3d printining report

8/17/2019 3d Printining Report

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1. Introduction 3D printing is a form of additive manufacturing

technology where a three dimensional object is

created by laying down successive layers of

material. It is also known as Additive

manufacturing. A method of AdditiveManufacturing that adds material to an object

layer by layer to create the final product. It can

“print in plastic! metal! nylon! and over a

hundred other materials. A 3D printer is a type

of industrial robot.

"here are many uses of 3D #rinting e.g.

architecture! construction! industrial design!

engineering! dental and medical industries!

biotech $human tissue replacement%! fashion! 3D Printer

footwear! jewelry! education! geographic information systems! food! and many other fields."he cost of 3D printers has decreased dramatically since about &'('! with machines that used to

cost )&'!''' now costing less than )(!'''. *or instance! as of &'(3! several companies and

individuals are selling parts! with prices starting at about +,''-/)0''.

2. History

"he technology for printing physical 3D

objects from digital data was first developed

by Charles Hull in (12,. e named the

techni4ue as /tereo lithography and obtained

a patent for the techni4ue in (125. In /tereo

lithography layers are added by curing

photopolymers with 6 lasers. e also

developed the /"7 $/tereolithography%

widely accepted by 3D printing software.

STL is a file format native to the 8AD

Charles Hull

$8omputer Aided Design% software created by 3D /ystems. Stereolithography is a 9system for

generating three: dimensional objects by creating a cross:sectional pattern of the object to be

formed. /"7 is also known as Standard Tessellation Language. "his file format is supported

by many other software packages. It is widely used for computer:aided manufacturing.In (113! Massachusetts Institute of "echnology $MI"% patented another technology! named 93

Dimensional #rinting techni4ues9! which is similar to the inkjet technology used in &D #rinters.

In (115! three major products! 9;enisys9 from /tratasys! 9Actua &(''9 from 3D /ystems and

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Modelin

g Printing

Finishin

g

3. General Principal

#rincipals of 3D printing have three parts.

a) Modeling

3 !odeling is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any three:

dimensional sur"ace of an object via speciali=ed software. "he product is called a 3 !odel.

It can be displayed as a two:dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering or

used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena. "he model can also be physically

created using 3D printing devices.

Models may be created automatically or manually. "he manual modeling process is 8AD

$computer aided design% or automatically is 3D scanner.• 8omputer Aided Design is software used for computer system to help in the creation!

modification! analysis of a design. 8AD software is used to increase the productivity of

the designer! improve the 4uality of design! improve communications through

documentation! and to create a database for manufacturing.

Fig. 1 Bridge on CAD

• 3D scanning is possible by 3D scanner. 3 scanner is a device that analyses a real:world

object or environment to collect data on its shape and possibly its appearance $e.g.

colour%. "he collected data can then be used to construct digital three:dimensional

models. It is process of analy=ing and collecting digital data on the shape and appearance

of a real object. >ased on this data! three:dimensional models of the scanned object can

then be produced.

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Many different technologies can be used to build

these 3D:scanning devices each technology comes

with its own limitations! advantages and costs.

Many limitations in the kind of objects that can be

digiti=ed are still present! for e?ample! optical

technologies encounter many difficulties with

shiny! mirroring or transparent objects. *or

e?ample! 3D printing can be used to construct 3D

models.

8ollected 3D data is useful for a wide variety of

applications. "hese devices are used e?tensively

by the entertainment industry in the production of

movies and video games. @ther common

applications of this technology include industrialdesign and architectural engineering.

Fig. 2 3D scanner

#) Printing

>efore printing a 3D model from an /"7 file! it must first be processed by a piece of software called a 9slicer9 which converts the model into a series of thin layers and produces a;:code file containing instructions tailored to a specific printer. G$code which has manyvariants is the common name for the most widely used numerical control $8% programminglanguage. It is used mainly in computer:aided manufacturing for controlling automatedmachine tools. ;:code is sometimes called G progra!!ing language.

"he 3D printer follows the ;:code instructions to lay down successive layers of li4uid! powder! paper or sheet material to build the model from a series of cross sections. "heselayers! which correspond to the virtual cross sections from the 8AD model! are joined or automatically fused to create the final shape. "he primary advantage of this techni4ue is itsability to create almost any shape or geometric feature.#rinter resolution describes layer thickness and B:C resolution in dots per inch $D#I% or micrometers $m%. "ypical layer thickness is around ('' m $&0' D#I%! although somemachines such as the Objet Connex series and 3D /ystems ProJet series can print layers asthin as (5 m $(!5'' D#I%. B:C resolution is comparable to that of laser printers. "he particles $3D dots% are around 0' to ('' m $0(' to &0' D#I% in diameter.

