity and with diminishing environmental concerns. Changes in precipitation and temperature were assessed, and also the effects on potential evapotranspiration by temperature-dependent relationships (e.g. Thornthwaite and Blaney-Criddle formulae). Aquifer recharge was evaluated through soil-water budget techniques (Penmann-Gridley method). To the water management model, a preliminary groundwater monitoring network was implemented in the area under study and was made an inventory and a historical characterization of the users, a compilation of water uses in that sub-basin, a classification of the land use and the development of a water budget. Groundwater levels were recorded in order to calibrate the model. The chosen software was Mike BASIN that can be used in different areas of resource management water, whether in plans and management of watersheds, groundwater and surface water or water quality. Outputs from this project include a groundwater flow model of the sub-basin in the semi-arid region in study and a prediction of the variation impact of recharge for 2050 and 2100 scenarios on model results, specially piezometric levels, river discharge and total amount of groundwater resources.

1026 - Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater in a Highly-Urbanized CatchmentF. Cochand, R. Therrien, P. Therrien, L. Lamarche, J.-M. Lemieux, J. MolsonDepartment of Geology and Geological Engineering – Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada

There is currently great interest in quantifying the impact of anticipated climate change on groundwater volumes and flow dynamics. Many studies have been carried out to assess the impact of future climatic conditions on groundwater but only a few have investigated the concurrent potential future impact of urbanization. The main objective of our research project is to assess the impact of future climatic conditions and urban development on groundwater resources by focusing on the highly-urbanized catchment area of the Saint-Charles River, in Quebec City, Canada. The methodology proposed to reach this objective is divided in two steps. The first step is to develop and calibrate a numerical model that describes the surface water and groundwater flow dynamics for the catchment, using the physically-based, fully integrated, variably-saturated 3-D surface-subsurface simulator Hydro-GeoSphere (HGS). The second step is to identify climate projections from general circulation models (GCMs) and downscale their input to the catchment scale, as well as to propose urbanisation scenarios. Using the calibrated model as a starting point, the output of the GCMs and urbanisation scenarios will then be used as boundary conditions in the numerical model for predictive simulations and to assess their effect on groundwater flow dynamics. This


presentation reports on the first step of the project, which is the development of the calibrated model. The geology of the catchment is complex because of successions of quaternary deposits with highly-variable hydrogeological properties and a complex spatial distribution that lie on fractured bedrock. A 3D Quaternary geological model is available but due to its complex geometry, the integration of this model into the 3-D hydrogeological model has been complicated and required developing a specific methodology. A complex 2-D mesh of the catchment area with refinement near lakes, rivers and high-slope relief is first developed and a 3-D mesh is then constructed using vertical duplication of the 2-D mesh with refinement near the surface. Physical properties from the geological model are then interpolated into the 3D hydrogeological model. In addition to presenting the preliminary results for the hydrogeological models, predictive scenarios for climate change and urbanization will also be discussed.

Poster sessIon: groundWAter QuAlIty And PolICIes For groundWAter ProteCtIon Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

313 - Delineation of freshwater bodies and groundwater flow patterns in a multilayered aquifer system in Northern NamibiaChristoph Lohe1, Falk Lindenmaier1, Braam van Wyk2, 1 Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hannover, GermanyMartin Quinger1, Georg Houben1, Thomas Schaller3 2 Division of Geohydrology, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry, Namibia 3 University of Leipzig, Department of Geophysics and Geology

The endorheic Cuvelai-Etosha Basin, shared between Southern Angola and Northern Namibia, contains important multi-layered aquifer systems which show a large variation in water quality. Being the only source of potable water for many parts of the basin, the detailed mapping of groundwater bodies in combination with hydro-chemical investigations is a prerequisite for the sustainable utilization of the resource. Detailed hydro-chemical investigations have been carried out for critical portions of the basin. The results show a pattern in the hydro-chemical clas-sification of groundwater types, which infer direct implications for the complex recharge systems as well as for the mixing and ion exchange processes of different groundwater bodies. On this basis, a groundwater quality monitoring network was designed to accompany increasing abstraction at various sites. A special focus lies on high fluoride concentrations, often exceeding international drinking water standards. Satura-tion indices and correlation with other elements indicate feldspar weathering leading to authigenic clay mineral formation as potential sources. This supports the identification of potential treatment measures.

The resulting water quality maps and the derived groundwater vulnerability assessment, combined with the evaluation of historic data from the whole Cuvelai-Etosha Basin, serve as a vital planning tool for decision makers. The information can be used to design effective, sustainable and safe water supply schemes for human consumption, irrigation and cattle farming. To protect the resources from negative impacts, the process is accompanied by groundwater vulnerability assessment, development of guidelines for protection zone delineation and license recommenda-tions concerning well construction within an IWRM process. Furthermore, the general public is kept updated and sensitized to the value of the resource and the importance of control measures.

319 - Application of intrinsic groundwater vulnerability indices to the agricultural lands in the Sarigkiol basin, Greece in GIS environmentV. Aschonitis1, N. Colombani1, E. Salemi1, M. Mastrocicco1 Department of Earth Sciences – University of Ferrara, FE, Italy

The assessment of nitrogen losses from agricultural systems and the degree of related groundwater pollution is fundamental to the standards established by the European Community Framework Directive for water protection (WFD). Intrinsic groundwater vulnerability indices, which can describe nitrogen pollution originating from non-point agricultural sources, are a basic tool for the evaluation of agricultural production as based on environmental policies. Many methods exist to describe intrinsic groundwater vulnerability. In this study, the LOS, SINTACS and GOD indices were used to assess the agricultural lands, located in the Sarigkiol basin, Greece. The first method is based on a deterministic approach and regression analysis; while the other two approaches are parametric methods based on empirical ratings and weights. This study presents the


strengths and weaknesses of these different groundwater vulnerability indices and the related opportunities and challenges associated with their wide scale application within Greece. The study found significant differences between the results of the three indices and that this could be attributed to the different approaches and parameters used in the calculations. In contrast with SINTACS and GOD, LOS describes the intrinsic vulnerability of the unsaturated zone to release nitrogen to the groundwater but does not take into account groundwater properties (saturated zone). The SINTACS and GOD methods cannot be applied to highland regions, where an aquifer does not exist; and do not take climatologic con-ditions into account, which tends to change the nitrogen cycle. In comparison, the LOS index can be adapted to different climatic environments. In the SINTACS and GOD methods, uncertainty is increased in the calibration of weights and ratings because it is based on subjective criteria. In comparison, LOS does not need calibration as it uses more detailed data. The LOS index showed preferred performance because it better described the differences between the lower and higher altitude areas, which have different climatic conditions, and it was applied even on the parts of the study area which were far from the main aquifer.

1057 - National research program to set protection zones for Main Ground Water Reservoirs (MGR) in Poland: Case study of MGR 410 (Opoczno Reservoir) Grzegorz Olesiuk, Józef Mikołajków & Marta KiełbasińskaPolish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland

The establishment of the protection areas of the Major Groundwater Reservoirs (MGR) is one of the important tasks for the implementation of the Water Framework Directive as well as for the planning, water management and water protection in Poland. In 2009 the National Water Board ordered the 6 year program that was initiated to document protection areas for 116 MGRs. The first stage of the program, including development of protection zones for 44 reservoirs, was finished by the end of 2011. The existing monitoring and groundwater protection program did not include MGRs. The analysis of the existing regulations revealed the necessity to undertake urgent legislative initiatives which should improve the process of establishing the MGR protection areas. The implementation of these initiatives should be accelerated and the enforcement of the protection measures should be facilitated. The main actions in this respect are to supplement the Water Act with the possible list of orders, bans and limitations to be introduced to protect a reservoir.

An example of MGR documentation process to set protection zones was the case of “Opoczno Storage” (MGR no. 410). In order to achieve correct interpretation of groundwater conditions, complex geological and hydrogeological studies were made. The archival material analyses showed significant interpretation differences among previous studies on tectonics and hydrogeological conditions, especially on the area of coexistence of MGR no. 410 and MGR no. 401 (“Basin of Łód‐”). Hydrogeological and geophysical field work as well as reinterpretation of archival materials allowed the range of MGR no. 410 to be verified. Mathematical modeling and groundwater vulnerability GIS spatial analysis were used to develop protection zones. Following this, the correct limits of “Opoczno Storage” were set and recharge areas essential to build proper protection zones were identified. Developing reasonable (i.e., not overly large) protection zones was emphasized since large zones could seriously increase the social, administrative and economic costs, encouraging local authorities to challenge their validity. General rules of use for proceedings within the MGR were also defined.

Poster sessIon: groundWAter reCHArge (InCludIng MAnAged AQuIFer reCHArge) Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

431 - Effect of sediment fluxes on infiltration rates from the ponding method of Managed Aquifer Recharge: a case study from Ban Nong Na, Phitsanulok, ThailandSuwanchai Nadee & Vidhaya Trelo-gesDepartment of Land Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture - Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, ThailandKewaree Pholkern & Kriengsak SrisukGroundwater Research Center, Faculty of Technology - Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand Paul PavelicInternational Water Management Institute, Hyderabad, IndiaAnchalee PongsatitpatDepartment of Groundwater Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok, Thailand


The shallow groundwater in the Bangrakum District, Phitsanulok Province, situated within the Lower Yom River Basin in Thailand has been heavi-ly pumped for growing rice all year round, and during the past decade static water levels within the gravel, sand and silt aquifers have decreased to depths of up to ten meters below the ground surface, which is a critical depth in terms of the small centrifugal pumps used by the farmers. Research is being conducted in the Ban Nong Na watershed to investigate the feasibility of Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) by surface ponding methods in the Lower Yom River Basin as a method for reversing the groundwater level declines. The objective of this study is to assess the effect of sediment fluxes on infiltration rates in the field at the pilot (600 m2) scale. The field experiment was performed under constant head conditions over a period of 30 days. The turbidity of raw water ranged from 12 to 287 NTU (average turbidity of 89.9 NTU). Total volume of water inflow during the experiment was 5,050 m3. Total accumulated input of sediment in the pond was 522.5 kilograms (average sediment of 17.42 kilograms per day) and the sediment thickness at the base of the pond ranged from 0.002 to 0.028 meters (average thickness of 0.009 meters). The Infiltration rates decreased from 9.14×10-6 to 8.10×10-7 m/s (0.79 to 0.07 m/day) over the course of the experiment. These preliminary results suggest that the turbidity of the infiltration water should be limited to less than 50 NTU, however, further field experiments are needed over longer periods to provide firmer assurance on the water quality requirements for MAR.

316 - Analysis of flow data of a well pumped at constant-head to determine the sustainable yieldPiscopo V., Baiocchi A., Cozzolino M. & Lotti F.Dipartimento di Scienze Ecologiche e Biologiche, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, ItalySumma G.Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy

Determining the yield of a production well remains one of the main challenges in hydrogeological studies. Yield estimates are especially challenging when a borehole taps a heterogeneous aquifer, such as those in fissured media. The present study examines a three-year survey of a continuously exploited well, functioning at constant-head. The studied well penetrates fractured rocks formed by locally poorly-karstified Cretaceous limestones with varying degrees of fracturing.

The well discharge and precipitation data were analysed using two methods. Cross-correlation and cross-spectral functions were applied to the time series of precipitation and well flow data to investigate the lag time between a rainfall impulse and the corresponding discharge response of a well kept at constant head. The three recession curves of well discharge from the monitoring period were analysed with Maillet and Boussinesq models to investigate the storage volume and parameters regarding the depletion of the aquifer.

The cross-correlation and cross-spectral analyses of well discharge and precipitation yield a response time of the aquifer to a precipitation input of approximately 30-40 days. The discharge recession curve analyses verify that a well at constant head behaves similar to a spring; therefore the ratio between the exploited resources and those available in the aquifer can be calculated. The analysis of the discharge from a well, in which a constant head is maintained, can be a valuable method for simultaneously obtaining data regarding an aquifer’s characteristics and the sustainable yield of a well.

343 - Water resource of the Shirahama Hot Spring, in central Japan, estimated from isotopes and Cl- Hiroyuki LiFaculty of Systems Engineering - Wakayama University, Wakayama City, Wakayama, JapanKesuke TomiyamaKoa Kaihatsu CO. LTD., Tokyo City, Tokyo, Japan

The purpose of this study was to determine the source of water for a hot spring for its sustainable use. The Shirahama Hot Spring is an important tourism destination. Many hot spring wells supply hot water to the local hotels and inns. It is therefore important to protect the recharge area for the hot spring, in order to sustain the local hot water supply. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios for the hot spring water were distributed along the line which connects the sea and meteoric line. Isotope values for the cross section of the line and the meteoric line were in agreement with values for rivers and cold springs. Cl- concentrations in the hot spring water were found to increase with the isotope ratios of oxygen and hydrogen. Sea water exhibits high Cl- concentrations and high isotope ratios. Therefore, the local water resources were not thought to originate


from magmatic waters but from the sea and precipitation. The variation in isotope ratios and Cl- concentrations for the hot spring were thought to depend on the mixing of sea water and precipitation. The variations in mixing ratios for sea water in the hot spring were estimated to be: one % to 52 % from Cl-; zero % to 51 % from δD; and zero % to 58 % from δ18O. Each estimated mixing ratios had quite similar values. Hot spring water with temperatures over 80 degree Celsius was found only in low mixing ratios of sea water. Hot spring water that was less than 60 degrees Celsius had variable mixing ratios. Therefore, the original high temperature hot spring water was thought to derive from precipitation. The original water was thought to then mix with sea water at the surface. The higher temperature hot spring water originated at a fault line at the seashore and water temperatures decreased with the distance from the fault line. The seashore area of the fault line corresponded to higher temperature water and the hot water temperature on the fault line decreased with distance from the area. Therefore, the original hot water was thought to come from the fault line and then mix with sea water and precipitation at the surface. δD and δ18O values, for the original hot spring water, with high temperatures and high precipitation mixing ratios were lower than those of the river and the cold spring well from the hot spring area. δD and δ18O values in the precipitation from the inland areas were lower than those from the seashore. Therefore, the Shirahama Hot Spring water is thought to originate as inland precipitation which is then heated at depth before discharging along the fault surface.

419 - The estimation of groundwater recharge rate for different land use – observation study at paired forest and grassland watershedsKeishi Kudo, Jun Shimada & Nobuhiro TanakaGraduate school of Science and Technology, Kumamoto university, Kumamoto City, JapanDepartment of GSST – University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto City, Japan

The Kumamoto area is unique in Japan because nearly 100% of its tap water supply is dependent on the local groundwater, which is quite different from other prefectural cities which use surface water supply. Thus the local government has much concern about the sustainable management of the groundwater resources. However, few studies have been done for the change of the groundwater recharge caused by the land use change, especially by the artificial forestation. In this study, groundwater recharge rates were estimated using both a displacement flow model for stable oxygen isotope profiles in the soil water and water budgets of the paired study watersheds for forest and grassland at the western foot of Mt. Aso, which is recognised as the recharge area of the Kumamoto area, Kyushu, Japan.

The study site comprises similar geology, morphology of the volcanic slope and rainfall, but differs only for the surface land use: 30 year old artificial forest of Japanese cedar and cypress and pastured grassland for cattle farming. Generally, the groundwater recharge can be expressed as I=P-E-R, where P, E, R represent rainfall, evapotranspiration and runoff, respectively and the residual component, I, can be calculated as the groundwater recharge rate. In this study, the river runoff, R, was separated into the direct runoff and the groundwater runoff components by using a two-component hydrograph separation method with EC as a tracer for the selected rainstorm events. The groundwater recharge rate was calculated as the sum of the conventional, I, and the groundwater runoff components estimated by the hydrograph separation for a one year observation period. The groundwater recharge rates for both watersheds were also estimated by using the displacement flow model for the stable isotope composition in local rainfall and soil water in the unsaturated zone. The results indicate that the recharge rate in forest was about 20 % less than that in grassland for both recharge estimation methods. These discrepancies may be caused by the limited observation period for the water budget, but the result that the groundwater recharge rate in grassland is larger than that in forest can be the effect of the relatively permeable characteristics of the pyroclastic flow deposits of the study area.

699 - Critical evaluation of the use of superficial temperature measurements for recharge assessmentJean-Sébastien Gosselin1, Christine Rivard2, Claudio Paniconi1 & Richard Martel1

1 INRS-ETE, Quebec, Canada2 Geological Survey of Canada – Quebec Division, Quebec, Canada

From a thermodynamical point of view, groundwater flow is associated to a flux of heat having a direct impact on sub-surface temperatures. Theoretically, heat is thus a tracer that could be used, like chemical or isotopic tracers, for recharge estimation. This work looks into the applica-bility of recharge assessment techniques based on superficial temperature measurements for a continental-humid climate, such as that of the southern part of Quebec. Thermal methods offer an interesting potential for recharge evaluation because temperatures can be easily and cost effectively measured with an excellent temporal resolution. However, several studies published on this subject have met with mixed success, ob-


taining for instance recharge fluxes with a strong inter-annual variability that were not consistent with precipitation patterns. These studies used an approach derived from an analytical 1-D method developed in the 1960s for estimating in situ percolation rates under irrigated rice paddy fields. In an earlier study, the advective-conductive transport of heat in soil was simulated with a simple numerical model for different idealized theoretical cases. Results indicated that the thermal signal resulting from diffuse recharge is small and thus difficult to distinguish from other heat sources and uncertainties. Due also to the fact that recharge is not uniformly distributed throughout the year, analytical approaches may not be well suited for diffuse recharge assessment from superficial temperature measurements in most cases. This present study investigates further this issue using a numerical model to simulate the subsurface transport of heat under conditions characterized by recharge patterns and an annual surface temperature cycle that are representative of the southern Quebec climate. For this purpose, hourly measurements of water flux acquired with passive wick lysimeters and superficial temperatures collected with thermal probes are used to constrain the simulations for three different sites located in Monteregie Est, southern Quebec. Results from this work should allow for a better understanding of the applica-bility and limitations of thermal recharge assessment techniques. This work is part of a broader study that aims to develop a methodology for the estimation of recharge for continental humid climates.

712 - Feasibility of community-scale managed aquifer recharge schemes in south-western Bangladesh: numerical simulationsJessica Barker, Md. Mahadi Hassan, Clare Robinson Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering – The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Sarmin Sultana, Kazi Matin AhmedDepartment of Geology – The University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Communities in the low-lying Khulna-Satkhira coastal region in south-western Bangladesh are experiencing increasingly severe seasonal water scarcity. In this region, the groundwater is naturally brackish and traditional drinking water sources (e.g., ponds) are repeatedly contaminated from extreme events such as cyclones and storm surges. Aquifer storage, transfer and recovery (ASTR) is currently being tested by UNICEF-Ban-gladesh, University of Dhaka and Acacia Water (Netherlands) as a potential cost-effective disaster-resilient water supply alternative for these communities. Two test sites have been established where freshwater collected via rooftop rainwater harvesting and surface ponds is gravity fed into shallow aquifers during the monsoon season and stored for extraction during the dry season. A numerical groundwater model has been developed in MODFLOW and SEAWAT to investigate the feasibility of the ASTR technology for the Bangladesh context and specifically to support future field site selection and optimization of the engineering system design. The groundwater model has been validated with field data from the test sites. At these sites the recovery efficiency has been high and ASTR has led to a significant reduction in groundwater electrical conductivity and concentrations of dissolved species including arsenic and manganese. The validated model is applied to explore a range of hydrogeological conditions (e.g. hydraulic conductivity, aquifer dispersivity), engineering design and operating parameters (e.g. injection well lengths and layout, injection rate) and community size that can be served. The influence of seasonal hydraulic gradient variability and tidal water table fluctuations (pronounced at one test site) on the recovery efficiency is also examined.

797 - Partitioning and sourcing of dry season subsurface water fluxes at the footprint of the eddy covariance tower - experimental approach, part 1Balugani E., Reyes-Acosta J.L., van der Tol C. & Lubczyński M.W. Department of Water Resources - Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation - University of Twente, Esnchede, The Netherlands

Dry seasons in arid and semi-arid areas are characterized by large potential evapotranspiration, which in shallow water table condition results in substantial evapotranspiration (ET) and possibly large groundwater contributions. The ET can be partitioned into two different processes, plant transpiration (T) and bare soil evaporation (E), each sourcing water either from the saturated or unsaturated zone. The partitioning and sourcing of ET into four subsurface water flux components can be beneficial in hydrological modelling and water management because it allows better assessment of water balances.

We partitioned and sourced dry season ET in the granitic Sardón catchment in Spain at the eddy covariance tower footprint characterized by 7-10% oak (Quercus ilex and Quercus pyrenaica) canopy coverage and bare soil of granitic origin in the remaining part. From the eddy tower we obtained nearly continuous estimates of ET. The T of the oaks at the footprint of the tower was measured on selected trees and upscaled


applying remote sensing techniques over QuickBird images. The sourcing of T into groundwater (Tg) and unsaturated zone (T

u) components

was resolved by combining sap flow measurements of T and proportional contributions of T sources derived from mixing model solution based on stable isotopes of groundwater, unsaturated zone water and stem sap. The E of the bare soil areas in-between the tree canopies and its sourcing into groundwater (E

g) and unsaturated zone (E

u) components were modelled on the base of profile measurements of soil temperature,

soil moisture and soil matric potential. The four ET components obtained as a result of partitioning and sourcing of ET, could be finally compared with the tower estimates of the total ET.

For example on 11-08-2009, at the eddy tower footprint, the dry season ET was 0.60 mm/d, E = 0.5 mm/d and T= 0.04 mm/d. With 10% closure error, the experiment showed that E was by far more relevant than T, likely due to the sparse savannah type of tree coverage. The sourcing of E resulted in E

g = 0.22 mm/d and E

u = 0.28 mm/d while the sourcing of T indicated T

g = T

u = 0.02 mm/d. The experiment showed

the large importance of groundwater evapotranspiration (ETg = E

g+T

g), emphasizing particularly the role of dry season vapor flow evaporation

of both Eg and E

u.

800 - Partitioning and sourcing of subsurface water fluxes at the catchment scale - modeling approach – part 2 Francés A.P., Lubczyński M.W., Reyes-Acosta J.L., Balugani E., van der Tol C., Hassan T.Department of Water Resources - Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

The water balance of a catchment is controlled by several hydrological processes (i.e. precipitation, interception, soil evaporation, transpiration, infiltration, runoff, percolation, groundwater flow) that regulate storage and exchange of water between hydrological reservoirs (i.e. surface, vegetation and unsaturated and saturated zones). The reliable closure of subsurface water balance is challenging because the subsurface water fluxes (SWF) are difficult to assess and are largely spatio-temporally variable.

We propose to improve the catchment water balance by: (i) partitioning of SWF, i.e. quantitative allocation of the SWF to either evaporation or transpiration processes; (ii) sourcing of SWF, i.e. quantitative allocation of the SWF to either unsaturated or saturated zone depending on their origin; and (iii) development of a transient, distributed land surface and unsaturated zone model (MARMITES), dynamically coupled with MODFLOW. MARMITES solves the water balance on a daily basis in the soil zone, using simple relations between fluxes and soil moisture. The processes included in MARMITES are interception, evapotranspiration, runoff, surface storage, infiltration, percolation and soil moisture storage. The recharge computed by MARMITES is implemented in MODFLOW while the depth of the water table computed by MODFLOW is returned back to MARMITES. The calibration is typically done against soil moisture for MARMITES and hydraulic heads for MODFLOW. The MARMITES-MODFLOW output provides distributed catchment water budget on daily basis, separately for unsaturated and saturated zone, the latter allows identification of critical groundwater balance components: gross groundwater recharge, groundwater uptake by plants, direct evaporation from water table and groundwater runoff.

We applied the model to semi-arid, granitic La Mata catchment (~4.8 km2, Spain), characterized by shallow, ~2 m depth water table. Prior to modeling we performed various experimental studies as described in Part 1 to: a) estimate total evapotranspiration (ET); b) partition ET into bare soil evaporation (E) and tree transpiration (T); and c) source groundwater and unsaturated zone components of E and T. Subsequently we integrated these results into the coupled MARMITES-MODFLOW to compute daily catchment water balance.

917 - Critical Analysis of Hysteresis and Layered Heterogeniety Effects on Volumetric Soil Specific Yield Water Content and Fillable Water Content: I – Theoretical Considerations Patros, T.B. & Parkin, G.W.University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaSchool of Environmental Sciences – University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Volumetric soil specific yield water content ( ), or volumetric soil drainable water content ( ), is an important component in estimating groundwater recharge (GWR) using the water-table fluctuation (WTF) method. The use of volumetric soil fillable water content ( ) instead of has been proposed due to the effect of hysteresis on the soil moisture characteristic curve (SMCC), which shows that the may be


larger than the , resulting in estimation discrepancy of GWR. Here, an attempt is made to compare the and the mathematically, using an equation(s) for the SMCC (including hysteresis) from the literature. The implication of using either the or the on GWR estimation in homogeneous and layered heterogeneous profiles for a variety of soil textural classes is presented. In addition, replacing volumetric soil residual water content ( ) with volumetric soil field capacity water content ), or volumetric soil specific retention water content ( ), as a lower limit of the SMCC, and the influence of that change on GWR estimation, is critically examined for both the and the . The preliminary anal-yses to date indicate that is generally smaller than , and hence a smaller recharge (R) estimate is obtained when using in the WTF method. It turns out, > for large water-table (WT) rise only. Therefore, for WT rise, may not be entirely correct for estimating R. Hysteresis has an impact on the values of both parameters ( and ), therefore on R estimate, depending on which curve, drying or wetting, is used initially in the calculations. The process becomes more time-dependent for fine soils in addition to being depth-dependent. No firm con-clusion can be drawn at this time about which of the two parameters ( or ) is the best at estimating R. Results obtained from replacing with , as a lower limit for the SMCC, are not conclusive in the effect(s) has on the process suggesting further examination is required.

1063 - Groundwater Level Response to High Precipitation Events in Saskatchewan in 2010 and 2011 Nolan Shaheen, Kei Lo Saskatchewan Watershed Authority, Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Canada

High precipitation in Saskatchewan in 2010 and 2011 resulted in widespread flooding. Further, the broad geographic distribution of these high flows was unusual. In some areas, the record high peak flows from snowmelt were followed by multiple peak flows resulting from subsequent high intensity rainfall events. The flooding associated with these events received extensive media coverage. However, the impact of these precip-itation events on groundwater resources has seen little attention. This paper will discuss some of the effects seen on the provincial groundwater level monitoring network from those high precipitation events. In some shallow observation wells, water levels increased by as much as two meters, while smaller increases were also seen in some deeper observation wells completed in confined aquifers.

Poster sessIon: groundWAter sustAInABIlIty Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

644 - Groundwater Development for Promoting Intensive Farming in the Rain-fed Farm Area in Suphan Buri Province, Thailand.Supot Choemsawasdipong, Sumrit Chusanatus, Pobporn SettapruksaDepartment of Groundwater Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok, ThailandPiya Duangpatra, Kobkiat Pongput & Kampanat VijitsrikamolInterdisciplinary Graduate Program (Sustainable Land Use and Natural Resources Management), Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand

Suphan Buri Province contains about 416,000 hectares of agricultural area, which is 77.32 percent of the province. The most common crops are rice and sugarcane, which are the economic plants of Thailand. Only 272,000 hectares of agricultural lands in Suphan Buri Province are irri-gated, but there is a beneficial area of only 33,600 hectares, which is 8.0 percent of the province’s agricultural area. 92.0 percent of agriculture is rain-fed farming, which has been experiencing water shortages. Due to global climate change, less rainfall and decreasing agricultural pro-duction, farmers are not receiving sufficient income. The Department of Groundwater Resources, Government of Thailand realizes this problem is very important. Therefore, the pilot project to study the development of groundwater for agriculture was launched, intended to help farmers get more income from intensive farming. This pilot project consists of 16 groundwater wells and 8 storage tanks for agriculture areas around 90 hectares and distribution of water to each farmland by a pipeline system. Spatial analysis (ArcGIS) was used for assessing the suitable pilot area. The pipeline system and map of farmlands were operated using geo-matics, to be integrated with Epanet program. The researcher used CROPWAT for calculating crop water requirements, and Linear Programming (LP) was used for an economic value analysis to derive the lowest cost of intensive farming, and a participatory approach was used for groundwater management. The results indicated that the farmers in the rain-fed farm area, which has groundwater as a supplemental source for intensive farming, can get more products per hectare, and they can


cultivate various kinds of plants at the same time for supporting market demand. As a result, farmers receive 80% more income. Groundwater development for agriculture is favourable, but the changes in both groundwater quantity and quality must be monitored for sustainable utilization of groundwater resources.

