3-D Printing :Non-toxic biocompatible medical implants

3D PRINTING3D printing or Additive manufacturing is a process of making a three-dimensional solid object of virtually any shape from a digital model.In medical use standard DICOM-based data from CAT and MRI scans is converted to Standard Tessellation Language (STL) format.

3-D Printing : NON-TOXIC biocompatible medical

implants• Two-photon polymerization is a

3-D printing technique for making small-scale solid structures from many types of photoreactive liquid precursors.

• A naturally-occurring compound called riboflavin, which is better known as vitamin B2, has made it possible to 3D-print non-toxic medical implants.

Mechanism [3-D printing from vitamin B-2]

• Riboflavin is used as a photo initiator which is a chemical in a 3D printer that is activated by light (usually from a laser) that allows the 3D printing ink to polymerize and solidify.

• With a titanium-sapphire laser as a light source, the researchers created 3D, honeycomb like scaffolds, and then lined the scaffolds with cells from a cow's aorta.

Mechanical Aspects

• Parts of 3d printer:• Print head and print base• Bionik , extracellular

matrix in which cells are arranged in particular manner layer by layer.

• Extracellular matrix should have same viscous properties as embryonic tissue

Electronics Aspects

• Customization using MRI Scan• 3D models of the patients skull are developed using MRI scans as well as CT scans

Heart Treatment• 3-D elastic membrane made of a soft, flexible, silicon material that is precisely

shaped to match the heart's epicardium, or the outer layer of the wall of the heart.

• Then we can print tiny sensors onto the membrane that can precisely measure temperature, mechanical strain and pH, among other markers, or deliver a pulse of electricity in cases of arrhythmia.

• Those sensors could assist physicians with determining the health of the heart, deliver treatment or predict an impending heart attack before a patient exhibits any physical signs.

Mathematics Aspects

• Fubini's theorem, named after the Italian mathematician Guido Fubini, states that an object of n dimensions can be represented as a spectrum of layers of shapes of n-1 dimensional layers. This means that a 3 dimensional shape can be portrayed as layers of 2 dimensional shapes. In 3d printing technology this means that we are able to express any 3d object as layers of 2d planes.

3-D Printing the Programmer’s angle

• In 3d printers input is given through a 3d scanner or a CAD program

• The model information is then transferred to the printer , the printer then deposits various materials layer by layer to build a 3d object.

3D Modeling Software Openscad is a parametric CAD

(Computer Aided Design) program that allows you to create 3D models based on lines of code with parameters. It works similar to a programming language and its advantage over standard CAD programs is that it’s really easy to change dimensions (parameters) on the model.

Some other softwares are: Art of Illusion Blender 

• Some of the small scale softwares are written in python or java for cross platform compatibility.

• Makerbot has also developed a refined engine that converts a 3D object into g-code called Miracle-Grue which is C++ based.

digital file of the 3D model

(.stl)

software program to ‘slice’ the

model

software program to ‘talk’ to the

printer

SCOPE