8onstruction of a model with contemporary methods can take anywhere from several hoursto several days! depending on the method used and the si=e and comple?ity of the model.

Additive systems can typically reduce this time to a few hours! although it varies widely

depending on the type of machine used and the si=e and number of models being produced

simultaneously.

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"raditional techni4ues like injection moulding can be less e?pensive for manufacturing

polymer products in high 4uantities! but additive manufacturing can be faster! more fle?ible

and less e?pensive when producing relatively small 4uantities of parts. 3D printers give

designers and concept development teams the ability to produce parts and concept models

using a desktop si=e printer.

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c) %inishing

"hough the printer:produced resolution is sufficient for many applications! printing a slightly

oversi=ed version of the desired object in standard resolution and then removing material

with a higher:resolution subtractive process can achieve greater precision.

/ome additive manufacturing techni4ues are capable of using multiple materials in the course

of constructing parts. /ome are able to print in multiple colors and color combinations

simultaneously. /ome also utili=e supports when building. /upports are removable or

dissolvable upon completion of the print! and are used to support overhanging features during

construction.

Fig. 3 Process of 3D printing

Ho& 3 printing &or's in #loc' diagra!($

Fig. 4

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It is a block diagram for 3D printing working. In this we show on no.( original object to coffee

mug. *irst we have modeling by scanning or 8AD. In this no.& object digiti=ed in 8AD. After

that we have printing by printer but before use printer make /"7 file for slices.

. Processes

/everal different 3D printing processes have been invented since the late (1E's. "he printerswere originally large! e?pensive! and highly limited in what they could produce. A large number

of additive processes are now available. "he main differences between processes are in the way

layers are deposited to create parts and in the materials that are used. /ome methods melt or

soften material to produce the layers! e.g. selective laser melting $/7M%! selective laser sintering

$/7/%! fused deposition modeling $*DM%! while others cure li4uid materials using different

sophisticated technologies! e.g. /tereolithography $/7A%.

Fach method has its own advantages and drawbacks! which is why some companies

conse4uently offer a choice between powder and polymer for the material used to build the

object. @ther companies sometimes use standard! off:the:shelf business paper as the build

material to produce a durable prototype. "he main considerations in choosing a machine aregenerally speed! cost of the 3D printer! cost of the printed prototype! cost and choice of

materials! and color capabilities.

#rinters that work directly with metals are e?pensive. In some cases! however! less e?pensive

printers can be used to make a mould! which is then used to make metal parts.

Technologies Materials

Fused deposition

modeling (FDM)

Thermoplastics (e.g. PLA, AB!, "#P$, e%tectic metals,

edi&le materials, '%&&er (%gr%!, Modeling cla,

Plasticine, 'T) silicone, Metal cla

Robocasting *eramic Materials, Metal allo, cermet, metal matri+composite, ceramic matri+ composite

Electron Beam

Freeform Fabrication

(EBF3)

Almost an metal allo

Direct metal laser

sintering (DMLS)

Almost an metal allo

Electron-beam

melting (EBM)

Almost an metal allo incl%ding Titani%m allos

Selective laser

melting (SLM)

Titani%m allos, *o&alt *hrome allos, tainless teel,

Al%mini%m

Selective eat

sintering (S!S)

Thermoplastic poder

Selective laser

sintering (SLS)

Thermoplastics, metal poders, ceramic poders

"laster-based 3D

printing ("")

Plaster

Laminated ob#ect Paper, metal -oil, plastic lm

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manufacturing

(L$M)

Stereolitograp%

(SL&)

Photopolmer

i. %used deposition !odeling

*used deposition modeling $*DM% was developed by /. /cott 8rump in the late (12's and was

commerciali=ed in (11' by /tratasys. It is an additive manufacturing technology commonly used

for modeling! prototyping! and production applications.

In fused deposition modeling the model or part is

produced by e?truding small beads of material

which harden immediately to form layers. A

thermoplastic filament or metal wire that is wound

on a coil is unreeled to supply material to an

e?trusion no==le head. "he no==le head heats the

material and turns the flow on and off. "ypically

stepper motors or servo motors are employed to

move the e?trusion head and adjust the flow. "he

head can be moved in both hori=ontal and vertical

directions! and control of the mechanism is typically

done by a computer:aided manufacturing $8AM%

software package running on a microcontroller.