152 - Sustainability of the groundwater resources in the Chaudière River Watershed, QuébecN. Benoit1, M.Nastev1 & M.Brun Kone2 1 Ressources naturelles Canada, Commission géologique du Canada, Québec (Québec), Canada, 2 Département de géologie et de génie géologique - Université Laval, Québec (Québec), Canada, J.Molson2

2 Département de géologie et de génie géologique - Université Laval, Québec (Québec), Canada,

The Chaudière River watershed, located south of Quebec City, encompasses approximately 6700 km2. The northern part is relatively densely populated with some 150,000 inhabitants and extensive agriculture; in the southern part, forest and pastures dominate the hilly landscape. Some 50,000 inhabitants rely on groundwater as the main source of potable water. The regional aquifer consists of sedimentary rocks and occasionally of coarse surficial sediments. Glacial sediments are practically ubiquitous over the study area. They are overlain by Champlain sea sediments and more recent alluvion to the North. On average, the watershed receives 1110 mm of precipitation annually. 1D hydrological modelling partitioned the precipitation into evapotranspiration (447 mm), surface runoff (478 mm), and infiltration (185 mm). The subsurface runoff was estimated at 155 mm, whereas the remaining 30 mm percolates further to the fractured aquifer. The annual groundwater use was estimated at 0.6% of the groundwater present in storage. The measured potentiometric surface closely drapes the major topographic features and reflects the general flow direction of the surface water. On its path from recharge to discharge areas, the groundwater is subject to a variety of hydrogeological and geochemical processes. The analytical results of 155 groundwater samples and multivariate analyses helped build a hy-drogeochemical evolution model and corroborated the flow regime. A 3D numerical flow model has been built including a distributed infiltration, baseflow discharge and groundwater use. It is being used to determine sensitivity of the water levels to over-exploitation and changing climate.

Poster sessIon: groundWAter trACers/IsotoPes Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

117 - Hydrochemical and Isotope Characteristics of the major aquifers of the Benin Formation, Calabar, NigeriaAniekan Edet1 & Richard Worden2

1 Department of Geology - University of Calabar, UPO, Calabar, Nigeria.2 Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences - University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

A combination of isotopic and chemical indicators has been used to characterize precipitation, river water and groundwater in the Calabar area, southeastern Nigeria. The river and groundwater chemistry data enabled different hydrochemical types to be differentiated. Chloride dissolution, weathering and ion exchange influence the water composition. The slope of the local meteoric water line (LMWL) is similar to that of the global meteoric water line (GMWL), indicating little or no secondary evaporation during rainfall. The isotopes of the precipitation are influence mainly by temperature and amount of rainfall. The river water is enriched isotopically, indicating the effects of evaporation. Stable isotopes for the shallow groundwater suffered intensive evaporation compared to the deep groundwater. The groundwater isotopes plot around the LMWL, implying that groundwater is of meteoric origin. The data also suggest that the shallow and deep groundwater systems are affected by local and recent recharge of generally less than 10,000yrs. There are two recharge mechanisms: preferential flow and mixture of evaporated soil moisture and rain. The implications of this study for the management of groundwater in the area are discussed.


269 - Investigating salinity and radioactivity in water resources in Morocco using chemical and isotopic tracersLhoussaine Bouchaou1, Said Boutaleb1 & Tarik Tagma1 1 Ibn Zohr University, Applied Geology and Geo-Environment Laboratory, Cité Dakhla, Agadir, Morocco. Zineb Lgourna1, Avner Vengosh2 & Nathaniel Warner2

1 Ibn Zohr University, Applied Geology and Geo-Environment Laboratory, Cité Dakhla, Agadir, Morocco. 2 Duke University, Division of Earth & Ocean Sciences, Durham, NC, USA

Evaluating the sources and mechanisms of the salinization phenomenon could provide the necessary tools for sustainable water management under arid climate. This study investigates the groundwater quality, with a focus on the effects of salinity and radioactivity, of the four major basins in Morocco (Souss-Massa, Draa, Ziz, and Tadla) through a collaborative effort between Duke University in the USA and University of Ibn Zohr in Agadir. Salinization of the shallow and deep groundwater in Morocco has become a limiting factor for agricultural development and long-term sustainability of agriculture practice and drinking water. Since most of the IPCC climate models predict a significant decrease in pre-cipitation in Northern Africa over the next few decades, water shortage and salinization induced from climate change are expected to exacerbate the existing water salinity crisis. The degradation of water quality and the presence of radioactive elements (Ra, U,..) in some areas can impact seriously the drinking water. Based on the multiple geochemical and isotopic tracers (Cl, TDS, 18O, ²H, 226Ra, 87Sr/86Sr, 10B), the main objectives of this study are to:

• Provide a systematic analysis of geochemical and isotopic compositions of saline groundwater from the selected aquifers,

• Evaluate the sources of salinity and mechanisms for salinization of groundwater in selected basins,

• Study the naturally occurring radioactive nuclides in water resources in selected basins.

• Establish adequate water management plans for remediation.

Results from this study show a large salinity range from fresh water to saline water with total dissolved salts (TDS) exceeding 12,000 mg/L in ground-water within the studied aquifers. Based on geochemical data and modeling we demonstrate that the main mechanism of groundwater salinization in groundwater is from salt dissolution in the unsaturated zone resulted from irrigation of the imported water. Consequently, we predict that reduction of fresh water flows in these arid basins (mainly in sub-Saharan ones) due to climate change would reduce the dilution factor for some of the irrigation wells, while continuation of irrigation would further extract salts from the unsaturated zone and would increase the salinization rate of local groundwater. Under these conditions, the sustainability of agricultural production in the Moroccan sub-Sahran basins is at high risk.

282 - Assessing salinization processes and impacts in the Bou-Areg coastal aquifer (North Morocco): a multi-tracer and multivariate statistical approachV. Re1, E. Sacchi2 & J. Mas-Pla3

1 Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems - Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Italy2 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences - University of Pavia, Italy3 Geocamb and Departament de Ciències Ambientals - Universitat de Girona, SpainA. Menciò3, J.L. Martin Bordes4 & A. Aureli4

3 Geocamb and Departament de Ciències Ambientals - Universitat de Girona, Spain4 UNESCO-IHP

Coastal aquifers often represent an important source of renewable freshwater exploited to sustain human activities worldwide. Those areas are also among the most inhabited zones, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, hence greatly exposed to all the negative externalities associated to human ac-tivities (e.g. excessive abstraction and contaminant loads). Preserving natural groundwater quality is of paramount importance, especially in zones where renewable resources are unevenly distributed, or scarce and average rainfall is low, as in the case of southern rim countries in the Mediterranean Basin.

In the framework of the UNESCO-IHP sub-component of the MEDPartnership, the Bou-Areg coastal aquifer (North Morocco) was selected as an example of such critical conditions. The study focuses on the identification of the main sources of groundwater pollution by applying a multi tracer approach (general chemistry, δ2H, δ18O, δ13C, δ15N

NO3, δ18O

NO3). Statistical data treatment (PCA) and end-member mixing analysis of

groundwater composition was used to identify groundwater recharge poles in the area.


Results allow for the identification of two different kinds of groundwater: deeper freshwater, with relatively good quality, mainly found in the south-eastern part of the aquifer, and groundwater located in the central part of the aquifer, mostly affected by agricultural pollution. Hydrochemical results confirm that the general high salinity of the Bou-Areg aquifer is due to the coexistence of water-rock interaction processes, as dissolution of evaporative rocks and carbonates, and agricultural return flow. The latter also represents one of the causes of the general increase in nitrate concentrations. The isotopic composition of dissolved nitrates indicates the main drivers for human induced pollution: these are manure and septic effluents, especially in urban areas and in the central part of the plain and synthetic fertilizers in the agricultural zone. A control of applied irrigation volumes and the use of alternative irrigation sources could be a management action to reduce nitrate pollution in the impacted area.

410 - Environmental Isotopes in Groundwater near the Central Ogcheon Metamorphic Belt, KoreaSang-Ho Moon1, Jeong Hwang2 & Jin-Yong Lee3

1 Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, Korea2 Dept. of Geotechnical Disaster Prevention Engineering, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea 3 Dept. of Geology - Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea

The groundwater in Daejeon area, located near the central Ogcheon metamorphic belt of Korea, has very high uranium concentrations. To eluci-date the origin of the highly U-spiked groundwater in this area, we examined the environmental isotopes such as carbon, sulphur and strontium. For chemical and isotopic analyses, we collected 27 groundwater and 2 other water samples (mine drainage and quarry pool water) in the Ogcheon meta-sedimentary region and 10 groundwater samples in the Daejeon granite region. Our previous study indicates that the granite aquifers in Daejeon are well connected to the surface oxidized environment but those in the Ogcheon sedimentary region are under reducing conditions. It is well known that some granite aquifers have greatly high uranium contents but most groundwater in the Ogcheon sedimentary rocks has very low level of uranium concentrations. In the Ogcheon sedimentary region, most groundwater had characteristic of organic origin in carbon isotopic values. The Ogcheon Supergroup has a variety of carbon-bearing materials such as graphite-rich slate and limestone, and these rocks could affect the mixing δ13C values in groundwater. On the other hand, the aquifers in the granite region seem to have been well connected to the surface oxidized conditions, and the major origin of groundwater carbon was pedospheric by surface soil. Low SO

42- concen-

trations in granite aquifers indicate that the major source of groundwater sulphates is atmospheric SO42-. In the Ogcheon sedimentary region,

except for one polluted sample, δ34S values and low SO42- concentrations of most groundwater samples represent the typical characteristics

of atmospheric and/or soil sulphates. In view of the results so far achieved, we can say that pyrite oxidation and bacterial sulphate reduction appeared to have no role in determining sulphate levels of groundwater in the Ogcheon sedimentary region. Mine drainage, quarry pool water and polluted groundwater had different sources or formation processes for dissolved sulphates from normal groundwater in this region. The sulphates in mine drainage and quarry water can be interpreted to have lithospheric origin by dissolution or selective leaching-out of sulphide mineral included in its parent rock. The broad strontium isotopic ratios (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7112~0.7620) in the Ogcheon sedimentary region can be from intrinsic diverse strontium isotopic compositions or an open system for Sr components in the aquifer, or a combination of these. However, in the granite region, the 87Sr/86Sr ratios in most groundwater are consistently between 0.7111 and 0.7201. The reason for the consistency in strontium isotopic composition is that the parent rock is not diverse and the aquifer has remained a closed system.

414 - Improving conceptual models of groundwater flow, recharge and quality evolution in a vulnerable coastal aquifer subject to rapid land-use change Matthew J. CurrellSchool of Civil & Environmental Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne VIC, AustraliaDioni CendonAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Kirawee NSW, AustraliaElissa McNamaraSouthern Rural Water, Ballarat, Australia.

The Westernport Basin is an important coastal water supply aquifer located to the immediate southeast of the city of Melbourne, Australia. Groundwater is an important resource supporting irrigated agriculture in the basin, which is designated as a Water Supply Protection Area (WSPA). Being a coastal aquifer, groundwater quality is intimately related to the delicate hydrological balance in the basin; the aquifer has in the past experienced salinization relating to direct seawater intrusion and/or inter-formation leakage. At least one of the major recharge areas for the main productive aquifer unit (Tertiary


Westernport Group) is located within a metropolitan growth corridor, which is currently or imminently undergoing a shift from agricultural to urban land-use. This has the potential to impact both water balance and water quality in the vulnerable aquifer system.

A better understanding of recharge mechanisms and rates, groundwater transit times and flow paths, and the controls on quality of groundwa-ter is an important pre-requisite for ensuring the ongoing protection of the aquifer, and assessing the potential hydrological flow-on effects of land-use change in the recharge areas. To this end, we sampled and analysed groundwater in the basin for a range of environmental tracers, including the age-dating indicators 3H and 14C; stable isotopes of water and carbon, along with major and minor element compositions. Com-bined with an analysis of historic water levels and water quality data, this has allowed improved characterisation of the flow systems and salinity sources in the aquifer. On-going monitoring in the recharge areas will aid future assessment of the water quality and quantity implications of land-use change associated with urban expansion.

595 - Accuracy of environmental tracer techniques in assessing mean ages in synthetic heterogeneous media.James L. McCallum, Craig T. Simmons, Peter G. Cook and Adrian D. WernerNational Centre for Groundwater Research and Training - Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, AustraliaGregoire MariethozNational Centre for Groundwater Research and Training - University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia

Some debate exists about the accuracy of tracer methods in heterogeneous media. In this paper we present the results of the numerical simu-lation of six age dating techniques in heterogeneous media for young water - CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, SF

6, 3H/3He* and 85Kr. We also present

simulated results using the tracer 39Ar which can be used to date waters between the ages of 100 and 1000 years. Synthetic heterogeneous media were created to have both varying log hydraulic conductivity variance and structure. Our results show that on average, methods can be selected such that apparent ages can correspond well to mean ages for the range of 0 - 40 years, using young water tracers and for the range greater than 100 years using Argon 39. There is however potential for large errors in extreme cases with high log conductivity variance which results in significant error in the estimate of mean age. For age ranges between 40 and 100 years we investigated the use of the dispersion model with multiple tracers to constrain age distributions. Although this method was able to determine mean ages with an average error of less than 10%, estimates made from synthetic fields with high log hydraulic conductivity variances had the potential to have significant errors. Ad-ditionally, despite the accuracy of mean age predictions, other aspects of the residence time distributions, such as width and number of modes between the Dispersion model and the simulated distributions were not agreeable. These results suggest that in most cases environmental tracers can be used to determine the mean age of groundwater well, however other aspects of the residence time distributions may not be as predictable when using such methods.

652 - Multi-isotopic and geochemical approach in the identification of groundwater degradation by different salinization processes in coastal aquifers - PortugalP. M. Carreira, D. NunesInstituto Tecnológico e Nuclear - IST, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Lisboa, PortugalJ.M. MarquesInstituto Superior Técnico, CEPGIST, Lisboa, Portugal

Environmental isotopes and geochemical parameters were used to assess the origin of salinization in coastal aquifers of Portugal. Two case studies are presented: i) at the Meso-Cenozoic Portuguese S Border (Algarve Basin), ii) at the Lower Tagus – Sado sedimentary Basin. In both studies groundwater salinization reaches levels of several grams of TDS/L. The source of this high mineralization could be: a) seawater en-croachment; b) dissolution of diapiric structures that intrude the aquifers or dispersed saline minerals and c) brine dissolution at depth.

The Lower Tagus – Sado Basin, is located in the Lisbon-Setúbal region. This basin represents an important water resource for a vast region. The highly populated urban and industrialized areas of Lisbon and Setúbal are supplied by this system which has been extensively exploited in recent decades. To determine the source of salinization, both chemical (Cl-, HCO

3-, SO

42-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and isotopic (δ2H, δ13C,

δ18O, 3H and 14C) analyses were performed on groundwater samples collected in 39 boreholes. In the region there is a growing concern that uncontrolled exploitation will further threaten the aquifer system due to: i) mixing with highly polluted water in shallow aquifers; ii) seawater intrusion in coastal areas; or also iii) mixing with brines detected at depth by geophysical studies


In the second case, investigations were carried out in the Algarve sedimentary Basin (S. Portugal). The region was subdivided into two main sectors: i) the Portimão – Estombar sector where karst springs found along the Arade River, together with wells drilled into karstic formations, show evidence of mixing with seawater; ii) in the second sector Faro - Tavira, where the correlation between δ18O and electrical conductivity is poor (r = 0.246) and dissolution of salt domes seems to be the prevailing mechanism.

780 - Estimation of the transit time and dispersion of a bank-filtered water production well on the Szentendre Island (Hungary) using oxygen isotope dataKrisztina KármánInstitute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary & Lithosphere Fluid Research Lab, Department of Petrology and Geochemistry, Eötvös University, Budapest, HungaryJózsef DeákGWIS Kft., Dunakeszi, HungaryIstván FórizsInstitute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, HungaryPiotr MaloszewskiInstitute for Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, GermanyCsaba SzabóLithosphere Fluid Research Lab, Department of Petrology and Geochemistry, Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary

Environmental isotope tracers are becoming more and more important in studies of groundwater and stream-water relationships. Of particular importance are the oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δ2H) isotope ratios as conservative tracers, because they are built into the water molecule. The drinking water demand of Budapest is covered mainly by bank filtered groundwater from Szentendre Island in the Danube River north of Budapest. It is important to know the transit time and dilution of the water from the Danube to the production wells for the safe operation of the system. A multiple collector well on Szentendre Island, near the Danube was sampled 4 to 5 times a week and the Danube River was sampled every day, through all of 2011 for stable isotopic analysis. We also analyzed the local groundwater in monitoring wells that may be within the capture zone of the collector well. The lumped parameter model is the most widely used method for the interpretation of stable isotopic data and it is used for all types of riverbank filtration systems. With this method, we consider the aquifer as a black box. Oxygen isotopic composition of the water in the collector well was estimated from Danube water data and the local groundwater using a characteristic lumped parameter model. Deuterium (δ2H) data provide the same results because of the strict correlation between oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios. The estimated values are very close to the measured values in the collector well. The transit time of the Danube water was changing in time correlating with the water level in Danube. In the case of high Danube water levels (about 700 cm) the transit time was 6 to 8 days. Low water levels (about 200-300 cm) resulted in a considerably longer transit time as 16 to 18 days. It is important to note that to refine the results we will have to use other models with different input parameters.

942 - Evaluating the Anthropogenic Impacts on Groundwater Quality in the Guelph Regional Bedrock Aquifer: A Geochemical and Isotopic ApproachNickie Unonius & Dr. Ramon AravenaDepartment of Earth Sciences – University of Waterloo, ON, CanadaDr. Beth L. ParkerSchool of Engineering – University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada

Twelve sites in the Guelph area, equipped with multilevel monitoring systems in the fractured dolostone aquifer, were hydraulically monitored and sampled to characterize the regional aquifer geochemistry and evaluate geochemical processes in the system. Ten of these sites are part of the Guelph Tier 3 network established by the City of Guelph for a large scale risk assessment to develop a management plan. The detailed dataset will be used to evaluate the interactions between shallow and deep portions of the aquifer (from which the City of Guelph and surrounding area relies on for water supply) and the effects of urban, industrial and agriculture activities on groundwater quality. A total of 84 groundwater samples were collected from the 12 multilevels and analyzed for inorganics (major cations and anions), isotopes (18O, 2H, and enriched 3H), with


field measurements also collected and recorded (e.g., ph, DO, EC and Eh). Hydraulic head profiles measured from the Guelph Tier 3 wells by the Centre for Applied Groundwater Research (G360) staff since 2009 were also incorporated into the data analysis.

The detailed hydraulic head profiles combined with the existing geological data and geophysical logs have provided a preliminary indication of the vertical distribution of hydrogeologic units. A detailed comprehension of the characteristics of each well is currently underway, in conjunction with the chemical and isotopic data. Early observations from the detailed dataset include for example, TDS increase gradually with depth and in general, the water is Ca-HCO

3- in the shallower geological units changing to Ca-SO

4- water type toward the deeper part of the aquifer. The impact of road salt is clearly observed

in some parts of the study area associated with relative high Cl- and Na+ concentrations; the nil or low levels of nitrate in the groundwater implied no impact of agriculture and urban activities (leakage from the sewage system). This presentation will provide an overview of preliminary findings and discuss future focus areas. The high resolution approach to sampling and monitoring at various locations throughout the Guelph area intends to provide a better understanding of the chemical processes that govern the local bedrock aquifers flow and water quality, contributing to further delineation of the key hydrogeologic units and better comprehension of regional flow in the study area.

1028 - Changing Isotopic trends in groundwaters, Oak Ridges Moraine, OntarioLori Cicci, Emily Henkemans, Shaun FrapeDepartment of Earth Science - University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, CanadaRick GerberOak Ridges Moraine Hydrogeology Program, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaMatt MillarConservation Ontario, Newmarket, Ontario, Canada

Fritz et al. (1987) undertook an extensive isotopic study of both precipitation and groundwater which allowed for the mapping of δ18O values across Canada. Changing temperature and humidity conditions impact δ18O, δ2H and deuterium excess in recharging groundwater (Rozanski et al. 1993). Therefore, it is anticipated that global climate change as well as more localized impacts from industrialization and urbanization will cause changes in the trends described by Fritz et al. (1987). Utilizing historic data, both on a national scale (Fritz et al. 1987) and a regional scale (Gerber et al. 2009), combined with new tracer studies, has allowed for a reassessment of the isotopic trends in Ontario groundwater. This initial phase of work made use of the collaborative efforts of provincial conservation authorities, partnership with the YPDT-CAMC and current and past research from the University of Waterloo.

In order to assess the usefulness of isotopic data in interpreting changing paleoclimatic impacts on groundwater signatures, the changing dynamics of regional flow systems must be evaluated. The second phase of the study involves a focus on the Oak Ridges Moraine in Southern Ontario. The Oak Ridges Moraine (ORM) is a 160-km long ridge of sand, silt and gravel deposits north of Lake Ontario, which extends west from the Niagara Escarpment to the Trent River in the east. Understanding the complex flow system is complicated by the regional geology, which, in addition to variable glacial sediment deposition, also includes eroded tunnel channels and bedrock valleys. The ORM is recognized as a region-ally significant groundwater recharge area since it is the source of recharge to aquifers which provide drinking water for tens of thousands of residents, and also provide baseflow to the headwaters of many streams. Groundwater protection and management is an important issue for the entire region. Combined with a more complete understanding of the groundwater flow system, a comparison of the current isotopic characteris-tics of moraine groundwaters with previous studies allows for a more in-depth investigation into climatic change aspects in this part of Canada.

Poster sessIon: groundWAter-surFACe WAter InterACtIons And eCoHydrology Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

674 - Simulating shallow groundwater and peatland interaction in southern QuebecRavonjiarivelo, Rado1, Larocque, Marie1 & Paniconi, Claudio2

1 ESCER Research Center, Département des sciences de la Terre et de l’atmosphère, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada2 INRS-ETE, Québec, Québec, Canada


Southern Quebec holds some 170 000 km2 of wetland. The presence of peatland influences regional hydrogeology. The purpose of this study is 1) to quantify groundwater flux through the interface between a peatland and a local aquifer and 2) to identify the processes that control these exchanges. Eight peatland sites were instrumented with 12 aquifer-peatland piezometer transects in the Centre-du-Québec and Abitibi-Temis-camingue regions of southern Quebec (Canada). Field work in the experimental sites has provided the geometry (GPR imagery), watertable position (monthly and hourly records) as well as an estimate of hydraulic conductivity. Groundwater level data has led to the identification of four typical aquifer-peatland interactions: recharge from the aquifer to the peatland, discharge from the peatland, a combination of recharge and discharge and vertical flux due to vertical gradient. Two-dimensional numerical models are built with SEEP/W to simulate aquifer-peatland flow for the six peatland transects which best represent these conditions. Boundary conditions include a far field boundary condition on the aquifer side of the model, constant head on the peatland boundary of the transects and a no flow condition below the aquifer. Regional precipitation and evapotranspiration rates from diurnal water table fluctuations are used to estimate the recharge applied to the top boundary. Transects are represented using a multi-layer model with an aquifer layer extending beyond and below the peatland and multiple layers for the organic deposits. Hydraulic conductivity is depth dependent for the peatland, based on field measurements (10-4 m.s-1 near the surface to 10-7 m.s-1 towards the peat bottom). Aquifer hydraulic conductivity is considered homogeneous spatially (varies from 10-3 m.s-1 to 10-4 m.s-1 between experimental sites). Groundwater levels in piezometers are used to calibrate the models. Quaternary geology controls the regional groundwater flow, which in turn controls flow between peatland and aquifer. Results show a preferential exchange zone in the fen parts of the peat, but the flow direction depends on the season. Lateral flows dominate over vertical flow. Climatic forcing in the two regions influences the exchanges.

161 - Silica and stable isotopes indicating SW-GW interactions at Lake Pyhäjärvi catchment area, SW FinlandAnne Rautio & Kirsti Korkka-Niemi Geosciences and Geography - University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Silica (SiO2) concentration and stable isotopic composition is used to indicate the groundwater discharge from aquifers into the rivers and Lake Pyhäjärvi

and to evaluate the proportion of groundwater in the rivers and the lake inshore in a one year monitoring program. The mesotrophic Lake Pyhäjärvi has a surface area of approx. 155 km2, a perimeter length of 88 km, a mean depth of 5.5 m and drainage basin area of 616 km2. There are two major rivers discharging into the lake and one outflowing river. There are Quaternary esker aquifers connected to north and norteastern side of the lake. The groundwater discharge fluxes into the lake of the order of 10-3 and 10-4 cm s-1 were measured using seepage meters (Rautio & Korkka-Niemi 2011). There are two water intake plants: Kauttua in the northernmost corner and Honkala on the eastern shoreline of the lake.

SiO2 and isotope ratios were analysed from 188 groundwater, inshore water and surface water samples. In SiO

2 concentrations and isotope

ratios, there is a major difference between groundwater (δ18O about -12‰, δ2H about -86 ‰ (VSMOW)) SiO2 about 10 ppm) and surface

water. In lake water isotope composition and SiO2 concentrations were quite constant (δ18O about-7.4‰ and δ2H about -59.7‰ (VSMOW)

and SiO2 mean 0.97 ppm). In rivers isotope composition and SiO

2 concentrations varied more ((δ18O -13.7-(-9.4)‰ and δ2H -97.1-(-67.3)‰

(VSMOW) and SiO2 1.89-7.72 ppm). After Wiebe (2012) a large percentage of river water is likely groundwater (65% of the River Yläneenjoki

and 78% of the River Pyhäjoki).

There are differences between two incoming rivers: the Pyhäjoki river has higher baseflow (78%; Wiebe 2012), observed also as higher SiO2

concentration and groundwater stable isotope composition and having a smaller seasonal variation. In the Yläneenjoki river (baseflow 65%; Wiebe 2012) spring thaw can be seen more clearly as lower stable isotope values and smaller SiO

2 concentrations. SiO

2 concentration in river

water and groundwater discharging into the lake diminish rapidly after reaching the lake. SiO2 concentration and stable isotope composition in

lake is very stable throughout the year.

According to isotopes mass balance calculations the water from Kauttua intake plant is 70- 100 % lake water depending on well distance from lake shoreline.


176 - Characterizing connectivity between groundwater and the Ovens River (NE Victoria) Michael Adelana, Xiang Cheng & Brendan ChristyFuture Farming Systems Research Division, Department of Primary Industries, Victoria, AustraliaAnna Weeks & Kirsten BarlowFuture Farming Systems Research Division, Department of Primary Industries, Victoria, AustraliaeWater Cooperative Research Centre, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia

River Ovens contributes significantly to flows in the Murray River, and sections of this river have high ecological significance. The ecological value and significance of River Ovens highlight the need to understand surface-groundwater interactions, ensuring effective resource management in the region. A surface - groundwater connectivity assessment has been undertaken to improve understanding of the interactions between surface and ground-water systems and the impacts of land management on the health of these systems within the catchment. The assessment has employed diverse approaches including analysis of stream hydrographs and the application of baseflow separation filter, assessment of groundwater–stream connectivity using groundwater level–river relationship, construction and interpretation of hydrogeological cross-sections perpendicular to the floodplain, assessment of correlation and comparison of flow duration curves, and the assessment of vertical hydraulic connectivity.

Results obtained follow the conceptual interpretation of groundwater-surface water interaction developed earlier which suggested the ground-water systems are closely connected to the river system in large parts of the Ovens catchment. The river reaches in the upper part of the catchment are consistently gaining; stream flow and base flow characteristics at 18 gauging stations in the Ovens catchment have base flow indices from 44% to 67%. In the lower part of the Ovens catchment, the flux exchange between groundwater and stream is highly variable. Furthermore, in connected systems, groundwater pumping creates a gradient away from the river and captures base flow, or in extreme cases, it induces flow from the river.

223 - Impacts of non-uniform flow conditions on stream aquifer exchange flux estimates made using streambed temperature time series & vertical head gradientsMark O. Cuthbert1 and Rae Mackay2 1 School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK2 Geotechnical and Hydrogeological Engineering Research Group, Monash University, Churchill, Victoria, Australia

The use of inverse 1-D analytical methods for estimating vertical stream-aquifer exchange flux is now commonplace. However, the application of such simple models can lead to significant errors in estimates of vertical exchange flux where the model assumptions are violated in real systems. An idea that is gaining acceptance in the literature is that the presence of non-vertical flow is such a violation. However, it is shown here that non-vertical flow by itself won’t necessarily lead to errors in vertical flux estimation but rather that significant errors can stem from non-uniform (convergent/divergent) flow fields and/or hydrodynamic dispersion even within uniform flow fields. Non-uniform flow may also be expected, in some cases, to create discrepancies between flux estimates made on the basis of vertical head gradient measurements and those made using 1-D analytical heat tracer methods.

270 - New methods to assign water levels of dynamic rivers to groundwater modelsSamuel Diem1,2, Philippe Renard2 & Mario Schirmer1,2

1 Eawag, Water Resources & Drinking Water, Dübendorf, Switzerland2 University of Neuchâtel, Centre of Hydrogeology,Neuchâtel, Switzerland

River restoration measures are becoming increasingly popular, often creating dynamic riverbed morphologies that in turn result in complex water level distributions in the river. Along a 1 km restored section of a large perialpine river in north-eastern Switzerland, we observed the rapid devel-opment of disconnected river branches, non-linear longitudinal water level profiles and morphologically induced lateral water level gradients. The modeling of such river – groundwater systems, or more importantly, predictions of groundwater residence times, are of high practical relevance to assess the impact of restoration measures on the purification efficiency of riverbank filtration. However, properly defining the river boundary condition in the model requires a detailed spatial (two dimensional) and temporal river water level distribution. In our contribution, we present two


new methods to assign river water levels to groundwater flow and transport models. The two methods use measured water level data and are able to account for the spatial and temporal variability in water level distribution. Using the results of a hydraulic model as a reference, the water level time series generated by the two alternative methods provided accurate results with a faster and simpler implementation. To assess the predictive capabilities of the two alternative methods with regard to groundwater residence times, we applied both alternatives and the reference method to determine the river water level distribution in a three-dimensional steady-state groundwater flow and transport model (FEFLOW). After calibrating the transfer rates (river bed conductance) to measured groundwater heads (PEST), the groundwater residence time was simulated across the entire modeling domain. Predicted groundwater residence times obtained using either alternative method were within an acceptable range of accuracy (20%), when compared to residence times obtained using the reference method. As a further test, we simplified one of the alternative methods by first neglecting lateral water level gradients in the river and then by assuming a linear longitudinal water level profile. The simulated residence times of the calibrated models revealed that errors increased by up to 80% and 400%, respectively.

372 - Monitoring of Potential Groundwater Impacts to the Aquatic Environment from a LandfillClare L. Stewart, Jennifer Kirk*, Tereza Dan & Nancy HarttrupStantec Consulting Ltd., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada* Now with MTE Consultants Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, CanadaMalcolm StephensonStantec Consulting Ltd., Fredericton, New Brunswick, CanadaPatricia MeyerAquaResource Inc. – A Division of Matrix Solutions Inc., Breslau, Ontario, Canada

A hydrogeologic assessment was completed in support of an Environmental Assessment (EA) for expansion of the Hanover/Walkerton Landfill located in the Municipality of Brockton, Ontario, Canada. The site is adjacent to the floodplain of the Saugeen River, so a key component of the EA focused on groundwater-surface water interaction and whether aquatic habitat within the river is, or will be, degraded.

Using a conceptual hydrogeologic model based on data from numerous on-site stratigraphic logs and monitoring well data, a groundwater flow model was developed. This model built on previous efforts of study team members which showed the Saugeen River to be a major groundwater discharge feature. A comprehensive review of historical water quality data was completed to identify site-specific leachate indicators. Subse-quently, a groundwater transport model was developed, and used to predict potential concentrations of key leachate indicators (chloride, boron, and unionized ammonia) as well as some volatile organic compounds.

Given the discharge of groundwater to the river, the study team successfully negotiated with the Ministry of the Environment use of the Provincial Water Quality Objectives (PWQO) based on aquatic habitat, rather than the more usual Reasonable Use Concept based on acceptable drinking water quality, as the applicable standards for use at the Site. However, for some parameters the PWQO are exceeded in groundwater discharging to the Saugeen River, although no negative impacts have been identified. Therefore, site-specific risk-based (for ecological receptors) compli-ance criteria were developed for chloride, boron, unionized ammonia, phenols and iron.

Due to the large volume of flow in the river compared to the groundwater flux from the landfill, alternative means to surface water quality sam-pling were required to effectively monitor the system. Detailed monitoring programs were developed that include aquatic toxicity testing, benthic invertebrate monitoring and vegetation monitoring in addition to water quality sampling. Monitoring results to date indicate: 1) groundwater discharging to the river is not acutely toxic; 2) no evidence of degraded habitat or poor water quality; and 3) no adverse impacts to the vegetation community. The EA was approved, and long-term site compliance is predicted.

476 - Maar lakes - in subsurface flow connection, Tihany Peninsula, Hungary

Timea Havril1, Ádám Tóth1, Judit Mádl-Szőnyi1, 1 Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary,Szilvia Simon1, Stephanie Palmer2 & Imre Müller1 1 Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary,2 Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tihany, Hungary

The lakes of Tihany Peninsula, Hungary are located in maar structures, which were formed by the Neogene phreatomagmatic volcanism of the


region (Németh et al. 2001). The recharge of the lakes was supposed to originate mainly from precipitation. However, based on the numerical modeling and theoretical studies of Winter (1976, etc.) the groundwater supply of these lakes were presumed. The goals of this study were to understand the hydraulic position of the lakes in the flow systems of the Peninsula and to find an explanation for the different hydrological behaviours of the lakes. Hydrostratigraphic, hydraulic, geochemical, radio-magnetotelluric (RMT) methods, time series analysis, and two-di-mensional numerical flow-simulation were used to understand the interaction of the lakes with groundwater flow regime. The study identified: i) a hydraulically continuous subsurface flow field driven by topographic gradients for the area, ii) the hydraulic significance of the near surface low permeability strata in the flow geometry, iii) that the maar lakes are the surface appearance of the water table, iv) that the hydrological behaviour of the lakes is strongly correlated with their subsurface flow position (inflow or outflow), and v) the subsurface hydraulic connection between the lakes has been recognized. These results are significant concerning water balance and ecological aspects of the wetlands as well as in the management of the conservation of the area. These results can also initiate further research to understand the interaction between flow systems and maar lakes.

489 - Transient modeling of surface and subsurface water interaction at a riverbank aquiferBalázs Kovács1, Andrea Kolencsik-Tóth2, János Szanyi3

1Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, University of Miskolc, Miskolc, Hungary, 2Landerit Inc., Miskolc, Hungary, 3Department of Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Petrography, University of Szeged, Hungary

There are several contaminated industrial sites located on riverbanks in Hungary. The transport of different contaminants depends greatly on the actual state of the flow system; therefore, a detailed investigation at a site was performed. There were over 30 dataloggers installed within approximately a 20 km2 area of interest to continuously record the changes in groundwater flow direction and velocity due to the fluctuation of the river heads. Previously experts described a steady state discharge by the river and some small effects occurring at the riverside. This occurred despite the fact that the measurements detected variable recharge at large regions along the riverside even at a 2.5 km distance.

The measurement results encouraged us to make several transient runs of flow calculations for a period of 20-30 years on a 5-day time step basis. The transient and steady state head results as well as the pathlines were compared to calculate the difference of the transient and steady-state trace lengths. It was shown that pathlines of up to 30-50 times longer can occur nearby the river compared to a steady-state condition. Due to this fact, even the dispersion of contaminants is much larger than it was previously estimated and accounts for historic discrepancies of measured and calculated concentrations. To demonstrate this effect a contaminant transport model was built to prove that steady-state modeling does not adequately model riverbank affected groundwater systems. Even the longer time required to run the transient model is “cost effective” due to the more realistic groundwater flow results. We found that transient simulations using approximately a 5-day time step length is enough to represent the fluctuations of the head nearby the Tisa River. The efforts made were well received by all partners (industrial site managers, authority representatives) which motives us to advocate the methodology developed at other similar sites.

506 - Influences of reservoir model structures on modeled percolation into bedrock in a granitic catchment in Southern ChinaCongsheng Fu1,2, Jianyao Chen1, Linyao Dong1, Huabo Jiang1

1 School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China2 Department of Geography - Nipissing University, Ontario, Canada

Due to the common existence of preferential flow, bedrock catchments cannot be modeled reasonably using classical partial differential equa-tions. Considering the economy of modeling resources, linear / non-linear reservoir models are widely used in hillslope / catchment hydrology. However, few studies are focused on structural uncertainty analysis for reservoir models at experimental catchment scale. Five models with different structures have been constructed based on linear reservoir methods in this study. The models illustrate the structure uncertainty of res-ervoir models, and quantitatively analyze some runoff generation characteristics, (e.g. bedrock depression storage, infiltration into bedrock, etc).

According to model calculations and comparisons, the height of the lowest lateral outlet from reservoir bottom (h1) is the most sensitive parameter for reservoir models of an experiment forest catchment (0.99 km2). The average bedrock depression storage over the study catch-ment, which can be represented using h1, is ~ 2 – 5 mm. For all five models, the modeled annual infiltration into bedrock is larger than the annual interflow discharged to streams (ratios: 1.8 – 2.8). The calculated ratios of annual infiltration into bedrock compared to annual interflow


discharged to steam by models with h1 > 0 (2.5 – 2.8) are larger than those by models with h1 = 0 (1.8 – 1.9). At a storm event scale, the calculated (averaged value for 36 storm events) ratio of total bedrock flow to event streamflow depth (ESD) is larger than that of interflow to ESD, by models with h1 > 0 (1:0.7), while the calculated result is inversed (~ 1:1.5) by models with h1 = 0.

517 - Effect of oceanic forcing on the transport and transformation of nutrients in a near-shore aquiferNawrin Anwar, Clare Robinson Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering – The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

Increasing development and population growth along coastlines worldwide has caused elevated levels of nutrients in coastal aquifers. The flow, transport and transformation processes in a subterranean estuary strongly control the exit conditions for groundwater-derived nutrients discharging to near-shore waters. While several studies have examined the fate of nutrients in subterranean estuaries, the impact of oceanic forcing (e.g., tides and waves) is often neglected. However, these fluctuations can induce a highly dynamic surficial mixing and reaction zone in the near-shore aquifer and significantly alter the subsurface flow paths for discharging nutrients. In this study the variable density groundwater flow model SEAWAT-2005 is used in combination with the reactive multi-component transport model PHT3Dv2.10 to examine the influences of oceanic forcing on the fate of nutrients (ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate) in this dynamic zone. Reactions considered in the model include: denitrification, nitrification, aerobic degradation of dissolved organic carbon, iron oxidation and reduction, and phosphate adsorption. Simulations reveal that oceanic forcing significantly alters the transport pathways of the groundwater-derived nutrients and the mixing between the ground-water and recirculating seawater in the near-shore aquifer. This alters the biogeochemical reactions occurring in this region and thus impacts the nutrient transformations and subsequent loading rates to coastal waters. Seawater recirculation also leads to the precipitation of iron oxides around the upper mixing zone and this may act as an important geochemical barrier for accumulating chemicals including phosphate in the near-shore sediments. A sensitivity analysis is presented for the governing parameters.

571 - Developing conceptual models of groundwater - surface water interactions and salinity sources in a high-value estuarine wetland complexPeter DahlhausUniversity of Ballarat, Mt Helen, Victoria, AustraliaMatthew CurrellRMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaHiroyuki LiWakayama University, Wakayama, Japan

The Lower Barwon Wetlands are a Ramsar-listed wetland complex in an area of southeast Australia undergoing rapid urban expansion. The wetlands receive fresh and saline water from a major river, tidal estuary and discharge from sedimentary and volcanic aquifers. The diverse salt-tolerant flora provides habitat to over 135 bird species, including rare and endangered northern hemisphere migratory birds. The spatial distribution and health of vegetation species reflects the spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater salinity, which is closely related to the balance between the different water sources.

To assess the vulnerability of the ecosystem to urbanisation and climate change, a combination of physical, chemical and isotopic data was used to characterise salinity sources, interactions between the different inflows, and develop a conceptual model of the hydrological responses of this complex system. Although the hydraulic gradient between surface water and shallow groundwater in the basal wetland sediments is negligible, there is a major contrast in the salinity of these waters (factor of ~10), suggesting that density contrast prevents significant mixing between saline pore water in shallow lake sediments and surface water in the wetlands.

Preliminary analysis of stable isotopes reveal multiple sources of salinity in groundwater and surface water, including: highly evaporated surface water (e.g. 18O = ~1.9 to 4.9); groundwater which resembles meteoric water (18O ~-4.5 and 2H ~-30), but is highly saline (e.g. TDS >15 g/L), due to transpiration and/or mineral dissolution; seawater (18O ~-2 to 2), which penetrates >5 km inland within the fractured basalt aquifer and up the river channel; and various mixtures of these components. Further research aims to quantify the hydrological responses of the systems (river, estuarine and groundwater) to inform the sustainable management of the ecosystem.


587 - Mapping groundwater dependent vegetation by integrating Landsat, hydrogeochemical and hydrogeophysical data: a case study in the Darling River floodplain, western N.S.W., AustraliaLaura Gow, Leo Lymburner, Larysa Halas, Alexis Mcintyre, Ken Lawrie & John Magee Geoscience Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia

Identification of groundwater-dependent (terrestrial) vegetation, and assessment of the relative importance of different water sources to veg-etation dynamics commonly involves detailed ecophysiological studies over a number of seasons or years. However, even when groundwater dependence can be quantified, results are often difficult to upscale beyond the plot scale. Consequently, quicker, more regional mapping approaches have been developed. These new approaches utilise advances in computation, geoscience, and remote sensing and airborne geophysical technologies.

This study, undertaken in the semi-arid Darling River Floodplain in N.S.W., Australia, combines Landsat Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series data with hydrogeological, hydrogeochemical and hydrogeophysical data to assess the relative importance of hydrological processes and groundwater characteristics. The first stage in the study combined high-resolution vegetation structural mapping derived from LiDAR data (Canopy Digital Elevation Model and Foliage Projected Cover), with 23 years of Landsat time-series data. Statistical summaries of Normalised Difference Vegetation Index values were generated for each spatially continuous vegetation structural class for each Landsat scene (e.g. stand of closed forest). This has enabled long-term temporal changes in vegetation condition to be assessed against different water re-gimes (drought, local rainfall, river bank full, overbank flow, and lake filling), and groundwater dependent vegetation to be identified. The second stage involved integration with airborne electromagnetics (AEM), hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry. This has shown that the deeper (>25m), semi-confined aquifer is only rarely important to vegetation dynamics, with the shallow unconfined aquifer and river lateral bank recharge zones being of greater importance.

This approach has resulted in an improved understanding of vegetation dynamics including the spatial distribution of vegetation utilising ground-water, timing and duration of groundwater use, and response to different hydrologic regimes (e.g. rainfall, lateral bank recharge, and overbank flooding). These findings have important implications for groundwater extraction and riparian vegetation management more broadly.

594 - The role of groundwater in supporting wetland ecology and influencing environmental flow rulesE.J. BarbourAustralian National University and National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training, Canberra, ACT, AustraliaC.A. PollinoCSIRO, Canberra, ACT, AustraliaP.D. DriverNew South Wales Office of Water, Orange, NSW, Australia; Australian Wetlands and Rivers Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.S. Powell & A.J. JakemanAustralian National University and National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training, Canberra, ACT, Australia

Groundwater can play a critical role in supporting wetland vegetation, particularly during periods of low surface water availability. Access to shallow groundwater can therefore increase the resilience of many plant species to drought, as well as reduce their surface water requirement. Whilst considerable work has been undertaken to identify groundwater dependent species and ecosystems, the influence of shallow groundwa-ter on surface water requirements and hence environmental flow rules has not been fully explored.

This study aims to compare environmental flow rules derived with and without access to shallow groundwater, using multi-objective optimisa-tion. Areas likely to access groundwater are identified using a combination of bore data and remote sensing. An ecological response model is developed to account for both surface water and groundwater availability.

A nationally significant wetland in the lower Lachlan Catchment (Great Cumbung Swamp), Australia, is used as a case study due to the known presence of groundwater dependent vegetation, and its importance in supporting a variety of wetland vegetation species and waterbirds. The Lachlan catchment is highly regulated, and contains a number of conflicting environmental and human water demands. Developing optimal


environmental flow rules is therefore essential. Preliminary outcomes suggest that consideration of access to shallow groundwater can reduce the frequency and magnitude of environmental flows required to support wetland vegetation.

664 - Adaptation of a watershed model to study the hydrological services provided by wetlandsFossey Maxime, Rousseau Alain N., Savary Stéphane, Royer AlainCentre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Québec, Québec, Canada

Assessing water resources and sustainability of associated ecosystems represents a major challenge in the context of climate change. Wetlands, important features of the landscape, are amongst the ecosystems most heavily altered by anthropogenic activities. The development of capacity building tools such as hydrological modelling allows an overall assessment of the role of wetlands (e.g., support for low flows, flood mitigation) and provides a means to estimate the impact of adaptation strategies (i.e., preservation/conservation) at the watershed scale. Wetlands can be classified as either isolated or riparian with respect to their connections to a river network. Therefore, the spatial distribution of wetlands primarily dictates their hydrological functions within the landscape. One of the challenges of wetlands conservation and restoration programs is to deter-mine their critical response thresholds with respect to climate change, on one hand, and to evaluate the effect of different hydrological patterns with respect to their role, on the other hand. In this communication, we present an hydrological modelling framework based on a landscape approach to: (i) quantify the differences in functionality between isolated and riparian wetlands in order to establish a typological classification for the hydrological model; (ii) evaluate the spatiotemporal variability of the hydrological processes; (iii) identify the hydrological ecosystem services provided by wetlands; and (d) evaluate the potential of wetlands in the development of adaptation strategies to climate change.

679 - The Interaction between an Estuarine River and its Adjacent Aquifer, a case study from the southeastern Mediterranean Yehuda Shalem, Eldad Levi, Yishai WeinsteinBar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, IsraelBarak Herut, Mark Goldman, Yoseph YechieliDepartment of Geography and Environment – University Bar-Ilan, Ramat-Gan, Israel

The lower reaches of the Alexander River (Israel, southeastern Mediterranean) are subjected to seawater encroachment up to 5 km upstream. During most of the year, the river is disconnected from the sea by a sand bar, while it is only after floods or high sea conditions, when the sandbar is breached, and seawater can freely encroach through the river channel. Consequently, highest salinities and strong stratification were observed during the winter, following strong meteorological vents, while during the dry season salinities are significantly lower.

Groundwater salinities were studied in boreholes and via electrical resistivity in two sites along the Alexander River. In the close-to-sea site (300 m), high salinities were restricted to a few meters from the river, while in the upstream site (1800 m), relatively high salinities were observed up to 100 m from river. The saline water infiltration is limited to the superficial aquifer (<10 m), and it is underlain by fresh water. In close-to-river settings, groundwater level and salinity respond almost simultaneous to changes in river fluxes, level and salinity.

686 - The Ecohydrology of Springs of Alberta, CanadaAbraham E. Springer School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ USA Lawrence E. StevensMuseum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA Jeri LedbetterPerezoso Media, Flagstaff, AZ, USA Stewart B. Rood and Karen GillUniversity of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada

From 2007-2011, an interdisciplinary, international team inventoried and assessed over 50 springs ecosystems of Southern Alberta, Canada. The long-term objective of the study is to determine if different springs ecosystems exhibit repeatable vegetation structure and wildlife. Inven-


tories and assessments included springs distributed from the headwaters of transboundary tributaries of the South Saskatchewan and Missouri River catchments in the Crown of the Continent and the Southern Canadian Rockies, to isolated springs in the prairies. The comprehensive inventories included not only descriptions of the physical and chemical hydrogeology of the spring, but also included an inventory of vegetation species and their cover by geomorphic surface, a quantitative or qualitative inventory of invertebrate species, and assessment of the physical, ecological, and administrative condition and risk of the springs ecosystem. We also assessed the condition and risk of the springs under their different land and resource management regimes. Based on this limited number of springs ecosystems inventories, the most common types of springs ecosystems in Southern Alberta are hillslope and rheocrene. The springs ecosystems of Southern Alberta host high amounts of species diversity, with one spring hosting at least 86 vegetation species. Analyses with this limited sample size indicate that there may be some repeat-able vegetation associations between springs ecosystems. There appears to be a correlation between the geomorphic diversity and vegetation species diversity at the springs ecosystems. Springs with the best condition, tend to be the springs which are at the lowest risk, while springs in the poorest condition tend to be at the highest risk. For example, the thermal springs of Southern Alberta tend to be significantly altered by humans (poor condition) and at high risk from supporting the dependent ecosystem.

796 - Determining trustworthy boundaries for coupled groundwater-surface water modelsJevon Harding, John Wilson & Jesus GomezDepartment of Earth & Environmental Science, Hydrology Program – New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM, USA

While surface watersheds are easily delineated using topographic divides, the delineation of groundwater catchments is not nearly as straight-forward. A groundwater catchment is not completely controlled by its topographically-defined surface watershed, but rather can be influenced by neighboring surface watersheds. In addition, groundwater divides, unlike surface water divides, can change over short periods of time, even seasonally. However, when groundwater data is scarce, as is the case in most mountainous areas, the surface water divide is still assumed to be a proxy for the groundwater divide. Due to computational limitations, a watershed is often modeled as an isolated system with no-flow boundaries assigned to the surface water divide. Our work tests the validity of these common assumptions made in traditional watershed modeling when the watershed model includes three-dimensional groundwater flow. Using COMSOL Multiphysics Earth Science Module, we are able to explore the influence of hydraulic conductivity, depth of circulation, recharge, and topography on parameters like groundwater discharge to streams and its residence time. Rather than arbitrarily assigning boundaries to groundwater models, this work allows us to determine which model boundaries provide the best estimates under different physical and environmental conditions.

799 - Characterising Groundwater-Surface Water Flow Patterns in Two Constructed Wetlands in the Oil Sands Region

Chelsea Horton, Carl Mendoza, & Kevin DevitoDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences – University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Wetlands encompass half of the natural landscape in the Fort McMurray oil sands region. Sustainable wetlands must be established on recon-structed landscapes following the exhaustion of mines. The successful creation of constructed wetlands is essential to returning the reclaimed area to equivalent land capability. The dominant factor in the establishment, maintenance, evolution and persistence of wetlands is hydrology. The relationship between groundwater and surface water determine water flow paths, wetland stage elevation, and the duration the wetland will persist. Traditional physical methods display how the wetland is functioning at one instant, and do not capture a transient record of water flow paths. There-fore, there is a need to complement traditional methods of determining a wetland’s hydrology with other techniques. The use of stable isotopes to better elucidate transient flow paths and trajectories in wetlands helps provide a better understanding of its hydraulic characteristics.

Piezometric and isotopic measurements were collected from 2007 to 2011 on two constructed wetlands on a mine waste dump. Oxygen-18 and deuterium in groundwater and surface water were analysed to help confirm the groundwater-surface water interactions. Isotopic data from 2009 reveal a groundwater flow reversal in one wetland, changing from a groundwater discharge region to a recharge region. Conversely, the second wetland maintained its flow patterns and remained as a groundwater discharge region for the duration of the season. These isotopic data complement the hydraulic head gradient measurements from the same time period. Flow reversals occur during climactic periods where evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation, which is characteristic of the sub-humid climate of the oil sands region. Flow reversals can have important implications for geochemical signature’s of wetlands, most notably salt concentrations. Instead of flushing salt from the groundwater, flow reversals may cause salts to cycle which may lead to higher salt concentrations within surface water. Increasing salt concentrations can eventually lead to an unsustainable habitat for vegetation and wildlife. Understanding flow reversals on constructed wetlands may help to gen-


erate successful environments in future landscape reclamation.

848 - Influence of lake hydraulics on the distribution of heavy metals in a freshwater beach, Lake ErieJacky Lee & Clare Robinson Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering - University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

Groundwater discharges maybe an important pathway for delivering contaminants to the near-shore waters of the Great Lakes. Complex and dynamic physical flow and biogechemical processes occurring close to the groundwater-lake interface strongly control the transport and fate of groundwater-derived contaminants. Groundwater samples collected from a freshwater beach on Lake Erie throughout August – December 2011 reveal elevated concentrations of heavy metals, particularly arsenic (> 33µg/L), in the groundwater directly below the shoreline. The shoreline location is also characterized by the highest groundwater discharge rates. The arsenic levels in the beach groundwater are higher than those measured in the groundwater at a nearby industrial brownfield site (> 20 µg/L). The distributions of dissolved iron, manganese, sulphate and oxygen suggest that the arsenic mobility near the shoreline is strongly controlled by iron and manganese redox cycling processes. A groundwa-ter model was developed in MODFLOW to simulate the effect of waves on the near-shore groundwater flow and chemical transport. It is shown that wave action leads to significant recirculation of lake water through the near-shore sediments and it is likely that this significantly influences the redox cycling processes and subsequent heavy metal distribution. The near-shore groundwater flow direction also reverses depending on the seasonal lake and groundwater levels and the specific wave conditions. If the elevated heavy metal concentrations in the groundwater at this site are naturally-occurring they may also be elevated at other sandy shorelines along the Great Lakes. This may have important implications for chemical budgets for the lakes as changing lake hydraulic conditions (i.e., a period of low lake levels, low wave conditions) may cause the release and subsequent discharge of accumulated heavy metals.

907 - Bioherms role as drainage nodes during mine dewatering in the JBL; the peat-sediment-limestone interface

Ali, Kelly1, Whittington, Peter2, Remenda, Victoria1, & Price, Jonathan2

1 Department of Geology & Geological Engineering – Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada2 Department of Geography and Environmental Management - University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada

The James Bay Lowlands (JBL) host one of the world’s largest wetland complexes in part due to extremely low relief and the underlying low permeability glaciomarine sediments. Open pit mining operations at the De Beer’s Victor Diamond Mine (within the JBL) require substantial dewatering of the regional limestone aquifer. Pre-mining predictions indicated that an 11 year mine life would be expected to produce a draw-down cone (1m contour) with a radius of 6-9km. The peatland hydrological systems, where the natural water table is at or near surface, were presumed to be buffered from dewatering by the ~20-60 m think layer of Tyrrell sea deposits between the bedrock and peatland. The charac-teristics and spatial variability of these sediments are difficult to access and limited work had been conducted prior to the mining operations. The sediments are not continuous; karstic connections exist between the peatland and the regional aquifer in the form of out-cropping and sub-cropping bioherms (ancient coral reefs). The significance of these connections had not been established previously. Radial water table well transects have been installed around seven bioherms proximal to the mine to determine the potential for the bioherms to behave as drainage galleries drawing water through the peat substrate. It was found that the bioherms do behave as effective drainage nodes; however, the extent of the impact is limited to a radius of ~30m. To investigate the potential for horizontal drainage pathways along the peat-sediment interface boreholes were advanced and piezometer nests installed at three out-cropping bioherms. Radial boreholes were logged to define the spatial character as well as the hydraulic properties of the peat-sediment-bedrock contacts. Detailed grain size profiles, mineralogy of clay fractions and PL/LL parameters (where applicable) are combined with rising head hydraulic conductivity (K) testing and water level data to construct a conceptual model of the flow pathways along the peat-sediment interface and the sediment-bioherm interface. K profiles along boreholes, Li-DAR generated imagery of the surface, ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys, and ground-truthed bedrock surface data have been combined to form a 3-D visualization using the open source program ParaView.


909 - Groundwater interactions in a large peatland, Villeroy, Québec

Tremblay Lysandre1, Larocque Marie1, Lavoie Martin2, Ravonjiarivelo Rado1 and Avard Karine1

1 ESCER Research Center, Département des sciences de la Terre et de l’Atmosphère – Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada2 Centre d’études nordiques - Université Laval, Québec, Montréal

One of the last quasi-pristine peatlands of southern Québec, the Grande tourbière de Villeroy peatland (1500 ha), will soon be transformed into a Réserve écologique (ecological preservation area) by the Ministère du Développement durable, de l’Environnement et des Parcs du Québec (Québec ministry of Environment). Before this status change, a study has been sponsored to better understand groundwater interactions be-tween the peatland and the surrounding superficial granular aquifer. The spatial delimitation of the Villeroy peatland was determined using a combination of aerial photographs and field validations. GPS surveys allowed the determination of the spatial extent of the peatland watershed. The peatland depth and the nature of the substratum were assessed with 622 split-spoon manual borings and GPR soundings on a series of transects. Peat thickness varies from 0,4 to 4,9 m with an average of 2,8 m. GPR soundings, confirmed with 10 pionjar drillings, indicate the presence of an underlying sand layer varying from 1 to 4 m, overlying a thick and compact low-permeability till. Dating of basal organic deposits indicate that peat inception began approximately 10 000 years ago after the retreat of the postglacial Champlain Sea. Additional basal radiocarbon dates (25-30) as well as paleoecological data will soon be available to better understand the spatial and temporal development of the peatland. The available data was used to build a 3D model of the peatland and its immediate surroundings. Piezometers are installed at five locations around the peatland to allow monthly measurement of water levels in the aquifer and in the peatland and to estimate groundwa-ter-aquifer exchanges. Peatland outlets are monitored monthly and evapotranspiration is estimated using hourly water table fluctuations in the peat. A water budget of the peatland is calculated to estimate the major input and output terms to the Villeroy peatland and their uncertainty. The information acquired during the project allows for a better understanding of the groundwater interactions between the peatland and the surrounding granular aquifer, but also of the hydrologic role of the peatland in the area.