Fig. 5 FDM

1. Nole eje!ting "olten #lasti!

2. De#osited "aterial

3. Controlled "o$able table

In this various polymers are used! including "hermoplastic! eutectic metals! edible materials!

Gubber $/ugru%! Modeling clay! #lasticine! G"6 silicone! Metal clay $including #recious Metal8lay%

ii. La!inated o#*ect !anu"acturing

In some printers! paper can be used as the buildmaterial! resulting in a lower cost to print. Duringthe (11's some companies marketed printers that cutcross sections out of special adhesive coated paper using a carbon dio?ide laser and then laminatedthem together.7aminated object manufacturing $7@M% is a rapid

prototyping system developed by elisys Inc. Itlayers of paper! plastic! or metal laminates aresuccessively glued together and cut to shape with aknife or laser cutter. @bjects printed with thistechni4ue may be additionally modified bymachining or drilling after printing. "ypical layer resolution for this process is defined by the materialfeedstock and usually ranges in thickness from one

Fig.%

1.Foil supply 2. Heated roller.3. Laser beam 4.Scanning prism5. Laser unit. 6. Layers.

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to a few sheets of copy paper. 7. Moving platorm !. "aste

iii. Stereolithography+SL,)

/tereolithography was patented in (125 by 8huck ull. #hoto polymeri=ation is primarily used

in /tereolithography $/7A% to produce a solid part from a li4uid. /tereolithography is currently

the most widely used process in the rapid prototyping and manufacturing $G#HM% field. “It

translates computer aided designs $8AD% into solid objects through a combination of laser!

photochemistry and software technologies.

/tereolithography is an additive manufacturing process which employs a vat of li4uid ultraviolet

curable photopolymer 9resin9 and an ultraviolet laser to build parts layers one at a time. *or each

layer! the laser beam traces a cross:section of the part pattern on the surface of the li4uid resin.

After the pattern has been traced! the /7As elevator

platform descends by a distance e4ual to the

thickness of a single layer! typically '.'0 mm to

'.(0 mm $'.''&9 to '.''59%. "hen! a resin:filled

blade sweeps across the cross section of the part! re:

coating it with fresh material. @n this new li4uid

surface! the subse4uent layer pattern is traced!

joining the previous layer. A complete 3:D part isformed by this process. After being built! parts are

immersed in a chemical bath in order to be cleaned

of e?cess resin and are subse4uently cured in an

ultraviolet oven.

/tereolithography re4uires the use of supporting

structures which serve to attach the part to the

elevator platform! prevent deflection due to gravity

Fig. & Stereolithography apparatus

and hold the cross sections in place so that they resist lateral pressure from the re:coater blade.

/upports are generated automatically during the preparation of 3D 8omputer Aided Design

models for use on the stereolithography machine! although they may be manipulated manually.

/upports must be removed from the finished product manually! unlike in other! less costly! rapid

prototyping technologies.


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i-. ano scale 3 printing

3D printing techni4ues can be employed to construct nanoscale:si=e objects. /uch printed objectsare typically grown on a solid substrate! e.g. silicon wafer! to which they adhere after printing astheyre too small and fragile to be manipulated post:construction. Jhile &D nanostructures are

usually created by depositing material through some sort of static stencil mask! 3Dnanostructures can be printed by physically moving a stencil mask during the material deposition process. #rogrammable:height nanostructures with widths as small as ('nm have been produced by metallic physical vapor deposition through a pie=o:actuator controlled stencil mask having amilled nanopore in a silicon nitride membrane.

/. 3 Printers3D printers are a very important for 3D printing technology. It has many types.

a. Industrial se b. 8onsumer sec. 7arge 3D #rinters

a. Industrial 0se

As of @ctober &'(&! /tratasys now sells additive manufacturing systems that range from)&!''' to )0''!''' in price and are employed in several industriesK aerospace! architecture!automotive! defense! and dental! among many others. *or e?ample! ;eneral Flectric uses thehigh:end model to build parts for turbines.

#. Consu!er 0se

/everal projects and companies are making efforts to develop affordable 3D printers for home desktop use. Much of this work has been driven by and targeted at enthusiast-earlyadopter communities! with additional ties to the academic and hacker communities.