978 - Quantification of groundwater discharge in river using environmental tracersKarine Lefebvre, Florent BarbecotDépartement des Sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, FranceMarie Larocque, Sylvain GagnéDépartement des Sciences de la Terre et de l’atmosphère, UQAM, Montréal, Québec, CanadaBassam Ghaleb, Jean-François Hélié Département des Sciences de la Terre et de l’atmosphère, GEOTOP-UQAM, Montréal, Québec, Canada

Assessing the distribution of groundwater inflow to small watersheds is of utmost interest to appreciate the sensitivity of humid zones to envi-ronmental changes. However, this distribution is poorly constrained because the resolution on river flow measurements is generally low. Different environmental tracer experiments have been proposed during the last decade [1]. In this work, we investigate the significance of A222Rn, d13C

TDIC,

d18Owater

, d2Hwater

coupled with in situ measurements (Flow, T°, EC, pH, alcalinity) to better understand and to quantify groundwater inflow to rivers. These tracers have been chosen as they may depict signals significantly different from groundwater to surface water. Here, we focus on processes and kinetics that sustain tracer evolutions in surface waters.

The experimental site is a small watershed (219 km²) located in northern France. The Hallue River is 15 km long and flows over the Chalk aquifer. Stream flow was measured manually using a velocimeter and reflects significant variations in groundwater discharge along the river length. T, EC, pH and alkalinity were measured in situ at 11 locations along the Hallue River. Sampling for A222Rn, d13C

TDIC, d18O

water and d2H

water was per-

formed in different glass bottles on these locations with a peristaltic pump. Analyses of d18Owater

and d2Hwater

were done in the IDReau laboratory (University Paris Sud, France) whereas A222Rn and d13C

TDIC, were determined at the “Département des sciences de la Terre et de l’atmosphère de

l’UQAM” and at the GEOTOP (laboratory). The results of d18Owater

and d2Hwater

show that there is no evaporation of the river water. The correlations between 222Rn, CE and d18O

water and between d13C

TDIC and pH are high. 222Rn and d13C

TDIC are anti-correlated and trace groundwater inflow to the

river. As a result, 222Rn and d13CTDIC

processes are modeled using a diffusion exchange approach discretized along the river, as suggested by Cook et al. (2006) for 222Rn [2]. The model fitting parameters apparently differ for 222Rn and 13C, divergence that may be related to the boundary condition usually considered for those tracers.


1019 - Groundwater Flow Reversal at a Raised Bog in Sarobetsu Mire, Mid Latitude Peatland H. Yamada, R. Hiraoka, Y. TanakaResearch Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, JapanT. HiranoResearch Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Reversals in the groundwater flow direction were observed at raised bogs in high-latitude peatlands. Upwelling is believed to have resulted from evaporation during the dry season. This internal hydrological mechanism is important to evaluate fluxes of dissolved carbon as DOC, CO

2 and

CH4 and to elucidate the raised bog formation process. However, the control factors have never been clarified using time series measurements

in mid-latitude peatlands, which show no clear seasonal difference between dry and wet seasons. Therefore we investigated the reversal and its control factors in a raised bog located in Sarobetsu Mire (45° 6’N, 141°41’E), northern Japan. We selected two study sites: top and low lawns in the raised bog (1 km diameter, 6 m above sea level). Their elevation difference between the highest and lowest ground surface was around 0.4 m. The peat depth was about 3–7 m. Annual mean precipitation was around 1000 mm yr-1. Commonly, the snow depth is greater than 0.5 m in winter (from late November through April). Vertical hydraulic gradients were monitored continuously using automatic recording piezometers during 2008–2011. Vertical ground water fluxes were calculated according to Darcy’s Law using vertical hydraulic conductivity, which was mea-sured at each site. Additionally, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and soil temperature were measured at each site. Reversals were observed at both sites. The vertical flux of the top was smaller than that of the low lawn, and the former ranged from -0.3 to 0.2 mm d-1 (plus is upwelling). Weak upwelling was observed in summer (July–September) and winter. Soil has never frozen in winter because the soil temperature was higher than 0°C. The summer upwelling tended to delay the peak of evapotranspiration. Therefore, results suggest that summer upwelling resulted from the evapotranspiration effect. In winter, the upwelling flux was higher than during the summer upwelling. Although the low lawn flux invari-ably showed down-welling, upwelling occurred in winter as it did at the top site. Results show that larger reversal occurred during snow fall than during the summer. Groundwater lost in summer might be absorbed from snow melt by reversal at mid-latitude peatlands that have snow fall.

121 - Calculation of groundwater resources using the river baseflow separation techniqueLihua Feng & Yan WangDepartment of Geography - Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China

The Ordos Basin in China has rich mineral resources, in which coal reserves are 391 billion t and natural gas reserves 1100 billion m3, ac-counting for 39% and 50% of the total reserves, respectively, of these mineral resources in China. However, total precipitation in the basin is low (200-700mm), while evaporation rates are high (1000-2000mm). Vegetation cover in most areas of the basin is sparse, and soil erosion is severe. For many years, industrial water supply and urban water supply in the whole catchment area has been under stress. In many areas, even the supply of drinking water for people and cattle is insufficient. The shortage of water resources has seriously obstructed the sustainable development of the social economy in the region. However, the Ordos Basin has some groundwater resources. In order to quantify the ground-water resources, the authors conducted a comprehensive field survey on behalf of the China Geological Survey. At the same time, by using the most advanced AutoCAD software and the method of baseflow separation, the authors developed a new method for evaluating the quantity of the groundwater resources in the basin. Using AutoCAD for the baseflow separation is more precise and errors caused by manual calculation can be avoided. In regional water resources surveys, the baseflow separation data and workload are fairly substantial. Using AutoCAD for cal-culation helps to reduce the workload.

The Cretaceous system in the Ordos Basin mainly consists of sandstones, whose thickness is between 500 and 1,100m, and which forms a large good-quality aquifer. The area of this Cretaceous aquifer system is 132,000 km2. According to natural geographic conditions in the Cre-taceous system, and distribution characteristics of the watershed, lithology, geological structure, etc, catchment areas with hydrological data in the south region are divided into seven categories. Each category has one or several representative hydrological stations. The areas that have two or more representative stations are further divided into several sub-areas. Calculated according to formulas using AutoCAD for the baseflow separation, the total river baseflow from the Cretaceous system in the Ordos Basin is 1.143 billion m3/a.


546 - Hydraulic role of the Elbe River at Kolin (Czech Republic) and the interconnection of groundwater between both river banksJosef V. Datel, Frantisek PastuszekT. G. Masaryk Water Research Institute, p.r.i., Prague 6, Czech Republic

Hydrogeological surveys in the Quaternary aquifer around the Elbe River at Kolin in the Czech Republic were carried out to verify the hydraulic connection of shallow groundwater across both banks of the river, which is one of Europe’s major rivers. The possibility of groundwater flow across the bed of the Elbe River in this area has previous been proposed; despite unsubstantiated beliefs that this reach of the Elbe River was is a gaining river. On the left bank of the Elbe there is significant cyanide contamination of groundwater from a nearby chemical plant, while on the right bank of the river there are important large groundwater resources for the county town Kolin. It was therefore very important to verify the possible groundwater connection under the river. Some of the wells were previously taken out of service for safety reasons.

Under natural conditions all shallow groundwater drained into the Elbe River and its tributaries. However, the original hydraulic conditions of the area are now affected both by weirs on the river and by groundwater withdrawals on the right bank (50-100 L s-1). Exploration included a 3-month pumping test in selected water-supply wells on the right bank of the river located near the chemical plant on the opposite bank, with the test yield gradually increased from 13 to 30 L s-1. Water level measurements in a monitoring network of 20 wells and surface water points on both sides of the river enabled the construction of maps of groundwater level contours and plots of time series of water levels. Based on evaluation of these data, it was clearly demonstrated that there is hydraulic connection between the left and right bank of the river but not with the river itself. Further evidence was provided by chemical analyses, whereby cyanide (a serious contaminant of groundwater on the left bank) was observed to increase in samples collected during the pumping tests in wells on the right bank.

Based on the survey results the hydraulic interconnection between Quaternary aquifers on the left bank and on the right bank of the river has been established. Groundwater from the left bank of the floodplain flows under the riverbed to the right bank and ultimately to the water-supply wells. Hydraulic response was significant at a lowest pumping rate of 13 L s-1 and the influence was greater with increasing abstraction. Inter-pretation of profiles from boreholes and other geological data of soils and bedrock allowed for a detailed description of geometry and internal anatomy of the alluvial terrace. Groundwater flow beneath the riverbed is most likely caused by both reduced permeability of the riverbed as a result of colmatage (reduction of permeability of the river bed due to pollution of the river in the past), and also the existence of extremely permeable coarse gravel layers within the Quaternary sediments.

566 - Groundwater and Surface Water Quality of the Regional Municipality of Collines-de-l’Outaouais, Quebec, Canada Penny Fiset, Jean-Michel Lemieux & John MolsonDepartment of Geology and Geological Engineering – Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, CanadaSarah DornerDepartment of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering – École Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Located in the southwest of the province of Quebec, the Regional Municipality (MRC) of Collines-de-l’Outaouais has a population of about 47,000 inhabitants, 95% of whom obtain their drinking water from groundwater. The Regional Municipality is currently undertaking a water monitoring and management program (H

2O des Collines) aimed at collecting information on water quality in household wells, and in lakes and

rivers. The objectives are to identify and define the factors influencing groundwater and surface water quality, to link land-use with water quality, and to ensure sustainable water management through the implementation of participatory governance involving citizens and stakeholders in water-management and land-use. The program’s main concern is to raise awareness among the local citizens about the importance of knowing the quality of their drinking and recreational water and getting involved in the resource conservation process. The private well sampling program is based on voluntary citizen participation and has collected chemical data from more than 728 wells since 2010. Samples were analyzed with regards to three groups of parameters: (1) bacteriological parameters, (2) nitrite and nitrate, and (3) inorganic parameters. Preliminary analysis shows that a high percentage of wells provide water quality that is degraded by the presence of bacteria. However, the voluntary nature of the sampling program suggests a certain degree of bias in that the participants seem to be those who are most suspicious about the quality of their wells. The bias will be evaluated by comparing the program’s results with those obtained during an independent random sampling campaign conducted in 2011. Furthermore, an information form will be submitted to participants for collecting information on their water wells, their use and their environment which could affect the water quality. As for the surface water sampling program based on the participation of volunteers,


162 samples were collected during the summer of 2011, and 101 vertical parametric profiles were made with an YSI probe (model 600XL-B-M). A preliminary analysis using a simplified bacteriological and physicochemical quality index indicates that the quality of surface waters ranges throughout the region from average to good and allows generally all uses.

662 - Groundwater level change relative to river water level due to the construction of a river dam in South KoreaYun-Yeong Oh1, Se-Yeong Hamm1, Chung-Mo Lee1 & Gyoo-Bum Kim2

1 Department of Geological Environment Science – Pusan National University, Busan City, Republic of Korea2 K-water Institute, Korea Water Resources Corporation, Daejeon City, Republic of Korea

A total of sixteen river dams in four major rivers (the Han, Nakdong, Geum, and Yeongsan rivers) in South Korea have been constructed for the purpose of flood control and more efficient water resource management. However, due to the construction of the river dams, there may be a risk of groundwater levels rising higher than usual adjacent to the upstream regions of the river dams than usual before the river dams were constructed especially during the wet season. This study was carried out in a river dam (the Haman River dam) area located in the downstream of the Nakdong River to estimate the correlation between groundwater level change and river level change. We have periodically conducted groundwater level measurement at 34 locations as well as automatic groundwater level measurement at five stations in the riparian zone of the tributaries (Guangryeo Stream and Iryeong Stream) of the Nakdong River during the past 20 months (April 2010–November 2011). A total of 18 river levels were also measured over the same period. The relationship of the measured groundwater level and the river level data were estimated with the influence of rainfall.

A preliminary result of the study shows that the groundwater level increased an average of 0.83 m for the observed period. The increased river water level caused by the river dam caused the rising of groundwater level. During the wet season, 25 mm/hr of rainfall for five hours induced ~2 m rising of the river level and an average of 0.25 m of the groundwater level. On the other hand, 50 mm/hr of rainfall for five hours induced 6 m rising in the river level and an average of 1 m rising in the groundwater level with groundwater response times of 0.4–5.0 days, and with the cross-correlation function of 0.4–0.9. Hence, it indicates that the groundwater level rise and river level rise in accordance with rainfall have a relatively close correlation in this area.

672 - Stochastic modeling of water distribution on a catchment scaleBehnam Doulatyari, Mario Schirmer, Gianluca Botter Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland. University of Padova,Veneto, ItalyDepartment of Water Resources and Drinking Water

A sustainable approach to water resources management requires consideration of the whole water cycle together with human interventions. We propose that by enhancing the distribution of water during times of high flow (through managed aquifer recharge, artificial reservoirs, river restoration), we can both assist in flood mitigation and provide indispensible resources during times of water scarcity. In this study we aim to create a comprehensive model, that can be used for understanding and predicting the ecohydrology of a fluvial system at the catchment scale.

In the first step, the specific case of the Thur catchment, a pre-Alpine basin located in Switzerland with an area of 1730 km2, is considered. The streamflow probability distribution and the related flow duration curve at the catchment outlet have been estimated by applying a stochastic-analytical model, previously developed by Botter et al. (2007), which is able to link the hydrologic regime of a river (and the underlying duration curve) to some key climatic and landscape features of the contributing catchment. In particular, the soil moisture dynamics at basin scale and the related runoff production are strongly controlled by the temporal variability of rainfall, which is represented by means of a Poisson process, the evapotranspiration rate of the vegetation coverage and by the residence time of the water particles in subsurface paths. Rainfall and discharge data series (1970-2011) are used to check the validity of the model assumptions in the case of the Thur catchment and to assess the ability of the model to estimate the streamflow probability density function at the catchment outlet. The results suggest a non-negligible contribution of the fast response of the basin to rainfall events.

918 - Assessment of Surface Water-Groundwater Interactions in the Englishman River Watershed using Geochemical and Stable Isotopic Parameters Shannon Provencher1,2, Stephen E. Grasby1 , and Bernhard Mayer2

1 Geological Survey of Canada, Calgary AB, 2 Applied Geochemistry Group, Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary AB,


The Englishman River Watershed in Parksville, BC is over 50% reliant on groundwater. Increasing development pressures have raised local, provincial and federal government concerns over sustainability of water resources. The Englishman River is a significant water source to support future growth and economic development. Managing long-term sustainable use of this resource is imperative for both ecologic health and economic prosperity. As water demand pressures grow, it has been recognized that surface water and groundwater are not two independent water sources that can be managed separately. Sustainable water management requires new knowledge of the degree of groundwater-surface water interaction within a watershed. New methods to assess this seasonal interaction are required. Developing geochemical tools that can place constraints on these complex systems will aid development of hydrogeological models which can be used to support decision makers in water allocation.

The objective of this study is to assess the extent and nature of seasonal surface water-groundwater interaction using geochemical and stable isotope tracers. Stable isotope and geochemical analyses of precipitation and groundwater will provide geochemical and isotopic signatures for these sources. Geochemical and isotope data will provide fingerprints of end-member water sources. Analyzing the observed seasonal surface water values, alongside the precipitation and groundwater values will provide relative source contributions to surface water. This will allow for a quantitative assessment of groundwater-surface water interaction of the Englishman River Watershed.

Preliminary results reveal that the Groundwater Line (GWL) and the Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) lie coincident, although the groundwater data is depleted with respect to 18O and 2H when compared to the precipitation data. Analysis of seasonal surface water data revealed it to be isotopically distinct; fall samples were enriched with respect to 18O and 2H, whereas summer samples were depleted. Geochemical analysis of groundwater samples revealed two major water types: Ca-Mg-Cl-SO

4, and Na-HCO

3. 95% of the wells were Ca-Mg-Cl-SO

4 waters, while only

5% of the groundwater samples had a water type of Na-HCO3. Ca-Mg-Cl-SO

4 was found to be the major water type of surface water samples,

where only 1% of samples had a water type of Na-HCO3. In contrast, the major water type in precipitation was found to be Na-Ca-Cl-SO

4. Initial

findings suggest that groundwater and precipitation are isotopically and chemically distinct, and can be used to delineate the extent of surface water-groundwater interaction.

Poster sessIon: HydrogeologIC CHArACterIZAtIon oF FrACtured roCK settIngs Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

744 - Parameterization of a carbonate aquifer using long term monitoring data and quantitative hydrogeologyFrancesco La Vigna, Giuseppe Capelli & Roberto MazzaDepartment of Geological Sciences – RomaTRE University, Rome, Italy

This study presents the results coming from the comparison between the long-term hourly monitoring dataset of a strongly dewatered shallow aquifer and a natural karst-shaft water level, which represents the regional carbonate aquifer in a extensional basin of central Italy. Compar-isons between rain and continuous spring outflow data are frequent in the literature about karst systems. The monitoring activity allows for comparisons of groundwater level variations and frequencies in the wells, piezometers and natural shafts too. The long-term data of the ana-lysed aquifers were selected by periods with no sampling interruptions. The comparison between deep and shallow aquifers showed a similar periodicity, which should confirm relationships between the two levels. The time difference between the start of a considerable rising event (due to the temporary stop in dewatering) in the shallow aquifer and in the natural shaft is about 42 h, and the distance between them is about 8.5 km. Considering the shaft data series as a “piezometer” data of the deep groundwater system, and a shallow piezometer as a level data series registered in a “pumping well” that is pumping the measured dewatering outflow, the deep reservoir transmissivity (T) and storage coefficient (S) were estimated using the Cooper-Jacob method. The calculated values are 0.457 m2 s-1 for T and 4.41 10-3 for S, which are comparable to other Appenine carbonatic reservoirs. Therefore, because theoretical conditions are not fully respected in this case study, the computed transmissivity and storage coefficient were not considered as absolute values but rather as general indicators of the hydraulic properties of the limestone aquifer.


151 - Conceptual hydrogeological model for Potsdam sandstone in southwestern QuebecN.Benoit1, M.Nastev1 & R.Morin2

1 Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, 490 de la Couronne, Quebec (QC),2 US Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO, USA R.Godin3 and A.Rouleau3

3 Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Département des sciences appliquées et Centre d’études sur les ressources minérales. 555, boulevard de l’université Chicoutimi (QC)

Potsdam sandstones extend over the international border between Canada and the USA south of Montreal. Two sandstone formations, basal arkose and conglomerate and upper well-cemented quartz arenite form the regional aquifer unit. Glacial till, littoral sand and gravel, and marine silt and clay discontinuously overlie the aquifer. For the period between 1964 to ~2002, the average annual precipitation in the study area was 956 mm. The estimated bulk annual rates of evapotranspiration, surface runoff and infiltration were 546 mm, 224 mm and 186 mm respective-ly. The calibrated recharge rate to bedrock aquifers was approximately 150 mm, or in average 21 mm for fine marine sediments, 112 mm for glacial sediments, 251 mm for coarse sand and gravel, and 191 mm in areas of shallow glacial sediments and/or rock outcrops. In sandstone formations, sub-horizontal bedding planes are ubiquitous and display significant hydraulic conductivities, 2 to 4x10-5 m/s, that are orders of magnitude more permeable than the intact rock matrix. Due to their different lithologic and structural characteristics, the two sandstone units impose rather different controls on groundwater flow patterns in the study area. Flow is sustained through two types of fracture networks: few sub-horizontal, laterally extensive fractures in the basal sandstone, where hydraulic communication is very good horizontally but very poor vertically and each of the water-bearing bedding planes can be considered as a separate planar 2-D aquifer unit; and the more fractured and vertically jointed system found in the upper sandstone that promotes a more dispersed, 3-D movement of groundwater.

234 - A unique triggering effect of groundwater eruption due to thermal effects in a well on Seokmo island, South KoreaCholwoo Lee, Chan-Hee ParkKorea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, South Korea

A borehole of 1,200 meter depth was studied in Seokmo island, South Korea. Groundwater level was measured under a steady state about 9-10 m from surface. When a pumping test was conducted at the borehole, the drawdown of groundwater initially occurred in the normal manner. Then, the water level began to rise, and groundwater eventually flowed out of the well reaching a new steady state even with no pumping after several hours of the pump operation. In this paper, this change of the state at the borehole is investigated by analyzing thermal effects vertically along the borehole. Temperature at the water level was 16°C and the temperature at the bottom of the borehole was 74°C. From the start of pumping, temperature along the well vertically rose continuously. Meanwhile, the density of groundwater decreased with increasing tempera-ture. In response to the density change due to the temperature gradient, both the flow rate and temperature of groundwater flowing upward increased. The maximum flow rate was measured at 1,441 m3/day and the maximum temperature was 65.5°C. To reiterate this finding, the borehole was forced to close for hours to return to the original temperature gradient along the well. Then flow upward vanished, and the water level from surface in the borehole fell back to 9-10 m even with the borehole open again.

458 - Coupling of geochemical and hydrodynamic tools for the numerical modelling of a fractured aquifer. Case study of Ursuya massif (Southwestern France)Jaunat J., Dupuy A., Huneau F., Le Coustumer P.EA 4592 Géoressources & Environnement, Université de Bordeaux, ENSEGID, Pessac, FranceCelle-Jeanton H.Clermont Université, UMR 6524 CNRS IRD, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Clermont-Ferrand, France

The fissured aquifer of the Ursuya Mount is one of the main water supplies able to meet the water needs in the Northern Basque Country (Southwestern France). Unfortunately, there is a lack of knowledge about the flowpath conditions and exploitable volume. Spatial variability in hydraulic conductivity and hence groundwater flow rate is a fundamental characteristic of fractured rock aquifers. Due to this heterogeneity, traditionally used methods for characterizing porous media are of limited relevance in such aquifers. Geochemical tools are useful to understand the behaviour of fractured systems and can provide relevant information for numerical model calibration.


A geochemical and isotopic survey conducted during two hydrological cycles has highlighted the different flowpaths in this aquifer. A high spatial variability observed in geochemical parameters has been linked with the development of weathered materials overlying the fissured media. Where the weathered layer is absent, the water mineralization is low (around 60 µS.cm-1) and largely influenced by both recharge water composition and low water-rock interactions. When groundwater flows through the weathered layer, a higher mineralization (around 90 µS.cm-1) indicates larger water-rock interactions with increased concentrations in terrestrial elements. These flowpaths were also highlighted by borehole loggings and groundwater apparent ages determination. 3H and CFC-SF

6 analyses revealed residence times between less than a decade in the

fissured layer and several decades in weathered layers. Constant stable isotopic signature of groundwater (mean about -36.8 ‰ for δD and about -6.3 ‰ for δ18O) supports a significant residence time and shows a well-mixed condition within the system.

In the context of poorly constrained hydrodynamic properties and strong heterogeneity (K between 10-7 m.s-1 and 10-4 m.s-1), these results are helpful tools for the calibration of a numerical model. The achievement of a finite element numerical model based on geological cartography, hydrodynamic characterization and water table monitoring validates these geochemical results and specifies the groundwater flow rates and volume in the aquifer. This model will be of valuable assistance for a better management of this strategic resource.

678 - Characterization of regional aquifers in fractured rock from underground mines: methodology and preliminary resultsEmmanuelle B. Gagné1, Alain Rouleau1, Romain Chesnaux1, Denis W. Roy1, Réal Daigneault1, & Vincent Cloutier2

1 Centre d’études sur les ressources minérales - Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada2 IRME - Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Campus d’Amos, Amos, Québec, Canada

Fractured rock aquifers, particularly in the Precambrian crystalline basement, are largely controlled by fracture networks as well as major structures such as faults and shear zones. The values and the orientation of the stress fields influence the hydraulic properties of these discon-tinuities. Also, groundwater geochemistry is affected by its origin, by lithologies present along the flowpaths, and by the presence of fracture infilling minerals. In a territory where the rock is poorly outcropping, underground excavations at mine sites provide accessibility to these aqui-fers. However, underground excavations and their dewatering disturb the mine geological environment, resulting in a number of hydrogeological, hydrogeochemical and hydrogeomechanical interactions influencing the characteristics of the aquifers.

This study aims to develop and test methods to characterize fractured rock aquifers at selected underground mines in the Abitibi region in Quebec, and to evaluate the effectiveness of underground mines in conducting such effort of characterization, considering the allowed access to the aquifer and the associated perturbations. A number of data recorded by mine operators provide valuable information on the bedrock hydrogeology, such as surveys on structural geology and fracture systems, in situ stress measurements and data on pumping rate for mine dewatering. Complementary information is provided by fracture surveys on nearby rock outcrops and in the mine excavations, flow rate measurements and groundwater sampling and analysis at various locations in the mines. All of these data must be interpreted focusing on relationships between structural, hydrogeological, hydrochemical and geomechanical phenomena. Preliminary results indicate that hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical parameters at a local scale such as a mine site are more variable than generally assumed and considered in regional aquifer characterisation.

682 - Monitoring single borehole and cross borehole thermal injection tests with Distributed Temperature Sensing for fracture characterisationRead, T., Bense, V.School of Environmental Science, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UKLe Borgne, T., Klepikova, M., Bour, O., Goderniaux, P., Boschero, V.Géosciences Rennes – University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France

Fibre optic temperature sensing has the potential to be used to monitor thermal injection tests. To this end we installed a fibre optic cable to monitor simultaneously in four, up to 100m deep boreholes in Ploemeur, France. We used a heating system for injecting water continuously at up to 60oC. In a first set of experiments analogous to traditional dilution tests we replaced the borehole volume with heated water by injecting directly above a packer and abstracting at the same rate from the top of the borehole. We observed the subsequent cooling by conduction of heat into the rock matrix, and the enhanced cooling by cross flow at the locations of fractures. We then carried out a cross borehole heat tracer test between two boreholes approximately 10 metres apart. Using a double packer system, heated water was injected into a fracture at a known depth, whilst the adjacent well was pumped at a distance of ~10 m. We observed a very rapid breakthrough of fluorescein on the timescale


of tens of minutes, while the temperature in the abstraction borehole monitored with the DTS continued to increase for ~12 hours while the injection of heated water continued. However, by this time the temperature anomaly observed was only ~0.6oC and was still increasing. We observed breakthroughs of heat from two fractures at different depths, and identified a third transmissive fracture which is; however, a source of cooler water and which appears to be disconnected from the fracture in the injection well. We see this to such an extent that above the third fracture, the thermal anomaly in the borehole emerging from the deeper fractures is much reduced. As a result, the overall thermal anomaly was barely detected by a diver installed just beneath the pump at shallow depth creating an upflow in the borehole. Based upon our findings, we propose that fibre optic temperature sensors are essential for the monitoring of borehole-based thermal tracer tests in fractured rock aquifers.

697 - Hydrogeochemistry of regional fractured rock aquifers in Montérégie Est, Québec, CanadaChâtelaine Beaudry1, René Lefebvre1 & Christine Rivard2 1 INRS, Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Québec, QC, Canada2 Geological Survey of Canada, Québec, QC, CanadaVincent Cloutier3

3 IRME, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Campus d’Amos, QC, Canada

The groundwater geochemistry of regional fractured rock aquifers in Montérégie Est, Quebec was studied as part of a regional resource as-sessment. The study covers a 9000 km² area including three major watersheds: Richelieu and Yamaska Rivers and Missisquoi Bay. Four hydro-geological contexts are recognized in the study area: the St-Lawrence Lowlands, the Appalachian Piedmont and Uplands, and the Monteregian Hills, which correspond to seven Cretaceous intrusives. Groundwater from 237 wells was sampled (93% from bedrock and 7% from granular aquifers) and analyzed for physicochemical parameters, metals, anions and nutrients. Isotopic analyses were also conducted on selected sam-ples for stable isotopes (δ2H, δ18O and δ13C) and radioactive isotopes (14C and 3H).

Water types were defined on the basis of major ions using multivariate statistical analysis, including principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Conventional hydrogeochemical data interpretation was based on Piper diagrams, saturation index, geochemical cross-sections and geochemical graphs. This interpretation indicated the main geochemical processes responsible for the groundwater chemical evolution. Ground-water residence time was derived from corrected 14C analyses and then related to water types to support inferences about their respective levels of geochemical evolution. Water types and their spatial distribution, combined with residence times and other isotopic results (δ2H, δ18O, δ13C and 3H) allowed the identification of groundwater origin.