GepGap $>ritish initiative to develop a 3D printer% is one of the longest running projectsin the desktop category. "he GepGap project aims to produce a free and open sourcehardware $*@/% 3D printer! whose full specifications are released under the ; ;eneral#ublic 7icense! and which is capable of replicating itself by printing many of its own$plastic% parts to create more machines. GepGap have already been shown to be able to printcircuit boards and metal parts.

Fig. ' RepRap version 2. !Mende" Fig. ( Ma#erBot Cupca#e C$C

i. 3 printing pen


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"he 3D Doodler is a 3D printing pen developed by #eter Dilworth and Ma?well >ogue of JobbleJorks 778. 3Doodler is the worldLs first and only 3D #rinting #en. sing A>/ plastic $the material used by many 3D printers%! 3Doodler draws in the air or on surfaces. ItLscompact and easy to use! and re4uires no software or computers. Cou just plug it into a

Fig. 1) %o&e 'nterior pieces

power socket and can start drawing anything within minutes. As 3Doodler draws! it e?trudes

heated plastic! which 4uickly cools and solidifies into a strong stable structure.3D printing pen raised )&.3 million on ickstarter with the pens selling at )11. "his pen isavailable in India by ama=on.

Fig. 11 A &ini (iffel )o*er Fig. 12 3+Di&ensional Pen

c. Large 3 printers

7arge 3D printers have been developed for industrial! education! and demonstrative uses. Alarge delta:style 3D printer was build in &'(, by /eeMe88. "he printer is capable of

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making an object with diameter of up to , feet $(.& m% and up to (' feet $3.' m% in height. Italso uses plastic pellets as the raw material instead of the typical plastic filaments used inother 3D printers.

Fig. 13 ,arge scale industrial 3D printing

Another type of large printer is >ig Area Additive Manufacturing $>AAM%. "he goal is todevelop printers that can produce a large object in high speed. A >AAM machine of 8incinnati Incorporated can produce an object at the speeds &'':0'' times faster than typical3D printers available in &'(,. Another >AAM machine is being developed by 7ockheedMartin with an aim to print long objects of up to ('' feet $3' m% to be used in aerospaceindustries

. ""iciency"he current slow print speed of 3D printers limits their use for mass production. "o reduce thisoverhead! several fused filament machines now offer multiple e?truder heads. "hese can be usedto print in multiple colours! with different polymers! or to make multiple prints simultaneously."his increases their overall print speed during multiple instance production! while re4uiring lesscapital cost than duplicate machines since they can share a single controller .

. Cost"he cost of 3D printers has decreased dramatically since about &'('! with machines that used tocost )&'!''' now costing less than )(!'''. *or instance! as of &'(3! several companies and

individuals are selling parts to build various GepGap designs! with prices starting at about +,''-/)0''. "he open source *abNome project has developed printers for general use withanything that can be s4uirted through a no==le! from chocolate to silicone sealant and chemicalreactants. #rinters following the projects designs have been available from suppliers in kits or in pre:assembled form since &'(& at prices in the /)&''' range. "he ickstarter funded #eachy#rinter is designed to cost )('' and several other new 3D printers are aimed at the small!ine?pensive market including the m6e3D and 7umifold. Gapide 3D has designed a

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professional grade crowd sourced 3D:printer costing )(,11 which has no fumes nor constantrattle during use."he 3Doodler! 93D printing pen9! raised )&.3 million on ickstarter with the pens selling at )11!though the 3D Doodler has been criticised for being more of a crafting pen than a 3D printer.

4. ,pplication

a% Manufacturing applicationi) istri#uted !anu"acturing

Additive manufacturing in combination with cloud computing technologies allowsdecentrali=ed and geographically independent distributed production. Distributedmanufacturing as such is carried out by some enterprisesO there is also a service to put people needing 3D printing in contact with owners of printers./ome companies offer on:line 3D printing services to both commercial and privatecustomers! working from 3D designs uploaded to the company website. 3D:printeddesigns are either shipped to the customer or picked up from the service provider .

ii) 5aped !anu"acturing

Advances in G# technology have introduced materials that are appropriate for finalmanufacture! which has in turn introduced the possibility of directly manufacturingfinished components. @ne advantage of 3D printing for rapid manufacturing lies inthe relatively ine?pensive production of small numbers of parts.Gapid manufacturing is a new method of manufacturing and many of its processesremain unproven. 3D printing is now entering the field of rapid manufacturing andwas identified as a 9ne?t level9 technology by many e?perts in a &''1 report.

b% Industrial applicationi) ,pparel3D printing has spread into the world of clothing with fashion designerse?perimenting with 3D:printed shoes! and dresses. In commercial production ike isusing 3D printing to prototype and manufactures the &'(& 6apor 7aser "alon footballshoe for players of American football! and ew >alance is 3D manufacturing custom:fit shoes for athletes.