A peculiar water type found in the study area is a brackish groundwater with chloride concentrations up to 6600 mg/L, which is found in the rock aquifer over 2200 km² in the north-western part of Montérégie Est. This brackish groundwater was found to originate from Champlain Sea water that had invaded rock aquifers over most of the study area. Sea water has only been partly leached from the north-western part of this zone due to minimal recharge and limited flow, related mainly to the thick clay cover and the combination of low hydraulic gradient and moderate to low bedrock permeability. The hydrogeochemical data also provided indications of preferential recharge areas and support the conceptual model of groundwater flow in the four hydrogeological contexts in Montérégie Est.

725 - Fracture systems controls on fluid flow in Montérégie Est regional rock aquifersPierre Ladevèze1, Alain Rouleau2, René Lefebvre1, Marc Laurencelle1, Heather Crow3 & Christine Rivard4

1 INRS Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Québec (Québec), Canada2 UQAC, Chicoutimi (Québec), Canada 3 Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa (Ontario), Canada 4 Geological Survey of Canada, Québec (Québec), Canada

The Montérégie Est area covers about 9,000 km2 south-east of Montreal. It includes three watersheds, namely those of the Richelieu and Yamaska rivers and Missisquoi Bay. At the regional scale, groundwater flows from the Appalachian Uplands through the St. Lawrence Lowlands, and into the St. Lawrence River. The sedimentary rocks in Montérégie Est are fractured and their structural properties are quite diverse. In the St-Lawrence Lowlands, rocks are slightly deformed, while rocks in the Appalachians are folded and faulted, and affected by low-grade meta-morphism. Lithologies and structural contexts are expected to influence the groundwater flow of this hydrogeological system. The groundwater resource assessment project in Montérégie Est includes several inter-related research studies, one of which is the characterization of the


controls exerted by geological structures and fracture networks on groundwater flow. Data collected to date for this specific study includes hydraulic conductivity from consultant’s reports, as well as data on rock fractures. Fieldwork included borehole geophysical logging, especially acoustic televiewer logs, and outcrop observations and measurements. Structural features interpreted from the televiewer images were classi-fied according to their fluid flow potential, and compared with data from an outcrop structural survey. Preliminary analysis of structural features shows the existence of various fracture sets. The different fracture sets were examined together with stress field data and hydraulic properties computed from the hydraulic tests carried out in the study area. These comparisons will help determine whether aquifer anisotropy is induced by dominant open fracture sets in the different structural domains of the study area.

Poster sessIon: HydrogeologICAl Issues relAted to oIl sAnds Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

229 - Karstic Devonian limestone as a transmitter of groundwater flow from overlying oil sandsK. U. Weyer1, J. Molson2 & J. C. Ellis1

1 WDA Consultants Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada2 Département de Géologie et Génie Géologique – Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada

A number of mathematical models for groundwater flow have previously been applied in the area of the Athabasca Oil Sands (Alberta, Canada) based on the assumption that most groundwater flow is essentially limited to the Quaternary and Cretaceous layers. The Basal Sands of the oil sands are usually assumed to be a regional aquifer transmitting groundwater laterally. The Basal Sands are not continuous when considered at the scale of leases. The karst in the Devonian limestone has usually been ignored during field investigations and in the setup and application of mathematical models. In many places this karst lies directly under the Athabasca Oil Sands.

The presence of karst immediately below the Cretaceous layers would provide effective pathways for groundwater flow and pressure changes between injection and depressurization wells and, possibly, flow towards the Athabasca River. In addition, the presence of permeable karst also affects the SAGD (Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage) operation as pressure losses will occur into the Devonian karst. Therefore higher pressures likely need to be applied and the danger of surface escapes of steam is thus increased. Operating costs will increase as well.

Hence it is of some importance to support the possibility of widespread downward flow through the oil sands into the karstic limestone and lateral flow towards the regional discharge area along the Athabasca River. In answer to this question, two 2D-vertical groundwater flow models have been developed. In Case 1, flow has been limited to the layers above the Devonian limestone (limestone assumed to be impermeable). In Case 2, groundwater flow is allowed to flow into the karstic limestone. The similarity of the equipotential lines as measured in the field and as simulated in Case 2 shows that, in recharge areas, groundwater flows downward through the Athabasca Oil Sands into the karstic limestone and then laterally towards the regional discharge area, the Athabasca River. The results have implications regarding potential important groundwater flowpaths not previously considered.

Poster sessIon: HydrogeologICAl Issues surroundIng sHAle gAs Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

859 - Faults and hydrofracturing: quantifying the potential for shallow groundwater contamination Claire Gassiat1, Tom Gleeson1 and Jeffrey McKenzie2

1 Department of Civil Engineering - McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 2 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences - McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Over the past 30 years, shale gas, an unconventional natural gas resource, has emerged as a viable and important energy resource. While shale gas is being quickly developing, there are many concerns about the long term environmental impacts of hydraulic fractur-


ing. Many of these issues can be addressed by better design and stronger regulations. However, the long term impact and potential of contamination of groundwater resources from the fractured shale at depth is unclear. We use SUTRA, a US Geological Survey numerical groundwater model, to investigate potential pathways, such as faults, along which dissolved contaminants could preferentially travel and potentially contaminate overlying aquifers. The model simulates the migration of a solute along a fault zone during and after hydraulic fracturing using a simplified regional-scale cross-section of a generic sedimentary basin that includes a fault zone. Key modeling parameters are: over-pressuring due to hydraulic fracturing, duration of induced pressure, permeability increase due to hydraulic frac-turing, volume of permeability increase, and fault geometry and architecture. Initial results suggest the distribution and connectivity of permeable fault elements control the travel time to shallow aquifers. Ongoing sensitivity analysis will examine the influence of factors that control the flow of solute including compressibility of the rock, transmissivity and dispersivity of the fault zone and fault dip.

Poster sessIon: HydrogeoPHysICs Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

214 - Airborne- and Ground Based Geophysical Exploration on Groundwater in Namibia Friedrich Schildknecht Schildknecht Friedrich BGR - Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources

In cooperation between Namibia and Germany three areas of Namibia with critical water supply issues were investigated for their groundwater resources. Geophysical and hydrogeological methods were used in a combined campaign. The results of a geophysical survey in the Namibian province of Caprivi will be presented: main objective in the Caprivi was the exploration of near-surface freshwater occurrences with a Helicopter EM survey (HEM). Ground-based TEM soundings and Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) should be carried out selectively in order to provide the resistivity distribution at depth to be used as reference for the interpretation of the HEM results. The HEM- survey revealed only few new insights. The mapped near-surface aquifers were widely known and had been used already for the rural water supply. Additional ground-based TEM soundings that were performed outside of the originally planned project area gave hints on the existence of a formerly unknown, deep freshwater reservoir. The ground-based TEM program was expanded and a large part of the Caprivi was covered with a network of TEM-profiles. With the measurements, the existence of an extended, confined freshwater aquifer could be shown, starting at depths > 120 m. It is covered by an aquitard that probably was formed from old lake-bottom sediments. The detected aquifer is the most important groundwater reserve known in the Caprivi. The water quality decreases from north to south. Meanwhile, the aquifer is used with a number of wells. The development of new farmland has started, based on the newly found aquifer.

407 - Hydrogeological Investigations of the Soutini Hot Spring in the Limpopo Province of South Africa using Geophysical Surveys P.K. Nyabeze1, O. Gwavava2, E. Sakala1, M. Sekiba1 1 Geophysics Unit, Council for Geoscience, Pretoria, South Africa2 Department of Geology - University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa

Geophysical surveys were carried out at the Soutini hot spring located in the northern Limpopo Province of South Africa in order to investigate the hydro-stratigraphy. Electrical conductivity profiling, electrical resistivity tomography, magnetic profiling and very low-frequency electromagnetic (VLF) geophysical surveys were carried out. The spring is relatively under-developed and therefore there was a need to characterise the hy-dro-stratigraphy of the groundwater aquifer. Salt was being extracted on a small scale from the discharging groundwater. Electrical conductivity, electrical resistivity and magnetic data were modeled using EM4Soil, Res2DINV and Mag2D inversion software respectively in order to generate depth sections. The highest electrical conductivity values measured across the weathered zone and the groundwater aquifer were above 150 mS/m probably due to the saline groundwater. The saline groundwater plume probably interacts with fresh water in the nearby Letaba River. Geological fractures or faults that act as groundwater discharge conduits were delineated. The heat source could be associated with the pres-ence of the faults or the dolerite dykes. The presence of a shallow groundwater aquifer was interpreted from the generated 2D and 3D depth models. Integration of geophysical results show that there is a confined groundwater aquifer below 60 m depth that is a possible source of the hot and saline groundwater.


442 - Estimation of Hydro-geological Properties from Geo-electrical Measurements S.K. Goyal, A.K. Narula Department of Physics, RKSD College, Kaithal, Haryana, IndiaG.K. SethiMLN College, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, IndiaOmvir Singh, B.S. ChaudharyDepartment of Geophysics, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India

Groundwater being a subsurface phenomena, it cannot be perceived directly. In the present study, the Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) method has been used to get insights into the hydrogeology of the Kaithal District of Haryana, India. The area, characterized by alluvial plains, is of great significance due to intensive agricultural activity dependent largely on groundwater. VES soundings were carried out in a Schlumberger array using CRM 500 aquameter to measure the resistivity of vertically successive subsurface layers up to the depth of 200m at 62 locations. True resistivity, along with thickness of corresponding layer was determined using a curve-matching method and subsurface electrical imaging software, IPI2WIN. The interpreted values of geo-electrical parameters were compared with the borehole strata charts. Correlation of six repre-sentative sounding curves with the borehole data were used to standardize the resistivity of various types of formations found in the study area. The study revealed the presence of 3-5 geo-electric subsurface layers. The electrical resistivity variations existing between lithological sequenc-es have demarcated sand bearing strata in thick clay formations which was found to agree with drilling of boreholes data. The high resistivity in the north and northwest parts can be attributed to fresh groundwater and the existence of alluvial deposits with coarse grain materials. The lower resistivity in the central and southern parts of the aquifer may be due to occurrence of finer materials. The geo-electrical sections have indicated uniform sediments of low resistivity in southern areas. The vertically downward dipping low resistivity contours indicated the presence of finer grains with increasing depth. The litho units of this area were found to be predominantly clay with minimal intercalations of sand. In the shallow subsurface, the presence of water was found to control much of the conductivity variation. The study showed that average resistivity of subsurface layers at a particular location could be taken as an indicator of depth to water level and quality of groundwater at that place.

590 - Using airborne electromagnetics as part of an integrated approach to map surface-groundwater interaction and salinity hazard along a 450 km reach of the River Murray Corridor, S.E. AustraliaKen Lawrie, Kok Piang Tan, Larysa Halas, Heike Apps, Dave Gibson & Laura GowGeoscience Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia

The ‘River Murray Corridor (RMC) Salinity Mapping Project’, provides important new information in relation to salinity hazard and management along in a 20 km-wide swath along a 450 km reach of the River Murray. The project area contains iconic wetlands, national and state forest parks, irrigation and dryland farming assets and the Murray River, significant areas of which are at risk from increasing salinisation of the River, the floodplain, and underlying groundwater resources. The project utilised a hydrogeological systems approach to integrate and analyse data obtained from a large regional airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey (24,000 line km @ 150m line-spacing in a 20 km-wide swath along the Murray River), field mapping, and lithological and hydrogeochemical data obtained from drilling. New holistic inversions of the AEM data have been used to map key elements of the hydrogeological system and salinity extent in the shallow sub-surface (top 20-50 m).

The Murray River is known to display great complexity in surface-groundwater interactions along its course. Electrical geophysical methods (such as AEM) are able to map surface-groundwater interaction due to the contrast between (electrically resistive) fresh water in the river, and (electrically conductive) brackish to saline groundwater in adjacent sediments. The location of significant river flush zones is influenced both by underlying geology and the location of locks, weirs and irrigation districts. The study has also identified significant areas of high salinity hazard in the floodplain and river, and quantified the salt store and salt load across the floodplain. The study has also identified sub-surface factors (including saline groundwater, shrinking flush zones, declining water tables) linked to vegetation health declines.

Overall, the new data and knowledge obtained in this study have filled important knowledge gaps particularly with respect to the distribution of key elements of the hydrostratigraphy and salinity extent across the Murray River and lower Darling floodplain. These data are being used to parameterise groundwater models for salinity risk predictions, to recalculate estimates of evapotranspiration for salt load predictions, address specific salinity management questions, and refine monitoring and management strategies.


597 - Building and displaying 3D conceptual geological and hydrogeological models: an example from the Darling River Floodplain, N.S.W., AustraliaKen Lawrie, Ross S. Brodie, Kok Piang Tan, Larysa Halas, Michael de Hoog & James NavinGeoscience Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia

The management of water and groundwater resources is increasingly dependent on the integration of large complex datasets to visualise and model hydrological systems. The development of conceptual geological and hydrological models in the Broken Hill Managed Aquifer Recharge (BHMAR) project has involved the integration of high resolution LiDAR, remote sensing (Landsat, SPOT), airborne electromagnetic (AEM), ground and in-river electrical surveys, and point datasets from surface sites and drillholes (borehole NMR, induction and gamma logs as well as hydro-geochemical and lithological data). Products derived from the integration of these datasets include 3D maps of hydrostratigraphy, groundwater quality, hydraulic conductivity, recharge maps, 2D displays of data (e.g. potentiometric surface maps), 3D volume shapes of groundwater resources and managed aquifer storage targets, and lithological, hydrogeochemical and hydrological data in drillholes. These datasets will be used to parameterise groundwater models at regional and borefield scales.

To facilitate effective communication of such large and complex geoscience datasets and project results to a wide range of stakeholders, Geoscience Australia (GA) has recently developed an interactive 3D virtual globe viewer. The interactive virtual globe is built on NASA’s open source World Wind Java Software Development Kit (SDK) and provides users with easy and rich access to geoscientific data. The BHMAR project required further development of the existing viewer platform in order to display complex 3D hydrogeological, hydrogeophysical and hydrogeo-chemical data (points, lines, 2D surface and 3D shapes). The final product includes support for a variety of geo-referenced raster data formats, as well as vector data such as ESRI shapefiles and native support for a variety of GOCAD data types including TSurf, SGrid, Voxet and PLine. It also supports well and borehole data including attribute-based styling of log features and the ability to include legends and descriptions of data within the user interface. An easy-to-use interface has been customised for navigation of data in 3D space using a virtual globe model, with powerful keyframe based animation tools used to generate flythrough animations for use in knowledge communication workshops.

607 - Optimising airborne electromagnetic surveys to identify potential managed aquifer targets and groundwater resources: a case study from the Darling River floodplain, New South Wales, AustraliaKen Lawrie, Ross C. Brodie, Ross S. Brodie, Kok Piang TanGeoscience Australia, Canberra, ACT, AustraliaNiels B. ChristensenAarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkJared AbrahamU.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, U.S.A.

The use of airborne electromagnetics (AEM) for hydrogeological investigations often requires high resolution data. Optimisation of AEM data therefore requires careful consideration of AEM system suitability, calibration, validation and inversion methods. In the Broken Hill managed Aquifer Recharge (BHMAR) project, the helicopter-borne SkyTEM transient EM system was selected after forward modeling of system responses and assessment of test line data over potential targets. The survey involved acquisition of 31,834 line km of data over an area of 7,500 km2 of the River Darling Floodplain, and was acquired by two systems over a 9-week period.

Initial Fast Approximate Inversions (FAI) provided within 48 hours of acquisition were used to target 100 sonic and rotary mud holes for cali-bration and validation. A number of different (Laterally and Spatially Constrained) inversions of the AEM data were carried out, with refinements made as additional information on vertical and lateral constraints became available. Finally, a Wave Number Domain Approximate Inversion procedure with a 1D multi-layer model and constraints in 3D was used to produce a 3D conductivity model. This inversion procedure only takes days to run, enabling the rapid trialing to select the most appropriate vertical and horizontal constraints. Comparison of borehole induction logs with adjacent AEM fiduciary points confirms high confidence levels in the final inversion.

Using this approach has produced quantitative estimates of the 3D conductivity structure that provide a reliable platform for identifying new groundwater resources and a range of MAR options, and developing new geological and hydrogeological conceptual models. Integration of the AEM data with borehole lithology, textural, mineralogical, groundwater and pore fluid hydrochemical and borehole NMR data has enabled maps


of hydrostratigraphy, hydraulic conductivity, groundwater salinity, salt store and neotectonics to be produced. The hydrogeological complexity revealed by AEM mapping greatly improves the parameterisation of groundwater models, and provides a framework for understanding complex hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical processes. This will aid groundwater management and the assessment of a range of MAR, surface water and groundwater extraction options.

608 - Salinity Hazard mapping using an informed GIS-based approach: a case study from the Ord River Irrigation Area, W.A., AustraliaLarysa Halas, Kok Piang Tan, Ken Lawrie, Heike Apps, Ross S. Brodie Geoscience Australia, Canberra, ACT, AustraliaRichard GeorgeDepartment of Agriculture and Food, Bunbury, Western Australia.

The Ord Valley Airborne Electromagnetics (AEM) Interpretation Project was undertaken to provide information in relation to groundwater salinity management in the Ord River Irrigation Area (ORIA), and to assess the salinity hazard in areas of potential irrigation expansion. Salinity hazard maps were produced using an informed GIS-based approach. The salinity hazard maps combined AEM-derived maps of the shallow alluvial sediments, salt stored in the unsaturated zone and maps of groundwater salinity, with drilling data and maps of depth to the watertable.

Hydrographic analysis showed that under current climate conditions, water tables were rising, and it was therefore assumed for GIS modeling purposes that water levels would continue to rise after land clearing and the onset of irrigation. It was also assumed that if shallow watertables developed at some time in the future, that salt accumulation through capillary rise (if within 2m of the surface) may lead to salinisation. This assumption was informed by prior geochemical modeling that inferred that if relatively modest groundwater salinity levels (>750 mg/l TDS) were evapo-concentrated that it may cause a significant salinity hazard to irrigated agriculture. Salinity hazard was assessed as high where there were significant quantities of salt stored in the alluvium in areas of shallow groundwater, and lowest where there is little or no salt stored in alluvium and groundwater tables are deep. The salinity hazard was forecast to be high to very high in the Mantinea Plain, Carlton Hill, Parry’s Lagoon and lower Ord Floodplain areas. In the Knox Creek and Keep River Plains, the hazard was low in the north of the area, but moderate to high in the southern-central and areas of the southern Knox Creek Plain. In the priority development area (Weaber Plain), the salinity hazard was estimated to be highly variable. Subsequent detailed soil sampling and drilling, groundwater modeling and land use analysis showed that the key attribute affecting risk, was soil permeability and capacity to de-water the upper alluvium if watertables rose within the capillary zone.

Overall, the GIS-based approach provided a rapid method for initial assessments of areas earmarked for future irrigation expansion, with more advanced modeling required for risk assessment and planning purposes.

610 - The use of airborne electromagnetics (AEM) data as part of an integrated hydrogeological systems approach to guide irrigation management and irrigation expansion in the Ord River Irrigation Area, WA, AustraliaKen Lawrie, Kok Piang Tan, Larysa Halas, Ross S. BrodieGeoscience Australia, Canberra, ACT, AustraliaTim MundayCSIRO, Perth, WA, AustraliaRichard GeorgeDepartment of Agriculture and Food, Bunbury, Western Australia.

The Ord Valley Airborne Electromagnetics (AEM) Interpretation Project was undertaken to provide information in relation to salinity and ground-water management in the Ord River Irrigation Area (ORIA), and to guide its future expansion. The project included the acquisition of 5,936 line km of AEM data acquired using the SKYTEM time domain system, the acquisition of a Light Ranging and Detection (LiDAR) survey, and com-plementary drilling, borehole geophysics, laboratory analysis and interpretation services. Within the limits of available bore data and the scales of airborne data acquisition, this study provided greater spatial detail on critical elements of the hydrostratigraphy in the sedimentary alluvial aquifer systems. This included the indicative 3D extent and thickness of gravel, sand, silt, clay units as well as salt stores and groundwater quality. It also produced the first generation of salinity hazard maps.


The AEM mapping identified discrete palaeochannels, interpreted as elements of the palaeo-Ord drainage system. Overall, the amount and extent of gravel and sand aquifers present in the study area was significantly less than previously thought, with gravel aquifers present in laterally confined palae-ochannel systems. There was also several buried bedrock ridges and shallow pediments that were interpreted to reduce aquifer storage and throughflow. In the Mantinea Plain-Carlton Hill-Parry’s Lagoon area, the presence of a marine sand aquifer containing very saline groundwater was confirmed. The 3D mapping provided an important framework for hydrodynamic analysis and hydrogeochemical process studies.

In summary, the project demonstrated the potential for ‘calibrated’ AEM systems and iTEM Fast Approximate Inversion software to shorten project timelines for studies that involve the analysis and interpretation of AEM data. The study has provided important new baseline data to assist with man-agement of the existing irrigation areas, while also providing important data to assess areas currently undergoing irrigation expansion. More broadly, the project demonstrated the value of a hydrogeological systems mapping approach for guiding future irrigation development in Australia and internationally.

814 - A new method for imaging soil and rock using a seismic technique - TISAR, with a groundwater case historyMilan Situm and Ben McClementGeophysics GPR International Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, CanadaJean-Luc ArsenaultGeophysique GPR International Inc., Longueuil, Quebec, Canada

A seismic method has been developed for engineering and groundwater geophysics applications for detailed soil and rock imaging. The method-ology was created as a substitute to the traditional reflection seismic tool with resolution beginning almost at surface down to roughly 70 meters. A method was needed that could use a simple source and simple processing with better resolution. Two case studies are discussed that use combined seismic methods across a small valley dominated by clay tills in the Toronto area and a frozen river in Kugluktuk, NWT.

815 - Bedrock and overburden mapping along roadways with a towed seismic land streamerBen McClement and Milan SitumGeophysics GPR International Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada

Soil and rock are often characterized by their strength, which can be gleaned from seismic data. P-wave and shear-wave data types (refraction and multi-channel analysis of surface wave data respectively) can be collected simultaneously with a streamer of geophones very efficiently. A case study in Toronto along a portion of a tunnel alignment has been discussed from the perspective of the groundwater problems likely to be encountered. Combinations of P-wave and S-wave data when combined with borehole data can be used to characterize the soil types for a complete cross-section.

Poster sessIon: generAl KArst Hydrogeology Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

251 - Drip Hydrology Monitoring in Karst to Improve Records of Past Global ChangeMonika Markowska1,2, Andy Baker2, Pauline Treble1

1 Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia Catherine Jex3, Martin S. Andersen2

2 Water Research Laboratory, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.3 Water Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

In the last decade, paleoclimate research in karst areas using speleothems has significantly increased. This research has highlighted that hy-drological flow in fractured rock environments, synonymous of karst, is complex and that understanding the overlying hydrological regimes that ultimately control stalagmite formations should be carefully considered in any future paleoclimate reconstruction.

Long term cave monitoring was conducted in South Eastern Australia at Yarrangobilly caves in the Snowy Mountains, NSW. A total of 15 drip sites were chosen to target a variety of flow regimes. Drip rate and temperature were monitored in situ using Star Oddi® micro-temperature probes,


and Stalagmate® drip rate loggers. Drip waters were collected and analysed for stable isotopes (δ18O and δ2H). This is the first known reported study to use heat as a tracer in a cave monitoring campaign and to use this combination of environmental tracers at such a high spatial density. Distinctly different flow regimes and spatial and temporal variability in drip response were observed, indicating that drip waters experienced a wide variety of flow routes into the cave. It was evident that even over small spatial scales (1-2m); ground surface to cave connectivity was considerably heterogeneous.

Poster sessIon: urBAn Hydrogeology Issues Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

400 - Modelling drip water δ18O over centennial to millennial timescales: Implications for the interpretation of stalagmite calcite δ18O Andy Baker1,4, Chris Bradley2, Steven Phipps3, Ian Fairchild2 and Catherine Jex1,4

1 Connected Waters Initiative Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia2 School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK3 Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia4 affiliated to the National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training, Australia

The stable oxygen isotope parameter d18O remains the most widely utilised speleothem proxy for past climate reconstructions. Uncertainty can be introduced into stalagmite d18O from a number of factors, one of which is the heterogeneity of groundwater flow in karstified aquifers. Here, we demonstrate the results of a lumped parameter hydrological model, KarstFor, which is capable of generating monthly simulations of surface water – ground water – stalagmite d18O for centennial to millennial time periods. We use this model to compare observational with modelled (pseudoproxy) stalagmite d18O series for sites in Scotland, China and Turkey. The use of forward modelling allows us to quantify the relative contributions of climate, soil and karst hydrology, and disequilibrium effects in stalagmite d18O, from which we can identify potential stalagmite d18O responses to climate variability. Pseudoproxy d18O stalagmite series highlight the significance of changes in the seasonality of the water balance, and the importance of soil hydrology, in controlling stalagmite d18O over these timescales.

669 - A simple mathematical model for solute reaction with the walls of a solution conduitMalcolm FieldNational Center for Environmental Assessment (8623P), Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, NW, Washington, DC, USA

Solute transport in solution conduits is now a commonly investigated transport phenomenon. However, solute reaction with aquifer materials in solution conduits is generally not given the same emphasis, probably because of the need for accurate measurement of reactions within the conduits. In order to better understand solute reactive in solution conduits, a mathematical model of solute reaction with conduit walls is developed. A two-dimensional tubular reactor in which flow, diffusivities, and dispersions are longitudinal and reactions are considered at various radii along the conduit is used as an analogue for the conduit-reaction model.

Solute reaction with conduit walls at selected radii and longitudinal locations causes creation of a new reactant, which is then partially deposited on the conduit walls. Examination of the model results shows that as the solute concentration decreases as a result of reaction with conduit walls, the concentration of the product reactant increases. In addition, for relatively short conduits, axial diffusion and axial dispersion in the direction of flow is evident, but becomes less apparent as conduit length increases.

Important factors of concern are radial and axial length of the conduit, velocity-profile distribution, reaction zones (locations where reaction occurs), diffusivities of initial and resultant reactants, reaction and deposition rate constants, deposition power, and flow regime. Varying any of these parameters can cause relatively minor or major impacts on the model results, although the effects are more pronounced for shorter conduits. Of particular significance is time of contact; as contact time increases, so does the reaction. Although fairly simple and generic, the model described provides some insight into possible solute reactions in a solution conduit.


781 - Vulnerability assessment and groundwater quality characterization of an impacted carbonate (karst) aquiferJoana Oliveira, M. Teresa Condesso de Melo, A. Silva & Luís T. RibeiroCVRM - Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, PortugalNélson Abrantes & Ana Sofia P. S. ReboleiraCESAM – Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

Within the framework of the KARSTRISK project, a detailed hydrogeochemical survey has been carried out on a carbonate (karst) aquifer located in the Maciço Calcário Estremenho region (central-western part of Portugal), in order to assess the groundwater quality and evaluate its possible risk to groundwater dependent ecosystems. The study area is part of the Serras de Aire e Candeeiros Natural Park, a national protected area formed by karsified Jurassic limestones, with both epikarst (poljes, dolines, uvalas and lapias) and endokarst void features (conduits and caves), and several temporal springs. The aquifer is an important source of drinking water as well as regional river baseflow. There are also a large variety of groundwater dependent ecosystems that are highly vulnerable to groundwater quantity and quality variations.

The seasonal rainfall influence on the groundwater system and the presence of well-developed conduit systems result in an increased aquifer susceptibility to contamination. The aquifer is particularly exposed to, and impacted by, several types of contamination from point and diffuse sources of pollution, including agriculture, livestock, industries (textiles, leather plants, olive oil processing plants), quarries and domestic wastewater effluents.

In order to identify the main risks to groundwater quality and dependent ecosystems and to develop management solutions, the aquifer vulner-ability has been assessed and compared to groundwater quality data. The results show that the degree of contamination depends on land use, soil thickness, rock weathering and karstification, degree of connection between groundwater conduits, area of recharge and the residence time of groundwater. Nitrate, heavy metals and microbiological pollution is widespread and responsible for increasing pressures on the ecological sensitivity of karst groundwater dependent ecosystems.

670 - The chemical characteristics of the thermal waters in Budapest, HungaryJudit Déri-Takács1, Anita Erőss2, József Kovács2

1 Eath and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada2 Department of Physical and Applied Geology – Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

Europe’s largest naturally flowing thermal water system can be found in Budapest. The springs and wells that supply the famous baths of Buda-pest discharge from a regional Triassic carbonate rock aquifer system. It serves as the discharge area of local and regional groundwater flows where springs with different temperature and chemical composition arise next to each other along the Danube River.

The aim of recent study was on the one hand to characterize the chemical composition of the thermal waters of Budapest through descriptive statistics and multivariate exploratory techniques and on the other hand to determine the factors influencing the physico-chemical parameters of them. Further objective was to investigate the temporal and quality changes of these waters which can be observed by the aid of statistical methods mentioned above. The research was based on a special and extended database provided by Budapest Healing Baths and Hot Springs Co. Ltd.- including regular quarterly water chemical analyses of springs and wells from several decades and historical hydrogeological analysis of springs.