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Fig. 14 $i#e De-uts First Foot-all shoes Fig. 15 Bo* tie

ii) ,uto!o#ile

An American company! 7ocal Motors is working with @ak Gidge ational7aboratory and 8incinnati Incorporated to develop large:scale additive manufacturing processes suitable for printing an entire car body. "he company plans to print thevehicle live in front of an audience at the International Manufacturing "echnology/how. 9#roduced from a new fiber:reinforced thermoplastic strong enough for use in

an automotive application! the chassis and body without drivetrain! wheels and brakesweighs a scant ,0' pounds and the completed car is comprised of just ,' components!a number that gets smaller with every revision.

Fig. 1% ,ocal &otors 3D printed car -ody

iii! *onstr%ction

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An additional use being developed is building printing! or using 3D printing to build

buildings. "his could allow faster construction for lower costs! and has been

investigated for construction of off:Farth habitats. *or e?ample6 A 8hinese 8ompany

has become the first to construct multiple buildings using 3D printers that e?trude

recycled building materials at breakneck speed.

Fig. 1& 3D printed %ouse Fig. / printed houses using a large 3+D printer

sing four huge 3D printers! Cingchuang ew Materials Inc. was able to print the

shells of (' one:room structures in &, hours and at a cost of only about )0!''' per

building. "he buildings had to harden at the factory and then be transported and

assembled on site. "he 3D printed buildings will be used as offices at a /hanghai

industrial park.

i! Firearms

n 212, the 67&ased gro%p #e-ense #istri&%ted disclosed plans to

89design: a or;ing plastic g%n that co%ld &e donloaded and

reprod%ced & an&od ith a 3# printer. #e-ense #istri&%ted has

also designed a 3# printa&le A'715 tpe ri


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Fig. #$ 3%&printed gun

n 214, a man -rom >apan &ecame the rst person in the orld to

&e imprisoned -or ma;ing 3# printed rearms. ?oshitomo m%ra

posted ideos and &l%eprints o- the g%n online and as sentenced

to @ail -or to ears. Police -o%nd at least to g%ns in his ho%sehold

that ere capa&le o- ring &%llets.

! Medical

3# printing has &een %sed to print patient specic implant and

deice -or medical %se.

%ccess-%l operations incl%de atitani%m pelis implanted into a

British patient, titani%m loer @a

transplanted to a #%tch patient,

and a plastic tracheal splint -or an

American in-ant. The hearing aid

and dental ind%stries are e+pected

to &e the &iggest area o- -%t%re

deelopment %sing the c%stom 3#

printing technolog.

n March 214, s%rgeons in ansea %sed 3# printed parts to

re&%ild the -ace o- a motorcclist ho had &een serio%sl in@%red in

a road accident. 'esearch is also &eing cond%cted on methods to

&io7print replacements -or lost tiss%e d%e to arthritis and cancer.

n cto&er 214, a e7ear7old girl &orn itho%t -%ll -ormed

ngers on her le-t hand &ecame the rst child in the 6 to hae a

prosthetic hand made ith 3# printing technolog. "er hand asdesigned & 67&ased $7na&le, an open so%rce design organi=ation

hich %ses a netor; o- ol%nteers to design and ma;e prosthetics

mainl -or children. The prosthetic hand as &ased on a plaster cast

made & her parents.

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3# Printed prosthetics hae &een

%sed in reha&ilitation o- crippled

animals. n 213, a 3# printed -oot

let a crippled d%c;ling al; again. n

214 a chih%ah%a &orn itho%t -ront

legs as tted ith a harness and

heels created ith a 3# printer. 3#

printed hermit cra& shells let hermit

cra&s inha&it a ne stle home. Fig.2' prost(etic leg

Fig.2# 3% printed medical cast

3d printed medical cast

could help bones to heal

up to ,' per cent faster."he black cast! known as

the @steoid! uses an

ultrasound system which

makes bones heal more

4uickly. It is filled with

ventilation holes which

the designer says mean it

does not smell or itch:

unlike traditional casts.

As o- 212, 3# &io7printing technolog has &een st%died &

&iotechnolog rms and academia -or possi&le %se in tiss%e

engineering applications in hich organs and &od parts are &%ilt

%sing in;@et techniC%es. n this process, laers o- liing cells are

deposited onto a gel medi%m or s%gar matri+ and slol &%ilt %p to

-orm three7dimensional str%ct%res incl%ding asc%lar sstems. The

rst prod%ction sstem -or 3# tiss%e printing as deliered in 2,&ased on DooEen &ioprinting technolog. eeral terms hae &een

%sed to re-er to this eld o- research organ printing, &io7printing,

&od part printing, and comp%ter7aided tiss%e engineering, among

others. The possi&ilit o- %sing 3# tiss%e printing to create so-t

tiss%e architect%res -or reconstr%ctie s%rger is also &eing

e+plored.

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c% /ociocultural applicationi) ,rt

In &''0! academic journals had begun to report on the possible artistic applications of 3D printing technology. >y &''E the mass media followed with an article in the Jall ./treet Pournal and "ime Maga=ine! listing 3D printed design among their ('' mostinfluential designs of the year. During the &'(( 7ondon Design *estival! aninstallation! curated by Murray Moss and focused on 3D #rinting! was held in the6ictoria and Albert Museum $the 6HA%.

Fig.22 3D nec#lace

An e?ample of 3D printed limitededition jewellery. "his necklace is madeof glassfiber:filled dyed nylon. It hasrotating linkages that were produced inthe same manufacturing step as theother parts.

Fig.23 3D printed lion

"he Maker>ot team joined forces with

artists to democrati=e famous works of art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art."hese 3D designs are now on"hingiverse and ready to be 3D printed. *or e?ample! the marble lionstatue pictured above dates from ,''>.8. and is now available in digitalform on "hingiverse.

"he use of 3D scanning technologies allows the replication of real objects without theuse of molding techni4ues that in many cases can be more e?pensive! more difficult!or too invasive to be performed! particularly for precious or delicate cultural heritage

artifacts where direct contact with the moulding substances could harm the originalobjects surface.

ii) o!estic 0se

As of &'(&! domestic 3D printing was mainly practised by hobbyists and enthusiasts!and was little used for practical household applications. A working clock was madeand gears were printed for home woodworking machines among other purposes. 3D

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printing was also used for ornamental objects. Jeb sites associated with home 3D printing tended to include backscratchers! coat hooks! doorknobs etc."he open source *abNome project has developed printers for general use. "heyhave been used in research environments to produce chemical compounds with 3D

Fig.24 3D printing Do&estic application

printing technology! including new ones! initially without immediate application as proof of principle. "he developers of the chemical application envisage bothindustrial and domestic use for this technology! including enabling users in remotelocations to be able to produce their own medicine or household chemicals.

iii) ducation ,nd 5esearch

3D printing is the latest technology making inroads into the classroom 3D printingallows students to create prototypes of items without the use of e?pensive toolingre4uired in subtractive methods. /tudents design and produce actual models they canhold. "he classroom environment allows students to learn and employ newapplications for 3D printing.

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Fig.25 3D printing revolutioni0ing classroo&

/tudents discover the capabilities with 3D printing. Fngineering and design principles

are e?plored as well as architectural planning. /tudents recreate duplicates of museumitems such as fossils and historical artefacts for study in the classroom without possibly damaging sensitive collections. @ther students interested in graphicdesigning can construct models with comple? working parts. 3D printing givesstudents a new perspective with topographic maps. /cience students can study cross:sections of internal organs of the human body and other biological specimens. Andchemistry students can e?plore 3D models of molecules and the relationship withinchemical compounds.*uture applications for 3D printing might include creating open:source scientifice4uipment.

i-) n-iron!ental 0se

In >ahrain! large:scale 3D printing using a sandstone:like material has been used tocreate uni4ue coral:shaped structures! which encourage coral polyps to colonise andregenerate damaged reefs. "hese structures have a much more natural shape thanother structures used to create artificial reefs! and! unlike concrete! are neither acidnor alkaline with neutral p.