Based on the results of the multivariate data analysis, the observed wells and springs were divided into four distinct and clearly separated groups. The clusters are defined by the joint influence of the physico-chemical parameters rather than by the individual one`s. Changes in the parameters and their temporal variations in the distinctive groups is apparent and can be attributed to the forced water withdrawal in Transdanu-bian Central Range in the second part of the 20th century. Although the basic operation of the system did not change as the tripartite distribution of discharge sites (Northern lukewarm, Rózsadomb lukewarm-warm, Southern warm) can still be observed, it can be ascertained that the natural operation of the system is influenced by artificial interventions.

The recognition of temporal changes, the search for possible causes, grouping of the thermal waters of Budapest and a thorough understanding of groups is required in order to plan future artificial interventions (quantity of waters extracted, interconnection of wells) and to handle anthropo-genic pollutions as potential effects of these interventions which would be expected to appear at springs and wells belonging to the same group.


705 - Application of the COP method to the Carrara hydrogeological system (Tuscany, Italy) to estimate aquifer vulnerabilitBruna BaldiUniversità degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, ItalyRudy RossettoScuola Superiore Sant’Anna, P.zza Martiri della Libertà 33, Pisa, Italy

The COP method for the evaluation of vulnerability to pollution in karst environment was applied to the Carrara hydrogeological system (Apuan Alps - Tuscany, Italy). This area is characterized by large data availability and it presents concerns about groundwater protection, as turbidity and hydrocarbon contamination is found in the tapped springs due to marble quarrying activities. The Carrara Syncline is constituted mainly by dolostones, marbles and cherty limestones, which define several moderately to highly productive aquifers, characterized by fissured and karst flow. A system of faults at the southern boundary gives origin to several fault springs at 255-155 m amsl.

The COP index rely on three main factors: COP= C*O*P. Where C= flow Concentration; O=Overlying layers; P=Precipitation. These parameters refer to the natural grade of groundwater protection (O factor), determined by both soil properties and vadose zone lithology, the infiltration pro-cesses (diffused or concentrated, C factor) and climatic conditions (P factor). Each of them was derived by performing raster calculations in GIS environment, 100X100 m cell, on the parameters required by the method.Low to Very High vulnerability classes are present in the investigated domain. Results also show:

1) widespread areas in Moderate class, followed by High and Very High distribution;

2) areas in High vulnerability are located in zones with low O protection index and moderate protection reduction;

3) C factor contributes to the High vulnerability class where the superficial cover (or soil) produces more infiltration than run-off (slope between 8 and 31%);

4) Low vulnerability areas are either inside unproductive units, or in presence of a thick superficial covers.

Comparing these results with previous studies, the distribution obtained by COP methodology shows larger variations between Very high and High vulnerability area distribution. The latter is also conditioned by the presence of swallow holes. The High vulnerability of marble quarry areas is confirmed by both natural tracers (Lycopodium clavatum) and environmental isotopes (2H, 3H, 18O). Such method highlights higher vulnerability areas than those showed in previous studies, demonstrating that relying on just one methodology may lead to underestimation of groundwater vulnerability.

325 - Trend and fluctuations in the long karst spring discharge seriesFrancesco Fiorillo and Francesco M. GuadagnoDSBGA-University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy

Recent trends in increasing temperature and decreasing rainfall in many regions of the world, including the Italian peninsula, have favoured a reduction in infiltration and thus the reduction in spring discharge from many karst aquifers. Karst springs are very important climate indicators since they are directly controlled by rainfall and temperature regimes and are very sensitive to poor rainfall during drought. This study analysed long-term hydrological spring discharge time series to find the effect of climate change on specific karst systems. Data were collected from the Picentini Mountain and Matese Massifs, which are the most important karst systems in the Campania region of southern Italy, which is characterised by a typical Mediterranean climate. The massifs are a sequence of deeply fractured and faulted Mesozoic limestone units that supply the main aqueducts of Southern Italy; providing water for several million people. Analyses focused on drought periods by assessing the effects of poor recharge on the aquifer response. Prolonged periods of poor rainfall can reduce the response of the spring discharge, with spring characterised by a predominant quick flow component showing a diminished frequency and/or peak-values of impulses, and spring character-ised by a predominant slow flow component showing a reduced annual maximum value. During intense droughts, spring hydrographs exhibit a continuous decreasing trend, which can occur for two or more consecutive years (multi-year drought). The effect of increasing temperature and decreasing rainfall are well documented in the spring discharge time series, which show a very similar trend across a wide area of southern Italy. Even though a different hydrological regime can be found at different karst springs, a similar general trend, characterised by a general drop in spring discharge over the last two decades, can be ascertained.


423 - On the applications of time series analyses methods to the decomposition of karst hydrological processesN.Massei, M.Fournier, J.P.Dupont & A.JardaniUMR 6143 M2C, Université de Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France

Karst hydrosystems are highly non-linear systems as a result of the complexity of their internal structure. For those reasons, their response to external inputs is also non-stationary. Comparing the variations of hydrodynamic variables (hydraulic head, discharge) with those of natural trac-ers (turbidity, electrical conductivity) may provide useful information on the internal reservoirs involved in karst hydrological variability. Spectral approaches constitute useful tools for extracting internal components explaining the variability of time series recorded at karst hydrosystems in order to understand their dynamics and functioning. However, finding physical realistic interpretations may not be straightforward, for those methodological approaches that are not physically-based. Fourier spectral, continuous or discrete multi-resolution wavelet decomposition provides a means for extracting the internal components of hydrological time series. More recently, the Hilbert-Huang transform, combining (ensemble) empirical mode decomposition or (E)EMD and the Hilbert transform, was developed to investigate non-linear and non-stationary natural processes. EEMD is a multi-resolution auto-adaptive approach which allows for an orthogonal decomposition of a given signal allowing a physically more realistic decomposition than wavelet multi-resolution approaches. Here we show a comparison of the capability of each method to identify internal components in karst hydrological signals. Before application to real hydrological processes, we analyze synthetic signals of various complexity (i.e. periodic signals, signals with time-varying spectral content, intermittent signals) using each approach and check whether the method allows for or fails to recover internal components. Then it is applied on various types of hydrological time-series from continuous monitoring of well-constrained karst systems: precipitation, turbidity, electrical conductivity, water levels at a karst spring and hydraulic head in the surrounding aquifer. We eventually discuss the consistency of each approach according to its capability for identifying internal components and to allow a physical interpretation.

707 - Modelling the Functioning of Ephemeral Lakes (Turloughs) using Reservoir Modelling TechniquesOwen Naughton1, Paul M. Johnston1, and Laurence W. Gill1

1 Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland

Turloughs are groundwater-dependent wetlands, ephemeral lakes which form in topographic depressions in karstified limestone terrain as a result of a combination of high rainfall and, accordingly, high groundwater levels. Turloughs behave as flow attenuation devices for regional hydrological (groundwater and/or surface water) flows, and so are the origin of extensive, recurring groundwater flooding. The recent EU Floods Directive (Directive 2007/60/EC) requires a greater understanding of nature and mechanisms controlling all forms of flooding, including groundwater, in order to reduce and manage flood risk. The objective of this study was to develop a modelling methodology for predicting turlough flood duration and extent from historic rainfall and evapotranspiration records, which could then be used as an aid in the mapping of probabilistic flood extents. Reservoir (“storage-release”) modelling, which uses conceptual linked reservoirs to transform rainfall into spring discharge, is particularly well suited to the modelling of turloughs. However, unlike in the conventional application of karst reservoir models - where the reservoirs are a conceptual representation of the internal karst aquifer structure - in this case it is the behaviour of the reservoir itself that is quantifiable and of interest. This approach conceptualises the turlough as a reservoir, with the same physical characteristics as the turlough being modelled (stage-volume-area relationships), and where the hydrological signature of the turlough is controlled by the nature and functioning of the reservoir inflows and outflows. A subset of 8 turlough sites was modelled, representing the continuum of turlough hydrological regimes. Daily inflow was defined as a function of rainfall, a notional contributing area and an inflow hydrograph, while outflow was determined using stage-discharge curves derived for each site. This modelling methodology predicted between 88% and 96% of the variability in daily turlough volume from rainfall and evapotranspiration data. The components of the reservoir model, namely the equations governing inflow and outflow, provide an insight into the mechanisms controlling turlough hydrology and validated the basic conceptualisation of turloughs operating as reservoirs within the karst flow network.


Poster sessIon: MAnAgeMent And utIlIZAtIon oF sAlIne WAters Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

619 - Analysis of ground water level variation for hydrogeologic characterization in a coastal aqufierByoung-Ohan Shim & Chul-Woo LeeKIGAM(Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resources, Daejeon, South Korea

In this study site groundwater is the main water resource but the overuse of groundwater may increase seawater intrusion. This study aimed to identify hydrogeological characteristics in a coastal aquifer by the analysis of long-term groundwater level. The groundwater level and tem-perature were measured at 10 m below ground surface. The temperature shows yearly cycle variations are two to five months different than the ambient temperature cycle. From the analysis of tidal effect on ground water level, the storativity was estimated by adapting tidal efficiency factors showed some larger values than that by using tidal time lag. The hydrogeologic parameter estimation from the tidal effect needs several assumptions which cause diffused ranges of parameters. The similar shape of groundwater level change and tidal effects was observed at several wells. It was clustered in the east-south-east direction which may indicate the distribution of the vertical fracture system related with groundwater flow channels. The applied methodology and results are valuable to manage the water resources of the coastal aquifer.

1053 - Variable-Density Brine Deposits: Groundwater Modelling and Implications S.G. Shikaze, D.J. Anderson, D.G. AbbeyAquaResource, A division of Matrix Solutions Inc., Waterloo, ON, CanadaM. KingGroundwater Insight Inc., Halifax, NS, Canada

A proposed mine in the Olaroz and Cauchari salars in Argentina contains dense brines that are rich in lithium and potassium, and have total dissolved solids (TDS) values as high as 350 g/L. The high TDS values result in a groundwater density that is approximately 1.2 times that of fresh water. We have developed a density-dependent brine model in FEFLOW for a portion of the study area to examine the importance of density-induced groundwater flow at the site. This density model supports a larger regional three-dimensional numerical model of groundwater flow and brine transport (also developed in FEFLOW) for the proposed mine area (Anderson et al., this conference). This regional model covers an extensive area (approximately 40 km x 12 km), and consists of over two-million mesh elements.

The focus of this paper is to summarize the findings from the smaller-scale model. We use the model to determine if density-induced groundwater flow plays a significant role within the study area. In particular, we examine groundwater flow in response to groundwater extraction from a pumping well, and compare the brine distribution from scenarios that include density-induced flow to scenarios that do not. By making these comparisons, we can examine conditions that are favourable to density-induced flow, as well as conditions where density-induced flow is less significant.

Poster sessIon: MInIng Issues Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

637 - Acid mine drainage in the abandonend Radzimowice polymetallic deposits mine in Kaczawa Mts. (Sudetes, SW Poland)Henryk Marszalek, Michal Rysiukiewicz Institute of Geological Sciences, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland,

In the Sudetes (SW Poland) there are a large number of various size polymetallic deposits accompanying hard rocks occurring mainly in the vicinity of Variscan granitoids. In Radzimowice mine, located in Western Sudetes, the Stara Gora polymetallic deposit (predominantly Au-As-Cu) was exploited from the 13th century to 1925. The ore mineralization is associated with sulphide minerals (arsenopyrite, pyrite, chalcopyrite,


Ag-bearing galena) in steep, mainly quartz veins, occuring in metamorphic Paleozoic formations of the Kaczawa unit. The chemical composition of mine water was determined based on water samples collected from galleries inside the mine at 90, 120 and 160 meter depths and from the mine adit. Waters of the Radzimowice mine are characterised by different mineralization (electrolytical conductivity within 512-3,380 µS/cm), depending on the depth of sampling, lower in the upper part of the mine and the highest at the depth of 160 m. Their pH ranges from 2.88 to 6.86 and redox potential from 254 to 407 mV. The predominant ions are sulphates (SO

4 from 253 mg/L to 1,188 mg/L), Ca up to 386 mg/L and

Mg from 32 to 140 mg/L. The mean temperature of mine waters is 10.5oC.

Acidic waters, with pH from 2.88 to 4.34, were identified in the deepest mine galleries at 120 and 160 meters. They also have the highest values of electrical conductivity (EC), from 1,538 to 3,380 µS/cm and Ca-Mg-SO

4 facies. The most acidic water sample has the higher concentration of

trace metals as Cu (169.3 mg/L), Fe (53 mg/L), Al (38.8 mg/L), Mn (14.3 mg/L), Zn (3.7 mg/L), Ni (0.97 mg/L), As (0.07 mg/L), Cd (42.5 µg/L) and Pb (12.4 µg/L). Groundwater sampled in the mine adit showed a slightly acidic pH (6.38) and an EC of 422 µS/cm with no significant trace metals. The concentration of sulphates (SO

4=135.4 mg/L) is almost 9 times less than in the water sampled at 160 m. Oversaturation in some

parts of the mine galleries resulted in deposition of different coloured sediments. X-ray defraction analysis confirm the majority of occurrences of such minerals as goethite, chalcopyrite and malachite. Based on isotopic composition of mine water (δ18O from -9.63 to -10.15 and δ2H from -67.7 to -69.3), their recharge area was estimated to be the altitude of 350-620 m a.s.l.

626 - Application of a simplified water balance model to assess the water-inflow in mining tunnels: the case of the Licony-Cogne Mine (NW Italy)Stefano Lo Russo, Enrico Suozzi, Loretta Gnavi & Daniele PeilaDepartment of Land, Environment and Geo-Engineering (DIATI) - Politecnico Di Torino, Torino, Italy

One of the most complex hydrogeological problems in the design and maintenance of drainage systems in abandoned mining sites involves quantification of the maximum water discharge that is potentially drainable by the tunnels. This problem is especially complicated when wa-ter-inflow data are limited or absent. The present case study considers the abandoned Cogne- Licony iron ore mining complex, located in the Western Alps (Aosta Valley Region, NW Italy).

To develop an appropriate drainage system at the entrance of the main Licony mining tunnel and to permit environmental monitoring over the postconduction phase, this study was performed to quantify water infiltration into the mining tunnels. A water balance model was used to quan-tify water inflow to the mine tunnels in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. Five different infiltration scenarios were performed, resulting from an analysis of rainfall data in the study area and considering the snow density and depth (Snow Water Equivalent calculation) and melting periods. Evapotranspiration, snow sublimation, and snow metamorphism terms were ignored in the implementation of the various sce-narios. The maximum water discharge that could affect the mining tunnels was determined under normal conditions and during heavy rainfall, as in the case of the Cogne valley flood in October 2000.

Taking into account the several approximations that were introduced, the results can be considered indicative of the order of magnitude of the total amount of water that should be drained out by the mining tunnels. To verify the reliability of these results, they should be compared to measured water inrush data as soon as they become available. The difficulties to measure the water discharge in absence of a built monitoring system impede the calibration of the calculations and the back-analysis of the water budget. As a result, the simulations are subject to significant uncertainty. However, the study demonstrates the importance of the snow density and its temporal melting dynamics on calculations of the total precipitation in the infiltration area. Knowledge of the actual snow density and identification of the period of its melting appear to be fundamental to the assessment of infiltration in the ground.

Poster sessIon: nAPl sourCe Zones-FloW And MAss trAnsFer Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

617 - Estimation of Actual LNAPL Thickness in a Fractured, Gneissose Aquifer using Bail-down DataMatthys A. Dippenaar & Michael D. SoleDepartment of Geology – University or Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa


Determination of actual LNAPL plume thickness in the aquifer surrounding a monitoring well is problematic for a number of reasons, most notably the suppression of the water table in the borehole and capillary actions of both the water and the LNAPL in the aquifer media. Additional issues at the study area in South Africa are the presence of fractures and gneissosity, both which influence the LNAPL plume and render the majority of conventional empirical and bail-down methods inapplicable. An initial study yielded an alternative method which better described ac-tual maximum free phase product thicknesses (Dippenaar et al. 2005 modified after Gruszczenski 1987), entailing bailing of product and plotting recovery of water and product with time. A simple graphical solution then supplies the maximum anticipated free phase product thickness which proved fairly accurate for the case study involved, as well as in a subsequent study at an Arctic mine site by Iwakun et al. (2010). Incorporation of data ca. 2004 into the dataset is now in progress and a re-evaluation of the method with the latest data will be presented.

879 - Assessing the Risk of Organic Contaminants to Groundwater and Vapour Intrusion at the Community ScaleNizar Mustafa1, Kevin Mumford2, Denis O’Carroll1, Jason Gerhard1

1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering - University of Western Ontario, London, ON.2 Department of Civil Engineering - Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario.

The redevelopment of brownfields often requires the remediation of soil and groundwater to acceptable standards. In Ontario, these standards are based on risk-based criteria applied within the boundaries of the contaminated site. However, often the critical contaminant pathways and risk receptors are beyond the site boundaries and in the community. The goal of this research is to evaluate the transport, and transformation of organic industrial compounds at the scale of a single contaminated site versus that of a community, and assess the implications for risk-based decision making. A three-dimensional numerical model was developed that integrates a state-of-the-art vapour intrusion model (Abreu and Johnson, 2005; 2006) with MODFLOW/MT3D to simulate the flow and transport of organic contaminants in groundwater, soil vapour, and indoor air. Monte Carlo suites of simulations were employed to investigate the influence of heterogeneity in subsurface physical, chemical and biological properties on contaminant transport in a community-scale aquifer. Simulation results included ensemble mean and variance of the contaminant concentrations at control planes located downgradient of the source, and the probability of exceeding a regulatory-based concentration level at key groundwater, surface water, and indoor air receptors in the community. Two high priority contaminants (benzene and naphthalene) were considered in this work. Comparisons between ensemble Monte Carlo results and scenarios with uniform physical, chemical, and biological properties were used to elucidate the sensitivity of risk-based outcomes to the various types of hetero-geneity. This presentation will summarize some key results of this study, including the most sensitive parameters in determining risk at the community level, conditions where risk to the community differs significantly from risk at a single contaminated site, and how that risk evolves after site remediation.

Poster sessIon: neW deVeloPMents In soIl And groundWAter reMedIAtIon Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

572 - Field and Laboratory investigation for on site chemical oxidation of surface soil contaminated with RDXMarie-Claude Lapointe, Richard Martel Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement, Quebec city, Qc, CanadaEmmanuela DiazDefence Research and Development Canada Valcartier, Quebec city, Qc, Canada

Previous characterization studies on ranges and training areas have shown that blow-in-place procedures of unexploded ordnance (UXO), cracked open UXO and low-order detonation of ammunition release energetic materials (EM) to the environment. The concentration, distribution and nature of EM residues present on those ranges vary depending on the type of training exercise and munitions used. At demolition ranges, along with impact zones of artillery and anti-tank ranges, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexogen (RDX), nitroglycerine (NG), octogen (HMX) and 2,4-dinitrotoluene are present in soil and sometimes as well in groundwater. Most of those EM may present risks to ecological and/or human receptors since they are either toxic or probably/possibly carcinogenic.


In order to reduce the long-term impact of releases to the environment due to training activities, best management practices and remediation technologies are under development. Demolition ranges have been selected for this demonstration because of their limited surface areas. In this regard, they are easier to secure and the military activities conducted on such sites makes them more suitable for field instrumentation. The surface soil of those ranges is mostly contaminated with TNT and RDX discharged from the unconfined C4 block used for detonations and the occurrence of low-order detonations produced by other munitions. The heterogeneous nature of EM found in soils dictates that the preferred technology must be able to treat them in all their particulate forms. The spreading of liquid chemical oxidant on surface soil is the technology considered in this study because it is quickly deployed, does not require soil excavation that disturbs military activities, is safe and easy to implement.

This poster presents five demolition ranges that were characterized to implement an on site chemical oxidation technology to the surface soils contaminated with EM. Different oxidants are tested and preliminary results on the laboratory chemical oxidation of soil samples from the dem-olition ranges show the potential use of this technology.

938 - Validation of Numerical Model for Self Sustaining Treatment for Active Remediation (STAR) for Two-Dimensional Smouldering front Propagation. Tanzeer Hasan, Jason I. Gerhard, Paolo Pironi, Rory HaddenDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering – The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, CanadaJ. ToreroBRE Centre for Fire Safety Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Sustaining Treatment for Active Remediation (STAR) is a novel technology for the remediation of soils contaminated with Non-Aqueous Phase liquids (NAPLs). STAR is based upon the concept of liquid smouldering, in which NAPLs embedded in a porous medium are progressively destroyed via an exothermic oxidation reaction which propagates in a self-sustaining manner through the contaminated material. The In Situ Smouldering Model (ISSM) developed to simulate the propagation of STAR as a function of NAPL content and local air velocity, was calibrated for a suite of one-di-mensional experiments (MacPhee et al., 2010). However, STAR application at field sites involves propagation of the remediation front in multiple directions simultaneously; this is a novel area of research in both the remediation and the combustion communities. This study presents the further development and validation of the model against experiments for two-dimensional (2D) smouldering propagation. 2D STAR experiments were conducted to explore the upwards vertical, horizontal and opposed (downwards) propagation rates of the remediation front in coal tar-contaminated sand. Additional experiments were conducted to explore the ability of the STAR remediation front to change directions within contaminated soil along a complex air flow pathway. The model was further developed to account for energy losses observed in multi-dimensional propagation, and simulations with the revised ISSM were compared to the experimental results. This work provides evidence for the directional differences in liquid smouldering as well as validation of a tool that will be useful for designing STAR soil remediation schemes at the field scale.

991 - STAR (Self-sustaining Treatment for Active Remediation) Operability Across a Range of Soil and Contaminant TypesRory M. Hadden, Paolo Pironi & Jason I. GerhardDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering - Western University, London Ontario, Canada, Gavin P. GrantGeosyntec Consultants, Inc., Guelph, Ontario, Canada

When embedded in a porous matrix, many contaminants that are difficult to remediate by conventional methods (such as coal tars, creosotes and chlorinated solvents) can be made to undergo smouldering combustion. STAR is a patented remediation technology that exploits this process. Smouldering is a heterogeneous, flameless, exothermic reaction which, once ignited, will propagate unassisted through a mass of condensed phase fuel – in this case, contaminant embedded in soil. The exothermic nature of the reaction means that once ignited, a smoulder front can propagate unassisted through the contaminated soil, destroying all the NAPL in the process.

In order for STAR to be an effective remediation technology, it must work over a wide range of conditions typical of contaminated sites. The key factors that govern the smoulder process are: contaminant type, contaminant saturation, soil type, water content, air flow rate and ignition. These variables have been studied by two means in the laboratory: synthetic contaminated soils and contaminated soils from real sites.

A suite of laboratory experiments has demonstrated that STAR is applicable across a significant range of soil types (e.g. silt, sand, gravel),


contaminant types (e.g. coal tar, petroleum hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvent/oil mixtures), contaminant concentrations (e.g. 18,000–140,000 mg/kg), and water contents (e.g. 0-75%) [1]. Sensitivity studies have demonstrated some key processes that affect the rate of self-sustaining NAPL destruction, including a linear relationship with the applied air injection rate following one-time ignition [2]. Treatability studies on more than 12 soils from field sites have demonstrated that the knowledge gained from synthetic contaminated soil translates into successful STAR application across a wide range of real conditions for in situ operation.

The fundamental research reported here has developed novel understanding of the STAR process and launched several pilot projects to prove large scale application of STAR as both an in and ex situ remediation technology.

Poster sessIon: nuCleAr WAste MAnAgeMent Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

267 - Engineering biomineralised groundwater flow barriers for inhibiting radionuclide transport in fractured rocksMark O. Cuthbert1, S. Handley-Sidhu1 & N. Blundell1, 1 School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UKJ. W T. Purvis1, L. Benton-Slim1, J. C. Renshaw1, M. S. Riley1, R. Mackay2, D. J. Tobler3 & V. R. Phoenix3

1 School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK2 Geotechnical and Hydrogeological Engineering Research Group, Monash University, Churchill, Victoria, Australia3 Department of Geographical and Earth Sciences - University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a promising engineering solution for inhibiting contaminant transport in fractured rocks through permeability reduction of fine aperture fractures surrounding nuclear decommissioning sites or repositories. A common approach to achieving controlled MICP uses ureolytic bacteria to hydrolyse urea which raises the pH and, in the presence of sufficient calcium ions, leads to the precipitation of calcium carbonate. However, although many batch and column studies of MICP within porous media have been carried out, the method has yet to be successfully applied within fractured materials and upscaled to block and field scales to demonstrate its potential utility. This paper presents results from a range of novel laboratory and field MICP experiments which demonstrate the potential and limitations of the technology. Our results show that in systems with high ureolysis rates such as those being suggested for engineering applications, a ‘single reaction approach’ to modelling the precipitation which assumes that all the carbonate produced by ureolysis immediately precipitates to calcium carbonate is sufficiently accurate (Handley-Sidhu et al, In Press). This is described by the following equation:

NH2CONH

2 + 2H

2O + CaCI

2 unrease→ 2NH+

4 + CaCO3(s) + 2CI-

For bacterial communities attached to rock surfaces, ammonium production by ureolysis is eventually (and in some cases quickly) limited by crystal growth restricting interaction between the biofilm and the fluid (Cuthbert et al, 2012). Thus, this may limit the extent to which larger aperture fractures can be infilled for permeability reduction by this method and for apertures in the 100s of microns to mm range; multiple inoc-ulation of bacteria and precipitation cycles may therefore be needed. Experiments on granite-perspex fractures (30 cm x 10 cm x 150 µm) under flowing conditions suggested that injected ureolytic bacteria were successfully trapped in the fracture by adding sufficient calcium chloride to encourage flocculation and hence mechanical filtration. The degree and timing of flocculation can be controlled by changing the bacterial density and ionic strength of the solutions. Four cycles each comprising a bacterial inoculation followed by 4 hours of pumping ‘cementing’ solution (comprising urea and calcium chloride) led to reductions in fracture transmissivity of up to 3 orders of magnitude with a decreasing amount of precipitation observed with distance away from the injection point.

Further to the successful laboratory trials, we have developed and hydraulically characterised a fractured hard rock fieldsite using a closely spaced array of 18 boreholes. Experimental work will soon start at the site to test the viability of MICP in the field - the first experiment of its kind. We will present the results of these trials and lessons learned for future development of this technology in the context of permeability reduction for inhibiting radionuclide transport in fractured rocks.


Poster sessIon: nutrIents In groundWAter Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

118 - An overview of the Groundwater Chemistry and Quality of NigeriaAniekan Edet1, Therese Nganje1 & Aniediobong Ukpong1

1 Department of Geology - University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.Azubuike Ekwere1

1 Department of Geology - University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria

The present work is a review on the quality characteristics of groundwater in Nigeria. The aim was to collate, synthesize and analyse hydro-chemical data from available literature in order to evaluate the physical and chemical character and quality and determine the sources of ions. The review process covered four major groundwater sedimentary basins viz Benin, Benue, Niger Delta, Sokoto and the Crystalline Basement Complexes. The issue of saline groundwater in parts of Benue and Niger Delta Basins were given attention. In general, data show that on the average, the TDS for the groundwater from the different basins was < 250mg/l compared to the saline groundwater with average TDS as high as 15700mg/l. The high salinity was attributed to dissolution of salts and seawater intrusion. Nitrate concentration on the average is high especially for Sokoto Basin indicating anthropogenic pollution. Descriptive and multivariate statistics together with cross plots indicate that the major geologic controls on the groundwater chemistry are chloride dissolution, weathering (silicate and carbonate) and ion exchange. With respect to agricultural and irrigation purposes, the groundwater are excellent besides the water from the saline groundwater from Benue Basin and the coastal aquifers.

415 - Water supply and groundwater quality issues in a fast-growing metropolitan centre Michael AdelanaFuture Farming Systems Research Division, Department of Primary Industries, Victoria, AustraliaRabiu BaleDepartment of Geology & Mineral Sciences – University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, NigeriaPeter OlasehindeDepartment of Geology – Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria

Lagos is one African city to be listed among the mega-cities of the world by 2015. With a population of 14 million people and growth rate of 10% per annum, Lagos is projected to become the fifth largest city in the world. Much of the city is built around coastal lagoons, though suburbs extend inland for over 40 km. The metropolitan area, an estimated 300 km2, has nearly 70% of its total population living in slums and communities often subjected to severe flooding, poor sanitation and deteriorating water quality.

Therefore, Lagos is experiencing increased use of groundwater – in conformity with the rise in its population and development of the industrial sector/agricultural land management in its suburbs – but this increase is already showing negative impacts on the resource itself both in terms of quality and quantity. The long term sustainability of drinking water sources and groundwater systems will depend on a thorough understanding of nutrient loading through anthropogenic activities and nutrient transport within the multi-aquifer systems in the metropolis. This paper used the densely populated city of Lagos with anthropogenic activities to discuss water supply and water quality issues as an example of African settlements under increasing risk to contamination from surface activities.

From 2001-2004, we conducted water quality studies using groundwater bores and hand-dug wells in selected parts of Lagos. These were compared with the information in 2007/2008. The three aspects that have dominated groundwater use, and constitute the major challenges of water resource management are: (i) deteriorating groundwater quality due to poor waste management, agricultural, industrial and other human activities (ii) water-logging and salinization due to inadequate drainage and water table rises, and (iii) groundwater depletion (lowering of water table due to intense use in the industrial areas).

In this paper, the city of Lagos has also been compared to other megacities of the world (like Bangkok and Mexico) in terms of population growth rate and density, average annual rainfall, annual water use, piped water services, levels of wastewater treatment, nutrients and amount of solid waste disposals. The rate and mode of the rural-urban migration has not given room for proper planning to settle the growing population. People


settled in informal areas that are generally congested and lacking in the provision of basic needs and services. This scenario has given rise to serious environmental challenges a and severe threat to surface and ground waters.

683 - Nitrate pollution of groundwater and surface water from agriculture in crystalline areas Anna Hrabankova, Josef V. Datel, Alena KulasovaT. G. Masaryk Water Research Institute, p.r.i., Praha 6, Czech Republic

The Council Directive 91/676/EEC (Nitrate Directive) as a part of the Water Frame Directive (WFD) of the European Union aims to reduce and prevent water pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources. Based on requirements of these rules, vulnerable zones were designated in the Czech Republic in 2003. Vulnerable zones include diffuse sources of nitrate pollution. Various measures to reduce nitrate concentrations in natural waters have been implemented in the vulnerable zones. In particular, fertilization practice was modified – maximum limits for adding nitrogeneous fertilizers, limits for the individual crops and strips 3 m wide without fertilization along water courses were introduced. The vulner-able zones are revised regularly every four years.

Several model catchments are used to verify the correctness of applied measures in the Czech Republic. Detailed measurements and evaluation of water quality and its time changes are conducted in these catchments. Two of these sites are located in areas of crystalline rocks, where you can study the close relationship between the quality of surface and groundwater, as in natural conditions and in the case of agricultural land use. The first model catchment Smrzovsky Stream is located in the natural protected area in the Jizera Mountains; second one Klejnarka Stream is in an agricultural area in the middle of Bohemia. The continual measurement of water quality for several years in both catchments is available for a long-term detailed research based on comparing the catchment with natural conditions and the catchment with nitrate pollution from agricultural activities. The monitoring results show a close connection in quality between surface water and groundwater in those crystalline areas, and also confirm accuracy and necessity of the designated vulnerable areas for water resources protection.

793 - Influence of tile-drainage on groundwater flow and nitrate transport in heterogeneous geological materialsG. De Schepper & R. TherrienDepartment of Geology and Geological Engineering – Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, CanadaJ.C. RefsgaardDepartment of Hydrology – Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Copenhagen, Denmark

Subsurface drainage is a common agricultural practice in poorly drained production fields to guarantee the productivity of crops and to reduce flooding risks. The impact of shallow tile-drainage networks on groundwater flow patterns and associated nitrate transport from the surface needs to be quantified for adequate agricultural management. A challenge is to represent tile-drain networks in numerical models, at the field scale, while accounting for the influence of subsurface heterogeneities on flow and transport.

A numerical model of a tile-drainage system has been developed with the fully integrated HydroGeoSphere model for the Lillebaek catchment, Denmark, where agriculture is widespread. The main modelling objective is to assess the influence of tile drains on the nitrate reduction zone depth, also known as the redox-interface, while accounting for to local geological heterogeneities. The Lillebaek catchment is an experimental study area where hydraulic heads, stream and drain discharges, as well as groundwater and surface water nitrate concentrations are regularly measured. Using the national-scale geological model for Denmark combined with available local data, a hydrogeological model at field scale has been generated. A proper representation of the tile-drains geometry is essential in order to calibrate and validate the nitrate transport model. HydroGeoSphere can represent drains directly into a model as one-dimensional features, which however requires a very fine discretization that limits the size of the simulation domain. Because of this limitation, we have tested an alternate approach where the tile-drain network and surrounding porous medium are represented by a dual-continuum formulation, similar to that used to represent fractured porous media, for example. Equivalent properties for the tile-drain network are defined from their geometry and spacing and the dual formulation allows for water and solute exchange between the drains and surrounding soil matrix. This presentation will focus on some preliminary simulations designed to validate the dual-continuum approach to represent tile-drained networks. These simulations are also designed to demonstrate the applicability of the approach for 3D variably-saturated flow and transport modelling at the field scale, accounting for local geological heterogeneities.


962 - Nutrient concentration in groundwater of Quaternary aquifer of Goczalkowice dammed reservoir catchment.Joanna Czekaj & Andrzej J. WitkowskiDepartment of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology - University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland

Goczalkowice dammed reservoir (area - 32 km2, capacity - 168 million m3) is a very important source of potable water for the Upper Silesian agglomeration. In the catchment of this reservoir, there are many potential sources of groundwater pollution (e.g., agriculture, poor waste water management, intensive fish farming) that has caused local groundwater contamination, mainly by nitrates and phosphates. This paper presents the groundwater monitoring system and preliminary results of the research carried within “Integrated system supporting management and protection of dammed reservoir (ZiZoZap)” project, which is being conducted for the Goczalkowice reservoir and its catchment in 2010-2014. The main objective for hydrogeologists involved in this project is to assess the role of groundwater in the total water balance of the reservoir and the influence of groundwater on its water quality. For the assessment of hydrodynamic conditions in the reservoir catchment area (115 km2), the groundwater level in 278 wells were measured. At the first step (diagnostic monitoring), 93 private wells located in the mentioned area of reservoir catchment were sampled. Maximum detected concentration of nitrates was 233.4 mg/L, of ammonium was 14.19 mg/L, of nitrites was 2.81 mg/L and of phosphates was 4.27 mg/L. In the second step (operational monitoring), 35 selected private wells located within the immediate catchment area (38 km2) were sampled. Additionally, 23 observation wells located around the reservoir and in two research polygons (seven mainly nested observation wells at the north and six at the south waterside zone) were drilled. Also surface water samples from the reser-voir (eight points) and two inflowing rivers were obtained. Results of the hydrogeological research indicate substantial spatial variation in nutrient concentrations in groundwater of the Quaternary aquifer. Unfortunately, concentrations exceeding standards for potable water of nitrates and phosphates were noticed in 35% and 10% of monitored wells, respectively. Observed concentrations of nitrates and phosphates in groundwater are higher than in surface water. So far, the initial results indicate the minor role of groundwater in reservoir recharge.

Poster sessIon: regIonAl groundWAter FloW systeMs- tHeory And APPlICAtIon Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

175 - A paired catchment approach to assessing impacts of land use change in south-west Victoria, Australia Michael Adelana, Evan Dresel & Peter HekmeijerDepartment of Primary Industries, Future Farming Systems Research Division, Bendigo, Victoria, AustraliaHanna Zydor, Phil Cook & Mark HolmbergDepartment of Primary Industries, Future Farming Systems Research Division, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia

Paired catchment studies have produced a considerable amount of knowledge since over a century ago yet much remains to be learnt from ongoing and past experiments. Despite the difficulties to maintain long-term experiments, this project successfully established long-term, auto-mated monitoring networks at paired catchment sites to accurately quantify and compare the impacts of agricultural land uses on surface water, groundwater and salinity. Each pair of the three catchments is located in a different geologic setting in south-west Victoria, in the Hamilton area. In the three paired catchments there is evidence of less surface flow and shorter flow duration in the blue gum plantation sites as compared to the farm sites. The implication is that there is less net groundwater recharge under the blue gum plantations. The most responsive bores were located close to the main drainage line at Digby and Gatum paired catchments. Away from the main drainage line in the plantation, groundwater levels continued to decline slightly despite the high rainfall while those away from the drainage line in the farm catchment rose quite noticeably through the latter part of 2010 and early 2011.

However, the flow at Digby southern farm differs significantly from northern farm and plantation sub-catchments (with lower magnitude of flow and fewer flow events) due to complex geology and evidence of preferential groundwater flow. The complexity of geology explained the dynamic responses and rises in bores screened within Parilla Sands and Heytesbury Group, which are not reflected in aquifer storage. Moreover, artesian groundwater pressures at the Mirranatwa Sites suggest the influence of fractured granitic rock aquifers on the groundwater-surface water


interaction and groundwater discharge reflecting a more regional flow system. While continuous monitoring is necessary to confirm preliminary observations, the ultimate aim of the project is the sustainability of major land uses focusing on blue gum plantation forestry, pasture and cropping and to draw inferences of flow systems from surface manifestation.

544 - Initial geochemical evidence of groundwater discharge in the floodplain of the Paraná River, Argentina, and its association with vegetation communitiesMarchetti, Zuleica Yael & Carrillo-Rivera, José JoelCentro de Investigación Científica y Transferencia de la Tecnología a la Producción (CONICET), Diamante, Entre Ríos, ArgentinaInstituto de Geografía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, DF, México

Groundwater flow is an active agent in diverse ecosystems and an important component of aquatic environments. However, due to the relatively large quantity of surface water, the presence and importance of groundwater have not been given consideration in the Paraná River floodplain, Argentina. This work aimed to identify groundwater flow systems and their association with vegetation in an island in the middle reaches of the Paraná River floodplain. Eight piezometers were installed in adjacent pairs in four vegetation communities at different depths to record ground-water movement in the vertical plane. Another eight piezometers were installed close to water bodies. The water table was recorded weekly for two years; twelve water samples were collected from piezometers, domestic wells, the river and other water bodies. Floristic composition and topographic elevation were registered for each vegetation community. The water level monitoring results from the piezometer installations suggested the study zone presents groundwater discharge conditions. Chemical and physical characteristics were used to identify different local flows zones and an intermediate flow zone. In relation to the recharge area, local rainfall showed an isotopic signature (δD and δ18O) similar to local flow zones detected in the study area. The chemical characteristics of the intermediate flow zone and the isotopic signature of local rainfall suggest that this flow zone would have travelled from a recharge area some 30 km outside the study area. Among identified vegetation communities, Willow and Plury-specific canopy forests are located on the highest topographic position. The Willow canopy is associated to recharge conditions of a local flow zone and the Plury canopy is linked to transit conditions of an intermediate flow zone. Tall grassland and marshy communities (located at an intermediate position and the lowest position, respectively) were associated to discharge areas of local and intermediate flow zones. Water bodies had a distinctive quality suggesting a mixture of rainfall water, river water and groundwater in different proportions. The identification of both groundwater components (recharge, transit or discharge) and its related flow system hierarchy assisted in the interpretation of the relation between landscape and the dynamic of the biological communities.

634 - Using in-situ pore-pressure to constrain the permeability of a major confining layer in the Great Artesian Basin Brian D. Smerdon, Glenn A. HarringtonCSIRO Water for a Healthy Country National Research Flagship, Adelaide, SA, AustraliaW. Payton GardnerSandia National Laboratories, Albequrque, NM, USALaura SmithDepartment of Geological Sciences – University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Australia’s Great Artesian Basin (GAB) is comprised of multi-layered sandstone aquifers confined by fluvial siltstone and marine shale aquitards. Advancing the conceptual understanding of this iconic regional groundwater flow system will rely on characterizing the hydrodynamics of the complete system, including low permeability formations. The expansive confining layers will govern flow patterns and fluid fluxes at the regional scale, yet measurements of hydraulic properties for GAB aquitards are extremely rare.

An approach for estimating permeability is presented, which utilizes transient pore-pressure data measured across the entirety of a major aquitard sequence. Depth profile data were acquired from continuous cores that were collected to depths just above the artesian aquifers (290 m and 100 m) at the two coring locations. These cores are the first attempt to develop high-resolution sampling across an aquitard sequence in the GAB, and were subjected to various mineralogical, geotechnical, geochemical, and isotopic analyses. In-situ pore pressure and temperature have been continuously measured at each location since 2010 using a string of pressure transducers and thermistors that were permanently grouted into each borehole.


After an equilibration period, analysis of barometric events and pore-pressure response across the entire formation was used to calculate the loading efficiency and aquitard compressibility. Loading efficiency varied between 0.65 and 0.85 with depth and facilitated further calcu-lation of specific storage values, which were found to be in the range of 8e-6 to 6e-6 /m. Hydraulic conductivity (K) was estimated from the pore-pressure observations during the equilibration period and a transient numerical model with radial coordinate system that represented the grouted borehole and surrounding aquitard. K was determined to be on the order of 9e-14 m/s. This finding agrees well with separate inverse modelling of observed profiles of chloride (K=1e-13 m/s), helium-4 (K<1e-12 m/s), and independent testing of discrete core samples in an experimental high-pressure permeability lab (K=1.5e-13 m/s). The convergence of these values provides a lower constraint on the permeability of a regionally extensive confining layer in the GAB and will be combined with on-going analysis of preferential pathways (e.g., faults) having higher permeability.

746 - Characterizing the Groundwater Flow Systems of the Niagara Escarpment Cuesta Priebe, E.H., Hamilton S.M., and Brunton, F.R.Sedimentary Geosciences Section, Ontario Geological Survey, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

As part of its groundwater mapping program, the Ontario Geological Survey is using physical and chemical hydrogeological tools in conjunction with a predictive sequence stratigraphic framework to characterize the groundwater flow systems in the Early Silurian dolostones of the Niagara

Escarpment. The study covers an area of 200 km by 40 km within southwestern Ontario.

General groundwater flow directions and hydraulic properties of the bedrock contact and/or the uppermost bedrock aquifer have been estimated using the provincial water well record database. Groundwater quality data obtained from private wells across the study area, with a spatial sampling density of two wells for every 100 km2, also provide chemical indicators of groundwater flow. Of particular utility was the distribution of dissolved oxygen, the partial pressure of CO

2 and the distribution of surface-sourced nitrate and bacteria which have confirmed areas of known

karst and indicated some of these areas to be more extensive than previously thought. Trends in deuterium excess have provided insight into meteorological influences and recharge zones. To explore for previously untapped aquifers, and characterize the deeper bedrock groundwater flow systems, multi-level Flute® lined wells were installed to target water producing zones well below the upper aquifers encountered by most domestic water well drillers. Well locations were selected based on an understanding of the architecture of the regional stratigraphic sequence and water potential. Continuous water level data collected during storm and recharge events from these wells demonstrate the degree of hydraulic separation between the surface environment and these deeper systems. Groundwater chemistry and isotope tracer data have, and continue to be collected to evaluate provenance and to characterize flow.

896 - Dynamics of groundwater flow in an arid region: The case of Loreto, BCS, MexicoGonzález-Abraham, AntaliaPrograma de Agua–Sociedad de Historia Natural Niparajá A. C, La Paz, Baja, California Sur, MexicoRodríguez-Estrella, RicardoCentro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S. C. La Paz, Baja, California Sur, Mexico Carrillo-Rivera, J Joel Institute of Geography, National Autonomous University of MexicoReynerio Castillo, J Fagundo Centro Nacional de Medicina Natural y Tradicional, Municipio Playa, La Habana, Cuba

Early in the 1960’s, Joe Tóth proposed groundwater as a geologic agent and the cause of a wide range of impacts and natural phenomena. The lack of information about groundwater dynamics in arid regions in addition to a misuse of the natural elements has brought ecological consequences in fragile ecosystems and their dependent species. The objective of this work was to identify the different groundwater flow systems by characterizing their discharge-recharge components. The region of interest was Sierra La Giganta, in Loreto, Baja California Sur. Field identification and GIS were used to identify groundwater discharge zones through the associated vegetation. By contrasting features, potential recharge areas were also defined. Water was sampled, field parameters were measured, and samples were analyzed with ICP-MS. Seven different chemical groups of water related to different origin have been identified. Results show that discharge zones present in high parts of Sierra La Giganta correspond to local flow; this is a dominant feature in the area although there is contrasting evidence in discharge zones of regional flows. The vegetation associated with local discharge zones shows distinctive and contrasting features (and physical setup) to that from zones of regional flow. Boreholes in the agricultural area of Loreto show no saline water intrusion. Chemistry indicates water from regional and intermediate flows are induced upwards into extraction borehole level. The oasis in


the sierra obtain water mainly from local flows, any reducing rainfall rate may negatively impact this vegetation and its associated species. Should the hydraulic connection between these flow systems be positive, related ecosystems in the oasis may be at risk by increasing the groundwater extraction to satisfy the rising water requirements due population growth and economical activities (tourism). Likewise, available groundwater for human activities will be subject to an increase in salinity as extraction rate augments.

900 - Groundwater flow system identification and its association with the Rio Frio River sub-basinMorales, Yeimy; Molano, Karen; Pedraza, CamiloUniversidad Manuela Beltrán, Bogotá D. ColombiaDepartment Environmental Engineering - University Manuela Beltran, Bogota, DC, ColombiaCarrillo-Rivera, José JoelInstitute of Geography, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, DF

Abundance of surface water in Colombia has prompted environmental and governmental authorities to encourage the study of surface water. However, population growth, its associated economic development, and water contamination generated by private sectors, have caused a corresponding decline in river discharge to satisfy the growing water consumption. This situation becomes more intense in the hot season. So, there is a need to search for new sources of water supply. A viable solution is to use groundwater to satisfy these increasing needs. However, it is understood that an inappropriate use of groundwater due to lack of knowledge on how the system responds to extraction, has produce heavy environmental impact as drying of springs, rivers and associated water bodies; soil subsidence; pollution of sources; loss of vegetation; etc. The Manuela Beltran University is aware of the importance of generating the required knowledge which might assist in reaching a sustainable water use. Research work has started to define groundwater functioning associated with the sub-basin of the Rio Frio River, Bogotá. The definition of the type of flow system (local, intermediate or regional) from the chemical perspective was supported by the interpretation of water-soil inter-action in the prevailing geological environment (lithology and structure); indirect evidence provided by vegetation has assisted in the findings. Water sampling collected from wells, surface water and springs, have been analyzed by ICP-MS. Results suggest an intermediate groundwater flow discharging in the plain after traveling through clay, silt, sand and gravel, (with a thickness of about 20 m). Information implies that prior to discharge, this flow has a lengthy travel time under unconfined conditions in the Terraza Alta aquifer (Sabana). The chemical quality of water decreases as extraction time progresses, as well with borehole discharge rate. This limits the use of related water due to reported high iron concentration.

Poster sessIon: tHree-dIMensIonAl geologIC- HydrogeologIC MAPPIng Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

361 - Groundwater vulnerability mapping based on 3D lithostratigraphical models

Ducci Daniela*, Sellerino Mariangela** Department of Hydraulic, Geotechnical and Environmental Engineering - University of Naples Federico II, Italy

A computer based method was used to construct a 3D lithostratigraphical model of an aquifer for the purposes of evaluating aquifer vulnerability using GIS-supported point count system methods including DRASTIC and AVI. The 3D stratigraphical reconstruction was performed using Rock-works for an alluvial, coastal aquifer system in southern Italy, by interpolating stratigraphical data from at least one borehole for every two square kilometres. The reconstruction, revealed the primary aquifer as a sequence of thick alluvial and marine clastic sediments. The potentiometric surface was defined using potentiometric data.

DRASTIC input data for depth to water, impact of the vadose zone and aquifer media, were obtained not only by interpolation of data from single boreholes and piezometers, but from the 3D model. Scores were calculated for each layer extracted from the model. A comparison between the DRASTIC map constructed based on the weighted hydrogeological values in each borehole and the map constructed from the attribution of the aquifer media value for each layer of the 3D model, reveals that the second approach avoids or minimizes the plume effect linked to the presence of boreholes with higher or lower values.


The AVI method was also applied to the same study area. This method uses only two variables to formulate a vulnerability index: the thickness of each sedimentary layer above the uppermost saturated aquifer (d) and the estimated hydraulic conductivity of each of these layers (k). The authors suggest that this calculation should be completed for each borehole. In this study, the thickness and conductivity parameters were evaluated for layers obtained from the 3D model. The resulting vulnerability maps demonstrate that parameter layers prepared using the 3D model generate gradually changing boundaries between vulnerability classes. Sudden changes caused by data points are avoided. The main stratigraphical variations are along vertical paths, as would be expected in a sedimentary sequence.

855 - Three-Dimensional (Hydro)Geologic Characterization of an Immature Salar System, Olaroz-Cauchari Lithium Brine Deposit, ArgentinaLaura Weaver, Douglas Anderson & Daron AbbeyAquaResource, a division of Matrix Solutions Inc., Breslau, ON, CanadaMark King1, Marcella Casini2 & Waldo Perez2

1 Groundwater Insight Inc., Halifax, NS, Canada2 Lithium Americas, Toronto, ON, Canada

A hydrogeologic investigation was conducted to evaluate a lithium brine deposit found within the Olaroz-Cauchari Salar horst-graben basin of the Puna Plateau, Argentina. The proposed mine site is situated in the Argentinian Antiplano, an arid area of inland drainage in the central Andes, near the border of Chile and Bolivia. A hydrostratigraphic model was developed to represent the interpreted three-dimensional structure, spatial distribution, and interconnectedness of alternating sequences of fine-grained sediments, evaporitic beds, and sand strata.

The spatial distribution and interconnectedness of twenty-four regional hydrostratigraphic units were interpreted across the Olaroz-Cauchari basin using the available borehole, geophysical, hydraulic test data, and other data sources. In general, recent coarse-grained alluvial fan deposits and finer-grained mud, salted mud, and lesser sand and salt (halite) tend to be exposed at surface, and in the near surface zone. A mud complex of silt and clay with sandy lenses and discontinuous sand beds is persistent in subsurface under recent salar sediment. The mud complex is separated from an underlying salt complex by a discontinuous unit of sand with minor mud and salt content. Alternating units of salt (halite) and sand / mud characterize the salt complex. A laterally discontinuous mud body is interpreted to overlie a basal sand deposit. The hydrostratigraphic model provides the basic structure and input parameters for the brine model, which simulates groundwater / brine flow through the defined hydrostratigraphic units.

993 - Three Dimensional Mapping of a Lithium Brine Deposit to support a Mineral Reserve Estimate Douglas Anderson and Laura WeaverAquaResource, A division of Matrix Solutions Inc., Breslau, ON, CanadaDanilo Castillo Vera Maptek, Viña del Mar, Valparaíso, Chile

The development of a three-dimensional hydrostratigraphic envelope model in the Argentinian Altiplano for a junior mining start-up operation was described by Weaver et al. (this edition). This paper describes an extension of this work, within the constraints of available field data and a compressed project timeline, to develop of a three-dimensional map of the lithium brine field to support subsequent numeric flow and trans-port modelling and a mineral reserve estimate. The subsequent numeric flow and transport modelling is described in a subsequent paper by Anderson et al. (this edition).

For this component of the study, we utilized Ordinary Kriging (OK) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) algorithms to interpolate measurements and inferences of lithium concentrations throughout the study domain. We demonstrate that for practical resource estimation purposes, the differ-ence between these algorithms at our site with our data is minor. The application of advanced geostatistical methods is expected to improve the predictive certainty of the model, should the project proceed to production.

This paper discusses the evolution of the lithium brine model with the advancement of the exploration program and the handling of uncertainty at the edge of the model domain, away from the mineral resource and exploration areas, using control points derived from hydrogeological inferences. To aid practitioners, we describe differences in the interpolated concentration fields generated by various software packages (Vulcan, Leapfrog and SGeMS) and the transformation of these outputs from these packages into the groundwater modelling software, FEFLOW.


Poster sessIon: urBAn Hydrogeology Issues Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

235 - Determination of heavy metals in groundwater in three distinct areas of North LebanonMarie Tannous1, Joseph Haddad2 & Maguy Jabbour2

1 Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Science, Notre Dame University-Louiaze, Barsa, Koura, Lebanon2 Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and veterinary Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon

Heavy metals are ubiquitous in the environment and their consumption can create a potential hazard to human health. This study was under-taken to assess some of these heavy metals in drinking ground water of North Lebanon. Forty five ground water samples were collected from three different areas, the region of Bcharreh, a high mountain area, the region of Bessebaal, a semi industrial area and the region of Chekka, a sea level highly industrial area. Lead, chromium, zinc and copper were estimated using atomic absorption spectrometer. Our study revealed high concentration of lead in the Bessebaal and Chekka areas (0.1328mg/l, 0.3751mg/l, respectively); whereas chromium was estimated to be high in all three regions. Alternatively zinc showed a high concentration only in Bessebaal and Chekka (0.3715mg/l, 0.3216mg/l, respectively). This study shined the light on the importance of heavy metals screening in our drinking water hence suggesting the development of a successful programs for testing the quality of water sources before using it for drinking purpose.

248 - Hydrogeology of hard rock in urban areas, NW of Portugal: an integrated perspective

M.J. Afonso1, J. Teixeira1, L. Freitas1

1 Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, ISEP, Porto; GeoBioTec|UA, PortugalJ.M. Marques2 & H.I. Chaminé3

2 Instituto Superior Técnico, CEPGIST, Lisboa, Portugal3 Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, ISEP, Porto; GeoBioTec|UA, Portugal

Hydrogeological data acquisition in urban areas, in close connection with geotectonics and geomorphological features, is commonly the key to predict the possible negative impacts of surface water/groundwater interaction. Understanding the role of geomorphology is essential to accurately assess hydrogeological systems and groundwater resources. Coupling hydrogeomorphology and hydrogeology probably offer the best potential for reliable surface and groundwater studies and the assessment of the variability in geospatial param-eters, such as, lithological heterogeneity, structural geology features and geomorphology of a specific site. GIS provides a precise way to improve knowledge about groundwater and surface water circulation models and the global functioning of aquifer systems. Besides, they can help decision makers and managers to attain a sustainable use of the groundwater resources of a given area. Hard rock watersheds commonly exhibit complex geological bedrock and morphotectonic features. Furthermore, groundwater from hard rock aquifer systems provides a source of valuable water resources for several purposes, domestic, industrial and agricultural, as well as for public supply for small communities. This study attempts to synthesise the interactions between surface water and groundwater, in order to understand Porto urban area environmental systems under an integrative perspective. Porto urban area is one of the most densely populated regions of Portugal with circa 1 million of inhabitants, being located next to Douro River and the Atlantic Ocean. Different thematic maps were organised from several geo-databases namely lithology, lineament density, slope, drainage density, rainfall, net groundwater recharge and water quality. All these themes were assigned weights according to their relative importance to groundwater potentiality and their corresponding normalized weights were obtained based on their effectiveness factors. These maps were prepared and combined using GIS software with the purpose to elaborate a hydrogeomorphological map intended to delineate the infiltration and recharge potential areas. The generation of new hydro-thematic views in rapid response to specific problems greatly helps water resources management and decision making.


328 - The Impact of Urban Sprawl on Water Resources in ItalyMarco MasettiDipartimento di Scienze della Terra “Ardito Desio” – Università degli Studi di Milano, ItalyFulvio CelicoDipartimento di Scienze della Terra – Università degli Studi di Parma, ItalyGroundwater Research Centre – Università degli Studi del Molise, ItalyMarina De MaioDipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Ambiente, del Territorio e delle Infrastrutture - Politecnico di Torino, ItalyDaniela DucciDipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica, Geotecnica e Ambientale – Università degli Studi “Federico II” di Napoli, ItalyPaolo FabbriDipartimento di Geoscienze – Università degli Studi di Padova, ItalyIstituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse - CNR, Padova, ItalyAlessandro GarginiDipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geologico-Ambientali – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Italy

Urban sprawl in Italy is frequently related to the degradation of air quality, but its effect on water resources is not well known. Multidisciplinary research is in progress to: (a) identify correlations between urban sprawl and the occurrence of different contaminants (both chemical and microbiological), in both surface water and groundwater; (b) detect the possible negative impacts of sprawl on groundwater flow and recharge and its role in land subsidence and seawater intrusion; (c) verify the effectiveness of current land use planning and management policies for different areas; and (d) identify new solutions and perspectives in the prevention and/or mitigation of the impact of urban sprawl on groundwater quantity and quality.

To achieve these goals, a network of Italian hydrogeologists is working in different regions and environments (urban and industrial areas, plains and high mountains, alluvial, carbonate, hard rock and coastal aquifers), throughout Italy. To obtain a broad perspective, different urban scenari-os are being examined, such as large and small cities and contaminated sites with associated vehicle traffic and emissions into the atmosphere. Hydrogeological, hydrochemical, isotopic and biomolecular investigations and mathematical modelling initiatives are in progress at selected test sites affected by recent and fast sprawl; while existing data have been analysed from the statistical point of view with the aim of detecting possible trends in water quality over the last 10 years. In order to optimise test site selection, design the best experimental approach for each test site, and choose reliable models (conceptual and mathematical), a review of both the hydraulic features and the hydrogeological behaviour of the main aquifer systems in Italy has been carried out.