7. Legislation

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"he / Department of omeland /ecurity and the Point Gegional Intelligence 8enter released a memo stating that 9significant advances in three:dimensional $3D% printingcapabilities! availability of free digital 3D printable files for firearms components! anddifficulty regulating file sharing may present public safety risks from un4ualified gunseekers who obtain or manufacture 3D printed guns!9 and that 9proposed legislation to ban 3D printing of weapons may deter! but cannot completely prevent their production.

Fven if the practice is prohibited by new legislation! online distribution of these 3D printable files will be as difficult to control as any other illegally traded music! movie or software files.9

18. I!pact3D printing is already having an effect on the way that products are manufactured Q thenature of the technology permits new ways of thinking in terms of the social! economic!environmental and security implications of the manufacturing process with universallyfavorable results.

a. Social Change

3D printing is becoming influential in many industries! like fashion and lighting design!automobile and aircraft industries! custom:made musical instruments creation! and evenin weapon manufacturing : 3D /ystems have already been sponsored by the / Air *orceto improve the sustainability and affordability of weapons systems. Another importantapplication of 3D# technologies is in the health care system : printing of prosthetic limbs!and also researching towards the 3D printing of organ tissues. "here has already been asuccessful transplant of a 3D printed bladder in a patient as early as (( years ago.Jhat would the social impact be though! as a result of the mechani=ation of labor digiti=ing is bringing aboutR Is 3D printing also the amplifier of unemployment ratesRAnd from an ecological point of view! what would the impact on nature beR 8reatingoften meaningless plastic objects in a home environment can give birth of great ideas! but

a lot of them will also go to the bin and add to pollution. "hese are crucial and urgentsocial issues! which will be analy=ed in the following thesis report.

#. Material Inno-ations

8onsumer grade 3D printing has resulted in new materials that have been developedspecifically for 3D printers. *or e?ample! filament materials have been developed toimitate wood! in its appearance as well as its te?ture. *urthermore! new technologies!such as infusing carbon fiber into printable plastics! allowing for a stronger! lighter material. In addition to new structural materials that have been developed due to 3D printing! new technologies have allowed for patterns to be applied directly to 3D printed parts.

11. %uture o" 3 Printing

According a recent report! 3D printing is evolving rapidly! although many technologies

are still five to ten years away from mainstream adoption. 8onsumer adoption will be

outpaced by business and medical applications that have more compelling use cases in

the short term.

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Fig.2% Difference -1* Standard and 3d printing chain

In this image we see difference between standard and 3D printing supply chain. /tandard

supply chain is long compare to 3D printing supply chain.

Meanwhile! we will see better and more diverse materials coming to market as well as

better printers with increased printing speed at reduced cost. 3D printing will make its

way too many more classrooms in education as itLs the ultimate maker tool to create

objects and prototypes. And we will probably see Apple! ;oogle or Ama=on coming up

with an own 3D:printers as soon as the consumer market is ready to e?plode.

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12. 5e"erence a. httpK--en.wikipedia.org-wiki-3DSprinting b. www.createitreal.com-inde?.php-en-3d:printer-,2c. httpK--en.wikipedia.org-wiki-/tereolithographyd. httpK--www.makepartsfast.com-&'(,-('-E,E1-3d:print:electric:motor-

e. httpK--www.guns.com-&'(3-'0-&3-3d:printers:meet:othermill:a:cnc:machine:for:your:home:office-

f. httpK--www.theverge.com-&'(,-('-&'-E'&&2'1-3d:printed:gun:maker:in:japan:sentenced:&:years

g. httpK--wohlersassociates.com-ovDec'0"8"3dp.htmh. httpK--www.cfr.org-technology:and:science-3d:printing:challenges:opportunities:

international:relations-p3(E'1i. httpK--www.rapidtoday.com-mcor.html j. httpK--www.techadvisor.co.uk-features-printing-how:3d:printing:is:helping:doctors:

mend:you:better-k. httpK--www.bbc.co.uk-news-uk:scotland:highlands:islands:&1,,(((0

l. httpK--www.3ders.org-articles-&'(,'3'5:research:into:3d:bioprinting:may:soon: produce:transplantable:human:tissues.html

m. httpK--www.theengineer.co.uk-in:depth-analysis-building:body:parts:with:3d: printing-(''&0,&.article

n. httpK--uk.reuters.article.archive.joblink:inc.org-oldfiles-&'((-'5-spime:watch:dassault:systemes

o. httpK--www.consultancy.nl-nieuws-5E(2-eurogroup:impact:van:3dprinten:op:de:supply:chain

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3d printining report

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