740 - Understanding Wetland-Groundwater Interactions near a Municipal Landfill Using Road Salt Derived Chloride as a Tracer Anthony Story, Maria Story, & Ken KormanStory Environmental Inc., Haileybury, Ontario, Canada

The effects of deicing salts on groundwater quality have been studied extensively, but relatively few studies have used road salt derived chloride to trace the interactions between surface water bodies such as wetlands and adjacent groundwater systems. In this study, historical chloride concentrations in a landfill monitoring well (“TW10”) are linked to the hydrologic behaviour of a small wetland 1.5 km downstream from a high-way in northeastern Ontario. The highway is built upon a ridge of outwash deposits dominated by sand and gravel. Road-salt impacted runoff from the highway flows into a wetland complex that discharges to a smaller wetland adjacent to the landfill contaminant attenuation zone. Fifteen years of landfill monitoring data are supplemented with more detailed field data collected from August 2011 to August 2012. Hydraulic heads within the surface water and groundwater systems have been monitored continuously using level loggers. A transect of shallow wells installed between the wetland and the landfill monitoring well is used to quantify hydrochemical gradients between the two systems.

Historically, chloride concentrations of up to 230 mg/L in the surface water have been recorded. Results of the study show that the adjacent wetland is a significant chloride source for monitoring well TW10, where chloride concentrations have historically varied from 4 to 72 mg/L. The higher end of this range is similar to chloride concentrations observed within nearby leachate-impacted monitoring wells in the contaminant attenuation zone, but total dissolved solids in the TW10 well is dominated by sodium and chloride. As a result, electrical conductivity (“EC”) of


water sampled from the TW10 monitoring well is highly correlated with chloride concentration. In contrast, the chemistry of leachate-impacted wells is elevated in several other landfill indicator parameters such as alkalinity and sulphate.

The detailed field study reveals that when the wetland contains water, it loses water to the adjacent riparian zone and groundwater systems: horizontal hydraulic gradients are persistently directed from the wetland toward the monitoring well. Temporal variability in hydraulic heads and chloride concentrations in the groundwater system are characterized by two distinct regimes – one associated with surface water actively flowing through the wetland and a second associated with periodic dewatering of the wetland during droughts. During the “active flow” regime, static hydraulic heads in TW10 do not often drop below 281.4 m.a.s.l., whereas TW10 heads appear to decline rapidly below 280.9 m.a.s.l. when the wetland dewaters, suggesting a tight coupling between the surface and groundwater systems across a riparian zone of ~40 metres. Even so, historical chloride concentrations in the wetland and the TW10 monitoring well are not correlated through time.

Historically, chloride concentrations in the TW10 monitoring well show a weak positive association with static hydraulic head measured in the well, consistent with the results of the more detailed field study which indicate horizontal flow of chloride-rich water through the riparian zone toward the well. But the field study also indicates that recharge of surface water to TW10 is not purely a function of water supply from the adjacent wetland. During wet periods, a small spring-fed streamlet delivers low-EC (<100 uS/cm) and low-chloride (<10 mg/L) water to the riparian zone, creating a chemical discontinuity between the higher-chloride surface water delivered from the upstream catchment and the local groundwater system.

The hydrogeological context of the upstream catchment is also significant. The permeable geology underlying the highway allows the road-salt-impacted waters to infiltrate the shallow subsurface and flow into a large wetland complex that feeds surface water into the small wetland near the landfill. Based on geological mapping, the existence of this larger wetland complex appears to be maintained by the proximity of bedrock at shallow depths, which may largely prevent the salt-rich surface water from interacting with the groundwater system until it reaches permeable outwash plain deposits again near the landfill.

This study highlights the importance of recognizing groundwater and surface water as interacting compartments of a single resource, and it also emphasizes that the interactions are multi-directional. De-icing salts applied to a highway surface can locally impact groundwater, but more distant impacts to groundwater are also possible via downstream transport through the surface water network.

747 - The complex hydrogeological setting of Rome (Italy)Roberto Mazza, Sara Taviani, Francesco La Vigna & Giuseppe Capelli Department of Geological Sciences – RomaTRE University, Rome, Italy

Hydrogeological studies on the area of Rome lead back to the 1960s. Since then, very interesting studies have been conducted, which were supported by large databases and, to a lesser extent, by analyses of the local hydrogeological setting. The study reported here was intended to fill a knowledge gap, by identifying the complex aquifers lying in the areas of the various sub-municipalities of Rome. To this end, many hundreds of stratigraphic logs and many tens of geological profiles were collected, validated and filed. By correlating the georeferenced stratigraphic data and relying on Geographic Information system (GIS), the surfaces of the main hydrogeological systems of the Alban Unit (underlying most of the city of Rome) were reconstructed.

A survey was conducted for a few months in 2006 with a view to updating piezometric data collected from over one thousand wells and piezom-eters. By analysing the hydrogeological map and the numerous profiles realized, the relations between groundwater flow at the roof of the basal aquifer and the hydrographic network were established. Additionally, water table contours made it possible to determine the main groundwater flowpaths and the different piezometric gradients of the aquifers residing in the various geological units of Rome.

In the western sector of the investigated area, on the right bank of the Tiber River, groundwater circulation appeared to be controlled by the NW-SE-oriented structural high of Mount Mario. The natural drainage of the Sabatini Mts. aquifer towards the sea and the Tiber is obstructed by the structural high of Monte Mario and thus deviated south-westwards and eastwards. Conversely, on the left bank of the river, the thick Alban aquifer is less affected by the clayey bedrock (lying at lower elevation); consequently, it abundantly recharges all the streams that have reached the roof of the basal aquifer. In parallel with hydrogeological studies, surveys were carried out to monitor the physio-chemical parameters of local groundwater. These surveys clearly showed that the waters from the Roman aquifers fall under different thermal and electrical conductivity classes. Multiple indicators evidenced that groundwater characteristics are affected by the rising of endogenous fluids in some areas of the city and on local pollution phenomena in other ones.


784 - Solute transport monitoring in the Ljubljana urban aquiferBranka Trček Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia Andrej JurenGeoSi do.o. Geological Institute, Ljubljana, SloveniaAlbrecht LeisLaboratory Centre for Isotope Hydrology and Environmental Analytics

Groundwater from a Pleistocene sandy-gravel aquifer is an invaluable drinking water resource for the city of Ljubljana (Slovenia), as well as for the Union brewery, which is located within an industrialized area near the centre of Ljubljana. A big part of the aquifer recharge area is highly urbanized, which represents a great risk to the groundwater quality. The aquifer is divided into two parts – the upper and lower aquifer. The groundwater with higher quality is exploited from the lower aquifer, which is bounded by an impermeable barrier from the contaminated upper aquifer.

Extensive monitoring of solute transport was performed in the brewery catchment area with the intention to analyze the contamination risk to drinking-water resources. The problems related to solute transport under different hydrodynamic conditions, groundwater age and unregulated contaminants were stressed. Hence, the monitoring based on continuous measurements of hydrodynamic parameters and of physico-chemical water parameters (T, SEC) and on groundwater sampling for herbicide, isotope, trace elements and trace gas analyses. The statistical processing of trace elements data defined the geogenic background of sampled waters on one hand and the anthropogenic impacts on the other hand. The monitoring of herbicides resulted in identification of an unknown compound with base ion m/z 147. Its source could be lubricant contain-ing alkylsubstituted benzotriazoles, metal corrosion inhibitor or degradation of fungicide. Trace gas measurements, tritium investigations and dissolved noble gas concentrations in groundwater provided valuable information on recharge temperatures and enabled 3H−3He groundwater age-dating with the use of physically based interpretive models. The groundwater residence time ranges between 10 and 30 years.

The monitoring results indicated possible contaminant inflow into the Union brewery area, pointed out the risk of pollution breakthrough into the lower gravel aquifer and served the development of a local hydraulic model that enables scenario simulations on movement of contaminants towards the saturated zone of the lower aquifer.

Poster sessIon: VAdose Zone ProCesses Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

615 - A Temporary Hillslope Wetland Exposed: Lessons from the Destruction of a Sensitive EcosystemMatthys Dippenaar & Nelda BreedtDepartment of Geology – University or Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa

Construction of a building exposed approximately 2,000 m2 of a temporary hillslope wetland. The site is underlain by Lenasia Gneiss and situated in the densely developed Gauteng Province of South Africa where development has disturbed the bulk of the pristine sites. Despite the destruction of a sensitive site and the legal action following this construction (as the site has since been classified as a wetland), exposure of a 150 m cross-section down-slope now allows clear visual representation of the physiology of a wetland. Frequent sampling from the hill crest to the gully (approximately 200 m in length) and analyses for soil grading properties, density, moisture content, mineralogical composition and chemical constituents superimposed on a detailed soil profile description now supply a clearer understanding of the hydrological and chemical processes forming and affecting wetlands. Distinct pedogenesis in the form of ferricrete is present and – based on porosity estimates – serve as the perched zone causing the periodical inundated conditions. This perched ferricrete horizon is underlain by unsaturated fractured tonalitic gneiss and therefore results in a fractured vadose zone occurring between the perched wetland conditions and the permanent water table. Field hydraulic testing and empirical estimations of soil hydraulic properties add additional information to conceptually understand the flow directions and rates through the system, and mineralogy and chemistry of site materials clarify the vertical variation of site materials.


727 - Monitoring of infiltration processes by time lapse electrical resistivity tomography (ERT): a tentative guidelineNoell, U., Lamparter, A. & Schildknecht, F.Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Hannover, GermanyGanz, C.Institute for Soil Science, Leibniz University, Hannover, Germany

The infiltration process through the vadose zone is obscure and probing with usual subsurface devices such as TDR-probes and tensiometers returns only very local information on water content and tension. Contrary to this, ERT returns minimal invasively indirect information about water content on greater areas. Therefore a combination of both methods permits the “calibration” of the indirect ERT measurements and expansion of the punctual water content and tension measurements. This quite straight forward sounding attempt, however, presents several pitfalls. Those are reduced if the following tentative guidelines are adhered to. Firstly: 3D ERT measurements and interpretation is called for on account of the heterogeneity of the vadose zone and the processes therein. Secondly: The electrode spacing should be in the range of the structures to be resolved in the vadose zone. Thirdly: The depth of investigation should include the upper part of the saturated zone (if possible). Fourthly: The infiltration should be done using normal rain water if a quantitative assessment is needed. Fifthly: A combination device for local water content and resistivity measurements increases the certainty of the “calibration”.

These guidelines were developed based on the analysis of ERT monitoring of infiltration experiments in sand and loess. During these experiments for independent proof of the ERT results a tracer was applied and TDR and tensiometers were installed underneath the infiltration area. The ex-perimental areas were excavated days after the infiltration. The quantitative interpretation was achieved by a combination of laboratory and field measurements to establish the Archie function relating resistivity to water content. In sand the advancing infiltration front was cone-shaped with decreasing horizontal extent which was caused by a reduced wettability. Observations from the ERT were able to accurately detect this effect. In spite of many still open questions with regard to inversion artefacts, biased quantitative interpretation due to changing pore water conductivity and limited resolution the results show valuable contributions of ERT towards understanding infiltration processes in the vadose zone.

Poster sessIon: young sCIentIsts-sHoWCAsIng reseArCH oF eArly CAreer HydrogeologIsts Great Room A / Great Room Foyer

342 - Feasibility Study of In-Situ Bioremediation for Volatile Organic Compound Contamination in Shallow Groundwater at a Waste Disposal Site in Eastern ThailandPeerapong Soonthorndecha1, Fairda Malem1, Schradh Saenton2, and Orapin Chienthavorn3

1 Environmetal Research and Training Center, Department of Environmental Quality Promotion,Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand2 Department of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Thailand3 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Thailand

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been released from a waste disposal site into the shallow groundwater system within an industrial complex along the eastern coastline of Thailand. The contaminated groundwater plume primarily contains cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC) with concentrations much higher than Thailand’s groundwater standards. This contaminated groundwater poses human health risks to downstream communities. For this and other reasons, this east coast site was chosen to use an in-situ bioremediation system to remove the VOCs from the groundwater. Our research investigated the potential of in-situ bioremediation for the treatment of VOCs in shallow groundwater. The target was to reduce the concentrations of cis-DCE to below 70ug/L and VC to below 2 ug/L, which are Thailand’s regulated groundwater standards. The remediation site’s main controlling factor was nutrient addition which significantly increased the microbial popula-tions which in turn enhanced the efficiency of VOC removal. The remedial performance shows that after about 400 days of substrate injection, concentrations of cis-DCE decreased from 387 ug/L to 10 ug/L, which is below the remediation goal; and VC concentrations decreased from 610 ug/L to 18 ug/L, which is short of the 2 ug/L goal. However, it appears to be continuously decreasing.


377 - The use of nitrogen and oxygen isotopes to distinguish nitrate sources in groundwater at anti-tank training rangesGenevieve Bordeleau & Richard MartelInstitut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS-ETE), Quebec City, QC. CanadaMartine M. SavardGeological Survey of Canada, Quebec City, QC, CanadaGuy Ampleman & Sonia ThiboutotDefence Research and Development Canada – Valcartier, Quebec City, QC. Canada

Nitroglycerin (NG) has often been detected in soils and sometimes in groundwater from the unsaturated zone at the firing position of anti-tank training ranges, due to the use of propellants. Degradation of NG in the environment has been sparsely documented, however the presence of high nitrate (NO

3-) concentrations in groundwater at NG-contaminated sites suggests that natural attenuation is occurring. However, NO

3- may

come from various sources, so concentrations alone cannot identify NG as the source of NO3-, or cannot determine which degradation processes

are involved in NG natural attenuation. The objectives of this study were therefore to document the isotopic ratios (δ15N, δ18O) corresponding to the different degradation processes affecting NG, and to verify whether they are distinct from the ratios of other potential NO

3- sources. To

do so, a series of samples coming from NG biodegradation, photodegradation, combustion, and mixed sub-surface degradation processes has been generated. The sub-surface processes are not defined specifically but represent all processes that contributed to NO

3- production in soil

column experiments contaminated with the propellant. In parallel, groundwater samples were collected at different depths in the unsaturated zone at an anti-tank firing position which has surface soils contaminated with high NG concentrations.

The results show that photodegradation and biodegradation of NG do not release significant amounts of NO3- in groundwater. The isotopic ratios

in groundwater samples fall within the isotopic domains of natural soil NO3-, septic waste and manure, but they are also consistent with NG

combustion and sub-surface degradation processes. A decrease in δ15N and δ18O with increasing depth has been observed, and is a unique feature that has not been documented before for vertical NO

3- transport. The vertical trend in groundwater, combined with the δ15N and δ18O

values associated with NG combustion and sub-surface processes, indicate that combustion is the dominant contributor to NO3- near the soil

surface (which is related to the combustion of propellant during ammunition firing), and as depth increases, sub-surface degradation processes become more important. The sub-surface processes responsible for degradation are currently being investigated.

493 - An evaluation of the importance of factors influencing seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers subject to climate change: A case study from Atlantic CanadaNathan Green & Kerry MacQuarrieDepartment of Civil Engineering - University of New Brunswick,Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada

The potential impacts of climate change and sea level rise on coastal aquifers have been the focus of a number of recent studies. In many cases, simplified modelling approaches have been used to investigate the relative importance of hydrologic factors; such as recharge rates, sea level rise and groundwater pumping. In this work, a three-dimensional numerical model of density dependent groundwater flow coupled with solute transport was developed and applied to a coastal sandstone aquifer in New Brunswick, Canada. The model incorporated local topography, bathymetry of the surrounding tidal rivers and Northumberland Strait, stratigraphy from bore-hole and geophysical investigations, and well field characteristics. Based on predictions of climate change for the area, two scenarios for variations in groundwater recharge and sea level rise, and one for increased pumping, were applied in the model. Simulations were performed using various combinations of the different scenarios to quantify the magnitude of the effects of these three factors. The maximum change in total dissolved solids at selected locations within the model during the period of 2011 to 2100 was used as the response in a 23 factorial analysis. Results indicate that the relative importance of the three factors (i.e. groundwater recharge, sea level rise and pumping) changes depending on the location. The effect of generally declining recharge was most significant at shallow to intermediate depths (i.e. less than 60 m below sea level), while the effect of increasing pumping rates was most important for a location relatively close to the well field. The effect of sea level rise was found to be significant only at much larger depths characteristic of the inland toe of the transition zone. Although sea level rise is receiving significant attention in developed coastal areas because of the consequences for infrastructure and erosion, we suggest it has the least significant effect (out of the three factors considered) on


future seawater intrusion in shallow to intermediate aquifers; similar to the one investigated in this study. These results are supported by other recent studies that indicate the effect of sea level rise on seawater intrusion is negligible when freshwater flow in the aquifer is controlled by constant flux boundaries.

540 - Spatial and Temporal Hydrogeochemical Study of Southwestern Ontario’s Breathing Well RegionFreckelton CN1, Hamilton SM2 & Longstaffe FJ1

1 Department of Earth Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada2 Sedimentary Geosciences Section, Ontario Geological Survey, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

A spatial and temporal hydrogeochemical study was carried out over a 1000 km2 breathing well zone within a Middle Devonian carbonate karstic aquifer system in southwestern Ontario. Breathing wells are unusual in that they either draw in or emit large volumes of air, depending on fluctu-ations in atmospheric pressure. This process allows exchange of gases between the atmosphere and subsurface; quite commonly the expelled gases are depleted of oxygen. In order to better understand this unique atmosphere-geosphere connection, geochemical, hydraulic, barometric, geospatial and statistical analysis techniques were used to investigate the distribution and degree of interconnectivity within the breathing well region. Regionally, 102 sites were sampled for groundwater characterization; more locally, 10 breathing well sites were monitored monthly over one year. Groundwater was analyzed for major, minor and trace inorganic constituents, tritium, and hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions. Carbon isotopic compositions of dissolved inorganic carbon, and sulphur and oxygen isotopic compositions of dissolved sulphate, were also measured. Well and stratigraphic records show that most wells affected by the breathing phenomena are drilled through the Dundee Formation and finished in the underlying Lucas Formation bedrock aquifer. The thickness of unsaturated void space enabling breathing episodes varies among wells but is in the order of meters to tens of metres. The extent of oxygen depletion in exhaled gases ranges widely, demonstrating that the breathing system has variable atmospheric connection. The regional distributions of groundwater types demonstrate that hydrogeological conditions have a strong influence on groundwater chemistry within the breathing well zone. Groundwater facies are dominantly Na-Ca-HCO

3,

Ca-Mg-HCO3, Ca-Sr-HCO

3, and Ca-Mg-SO

4. Significant concentrations of trace ions have also been detected (Ag+, Cu2+, Fe+, Mg2+, Ag+,

Zn2+), along with variable amounts of dissolved oxygen. High Sr2+ and celestite saturation occur in some areas, and is suggestive of celestite dissolution. Stable isotopic data for dissolved sulphate suggest sulphide oxidation at some locations, which could be responsible for local, high concentrations of certain metals within the breathing well zone.

624 - Alternative approaches for small-scale rural drinking water supply in hilly India – seeking sustainability and energy independenceT. Voltz, C. Sandhu & T. GrischekUniversity of Applied Sciences Dresden, Division of Water Sciences, Dresden, GermanyR. IrmscherStadtwerke Heidelberg, Germany

A ubiquitous problem in the hill regions of the small North-Indian state of Uttarakhand remains source sustainability. Small-scale water supply schemes for many remote villages and towns rely on gravity-driven high-elevation surface water sources fed mostly by rainwater. Owing to the monsoon climate, these springs and streams are prone to running low or even dry in the summer months leading up to the next rainy season (mid-June to mid-September), often falling below water demand and requiring that drinking water be delivered via tanker trucks. During the monsoon itself, flow in these streams can increase dramatically, leading to erosion of soil and movement of boulders, which can bury or dam-age water supply intakes and pipelines installed in and near the stream channel. Also at risk are the state grid electrical connections, used for example to run pumps for water disinfection or transport. During the 2011 monsoon alone, more than 50% of surface water schemes in the hill regions of Uttarakhand were damaged to varying degrees. Affected components must then be replaced or repaired in the following months. These adverse conditions require a substantial, recurring annual investment of time and resources by the caretaker organization Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan (UJS).

One innovative solution devised in the late 1990s by UJS to combat these problems is the use of “Koop” wells (Hindi for “cylinder”), which are embedded in the beds of the source streams. By being buried, the Koop well is better protected from damage brought by high flows compared to boulder-filled galleries, and also provides increased access to substream water later into the dry season. This is one example from a wide


palette of possible technological applications that can further the goal of a sustainable, independent water supply – a fundamental requirement for every human settlement. This concept should be expanded to include consideration of any necessary additional energy requirements, with the goal that these be met by renewable, off-grid sources. This poster will expand on alternative approaches for this concept (given varying local conditions), elements of which can include: disinfectant dosing pumps powered by micro turbines in pipes; coupled turbine-pump supply units; photovoltaic and wind generators; and supplementary tapping of groundwater.

636 - The status of groundwater protection in Serbia and the implications of new regulationsSobodan Vujasinović, Zoran Stevanović, Ivan Matić, Jelena Zarić & Saša MilanovićUniversity of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Department of Hydrogeology, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia

Some 75% of the public water supply is abstracted from groundwater resources from different types of aquifers: intergranular in alluvial and terrace deposits, karst aquifers and artesian aquifers of Neogene basins. Beside the fact that Serbia still uses certain freshwater aquifers that represent real natural reserves of high-quality water, the state of groundwater protection and quality is wholly unsatisfactory. A new legislation for sanitary protection zones for groundwater sources was introduced in 2008. The new rulebook takes the time of infiltration into account as well as the distance of the intake structure from the protection zone. The new legislation separately deals with karst, fracture and intergranular environments. The time of infiltrated water propagation for the second zone of sanitary protection in a porous environment of an intergranulary type is equal to 50 days, while it amounts to one day in a karst-fracture type. Areas with intensive percolation, such as sinkholes, ponors and faults could be assigned under the first zone as highly vulnerable. The implementation of the new legislation is challenging in practice, related to the application of new regulations to existing groundwater sources. Many of them have functioned for decades, and their position is now threatened due to intensive urbanization or industrialization, which have made the establishing of a zone of sanitary protection according to the new regulations difficult. According to monitoring data for the period from 2007 to 2011, the quality of raw water collected in most of the groundwater sources is satisfactory while monitoring is not being implemented in accordance with the new regulations. In 2007, out of 155 central water supply systems controlled, 29% of the waterworks had simultaneous physical-chemical and microbiological irregularities. Of the 128 tested groundwater sources in 2011, only 36 have a complete Report about groundwater sanitary protection zones. Serbia is the first country in the region to have a complete map of groundwater vulnerability on a national level (1:500.000), which provides a good basis for future spatial planning, as well as preventive protection of the most important and still not exploited groundwater resources.

660 - Recharge Processes and Dynamics in Intergranular Aquifer Investigated through Isotopic Composition of Spring Water: Case Study of River Radovna Springs (Slovenia, Europe)Anja TorkarDepartment of Geology – University of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Ljubljana, SloveniaMihael BrenčičDepartment of Geology – University of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia Department of Hydrogeology, Geological Survey of Slovenia, Ljubljana, SloveniaPolona VrečaJožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Springs of the River Radovna are situated in the north-eastern part of Slovenia, (Southern Alps), South-Central Europe. The spring water discharges through several diffuse springs located in fluvioglacial sediments, which cover the bottom of the valley. The recharge area for the springs is positioned in high mountains which consist of karstified limestones. The River Radovna is 17 km long, almost entirely groundwater flow dominated, where several visible and invisible inflows from karstified limestone are presented. Appearances of karstic springs in the valley are related to the contact between Quaternary sediments filling the valley and carbonate rocks forming slopes of the valley. Discharge of the springs fluctuates considerably and is heavily related to snow melting period. During low flow period some of the springs dry up.

For better understanding of the recharge processes and the dynamics of Radovna springs, systematic monitoring of water chemistry and stable isotopes of hydrogen, oxygen and dissolved inorganic carbon was carried out during the years 2005 and 2008. Isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon varied between -5‰ and -14‰. Isotopic composition of hydrogen and oxygen varied between -53‰ and -83‰, and between -7.0‰ and -11.8‰, respectively. For an even better understanding of processes further detailed investigations started in 2011. Instruments were built in for continuous


measurements of groundwater level and water discharge. According to previously known data, the groundwater level fluctuates by more than 10 meters. Furthermore, water sampling for stable isotope analysis of hydrogen and oxygen is performed twice a month. Spring waters as well as river and ground-water samples are collected at different locations. In addition, monthly precipitation samples are collected at nearest precipitation station. For better char-acterisation of geological structure, investigations with ground-penetrating radar (50 MHz antenna) were made. With the ongoing monitoring and with the data already obtained, the preliminary results of the dynamics of groundwater and consequently the discharge dynamics of springs will be presented.

766 - Rigorous sampling in long-screen wellsLindsay McMillan, Michael Rivett & John TellamDepartment of Earth Sciences – University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UKPeter DumbleWaterra In-Situ, Solihull, West Midlands, UKHelen SharpEnvironment Agency, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK

Low-flow and passive sampling devices and methodologies have been developed to reduce the costs associated with well-volume purge sampling and minimise the inherent bias involved in sampling in short-screen (<3m) wells. The perceived cost/time savings these methods deliver mean their use in long-screen wells is desirable. However, their suitability is less certain and remains largely untested. Vertical flows that may not be present in short-screen wells are likely to be the rule as screen length increases. The magnitude and direction of vertical flows determines whether the sample is biased towards the zones with highest conductivity, highest head or some combination of the two. Without flow delineation, it can be difficult to optimally position the sampling device in the screened interval and accurately relate water quality samples to in-aquifer contamination distribution.

Numerical modelling demonstrates conceptually the types of flow patterns seen under passive and low-flow sampling conditions in long-screen wells. Heterogeneity, anisotropy, the magnitude of regional vertical gradients, borehole screen length and penetration, and sampling device position are all important controls on sample origin in the formation. Four boreholes in a nitrate-contaminated area of the East Yorkshire chalk provide a case study site. Flow delineation helps explain the differences in water quality samples with depth and between boreholes. It provides increased understanding of the water quality distribution in the surrounding formation and the possible capture zones of the individual boreholes.

932 - Analysis of groundwater resources availability in complex fissured-porous aquifers. Example of the Ścinawka River catchment, Sudety Mts., SW PolandLinda Chudzik*, Rafał Serafin*, Maciej Kłonowski**Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute, Lower Silesian Branch, Jaworowa 19, 53-122 Wrocław, Poland,

The Ścinawka River flows throughout the transboundary area of SW Poland and N Czech Republic. It is situated within the intrasudetic basin, in the Middle Sudety Mts. and belongs to the Baltic Sea catchment. The total area of the Ścinawka River catchment is 591.76 km2, while the length of the river course is 63.85 km. This poster presents the results of the studies conducted in the Ścinawka River catchment since 2006 and refers to its upper and lower parts located in Poland. The research focuses on the issue of groundwater circulation as well as quantity and availability of groundwater resources. The studied area shows very complex geological and hydrogeological settings. The sedimentary series of the intrasudetic basin form a multilayered confined aquifer system. Its major part is composed of Permian sandstones, conglomerates and volcanites with insertions of gypsum, overlaid by Upper Cretaceous and lower Triassic sandstones. In the NE part of the basin Carboniferous sandstones and Paleozoic crystalline rocks occur as well. Groundwater flow takes place mainly in the fissured-porous and fissured aquifers. Fluvial sands and gravels, forming a shallow, unconfined, porous aquifer, are limited to the valley of the Ścinawka River.

Hydrogeological conditions, including groundwater dynamics and recharge, were studied based upon observations of spring discharge and groundwater table fluctuation. Discharge of about 80% of the observed springs was below 1 (l∙s-1) and higher values were measured for the springs located within the fault zones only. Chemical composition of groundwater was determined for 28 selected locations – springs and observation wells. Dominating anions are SO

42+ and to lesser extent HCO

3-, while major cations are Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+.

The results of this research cannot prove the hitherto prevailing opinions referring to scarce groundwater resources within the studied area. It should be rather stressed that the groundwater occurrence within the fissured-porous and fissured aquifers of the Ścinawka River catchment strongly depend on the geological settings, especially lithology and tectonics. The results show that some faults and tectonic zones are prefer-ential flow paths for groundwater, therefore future groundwater exploitation wells should be placed at such locations.

39th international association of hydrogeologists congress

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